OXFORD DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

REPORT 2010–11 The challenge Two-thirds of humankind live in developing countries, where most of the world’s worst deprivation is located. Contents Understanding these societies is of central importance to From the Director 1 any enquiry into the human condition. Teaching 2 International action to reduce poverty, inequality and vulnerability of people and nations must be based on Research 7 critical yet rigorous knowledge. Universities have a special Centre for Research on Inequality, duty to create and share this. Human Security and Ethnicity 9 The six postgraduate programmes, six specialised International Growth Centre 11 research centres and two research programmes of the International Migration Institute 13 Oxford Department of International Development give us unequalled depth of scholarship in key themes of this Oxford Poverty and Human enquiry. Development Initiative 15 Refugee Studies Centre 17 What we can contribute Young Lives 20 Our interdisciplinary approach has strong roots in Oxford International Gender Studies 22 faculties (economics, politics, international relations, anthropology, sociology, history, law, management and Programme for Management and area studies) and multidisciplinary graduate colleges. Technology for Development 23 Oxford’s engagement with international development is Other Research 25 based on our scholarship and teaching, which in turn Policy Impact 32 influences both the global epistemic community and Buildings 36 contested policy agendas. People 38 We specialise in academic research and research training, drawing on a worldwide network of partners. We are not Publications 41 constrained by aid agency agendas, and thus can explore ODID Advisory Council 45 new and old problems from a critical standpoint.

Our objectives Influencing the theory, analysis and practice of development worldwide to the benefit of disadvantaged people and countries; supporting international networks and local institutions involved. Worldwide attraction of the best postgraduate students; recruitment of outstanding scholars to faculty; adding to our network of leading development research institutions; bringing key visitors to Oxford. Endowment of posts in emerging fields and support for long-term research programmes in poverty, migration, conflict, trade and investment, global governance, well- being, childhood and the environment. From the Director

The Department of International Development (ODID) is the focal point of research and teaching at Oxford about the developing world. The breadth and depth as an academic field in the UK. of Oxford work on – and The coming few years are unlikely to be as for – developing countries sunny, despite our best efforts. The looming is large and growing: stretching far beyond social reductions in government support for higher science to encompass medicine, science and education, the university’s pressing need to the humanities. ODID cannot pretend, therefore, support underfunded activities in the humanities to coordinate or represent this vast enterprise, and natural sciences, and the shifting of but rather to act as a point of reference, with development assistance itself towards diplomatic a particular focus on the issues of poverty and and security priorities, all mean fewer resources vulnerability. available for the work we do well. Nonetheless, As an institution, the department – or ‘QEH’ as we have growing student applications, our major it is familiarly known after its original foundation research programmes have long-term funding, and present building – has enjoyed considerable we have completed our building programme, prosperity in recent years. Prosperity not only in and we are making a series of imaginative financial terms (although income has doubled new appointments as a generation of older and reserves are more than sufficient to weather development scholars retire. In sum, the likely storms) but also in the strong international department is well prepared to weather the storm. demand for our courses and the vibrant research Finally, on a more personal note: I have now activity we generate. We moved to new premises been Head of Department for three years and in 2005 and completed a new research wing in have been persuaded to serve for two more. The 2009; and were ranked top in our field in the 2008 usual burdens of administration are lightened by Research Assessment Exercise, with two thirds of our excellent support staff, the enthusiasm of our our research assessed as world-leading or researchers is a constant stimulus, the demands internationally excellent in terms of its originality, of students a reminder of lost youth, and the significance and rigour. labyrinth of the university an education in itself – Equally significant, although tinged with some but above all a collegial community committed to sadness, was the retirement of Frances Stewart in scholarship is a rare jewel in an uncertain world. September 2009 after forty years of service. Frances more than any other had been Valpy FitzGerald responsible for constructing the department we Head of Department know today and for building development studies October 2010

Vice Chancellor Andrew Hamilton, Mrs Strilli Oppenheimer, Mr Nicholas Oppenheimer and Professor Valpy FitzGerald (l to r) at the unveiling of a plaque in honour of QEH benefactor Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, June 2010.

1 Photo: © Gillman and Soame. Photo: Teaching

Postgraduate teaching is a core function of the department and accounts for roughly one third of its activity. We offer six postgraduate courses: a three/four- year DPhil, a two-year MPhil, and four one-year MSc programmes – two of these being taught jointly with other The 2010–11 academic foundations – and the excellent international career Oxford departments. year sees a major opportunities open to alumni. change: a new MSc course in Migration 2010 student country of origin Studies jointly taught with the School of Anthropology, and led by UK 29 our International Migration Institute in close Other Europe 51 collaboration with the MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies led by the Refugee Studies Centre. US/Canada 59 Our postgraduate programmes are necessarily Rest of world 68 constrained in size by the need to provide small classes and individual supervision. All teaching is research-based, drawing always on the specialist However, the department is concerned that fields of staff, and in many cases upon the results of many outstanding students cannot afford the fees ongoing research – and all students are required to and living costs at Oxford, even though these are undertake original research projects and research not high by international standards for this level of methods training. Those on the DPhil and MPhil education. In consequence, both the department receive fieldwork training as well. and the university have made great efforts to At the start of the 2010–11 academic year, we have increase the availability of scholarships. At present 207 students, compared to only 50 in 1999–2000. some one third of our entrants have full or partial These include 60 DPhil candidates, most of whom scholarships, but this is clearly insufficient. As a enter the programme from our MPhil or MSc courses, department, we are investing nearly £300,000 a which provide an excellent foundation for research year in student support from our own funds. work – although we also welcome candidates with Scholarships held by 2010 entrants equivalent training for direct entry. We feel that this is the maximum number of students consistent with Scholarship Places postgraduate training of this quality, and thus plan Chevening (FCO) 1 to hold to this number in the medium term at least. Rhodes 8 Competition for the available places each year is QEH 6 intense, as the table below shows. This is despite the Economics Dept 2 fact that our entry standards are among the highest All Souls Fellowship 1 at Oxford, with most successful entrants having the equivalent of a first-class degree at a UK research Marshall 1 university or a 3.8 CGPA at a good US college. ESRC 4 Demand for our courses is rising over time, Clarendon 3 reflecting not only the high quality of teaching but Rotary 1 also the unique Oxford approach to development Commonwealth 1 studies – research-driven with strong disciplinary Weidenfeld 1 Applicants per place 2010 Other 17 Applic- Matric- Applicants Course Places ations ulations per place DPhil in Development Studies DPhil Development Studies 15 148 14 10 Since 1998, the department has admitted research MPhil Development Studies 30 286 30 9 students undertaking doctoral research in MSc Economics for Development 30 322 26 11 Development Studies, of whom many transfer from MSc Global Governance & Diplomacy 25 253 31 10 the MPhil in Development Studies, a few come MSc Migration Studies 26 50 11 2 from the other Oxford degrees and the rest from programmes in other universities. We now have MSc Refugee & Forced Migration Studies 25 104 24 4 a thriving group of around 60 research students TOTALS 151 1163 136 8 working on a wide range of interdisciplinary themes.

2 Photo: © Young Lives / Aida Ashenafi Lives Young © Photo:

Many of our doctoral students have considerable course is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary. It work experience in the field of international has three components: theories of development, development. We welcome applicants who have major themes in development and international completed a Master’s in development (or equivalent dimensions of development. degrees) who are seeking an interdisciplinary Students take two specialist options in their intellectual environment within which to pursue second year, and are required to submit a thesis their studies of development issues. of up to 30,000 words, on a topic chosen in consultation with their supervisor. Most students MPhil in Development Studies undertake fieldwork for their theses in the The aim of this two-year course is to provide a summer between their first and second years. The rigorous and critical introduction to development range of options in 2010–11 included: Economic as a process of managed and unmanaged change Development: Theories, Evidence and Policies; in societies on the periphery of the global The History and Politics of West Africa; The economy. The course introduces students to History and Politics of South Asia; Migration and development studies as an interdisciplinary and Development; Poverty and Human Development; multidisciplinary subject. Attention is paid to the Rural Societies and Politics; State, Governance intellectual history of development, the paradigm and Natural Resources in Latin America; shifts and internal conflicts within the discipline, Transition Economies of the Former Soviet and the contemporary relevance of research to Union, Eastern Europe and China; The Indian development policy and practice. The course is State: From Developmentalism to Liberalisation; not designed for training in direct development Economic Theory (advanced); Development management, though the critical enquiry Economics (advanced); Quantitative Methods; emphasised in the course is crucial for such work. Health and Development; Introduction to Latin Above all, the course encourages innovative and American Economies; The Politics of Democracy original work. About 30 students are admitted in Latin America; International Relations in the each year, from up to 20 countries. These are Developing World; Forced Migration (International extremely high-calibre students, including many Legal and Normative Framework, and Causes Rhodes, Marshall, Fulbright, Clarendon, Chevening and Consequences); South Africa: Apartheid, and ESRC scholars. On completion, some have African Politics and the Transition since 1948; The continued with doctoral research in Oxford or Politics of a Modern State: The People’s Republic elsewhere, while others pursue careers in the of China; The Sociology of China; The Economics United Nations, government, NGOs, human rights, and Politics of International Labour Migration; the media, the armed forces, education, business, Gender and Development; Development finance and development consultancies. and the Environment; Children, Youth and In the first year, students receive a theoretical Development; Environment and the Empire and applied grounding in two out of three in the 20th Century; The Political Economy of foundation subject areas: economics, history and the Middle East and North Africa; Post-Conflict politics, and social anthropology. Students do not State Building; Power and Punishment: Creating normally take foundation courses in disciplines Social Order in Africa; Technology and in which they have a previous qualification. Industrialisation in Developing Countries. This means that in their first year they must The MPhil is recognised by the ESRC as a be prepared to undertake intensive study in Research Training Degree. The core QEH-based disciplines with which they may not be familiar. teaching staff are: Dr Xiaolan Fu (Course Director), Students with no previous training in economics Professor Jocelyn Alexander, Dr Sabina Alkire, are required to take economics as one of their Dr Proochista Ariana, Dr Masooda Bano, Dr Jo foundation disciplines. In addition, all students Boyden, Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Dr Jamie are required to take a course in research methods Goodwin-White, Dr Nandini Gooptu, Dr Adeel for the social sciences, which provides qualitative Malik, Dr Abdul Raufu Mustapha, Dr Laura Rival, and quantitative training appropriate for doctoral Dr Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, Dr Nikita Sud, research and for professional practice. The core Dr Zaki Wahhaj, Professor Adrian Wood.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 3 MSc in Economics for Theory, Quantitative Methods, and Development Economics. Development The core teaching staff include: Professor This is a one-year graduate-level taught degree Adrian Wood (Course Director), Dr Christopher in development economics, with a strong Adam, Professor Stefan Dercon, Professor emphasis on applied quantitative economics. It Marcel Fafchamps (Department of Economics), aims to prepare students for further academic Professor Valpy FitzGerald, Dr Francis Teal research and for work as professional economists (Department of Economics). on development issues in international agencies, governments or the private sector. It seeks to develop analytical and critical skills relevant for MSc in Global Governance and economic development (in particular for Diplomacy assessing alternative approaches to policy), and The MSc in Global Governance and Diplomacy to provide the rigorous quantitative training that is a nine-month course designed to provide high- development work now requires. It aims to quality graduate training in debates about the provide the research tools and approaches institutions and processes of global governance, needed for those who wish to proceed to a multilateralism, regional integration and higher research degree. diplomacy. The degree aims to prepare students The MSc is registered with the ESRC as a for careers in the regional and transnational Research Training Degree. A first-class institutions of international governance such as undergraduate degree in economics, with international organisations and non- aptitude for theory and quantitative methods, is governmental organisations, and private sector a requirement for admission to the course. The firms interacting with these institutions or in course normally admits 25–30 students. government and foreign ministries. For those The MSc is taught through a combination of seeking future academic careers the degree also lectures, classes and essay writing with constitutes excellent preparation for the DPhil individual supervisors. The tutorial system is in a number of social science disciplines. used to build critical and analytical skills. There The course consists of five elements. Students are weekly classes and lectures in economic take (1) a choice of two foundation courses theory (split between macro- and (Global Governance or International Diplomacy), microeconomics) and quantitative methods, (2) a mandatory course in Research Methods in and a sequence of eight development modules the Social Sciences, and (3) and (4) two optional taught by lectures, classes and student papers, one of which must be chosen from a list presentations. The quantitative methods course of ‘core options’ with a global governance focus, includes hands-on training in computer use in addition to (5) researching and writing a 12,000 with statistical packages. Specific issues in word maximum dissertation under supervision. development economics cover such topics as The core options for 2010–11 included Climate poverty and risk, health and human Change Diplomacy; Diplomacy and International development, international capital flows, Law; The Politics of NGOs; Multilateral institutions and development, rural Governance and Regional Integration; Global development, education and human capital, Governance of Innovation, International macroeconomic management and openness Economic Integration; The Political Economy and trade policy. Students receive further of Intellectual Property; Global Financial teaching from individual supervision. Governance; International Relations of the An important part of the course is the writing Developing World; The Political Economy of of an extended essay of up to 10,000 words on a Institutions and Development. subject chosen by the student in consultation The core teaching staff include: Dr Jörg with the supervisor, and agreed with the Course Friedrichs (Course Director), Dr Corneliu Bjola, Director. The MSc examination at the end of the Dr Xiaolan Fu, Dr Roya Ghafele, Dr Rodney Bruce summer term has three written papers on Hall, Dr Adeel Malik.

4 MSc in Refugee and Forced Oxford, the Centre on Migration Policy and Society (COMPAS), the International Migration Institute Migration Studies (IMI) and the Refugee Studies Centre (RSC). The The MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration programme allows students to explore human Studies offers an intellectually rigorous path to mobility in a historical and global perspective, the examination of forced migration resulting and to address the complex relations between from conflict, repressive regimes, environmental global political economy, migratory experiences, change and development policies. It aims to help and government and social responses. students to understand the complex and varied nature of forced migration and its centrality to global The degree consists of four components and a processes of social, economic and political change, as dissertation: international migration in the social well as the needs and aspirations of forced migrants sciences; key themes in international migration, themselves. It places forced migration in a historical, including development and globalisation; global and human context, encouraging informed thematic and regional options; and quantitative reflection on international and national responses and qualitative research methods. to both internal and international displacement. Teaching on the degree combines lectures, The MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration small tutorial groups, and discussion seminars. Studies is an interdisciplinary degree taught by Students have individual dissertation leading experts in the field of forced migration supervision. Teaching is problem-focused and from international law, politics and international aims to give students critical analytical skills. relations, anthropology, and other disciplines. The course introduces students to key The course enables participants to explore forced concepts, research and analysis in the economics, migration through a thesis, a group research politics, sociology and anthropology of migration. essay, and a range of required courses including It enables students to understand the nature of Introduction to Forced Migration, International both internal and international migration and its Refugee and Human Rights Law, Asylum and the role in global social and economic change. Modern State, and Research Methods. The MSc in Migration Studies prepares Students also choose two optional courses students to work in an expanding area of from a list of offerings that in 2010–11 included international and policy concern. It will also Movement and Morality; Theory and Practice prepare students in an area of social science of Humanitarianism; UNHCR and World Politics; training that will facilitate progression to doctoral Gender, Generation and Forced Migration; studies in the University of Oxford and elsewhere. Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Core teaching staff include: Dr Xiang Biao, ISCA Middle East; The Politics of Durable Solutions: (course director); Dr Oliver Bakewell, ODID; Return, Repatriation and Refugees’ Rights. Dr Mette Berg, ISCA; Dr Jamie Goodwin-White, The degree exposes students to cutting-edge ODID; Dr Martin Ruhs, COMPAS. scholarship while allowing them to tailor their studies to suit their own particular interests. How to apply to study with us For further details on how to apply for any of The core teaching staff include: Dr Matthew J. the courses above, please visit our website, Gibney (Course Director), Professor Roger Zetter, www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/courses/application. Please Dr Dawn Chatty, Dr Alice Edwards, Dr Elena note that applications for October entry open in Fiddian-Qasmiyeh. November of the previous year. MSc in Migration Studies Scholarships offered through ODID The new interdisciplinary MSc in Migration Studies ODID Scholarships is jointly offered by the Oxford Department of ODID offers six scholarships: for the MPhil in International Development and the School of Development Studies, the MScs in Economics for Anthropology. The course draws on the intellectual Development, Migration Studies (in conjunction resources of its two parent departments and the with ISCA), Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, three world-leading migration research centres at and Global Governance and Diplomacy, and for the

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 5 DPhil in Development Studies. The criteria for MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies selection are outstanding academic ability and Bursary citizenship of (and normal residence in) a The Refugee Studies Centre awards two full developing country as defined by the United or part bursaries to outstanding students who Nations, with a preference for candidates from would be unable to accept a place on the MSc sub-Saharan Africa. One of the above scholarships in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies without offered to an MSc student is part funded by a financial help. generous donation offered to the department by Department of Economics Scholarship the JCR, MCR, SCR and officers of Corpus Christi This £20,000 scholarship is open to any candidate College. The recipient of this joint scholarship, for the MSc in Economics for Development, the Corpus Christi Graduate Studentship in irrespective of nationality or background. All Development, will be a member of Corpus applications will be considered on merit only. In Christi College. Green Templeton College also the event of multiple strong candidates applying, generously provides one of the students who some with partial funding from other sources, has been awarded a QEH scholarship with a the department would be willing to share the college place and accommodation. award between two candidates, to the value of ESRC studentships £10,000 each. ODID is allocated quota studentships by the ODS Student Bursary ESRC and for the past three years the department The Editorial Board of Oxford Development has been allocated two quota awards. The Studies offers research bursaries to doctoral studentships are awarded to incoming students students at ODID who have successfully either to do their Masters followed by doctoral confirmed DPhil status. The nature of these research (2+2 or 1+3), or to go straight to doctoral bursaries may change from year to year; they are research (+3). In addition in 2010–11, two students advertised annually. starting the MSc in Economics for Development were allocated ESRC quota studentships through George Peters Travel Scholarship the Department of Economics. The department This travel award of up to £500 is for research also puts forward one candidate for the ESRC students at ODID who are undertaking fieldwork competition awards each year. for their DPhil degree. Gurdev Kaur Bhagrath Memorial Research Fund Michael Wills Scholarship A total sum of £500 is awarded for the purposes The Dulverton Trust has generously funded two of high-quality MPhil thesis field research to one scholarships which will be available to those or more students. applying to ODID for the MPhil in Development Studies, the MSc in Refugee and Forced Riad El-Ghonemy Fieldwork Award Migration Studies, the MSc in Global Governance This is awarded to support fieldwork by doctoral and Diplomacy or the MSc in Migration Studies students, with a priority for those working on for 2011 entry. rural poverty and land tenure issues. The scholarships are named for Captain OPHI Fieldwork Award Michael Wills MC, a former student at Magdalen OPHI offers a number of awards each year to College who was killed in action in Tunisia in support fieldwork. 1943. They will be co-funded by ODID and will cover all tuition and college fees plus a grant for Other scholarships available include: living expenses (amount to be confirmed). Clarendon scholarships (for overseas students Candidates will be selected according to starting a new course); and Rhodes scholarships academic merit, citizenship (or long-term (for students from a group of (mostly residence) in a country that has experienced Commonwealth) countries). Further details on conflict, and financial need. Further details can these funds can be found on our website be found on the funding page of our website (www.qeh.ox.ac.uk) and from the university’s (www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/courses/funding). Student Funding and International Office.

6 Research The Oxford Department of International Development is widely recognised as a leading university development research centre in the UK and Europe, and is probably among the top five development research centres in the world. The department was judged to have the largest submission of Thirty-five per cent of the of both disciplinary range and global world-leading research in its field department’s research problematics. What makes this research effort by the 2008 Research Assessment activity was classified unique – certainly in the UK and possibly in the Exercise published in 2009. as 4* (world-leading world – is that it addresses the international as in terms of originality, well as the national dimensions of development significance and rigour) on the one hand, and the structural (economic, by the Higher Education Funding Council, with a political, social, conceptual) roots of poverty and further 60 per cent either 3* or 2* (internationally power on the other. This is not, therefore, an excellent or internationally recognised). The agenda led by donor agencies. assessment encompassed research facilities and Nonetheless, our research does engage culture and international reputation as well as explicitly with real world policy issues – albeit publications. The RAE noted that ‘excellence critically and with a long-term perspective – was spread across the department but was and strives to contribute to better design and particularly evident in ‘international economics implementation based on empirical evidence and global governance’ and ‘poverty and human rather than geopolitical whims, and on the development’‘. interests of the poor and disadvantaged rather The range and depth of research at the than those of rich countries and wealthy people. department reflects the ‘intellectual curiosity’ This impact (or ‘knowledge exchange’ as it is now of its members rather than a single agenda set known) is summarised on pages 32 to 35. by the university or external funders. While not Our research income has more than doubled claiming to be comprehensive, our research in recent years, reaching what appears to be a does reflect what the study of international sustainable plateau of some £4 million a year. development means in the 21st century in terms When HEFCE funding arising from the RAE and Photo: Swati Saxena Swati Photo:

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 7 Photo: James Jewell/OPHI Photo:

The sources of our external research income are reasonably diverse in view of the funding opportunities available to the sector. All the funding has been obtained through competitive bidding rounds, and significantly is mainly of a longer-term nature – allowing advanced analytical work based on original empirical material. The larger part of our research is carried out by our six research centres and two research programmes, which also conduct the training of young scholars and our engagement with research partners overseas. Their work is explained in pages 9 to 24 below. Not all the academics at the department work within one of our own centres and programmes, because their chosen topics fall outside the foci of the latter. Nonetheless, most of them form part of collaborative research teams located elsewhere in Oxford and therefore contribute to a significant weaving of development studies throughout the university. Their research interests are listed on pages 25 to 30 below. The warp to their woof is located in other departments (particularly Area Studies, Economics, Politics and International Relations, and Anthropology) and leading research centres, such as the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology (ISCA), and the Oxford Research Network on Government in Africa doctoral supervision is added to this external (OReNGA). Our academics also play key roles research income, then the total research funding in numerous international networks of research generated by ODID is in excess of £5 million collaborators stretching from China, India and a year – larger than any other social science Pakistan; through Algeria, Morocco and Iraq; to department at Oxford and similar to a small Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe; and natural science department. beyond to Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico.

External research income 2002–11 (£ millions) Sources of research income 2009–10 (%)

5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 EU 7.8 1.5 RC 1.5 1.0 0.5 HMG 71.2 0 overseas 10.4 2002–3 2003–4 2004–5 2005–6 2006–7 2007–8 2008–9 2009–10 2010–11 projected other 9.0

8 Centre for RESEARCH CENTRES Research on Inequality,

Human The Centre for Research to HIs, including: on Inequality, Human • how affirmative action might combat group Security and Ethnicity inequality; Security and (CRISE) was set up with • using legal policies as a response to a £2.5 million grant from discrimination; Ethnicity the Department of • how trade policies might act as a source of International group inequality; www.crise.ox.ac.uk Development in 2003. • whether policies in post-conflict settings Its aim was to investigate incorporated considerations of inclusiveness; the relationships between ethnicity, inequality and conflict • the management of natural resources to avoid through comparative country studies in or reduce their conflict potential; partnership with scholars in Southeast Asia, Latin • the implications of federalism and America and West Africa. decentralisation for power-sharing and for CRISE sought to understand why some limiting the impact of HIs in the political sphere; multiethnic countries are peaceful while others • how aid might be used to reduce group experience violent conflict by comparing inequalities; and experiences in sets of countries that had • reasons for the long-term persistence of HIs. followed these different trajectories. The research The work of CRISE, originally envisaged to last thus compared Bolivia with Peru and Guatemala; five years, was twice extended by DFID, but the Ghana with Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria; and centre finally closed at the end of June 2010. Malaysia with Indonesia. In particular, CRISE looked However, CRISE aims to continue research in the at how inequalities between culturally defined broad field of inequality and security thorough a groups, or ‘horizontal inequalities’ (HIs), were network of scholars, drawing on the relationships related to conflict. The key finding of the project forged during seven years of work in this area. was that conflict is more likely where HIs are high. (See pages 32 to 33 for more information.) Dissemination Activity in 2009–10 Early work included a series of ‘perceptions’ The final year of CRISE work has focused primarily surveys to clarify how people in the case study on the dissemination of the core messages countries approached questions of ethnicity, distilled from its research. In particular, the centre religion, discrimination and inequality. has focused on conveying its findings beyond Subsequent work included an increasing the case study countries to see how experiences focus on processes of mobilisation, as well as might inform policy making elsewhere within consideration of potential policy responses the three regions: • In April 2010, CRISE held workshops for policy makers and academics in Kampala, Uganda, and in Nairobi, Kenya, as well as a meeting in the Kenyan Prime Minister’s office attended by representatives from ministries, development partners and the central bank. • In June 2010 CRISE held a series of dissemination activities in Brazil and Mexico. In Brasilia, these included a workshop co-organised by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) attended by ministers, UN representatives and academics, and individual Photo: ©Young Lives / Raúl Egúsquiza Turriate Turriate / Raúl Lives Egúsquiza ©Young Photo: meetings with officials from the secretariat of Racial Equality; the Ministry for Women; and the team managing the country’s Bolsa Familia

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 9 Photo: © Young Lives / Sebastian Castañeda Vita / Sebastian Castañeda Lives Young © Photo:

Palgrave Macmillan. The first book in the series, Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies (edited by Frances Stewart) was published in 2008 and appeared in paperback in January 2010. Persistent Inequality, Political Violence and the Role of Ethnicity in Peru: The Colony to the Year 2000 by Rosemary Thorp and Maritza Paredes was published in October 2010. Other titles due to appear in 2011 include: • Post-conflict Reconstruction and Horizontal Inequalities, edited by Arnim Langer, Frances Stewart and Rajesh Venugopal • Debating Affirmative Action: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Arnim Langer and Graham K. Brown programme in the Ministry of Social • Mobilization for Political Violence: What do we Development. In Mexico City these included Know? edited by Yvan Guichaoua. a seminar at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Other Projects Ciencias Sociales. CRISE is also completing work on projects • In July 2010 a workshop co-sponsored by the supported by other funders, in particular an Indonesian government and the UNDP took AusAID-funded project on Aid and Development place in Jakarta, bringing together around 70 Effectiveness in ‘Post’ Conflict Environments and regional policy makers and academics to two projects funded by the Ford Foundation examine CRISE findings and consider looking more closely at natural resources and comparative experiences from across Asia. trade policies and their links to HIs. CRISE has also continued its dissemination activity at the global level and within developed Staff as of June 30, 2010 countries through: Professor Frances Stewart, Director • Presentations at the the UN’s Bureau of Crisis Mrs Rosemary Thorp, Senior Research Officer, Prevention and Recovery, USAID and the Latin America United States Institute of Peace in January and Dr Raufu Mustafa, Senior Research Officer, West February 2010; Africa • Seminars at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala Dr Arnim Langer, Research Officer in Politics and University, and the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Economics Affairs in March 2010; Dr Corinne Caumartin, Research Officer, Latin • A workshop co-sponsored by the Agence America Française de Developpement in Paris in May Ms Jo Boyce, Information Officer 2010. Ms Rachael Diprose, Doctoral Student Recent Publications Mr Adam Higazi, Doctoral Student CRISE has completed work on nine policy Ms Maritza Paredes, Doctoral Student briefings and five longer overview papers Ms Marianna Volpi, Doctoral Student outlining its key findings on the policy Two of the students on CRISE scholarships approaches listed above. All the briefing have completed their doctorates; two submitted papers are available on the CRISE website, in October; and three are still in process (one www.crise.ox.ac.uk. In addition, CRISE is finalising who suffered interruptions because of ill-health five new books to form part of a new Conflict, and two who received partial financial support Inequality and Ethnicity Series published by and also started later).

10 International RESEARCH CENTRES Growth Centre www.theigc.org It was launched in The economic impact of urban property The IGC aims to provide practical December 2008 with £37 rights in Tanzania: the role of infrastructure help to promote growth in developing million in funding from The formalisation of property rights is one countries through demand-led policy UKaid at the Department market-based tool to alleviate poverty, advice based on frontier research. for International encouraging investment in the land and, by Development. The IGC transforming land into collateral, enabling access is directed and organised from hubs at the LSE to credit. Yet few studies have examined the and Oxford and comprises country offices across impact of policies geared towards strengthening the developing world. property rights in urban areas, especially in At ODID, researchers are involved in leading sub-Saharan Africa. This project, a randomised positions in the IGC. Professor Stefan Dercon is controlled trial, investigates the economic and a member of the Steering Group and is the welfare implications of offering property rights lead academic for the research in Ethiopia. Dr to urban dwellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Christopher Adam is the lead academic for the Whilst the government of Tanzania provides research in Tanzania. The Ethiopia and Tanzania a legal framework for urban households without programmes are widely recognised to be among a formal title to their land, the majority of the the best established programmes of the IGC, population of Dar es Salaam lives in unplanned resulting in strong contributions to domestic and settlements. The government has developed international policy debates on macroeconomic a strategy for implementing new land laws but and monetary issues in Tanzania, to debates on progress is slow. To date the government has government developmental strategy towards issued Residential Licenses – only a two-year and agriculture, and to the evidence base that has non-transferable property right – to an estimated made recent progress possible. 60,000 of a total 400,000 properties in unplanned IGC has active country programmes in settlements. Full titles, known as Certificates of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India (Bihar), Pakistan, Right of Occupancy (CROs), are substantially Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Mozambique and Rwanda more costly to provide, given requirements of and supports over 70 individual research projects. planning and survey standards. There are 10 research programmes, organised This project investigates the consequences of by policy area, with participation from academics expanding CROs in collaboration with the Dar es in world-class institutions, a network of policy Salaam Municipality and a local NGO (WAT). Two stakeholders in the developing world and a range study areas are identified, one in which a major of public, civil society and private sector partners: infrastructure upgrading project is taking place. • Agriculture With the NGO, CROs will be offered against cost, initially ‘randomly’ but with a clear commitment • Climate change, environment and natural to offer them to the entire community soon resources afterwards. • Finance There are four research objectives. • Firm capabilities • To measure the medium-term impact of land • Governance, accountability and political titling on investment by households and small economy enterprises, and to find out how these returns • Human capital are affected by the infrastructure expansion. • Infrastructure and urbanisation • To estimate demand elasticities. Land titling • Macroeconomics projects are quite expensive due to the cost • State capabilities of cadastral surveys to properly demarcate all • Trade parcels in an unplanned settlement. We aim to use experimental price variation from our RCT ODID IGC Projects design to compute the optimal price for land Two IGC projects are currently based at Oxford titles in other areas, striking the right balance Department of International Development led between easy access to title and some degree by Professor Stefan Dercon: of cost recovery.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 11 Photo: Giselle Aris Photo:

• To investigate whether slum clearance will funeral insurance. The weather index product, lead to gentrification. calibrated for local circumstances, is sold via a • To unbundle property rights. Such rights have private insurance company, Nyala Insurance. We many facets, and the costs and risks associated are looking for ways to improve product uptake, with issuing land titles may vary with the and at the same time ensure basis risk – the precise nature of the rights conferred. difference between risk insured and the actual Drought and informal insurance groups: a risk experienced – is reduced and informal randomised intervention of index-based insurance mechanisms are not undermined rainfall insurance in rural Ethiopia but used to increase coverage. The Ethiopian economy is still predominantly Our project uses a randomised controlled trial dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Drought is where we study the uptake among groups and a common occurrence, and financial markets, farmers, and the way it affects their functioning especially those offering insurance, are and the behavioural impact on agricultural underdeveloped. The costs of such uninsured technology choices and productivity. We also risk are high, from immediate welfare losses for assess how the introduction of these products farmers to the discouragement of innovation will affect existing informal insurance and investment in modern technologies. arrangements. Crop insurance is one interventional tool, but standard schemes tend to be costly and Publications Dr Christopher Adam is lead author of an IGC inefficient and prone to problems of moral Working Paper published in March 2010: The hazard and adverse selection. In recent years, Demand for Money in Tanzania. alternatives have been developed in the form of innovative index-based weather insurance Staff as of October 1, 2010 products. Rather than requiring any loss Professor Stefan Dercon has three key IGC roles: assessment, these schemes offer farmers a Member of the Steering Committee, product that, against the payment of a premium, Lead Academic for Ethiopia IGC research offers a payout if rain at a local rainfall station falls (focusing on agricultural strategies and the role below a particular level. of industrial policy in its development strategy), Such methods offer rural households an International Consultant. affordable formal insurance against uninsured covariate shocks, in turn boosting agricultural Dr Christopher Adam is: productivity and rural growth. Yet early field Research Programme Co-Director, experiments have found that demand for such (Macroeconomics) (March/April 2009 – March formal micro-insurance contracts in rural settings 2010) is very low. Lead Academic for Tanzania IGC research This study aims to introduce an index-based International Consultant for the Tanzania drought insurance product in 15 areas in rural programme Ethiopia via their informal insurance groups, Ms Wendy Wilkin was ODID Project Coordinator the local funeral societies. In Ethiopia, these for IGC research up until March 2010 when Kate groups are widespread, highly inclusive and well Prudden took over this part-time role. Wendy has structured. They charge premiums against risks been promoted to IGC Centre Manager, now and increasingly offer other products beyond based at Economics.

12 International RESEARCH CENTRES Migration Institute www.imi.ox.ac.uk Migration has always human rights and democracy on migration The International Migration Institute played a central role aspirations and decisions. (IMI) was founded in 2006. It is in global processes of • THEMIS (Theorizing the Evolution of European developing a long-term perspective social, economic and Migration Systems) is a four-year project on international migration as part political change. But as funded by NORFACE and led by IMI. Our of global change. international migration research partners are the Erasmus University becomes more complex, of Rotterdam, the Institute of Geography and it raises new intellectual Spatial Planning at the University of Lisbon, and practical challenges. All countries are now and the International Peace Research Institute experiencing simultaneous immigration and (PRIO). The aim is to refine the concept of emigration. Improvements in transport and a migration system by investigating the communications further encourage migrants to conditions under which the initial moves by lead transnational lives. This challenges existing pioneer migrants to Europe result in rapidly models of identity and the nation state. expanding network migration, and also the The International Migration Institute works conditions under which this does not happen. with researchers, practitioners and policy makers • IMI has led a successful university-wide bid worldwide to: to the Leverhulme Trust for research into the • pioneer new theoretical and methodological impact of diasporas. approaches to research; • strengthen global capacity for research. Other developments IMI is interested in the following questions: IMI’s research work in Africa is reaching an • What stimulates people’s migration? interesting stage. The African Perspectives on Human Mobility project is in its final phase. This • How do they undertake their journeys? three-year programme, funded by the MacArthur • How does migration affect societies of origin Foundation, has been exploring alternative and destination? conceptions of human mobility based on • Can we anticipate future patterns of empirical research in Nigeria, Ghana, Morocco migration? and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In May Our aim is to advance understanding of the 2010, there was a writing workshop in Ghana to multi-level forces driving current and future help the country research teams write up their migration processes. This can provide the basis final reports, based on their fieldwork. Research for policies designed to realise the potential findings will be disseminated via reports, working benefits of migration. papers, journal articles, and policy briefs, as well as participation in international conferences. New projects in 2010–11 The last of three African Migrations IMI has received a series of grants for a number Workshops took place in Senegal in November of new projects starting in 2010: 2010. ‘The Contribution of African Research to • DEMIG (The Determinants of International Migration Theory’ was organised in partnership Migration) is a five-year project (2010–14) with L’Institut fondamental d’Afrique noire, core-funded by the European Research Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal. This Council (ERC) through a Starting Grant workshop aimed to develop theory grounded in awarded to Hein de Haas, Senior Research African migration experiences and to critique Officer at IMI. The project looks at how the migration theory from African perspectives. migration policies of receiving and sending Presentations challenged current analytical states affect the size, direction and nature of frameworks while making connections with international migration. wider social theory. The event was a unique • EUMAGINE (Imagining Europe from the opportunity for participants from Africa and Outside) is a collaborative European research elsewhere to strengthen their scientific networks project in which IMI is a partner. The aim is to within and outside the continent, across the investigate the impact of perceptions of boundaries of linguistic and scholarly traditions.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 13 Photo: Evelyn Ersanilli Evelyn Photo:

In June 2010there was a very successful its partners aim to develop a research project workshop in the Hague for all stakeholders in our based on these study tours that will Global Migration Futures project. This project is systematically compare migration and run in partnership with the Dutch Foundation development experiences in specific regions. The Hague Process on Refugees and Migration The Transnational Migrant Organisations (THP). The workshop adopted scenario project, which explores the links between methodologies normally used in business in migrant organisations and their countries of order to stimulate creative and unconventional origin, is entering its final phase. Lead researcher thinking about the future of world migration. The Thomas Lacroix is publishing a working paper to 20 participants included experts from the private disseminate the findings. sector, policy makers, academics, and NGO staff from across the world. The next step is to Staff as of October 1, 2010 develop four of the scenarios in order to examine Professor Robin Cohen, Director how future social, economic, cultural and Professor Stephen Castles, Associate Director environmental changes are likely to affect and Senior Researcher migration. The scenarios will be shared with Dr Oliver Bakewell, Senior Research Officer the wider academic and policy community, and James Martin Fellow to encourage thinking ‘outside-the-box’ by Dr Hein de Haas, Senior Research Officer challenging underlying assumptions. (See and James Martin Fellow pages 34 to 35 for more information.) Dr Mathias Czaika, Research Officer The projectTransatlantic Dialogues on Migration and Development Issues compares Ms Evelyn Ersanilli, Research Officer Mexico–US and Morocco–EU migration and Dr Alan Gamlen, ESRC Postdoctoral Fellow development experiences. IMI organised a Ms Gunvor Jónsson, Research Assistant south–south study-tour exchange, whereby a Ms Agnieszka Kubal, Research Assistant group of both Mexican and Moroccan scholars Dr Thomas Lacroix, Research Officer visited Mexico in March 2009, and Morocco in Dr Emanuela Paoletti, Research Assistant March 2010. In both countries, participants from Ms Kate Prudden, Project Coordinator research, policy and civil society sectors toured Ms Jacqueline Smith, Communications and development and entrepreneurial projects Outreach Officer initiated by migrants and their associations. The project has sparked debate by confronting the Ms Briony Truscott, Administrative Officer 26 migration experts with concrete experiences Ms María Villares Varela, Data Processing Assistant in the field in both Mexico and Morocco. IMI and Ms Simona Vezzoli, Research Assistant

14 Oxford RESEARCH CENTRES Poverty and Human

Development Current activities Associate Professor James Foster devised a highly OPHI’s work focuses intuitive and user-friendly yet robust class of on two themes: multidimensional poverty measures that can Initiative be used for targeting social protection, for Missing dimensions ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk The current data that monitoring, and for measuring national poverty. shape poverty analysis Related measures have been implemented as The Oxford Poverty and Human in developing countries official poverty statistics in Mexico and other Development Initiative (OPHI) aims and are used to countries are currently contemplating their to advance the human development monitor the Millennium adoption. OPHI also employed this methodology approach to poverty reduction Development Goals are to create a new international measure of poverty through fundamental, sustained and derived from household covering 104 countries – the Multidimensional multidisciplinary research and effective surveys. OPHI noted Poverty Index (MPI) – for the United Nations dissemination of that research. that these surveys do Development Programme’s (UNDP) flagship not collect data on Human Development Report. The new measure (1) safety from violence; and results were launched in July 2010, feature (2) empowerment; in the 2010 UNDP Human Development Report, (3) quality of work; (4) the ability to go about and have generated significant interest from without shame; or (5) psychological well-being. countries, donors and international Yet these topics are central to poor people’s organisations. (See page 32 for more experience of deprivation and poverty. In information.) dialogue with many groups, OPHI has compiled survey modules for each of these themes. Long-term Research Aims and Strategy OPHI is subjecting the modules to extensive OPHI’s overall aim is to build and advance a field tests – qualitative and quantitative, more systematic methodological and economic nationally representative or village level census – framework for reducing multidimensional in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and analysing poverty grounded in people’s experiences the data collected. Drawing on this experience, and values. Amartya Sen’s capability approach OPHI is critically refining the briefest, least underlies this framework, which incorporates expensive and most accurate modules and multiple dimensions, interconnections and conducting outreach with chief statisticians principles simultaneously to inform policy to promote their regular inclusion in national making and foster debate. OPHI holds regular household surveys when the final modules academic research workshops, academic are released. OPHI is also conducting research on the interconnections between the dimensions, their relationship to standard indicators such as income/consumption and other MDG indicators, and the value-added of these new indicators for poverty reduction policy. The aim is simple: poverty data should better reflect poor people’s experiences of poverty. Photo: James Jewell/OPHI Photo: Multidimensional poverty comparisons Multidimensional poverty measures that include direct measures of deprivation – in terms of schooling, housing and nutrition and other aspects – provide important information that can complement income. OPHI has developed and applied measures of multidimensional poverty and inequality, chronic poverty, and equality of opportunity, as well as robustness tests. OPHI Director Sabina Alkire and OPHI Research

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presentations, seminars, special public events Dr Suman Seth, Visiting Research Fellow and summer schools to disseminate its research Ms Sarah Valenti, Research Communications Officer and nurture a new generation of scholars. In Dr Gaston Yalonetzky, Research Officer addition to OPHI’s academic publications, the Mr Diego Zavaleta, Researcher centre publishes a working paper series, research briefs and a regular e-newsletter. Networks and partnerships OPHI collaborates closely with other universities, Staff as of October 1, 2010 research networks, development agencies, Dr Sabina Alkire, OPHI Director governments and international organisations, Mr Paddy Coulter, OBE, Associate and is advised by Professor Sudhir Anand, Communications Director Sir Tony Atkinson and Professor Amartya Sen. Ms Natalie Cresswell, Project Assistant OPHI emerged from and is actively involved Ms Heidi Fletcher, Associate Web Manager in the Human Development and Capability Professor James Foster, Research Associate Association, an association of 700 academics in at OPHI and Professor of Economics and 70 countries. OPHI gratefully acknowledges International Affairs at The George Washington support from the International Development University Research Centre in Canada, the Canadian Professor John Hammock, Co-Founder of OPHI International Development Agency, Australian and Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Agency for International Development, the UK Fletcher School, Tufts University Department for International Development, Doris Oliver Foundation, Global Giving, Kim Professor Prasanta Pattanaik, Visiting Fellow Samuel-Johnson, United Nations Development and Research Associate Programme (UNDP) Human Development Dr José Manuel Roche, Research Officer Report Office, UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin Dr Emma Samman, Research Associate America and the Caribbean, and anonymous Dr Maria Emma Santos, Research Associate benefactors.

16 Refugee RESEARCH CENTRES Studies Centre www.rsc.ox.ac.uk Nearly three decades • Belonging, formal status and changes in The Refugee Studies Centre was after the establishment citizenship; founded in 1982. Its purpose is to of the RSC, the study • Environmental change and mobility. build knowledge and understanding of forced migration has of the causes and effects of forced become a recognised Teaching migration in order to help improve academic discipline, The centre’s teaching activities are designed the lives of some of the world’s embraced by numerous most vulnerable people. to support and develop the next generation of educational institutions scholars and thinkers, as well as to foster a across the world. The culture of critical reflection within the wider need for independent, objective and critical humanitarian community. scholarship on factors determining and resulting Each year ODID accepts approximately 25 from the forced displacement of populations has students from around the world for the MSc in never been greater, and the RSC remains in the Refugee and Forced Migration Studies. This nine- forefront of shaping the agenda in today’s most month degree course offers a dynamic and critical debates. intellectually rigorous path to the examination This prominence is achieved by pursuing three of forced migration resulting from conflict, interrelated activities: research, teaching and repressive regimes, environmental change dissemination. and development policies. Opportunities are also available for DPhil research supervised Research by RSC staff. The RSC provides multidisciplinary, independent At the end of each academic year we run an and critical scholarship on factors determining extremely popular policy International Summer and resulting from the forced displacement of School. This three-week residential course offers populations. The centre drives scholarship and an intensive, interdisciplinary and participative social scientific debates on forced migration approach to the study of forced migration both through its own work and by encouraging primarily for practitioners and policy makers. This collaboration between academics from a wide school is complemented by a varied programme range of institutions and university departments. of short courses and professional training events. Historically, the RSC focused heavily on the developmental and humanitarian aspects of Dissemination forced displacement in the global south but A varied portfolio of publications, information more recently work has also covered northern resources and networking initiatives promotes regimes and perspectives on asylum, and the influential engagement with a full range of ways in which national agendas can better academics, policy makers and practitioners. respond to the increasingly complex flows of The RSC publishes its research widely in books mixed migration. and journals and through academic papers. Research is organised around the following It builds networks, run workshops, organises themes: international conferences and delivers policy • Politics and practices of humanitarian briefings for a wide spectrum of governmental response; and humanitarian stakeholders. Publications • Forced migration, international institutions include: the Journal of Refugee Studies, published and world politics; by OUP; the Studies in Forced Migration series published by Berghahn Books; a Working Paper • State instability, development and forced series and newly developed Policy Briefings series. migration; Forced Migration Review, published by the RSC • International law, human rights and three times a year and in four languages, is the displacement; world’s leading forum linking research and • Lived experience of forced migrants; practice on refugee and internal displacement • Detention, deportation and the control issues. It is distributed free of charge to a global of migration; audience of around 15,000 individuals and

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 17 organisations – two thirds of which are in the emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. global south – and is also accessible online. The book charts how these experiences have Forced Migration Online – a portal for impacted on society as a whole from the political, instant online information on forced migration social, and environmental perspectives. Dr Chatty worldwide – continues to grow with increasingly also published the edited volume Deterritorialized multimedia content. The RSC collections at Youth: Sahrawi and Afghan Refugees at the the Social Science Library form the largest Margins of the Middle East. This book compares accumulation of materials worldwide relating to and contrasts both the stereotypes and western- forced displacement. The collections comprise based models of humanitarian assistance among over 39,000 bibliographic records, and are both Sahrawi youth with the lack of programming an invaluable and unique archive as well as a vital and near total self-sufficiency of Afghan refugee resource for scholarship and current research for youth in Iran. Dr Chatty has also been developing the study of forced migration. the project ‘Iraq’s refugees: predicaments, perceptions and aspirations’. This project aims Significant Projects and Developments to provide independent, in-depth data and 2009–10 analysis of the overall situation, perspectives and Environmentally displaced people. Professor intentions of Iraq’s exiles – over 4 million Iraqi Zetter was commissioned by the International displaced since 2004. Organisation for Migration to write a chapter During 2009–10 the RSC has held a number for the book Migration, Environment and Climate of high-profile international conferences. Change: Assessing the Evidence. In April 2009 he Protecting people in conflict and crisis: briefed the Senior UN Inter-Agency Standing responding to the challenges of a changing Committee Principals on strengthening world brought together over 180 participants – humanitarian response to forced displacement researchers, humanitarian practitioners and and migration resulting from climate change. policy makers – from more than 50 countries The Norwegian and Swiss governments and to review the state of policy and practice in the UNHCR are jointly financing a new four-country field of humanitarian protection. research project on protecting environmentally Deportation and the development of displaced people: developing the capacity of citizenship encouraged interdisciplinary and legal and normative frameworks. (See page 34 comparative scholarship on deportation, broadly for more information.) conceived as the lawful expulsion power of Displacement in the Middle East. Dr Dawn states, both as an immigration control and as Chatty published Displacement and Dispossession a social control mechanism. in the Modern Middle East which traces the history Romani mobilities in Europe: of those who found themselves cut off from multidisciplinary perspectives brought their homelands as a reconstructed Middle East together scholars and students to discuss the multiple dimensions and impacts of Romani mobilities in Europe. The protection conference was supported by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Deportation and Romani workshops were part of ongoing programmes supported by the John Fell Fund. The issue of statelessness is rising steadily on the agenda of the UN, governments and civil society in many parts of the world. Issue 32 of Forced Migration Review included 22 articles by academic, international and local actors debating the challenges faced by stateless people and the search for appropriate responses Photo: Rupantar Photo: Photo: James Jewell/OPHI Photo:

and solutions. The expanding Policy Briefings Ms Heidi El-Megrisi, International Summer series included the issue ‘Statelessness, School and Conferences Manager protection and equality’ and Dr Alice Edwards Dr Matthew J. Gibney, University Reader in led the new short course ‘Statelessness and Politics and Forced Migration International Law’ and is expanding related Mr Richard Haavisto, Pedro Arrupe Tutor work as part of her project ‘De facto statelessness Mr Maurice Herson, Forced Migration Review, Editor and the meaning of ‘effective nationality’’. Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Departmental Lecturer in Forced Migration Staff as of October 1, 2010 Dr Katy Long, ESRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow Professor Roger Zetter, Director and Leopold Muller Reader Professor Gil Loescher, Visiting Professor Dr Dawn Chatty, University Reader in Ms Nisrine Mansour, Research Fellow Anthropology and Forced Migration and Deputy Mr Laurence Medley, Accounts Officer Director Mr John Pilbeam, Forced Migration Online, Web Mr Erol Canpunar, Outreach Programme Assistant Development Manager Ms Marion Couldrey, Forced Migration Review, Ms Amelia Richards, Head of Development Editor Ms Heloise Ruaudel, Policy Programme Manager Ms Narola Das, PA to the Director Mr Paul Ryder, Research and Information Manager Dr Alice Edwards, Departmental Lecturer in Dr Nando Sigona, Research Officer International Refugee and Human Rights Law Ms Sarah Taylor, Forced Migration Online, Web Ms Sharon Ellis, Forced Migration Review Assistant Content Coordinator

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 19 Young Lives www.younglives.org.uk

Young Lives is a long-term international research project which aims to improve understanding of the dynamics, causes and consequences of childhood poverty and provide evidence to support the development of effective policies and We are tracking the lives In addition to the household survey, we have practice for reducing poverty and of 12,000 children piloted a survey of the character and quality breaking enduring poverty cycles. growing up in four of schools attended by Young Lives children developing countries in Ethiopia, which will be replicated in the other over 15 years. The study study countries later. This information will be countries – Ethiopia, the indexed to the information we already hold state of Andhra Pradesh in India, Peru and about the children, their families, and their Vietnam – were selected to reflect a wide range educational outcomes, and will greatly enhance of cultural, political, geographical and social the potential to answer questions about contexts. Our research is based on a survey of all children’s experiences of education, the quality 12,000 children and their households every three of schools, and their effectiveness in combating years to gather a wide range of information inequality and intervening in the about their economic circumstances, health, intergenerational transmission of poverty. education, and social relationships. This is Children’s work: Understanding the importance combined with in-depth participatory research of work in children’s lives is an increasing focus of with a smaller group of the children, to discover the Round 3 survey. We will look at the children’s more about their attitudes, hopes, aspirations attitudes to work and what they reveal about its and the rich detail of their daily lives. importance for building confidence and a sense The three main strands of our work – data of their own place within their family and collection, data analysis and research, and research community. Studies of child learning in formal or communications and policy engagement – are for informal settings – in school or at work and in the the first time starting to coalesce as new findings community – will examine the skills young and new ideas emerge. This is perhaps the intrinsic people need and how they acquire them. And nature of a longitudinal study – that over time the we will continue to look at how children balance value and the potential of the dataset grows, the work (paid or unpaid, in the home or in a family scope of the analysis possible to undertake or local business) with school and their other broadens, and the emerging narratives become responsibilities, and what this reveals about how more complex, interesting and significant. different choices affect children’s life chances Education: we find there are high levels of (particularly boys and girls). overall enrolment for both older children (aged Nutrition and health: Research undertaken 12–13) and younger children (aged 7–8). Even by Young Lives for the UNESCO Education for in Ethiopia, where the school system faces most All Global Monitoring Report finds strong challenges, 94 per cent of children were enrolled, associations between poor nutrition in the first significantly more than in previous years, in part months of life (6 to 18 months) and cognitive due to the investment made by government development scores at the ages of 4 and 5. as its commitment to meeting the Millennium These findings provide new evidence for the Development Goals. However, we also find that importance of early child nutrition not just for household adversities such as parental death, children’s immediate physical well-being, but illness and drought interrupt children’s education also their long-term potential for intellectual in all countries. And also that quantity may not development. In further rounds of research, mean quality: although 94 per cent of the older we will be able to investigate the relationship children were enrolled in school, 39 per cent between early child nutrition and cognitive could not read a basic sentence. development further and explore how far Nevertheless, we find that children and their delayed cognitive development at the age of parents are overwhelmingly positive about 5 translates into reduced school achievement, education and have high expectations. Parents economic prospects and productivity later in see education as an investment in their children’s life. We will also be able to explore whether and future and children want to stay on until secondary how the effects of early child malnutrition on school and even university, although for many, cognitive development might be reversible. their opportunities are extremely limited. (See pages 33 to 34 for more information.)

20 Photo: © Young Lives / Sebastian Castañeda Vita / Sebastian Castañeda Lives Young © Photo:

A self-administered questionnaire we study countries, together with the Open University and introduced with the older children (aged 15 the International NGO, Save the Children. to 16) as part of the Round 3 survey is a highly Young Lives is core-funded by UKaid from the promising source of data, which explores Department for International Development (DFID) from whether children and young people have 2001 to 2017, and co-funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2014. experienced physical or emotional violence, sexual harassment or bullying. The confidential Staff as of October 1, 2010 questionnaire also addresses children’s risk Dr Proochista Ariana, Research Associate (Health) behaviours, for example: smoking, drinking, Ms Inka Barnett, Research Officer (Health) drug-use, and sexual relationships. Dr Jo Boyden, Young Lives Director/University Social protection: We have found a positive Reader in International Development impact of social protection programmes on child Ms Neha Batura, Research Assistant welfare in Ethiopia (the Productive Safety Net Mr Graham Bray, Programme Manager Programme, PSNP), in India (the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Midday Meal Dr Michelle Chew, Administrator Scheme), and Peru (the conditional cash transfer Dr Gina Crivello, Research Officer programme, Juntos), including on nutrition and Professor Stefan Dercon, Poverty Research Director health, education and cognitive development, Dr Paul Dornan, Senior Policy Officer as well as the positive impact of the PSNP in Dr Andreas Georgiadis, Research Officer protecting household assets. We have also Ms Caroline Knowles, Communications Manager documented the significance of different Ms Sofya Krutikova, Research Officer adversities (e.g. death of a parent, climatic shocks Ms Emma Merry, Communications Assistant and agricultural losses) on child nutrition. The Dr Virginia Morrow, Research Associate (Institute death of a parent represents the most significant of Education, London) risk to nutrition, though less so for younger than Ms Helen Murray, Policy Officer older children. Ms Kate Orkin, Research Assistant (school survey) Some evidence has been found for unintended Ms Kirrily Pells, Policy Officer adverse impacts. For example, the emphasis in Ms Christine Pollard, Part-time Project Accounts Juntos on human capital may be undermining Officer social capital in Peru. In Ethiopia, the PSNP Mr Abhijeet Singh, Quantitative Research increases time girls spent on studying but also Assistant increased the paid work of some children. Ms Anne Solon, Data and Survey Manager Young Lives is a collaborative research project, coordinated by a small team at the University of Oxford’s Ms Natalia Streuli, Research Assistant Department of International Development, working Professor Martin Woodhead, Childhood Research with private and government research institutes in the Director (The Open University)

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 21 International Gender

Studies Beig / Farhatullah Lives Young © Photo: www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/igs The International Gender University) and the Berlin Freie Universität an Studies centre (IGS), international conference entitled ‘Chinese currently directed by Dr Women Organizing’ held in Beijing in July 2010. Maria Jaschok, undertakes Funding for the conference came from the Ford critical scholarly research Foundation (Beijing), Berlin FU and the Misereor on the contribution of and constraints facing women Foundation, Augsburg. Maria Jaschok gave the around the globe. It consists of a small, highly keynote speech entitled ‘Chinese Women committed community with diverse backgrounds, Organizing – looking back, looking forward’. nationalities and disciplines. Composed mainly of The IGS is also hosting an international QEH Research Associates, the Centre members’ workshop provisionally entitled ‘Overcoming contribution to the vitality of IGS is indispensable; the perverse incentives of development funding’, they contribute to publications; to supervision planned for February 2011 at ODID. The one-day in support of a highly successful international international workshop is being convened by IGS Visiting Research Fellowship Programme; and and the DSA gender policy study group. to the convening of workshops and seminars. Publications by IGS members IGS was a key institutional partner in a DFID- • Momson, Janet (ed.). 2010. Gender and funded programme entitled ‘Women in Muslim Development (2nd ed.) London/New York: Contexts’ (WEMC) between 2006 and 2010. Routledge. Maria Jaschok was a member of the Research • Coles, Anne, and Katie Walsh. 2010. ‘From Management Team of the RPC and also in charge trucial states to post-colonial city: British of the China-based project sites in central and expatriate identities in Dubai’. Journal of northwest Chinese Muslim communities. The Migration and Ethnic Studies 36 (8): 1317–34. programme came to an end in June. • Coles, Anne. 2009. ‘Domestic water provision and gender roles in drylands’ in HAGAR Studies Recent Activities in Culture, Polity and Identities 9 (1). WEMC As part of the WEMC programme, Maria • Okely, Judith. 2010. ‘Fieldwork as free Jaschok participated in a research management association and free passage’. In H. Wulff, M. committee meeting in Hong Kong in January Melhuus, and J. Mitchell (eds) Ethnographic 2010 to decide the final outcomes and ensure the Practice in the Present. Oxford: Berghahn Books. sustainability of on-going initiatives. In March and In addition, Maria Jaschok is finalising a co-authored April 2010 she conducted research and site visits book for Routledge (New York) entitled Women, to Zhengzhou, Lanzhou and Linxia in China and Religion, and Space in China. in May 2010 she participated in a Methodology Other activities On May 19, 2010, Dr Sondra Workshop in Chiang Mai. In July, final reports and Hausner gave the IGS’s Barbara E Ward deliverables were submitted to DFID and on July Commemorative Lecture entitled Ritual Redemption 6–9 a workshop was held with the China partners in London’s Economy of Love at St Antony’s College. in Beijing. Activities included preparation of The IGS continues to run a mailing list and to five papers for submission as a special issue of publish a bi-annual newsletter. IGS members Geografia – Malaysian Journal of Society and contribute lectures on ‘Feminist Theories and Space and also of a funding application for a Methodology’ to the MSt in Women’s Studies as collaborative project arising from WEMC entitled well as convening and teaching the Gender ‘Reflexivity and Women’s Voices – a multi-voice Option course for the degree in Archaeology and narration from a post-development perspective’. Anthropology. Maria Jaschok is also preparing, with The Institute for Empowerment of Women, Hong Masooda Bano, a ‘Gender and Development’ option Kong (IWE), announced in July that the project for the MPhil in Development Studies. had been adopted as a priority project for which A funding application for a major research project it would seek to raise funds. The next conference, has been made to the ESRC; other applications are in funded by IWE, will be held in Bangkok. process. A small seed grant (July 2010–January 2011) Conferences The IGS co-convened with the has made it possible to pursue and develop further Beijing Bei Wai Daxue (Foreign Language fundraising opportunities.

22 Oxford Department of International Development Report 2007–8 The Programme RESEARCH PROGRAMMES for Management and Technology for Development capacity in the way available information and communication technologies are used. By www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd employing ‘best practice’ participatory methods, the projects examines how technology design and the design of sustainable business models The Programme for Management and can be combined in order to meet information Technology for Development, directed by and communication technology (ICS) goals for Dr Xiaolan Fu, aims to carry out cutting-edge development. The project involves collaboration research to further our understanding of the between UK researchers and local development development of technology and management organisations. in the developing world. It is a world-wide The role of management practices in closing platform for interdisciplinary research in this the productivity gap. This EPSRC-funded area. Its main research includes the role of project examines two advanced country cases in international trade and foreign direct investment the first instance. An interdisciplinary approach in economic growth and development; industrial is adopted, involving a mix of case study and policy and industrialisation; innovation survey methods. The project aims to identify key and technological capabilities; managerial aspects of management activity for productivity, capabilities and corporate development; assess the role of management practices in the and technology for development. productivity gap and generate ideas for good This programme was set up in memory of the practice for productivity improvements to be late Professor Sanjaya Lall, a global authority in applied to developing countries. development economics, who died in 2005. Renewable energy technology and the The programme’s current research focuses on: political economy of energy. Markets are China and the evolution of global political phenomena. This project funded by the manufacturing prices. This ESRC-funded British Academy analyses the comparative research tests the view that China’s global politics of market structure, collective action, expansion has undermined prices by examining social embeddedness, state participation and price trends of manufactured products imported state regulation in the renewable energy sector. into the Triad economies of the US, the EU and Advanced and developing country company Japan, over the period 1988–2006. The prices of cases are developed and compared. Our products sourced from China are compared with research in this area focuses on the politics of the same products imported from different energy markets, renewable energy technology categories of countries. It also analyses the price development in India and village-level studies. behaviour of different groups of products Research in this area involves collaboration defined by their technological intensity, between UK and Indian researchers. addressing the related view that Chinese competition is progressing from low-technology Recent activity products to medium- and hi-technology The PMTD held a two-day international products. The analysis of global prices is conference on ‘Global Economic Recovery: The conducted at a high level of detail in order to Role of China and Other Emerging Economies’ in avoid aggregation effects distorting the analysis July 2010, the largest event held in Europe within of product prices. It builds on an earlier DFID- the field of Chinese economics and business funded research project focusing on the impact studies. About 250 participants attended the of China on the exports of low-income countries conference, including the Secretary-General to the EU. of the United Nations Conference on Trade Rural e-services: participatory co-design of and Development (UNCTAD), Dr Supachai software and business models in India. Panitchpakdi, who gave a keynote speech on This EPSRC-funded project works with rural ‘Rebalancing Global Growth: the Role of China cooperatives in India to develop new sustainable and Emerging Economies’. ways to deliver e-services and develop innovation This conference was the 21st Annual

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conference of the Chinese Economic Association Asia Digital Empowerment Award. This project (Europe) co-organised by PTMD, ODID, the is funded by the EPSRC and carried out by Oxford University China Centre, the Economics researchers from the PTMD at ODID and other Department and the Association. Dr Xiaolan Fu UK universities and in NGOs in India. was elected President of the Chinese Economic The PTMD was awarded Astor Open Lecture Association (Europe). funding, and co-organised the 2010 Astor Open The PTMD project on rural e-services to Lecture with Oxford University’s China Centre. provide farmers in rural India with expert advice The lecture was delivered by Professor Barry on resolving problems with their crops using Naughton on ‘The Chinese Counter-Reformation: mobile camera phones won the Manthan South Rebuilding the State for a New Era’.

24 Other research

Jocelyn Alexander on understanding how traditional Muslim Jocelyn Alexander’s long-standing research on institutions have responded to processes of violence and memory and on rural politics and socio-economic and political change. She has land in southern Africa is ongoing. She is at the studied the state-led madrasa reform same time engaged in a new area of research programmes in South Asia, Middle East and on the history and politics of law, crime and northern Nigeria leading to important findings punishment. She recently organised an about the different levels of success of these international conference on the history and programmes. During the last year, she has also legacies of punishment in southern Africa, the finished her major project countering many of papers from which will constitute a special issue the myths about madrasas and jihad in Pakistan. of the Journal of Southern African Studies. Her Under her current fellowship, she is studying the work currently focuses on political imprisonment factors leading to the rise of female Islamic in Zimbabwe, both as a historical practice that education movements in Pakistan, northern centrally defined nationalist politics and as a Nigeria and Syria and the competition they pose contemporary means of disciplining citizens. to western-style feminist groups. Dr Bano engages in field-based studies often Proochista Ariana in collaboration with different development Proochista Ariana’s research empirically agencies. She uses mixed methods for most of examines the interaction between processes of her studies combining ethnographic, interview development and health with an appreciation and survey data. Currently, she is collaborating for the complexity of both. She uses Amartya with Abigail Barr to test some of the hypotheses Sen’s capability approach to understand health, emerging from her ethnographic studies about its multidimensional nature, and the factors causes of institutional change using field-based which may affect populations’ capability to experiments with female madrasa students in achieve health. She has recently completed Pakistan. Dr Bano also has a long-term research research on the health implications of transition interest in studying the impact of aid on among indigenous populations in southern collective action institutions in rural Mexico and is currently involved in a project communities in the south. examining economic development and health in rural China. She is also in the process of Abigail Barr developing a research programme to generate Abigail Barr’s research focuses on the role of evidence on precisely how broader social informal institutions – internalised social protection schemes can address shortcomings preferences, norms, values, social sanctioning in health in contexts where healthcare devices and social networks – in determining infrastructure and human resources in health economic and social decisions and outcomes. are deficient. She uses behavioural experiments, surveys, and structured group interview techniques to Masooda Bano generate original data on individual behaviour Masooda Bano currently holds an ESRC/AHRC within a diverse range of social contexts. Ideas and Beliefs Fellowship under the Global Recently she joined forces with Masooda Bano Uncertainties programme involving the seven to embark on a mixed-methods investigation UK Research Councils. Her primary area of into the role of Islam as a coping mechanism for interest rests in studying the role of ideas and women in Pakistan. In other ongoing projects beliefs in development processes and their she is investigating: the social factors that evolution and change. She is particularly support and undermine formally endorsed local interested in understanding the dynamic accountability mechanisms in the education interplay between material and psycho-social sectors of Uganda and Albania; risk sharing in incentives and its consequences for individual Zimbabwe and Colombia; individual attitudes choices and collective development outcome. towards risk and loss in Ghana; and the Most of Dr Bano’s recent studies have focused determinants of individual notions of distributive

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 25 Photo: © Young Lives / Giancarlo Shibayama Lives Young © Photo:

could bridge the negotiation gap on these two points between the north and the south in addressing the climate change crisis.

Valpy FitzGerald Valpy FitzGerald’s duties as Head of Department leave little time (or energy) for original research. However he is working on the reform of international taxation as a means of underpinning a sustainable public finance model for developing countries, and reducing aid dependence. This work is carried out with the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Institute for Policy Dialog at Columbia University and the Tax Justice Network. This project includes both the construction of the new ‘Plato Index’ for direct tax incidence and the political economy of international tax governance. Professor FitzGerald is also leading a project within the European Security Economics (EUSECON) programme funded under EC justice in the UK and the Republic of South Africa. Framework 7, on the economic logic of grey As well as being a researcher at the Oxford assets and black transactions through offshore Department of International Development, she is financial centres, which builds on previous work an associate at the Nuffield Centre for Experimental with Professor Frances Stewart on the Social Sciences, the Centre for the Study of African international economics of conflict in Economies and the Institute of Fiscal Studies, and a developing countries. He also continues work on member of the Human Sociality Project. the quantitative economic history of Latin America over the longue durée for a long-delayed Corneliu Bjola book to be published (eventually) by the Oxford Corneliu Bjola’s research lies at the nexus of University Press. international diplomacy and international ethics and focuses on questions relating to how Jörg Friedrichs diplomacy handles demands for global stability Jörg Friedrichs is currently working at the vs. global justice. While both are considered intersection of international relations and political essential ingredients of global ordering, stability sociology. In particular, he is studying the nexus is generally favoured for its propensity to between energy resources and social change. improve international security, while justice is From its inception, industrial capitalism has been valued for its constitutive pull on actors’ based on abundant energy. A global decline in identities, interests, and patterns of interaction. access to energy, and particularly a decline in oil However, little is understood about the production (‘peak oil’), would lead to a variety of conditions under which stability and justice reactions in different parts of the world. Jörg reinforce or undermine each other as Friedrichs has shown this in a recent article and mechanisms of global ordering. The research various online publications. Over the next couple contributes to this debate by exploring the role of years, he is planning to further analyse the of diplomacy in shaping actors’ understandings multiple ways in which energy resources and and action strategies around compatible social change are interconnected. He is also conceptions of global stability and justice. From planning to extend his longstanding interest in an empirical perspective, the research examines changing uses of force, placing particular focus the scope conditions for a diplomatic course that on the devolution of force to communal groups

26 OTHER RESEARCH

such as Sharia courts. The diverging coercive focus is on youth and young people, who are practices of these groups and the social highly valued as the country’s ‘demographic consequences will be examined for different dividend’, and are targeted by the state and kinds of industrialised and developing countries. capital alike as ideal citizens, workers and consumers. The analysis is approached primarily Roya Ghafele through the prism of enterprise culture. While If property rights are the constitutive elements entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial mentality is for markets to prosper, then how can we best usually associated with the economy and grasp the effects of ‘intellectual’ property rights business, this research conceives of enterprise on markets for innovation and creativity? So far, culture in the broader sense of recasting intellectual property has been primarily mindsets and individual subjectivity, understood through a legal lens and issues with profound social and political implications related to access conditions have dominated the far beyond the economic sphere. The hallmarks literature. Yet, I believe that the introduction of of enterprise culture, affecting all walks of life, are property rights over expressions of the human risk-taking, innovation, creativity, optimism, mind is the constitutive element for markets pragmatism and flexibility. The protagonists of driven by ‘intangibles’. If the law is constitutive of enterprise culture are taken to be goal-oriented, economic activity, if we know that the guarantee individualistic, self-directed and responsible for over private property is a paramount condition their own well-being and self-development. The for markets to prosper, then I believe we do not creation of an enterprise culture, with understand well enough the dynamics, effects autonomous self-governed subjects, is key to (a) and conditions under which ‘intellectual’ the crafting of suitable workers and economic property establishes markets for innovative and actors for a more open and competitive market creative expression. So far, research has been economy; and (b) the moulding of proper able to illustrate that there is a link between a lack citizens of a state that is being re-engineered of respect for property and poverty in primarily as the enabler of the market and of developing countries; yet, nothing has been said business, with a secondary role, shared with on the opportunities and pitfalls associated with private entities, in the provision of public goods the introduction of property rights over and services. expressions of the human mind in developing county contexts. The privatization of knowledge Yvan Guichaoua is the latest feature of contemporary Yvan Guichaoua is continuing his research as globalization processes. A fist generation of part of MICROCON – a micro-level analysis research asked to what extent strong intellectual of violent conflict. MICROCON is a five-year property regimes promote Foreign Direct research programme funded by the European Investment. I believe we are beyond that Commission, which takes an innovative micro- question. If the rules of the game are changing at level, multidisciplinary approach to the study of a so far unseen speed, if the driving parameter is the conflict cycle. His work at ODID in 2010–11 less and less ownership over tangibles, but over elaborates on previous fieldwork and data intangibles, then we need to investigate what collection carried out in northern Niger. Work so type of institutional conditions work or don’t far has looked at the profiles and motives of the work in developing country contexts for the insurgents who took up arms between 2007 and leverage of proprietary innovation. 2009. The interviews recorded contain material on combatants’ biographies that needs further Nandini Gooptu exploration. Extensive work has also been done Nandini Gooptu’s research examines the social, to trace the organisational dynamics of the cultural and political dimensions of India’s neo- various groups of rebels that were involved in the liberal transformation and globalisation. The conflict. Going back to the field is impossible for research concentrates on urban areas that are safety reasons but he will continue to collect data now seen as India’s main drivers of growth. The to trace the evolution of the armed groups in

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the Sahel region, which will allow for a deeper of its products and central hypothesis regarding understanding of insurgencies’ organisational the nature of market rationality to be observable outcomes. New papers are envisaged on both in the global financial crisis. He is engaged in combatants’ biographies and the organisational large-N interview research in financial centres outcomes of insurgencies. with market participants in a project aimed at inductively generating a more socialised account Rodney Bruce Hall of market rationality, as well as the social and Rodney Bruce Hall’s research interests include economic mechanisms by which the phases of the study of the mechanisms of global financial a financial crisis develop. governance in the developing and developed worlds, the construction and evolution of the Barbara Harriss-White international monetary system and monetary Barbara Harriss-White is director of the institutions, the social construction of economic Contemporary South Asian Studies Programme theory and systems, the mechanisms of private at the School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies. and public global governance, and international She is on sabbatical research leave at ODID. relations theory. Barbara Harriss-White’s research focuses on the Dr Hall’s current research is focused on the following four broad themes: problems of global finance, and indications of Political economy of markets; institutions and a crisis in financial economics due to the failure the dynamics of institutional change; embedded

28 OTHER RESEARCH

economic behaviour; social structures of Diego Sánchez-Ancochea accumulation; capitalist transformation; Diego Sánchez-Ancochea’s research concentrates associated policy processes. on two different areas related to income Commodification; value/supply chains; distribution and socio-economic upgrading in industrial clusters and their politics. small countries: social policy and structural Poverty; deprivation; social discrimination and transformation. He has been working with Juliana ageing; slums. Martinez from the University of Costa Rica on a Market-driven politics: energy and climate project that explores the origins and evolution of change; technology and climate change. the social state in Costa Rica. This research explores the factors behind Costa Rica’s success in creating Adeel Malik universal social policies, highlighting the links Adeel Malik’s research focuses on exploring the between political agency and socio-economic causes and consequences of economic fluctuations structure. The project received a small grant from in developing countries. His empirical research the British Academy and has already resulted in a combines both aggregate data on developing paper presented at conferences in Buenos Aires economies and micro-level data on firms. Recent and Toronto. papers have focused on long-run explanations During 2009–10, Dr Sánchez-Ancochea also for development, including the comparative role worked on collaborative research on the middle of geography, trade and institutions. Dr Malik has income trap in Latin American countries with a growing interest in the political economy of funding from the Latin American Studies natural resources, with a special reference to Association. The project explains why small resource-rich economies of the Middle East. He countries like Chile, Costa Rica and the Dominican recently finished a paper on oil and development Republic are struggling to upgrade their economic in the Islamic Republic of Iran. As a side project, structure and develop new technological he continues to research the historical origins of capabilities. Members of the team met in Mount inequality and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Holyoke College and Toronto and plan to publish their results in a co-edited volume or a special Laura Rival issue in a major development journal. During the Laura Rival is currently working on a number of summer of 2010, Dr Sánchez-Ancochea prepared projects that explore the links between biological working papers for the Latin American Trade and cultural diversity in the Amazon basin, and Network on Costa Rica’s export processing zones bring together her research on nature, society and for the International Labour Organization on and development in Latin America. She has the impact of the global crisis on Latin America. completed a project on Ecuador’s proposal to He has also undertaken research on the nature of keep 20 per cent of its oil reserves untouched the Association Agreements promoted by the underneath the Yasuní National Park. In 2009–10, European Union with funding from the Latin she collaborated with a team of climate scientists American Programme of the British Academy. on a project funded by the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation consortium, entitled ‘Valuing Nikita Sud Rainforests as Global Eco-Utilities: A Novel Nikita Sud’s book Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism Mechanism to Pay Communities for Regional and The State will be published by Oxford University Scale Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services’ provided Press, Delhi, in 2011. This work interrogates the shift by the Amazon. She is now researching in the state in Gujarat, western India, from ecologically-designed food systems, and hopes interventionist developmentalism and that her research findings will feed into current modernising secularism in the 1950s and ‘60s, to policy debates on food and agriculture. Finally, its current embrace of economic liberalisation on she is developing the Environmental and Social the one hand and an illiberal politics based on Policy Integration Network (ESPIN) with a group ethno-religious divisiveness on the other. In 2010, of social scientists, natural scientists and policy she also organised an international conference on makers working in Latin America. the multi-dimensional significance of religion in

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 29 Photo: InaPhoto: Zharkevich

arrangements. The first explores how heterogeneous beliefs about the likelihood of adverse shocks affect informal risk-sharing; the second explores the role of higher-order beliefs in sustaining social sanctions and social taboos.

Adrian Wood Adrian Wood’s research continues to focus mainly on interactions between the global economy and national human resources, including the influence on inequalities in both north and south of international mobility of highly skilled workers and the implications for development of the wide Gujarat’s history, economy, politics and sociology. variation among southern countries in both human A special issue of the journal South Asia will result and natural resource endowments. In this context, a from this event in December 2011. It will be co- major project has been to develop a formalisation edited by Dr Sud and Professor Harald Tambs- of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory that is more Lyche from the Université de Picardie Jules Verne. consistent with the evidence than the now- Currently, Dr Sud is developing a proposal to standard model, but remains simple enough to study the clash between economic growth, be useful. democratic politics and sustainable development Another major project has been to extend his in India. The contentious theme of land earlier empirical analysis of the effects of factor liberalisation will be the focus of the study. It will endowments on the sectoral structure of output cover several regions and will produce a critical and exports, using a greatly improved dataset. A perspective of the new and highly complex India. recent application is an assessment of the extent to which China’s opening to trade has Zaki Wahhaj deindustrialised other developing countries. Zaki Wahhaj's research focuses on two broad His research on the political economy of aid themes: the microeconomic analysis of decision- has concentrated on the possible adverse effects making within households, and the role of social on political accountability and hence on norms and informal institutions on economic development of sustained high levels of aid, which behaviour. His recent theoretical work includes make it less necessary for governments to tax their the analysis of intra-household bargaining in the citizens. A solution could be the addition of the presence of a microfinance programme in a principle of burden-sharing to the ‘Paris agenda’. patriarchal setting, and the role of social norms in constraining household saving and investment Visitors in communities with informal risk-sharing The department welcomes applications from arrangements. He is currently involved in a scholars coming from abroad or elsewhere in project to measure the long-term impact of a the UK who wish to pursue research at Oxford female secondary school stipend programme in in the area of Development Studies. Visiting Bangladesh on outcomes relating to marriage, scholars work on their own research projects, fertility and female employment, and to identify but attend and participate in the wide variety of the role of gender norms – transmitted from lectures and seminars available in the university. school teachers to pupils – in this process. In a The department is unfortunately unable to separate project based in Burkina Faso, he is offer any financial support towards the costs of exploring whether a particular institution for the visiting fellows or scholars. We encourage allocation of farmland within households is applicants to seek funding from agencies and affected by demographic changes in household institutions in their own countries, as well as structures. He is also involved in two projects on from the British Council, the Ford Foundation, the role of beliefs in informal institutional DFID and other grant-making bodies.

30 Visitors to ODID Marianna Leite, Casa de Daura/AGESDH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2008–09 Vanessa Holzer, University of Frankfurt, Germany Darshan Vigneswaran, University of Witwatersrand, Hongru Xiong, Tsinghua University, China South Africa Nathalie Koc-Menard, University of Michigan, USA Anita Dixit, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India Sara Sanders, University of California, San Diego, USA Lynette Parker, University of Western Australia Nayra Garcia Gonzalez, University of Granada, Spain Lahoucine Amzil, Université Mohammed V, Morocco Jacqueline Best, University of Ottawa, Canada Daniela Marconi, Bank of Italy, Rome Rajith Lakshman, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Sara Pavan, University of Rome, Italy Amita Shastri, San Francisco State University, USA Tina Miller, Oxford Brookes University Dougal Hutchison, National Foundation for Tin Tin Htun, Temple University, Japan Educational Research in England and Wales Nazish Brohi, Independent Scholar, Pakistan Julien Brachet, Institute of Research for Development Arusha Cooray, University of Wollongong, Australia (IRD), France Maria Francesca D'Agostino, University of Calabria, Mallika Shakya, World Bank, Washington DC Italy Olof Frodin, Lund University, Sweden Henar Diez, University of the Basque Country, Spain Zainal Yusof, National Economic Advisory Council, Niaz Khan, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Malaysia Deepak Mishra, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India Bob Baulch, Prosperity Initiative, Vietnam Masood Awan, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Mung Lar Lam, Art Institute of California, USA Michael Hooper, Stanford University, USA Deirdre Raftery, University College Dublin Sundari Sundaram, Mother Teresa Women’s Yan Xu, Minzu University of China University, India Gabriele Tomei, University of Pisa, Italy Shujin Zhu, Hunan University, China Paromita Chakravarti, Jadavpur University, India Rotimi Suberu, Bennington College, USA Rangan Chakravarty, Independent Scholar, India Nino Abakelia, Ilia Chavchavadze State University, Mambwe Kasese-Hara, University of the Georgia Witwatersrand, South Africa Xiaolin Wang, Chinese Academy of Science and Julia Bertino Moriera, University of Campinas, Brazil Technology for Development Oihana Aristondo, University of the Basque Country, Barbara Rugendyke, University of New England, Spain Australia Amaia de Sarachu Campos, University of the Basque Fatemeh Ashrafi, HANI Association of Protection for Country, Spain Refugee Women and Children, Iran Linda Briskman, Curtin University of Technology, Casilda Lasso de la Vega, University of the Basque Australia Country, Spain Didi Xu, University of International Business and Ke Man, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Economics, China Huda Al-Khaizaran, Independent Scholar, UK Irial Glynn, European University Institute, Florence 2010–11 Thais Bessa, UNIFEM, Brazil Sebastian Silva-Leander, United Nations Edward Benson, UNHCR, Algeria Organization Mission in DR Congo (MONUC) Paola Cubas Barragan, Foro Consultivo Científico y Martin Lemberg Pedersen, University of Tecnológico, Mexico Copenhagen, Denmark Ashok Chakravarti, University of Zimbabwe Lee Anne de la Hunt, University of Cape Town, South P.B. Anand, University of Bradford Africa Fangrui Wang, Zhejiang University, China Jens Olaf Kleist, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Andrea Pacheo Pacifico, York University, Toronto 2009–10 Rongwei Ren, Sun Yat-sen University, China Helen Johnson, University of Queensland, Australia Yan Zhou, Sun Yat-sen University, China Pnina Motzafi-Haller, Ben Gurion University, Israel Violeta Moreno Lax, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Mohamed Berriane, Université Mohammed V, Morocco Lidia de Tienda Palop, University of Valencia For further information on visiting ODID, Jay Marlowe, Flinders University, Australia contact the ODID affiliations secretary or refer James Simeon, York University, Toronto to the relevant centre websites.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 31 Policy Impact

The work of ODID – both teaching and research – is explicitly designed to have an impact on the real world, with the aim of improving the development Our teaching trains whose lives are battered by the most deprivations outcomes for poor countries. generations of young may not be the poorest in terms of income. Those people who become working to reduce poverty need information development on key deprivations that affect people’s lives. A practitioners, policy challenge has been how to construct a poverty makers and even academics in their turn. Our measure that shows which deprivations each research aims not so much at resolving problems person or household experiences at the same time. of policy implementation as at the analysis of Recognising this, OPHI Director Dr Sabina evidence that can lead to improved policy design Alkire and Professor James Foster, OPHI Research by governments and international organisations on Associate and Professor at George Washington the one hand, and civil society on the other. In any University, developed a methodology for case, scholarly research necessarily has a long lead- measuring multidimensional poverty that captures time and thus cannot respond to immediate policy the overlapping deprivations faced by each person imperatives: there is a sense in which it must be or household. Their methodology creates poverty speculative and critical. Thus the department measures that incorporate a range of indicators does not supply consultancy services or run (which can include income) tailored to specific development projects, although our members do societies and situations, to capture the complexity engage as policy advisors and our research centres of poverty and better inform policies to reduce it. support the institutional development of research In 2010, OPHI used this methodology to create organisations overseas. In short, we see our research a new international poverty measure – the as setting agendas rather than following them. Multidimensional Poverty Index or MPI – for the Research at the department over the past UNDP’s 20th Anniversary Human Development decade has influenced key policy fields ranging Report. The new MPI directly measures key from human development and childhood poverty, deprivations in education, health and living through technology transfer and global finance, standards to build a vivid picture of people living to international migration and civil conflict. In in poverty across 104 developing countries. It each case, our research has been initiated by the can be used as an analytical tool by governments intellectual curiosity of scholars, supported by a and development agencies to identify the most wide range of strategic funding sources, and its vulnerable people, show the aspects in policy impact is a consequence rather than a cause. which they are deprived, and help reveal the Here are five examples (among many) of the interconnections among deprivations. impact of our current work: Mexico and Bhutan have also used the methodology to implement their own national A new measure of multidimensional measures of poverty and well-being. The poverty methodology is popular because it is rigorous, Researchers at the Oxford Poverty and Human flexible – countries can decide their own Development Initiative have created a new indicators, weights and cutoffs – and can be methodology for measuring poverty that has been decomposed by population sub-group and adopted by the United Nations Development broken down by dimension to give a ‘high Programme (UNDP)’s flagship Human Development resolution’ view of poor people’s lives. Report and national governments. At the national and international level poverty is Examining the links between inequality usually measured using income alone. Yet many and conflict agree that poverty is multidimensional. People Understanding what causes ethnic and religious conflict living in poverty describe their ill-being as is a key international policy concern. Work by the Centre comprising low income and poor-quality work, ill for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity health and a fear of health problems, having to skip has shown that group inequalities are a significant meals, not being educated, being disempowered, factor. experiencing violence and humiliation, and so Religious and ethnic conflict in developing on. And contrary to popular opinion, the people countries has increased since the end of the Cold

32 War, but little research has been carried out into advising the government of Malaysia on policies the role played by group inequalities in causing it. towards HIs; and the chief economic adviser to In fact, international policy towards developing the Kenyan government has requested a study countries has only recently begun to address the of horizontal inequalities and policies to address problem of inequality and has focused primarily them for Kenya. on inequalities in income between individuals. The aim of CRISE has been to understand The educational consequences of poverty what it calls ‘horizontal inequalities’ – inequalities in childhood between groups in multiple dimensions – and Research from the Young Lives study of childhood how these link to conflict. These include socio- poverty has contributed to a major report on the UN’s economic inequalities (for example how much aim to achieve Education for All by 2015. access do groups have to different assets or to A decade has passed since world leaders adopted services such as health and education?); political the Education for All goals. While progress has inequalities (how well represented are different been made, millions of children are still missing groups in the political hierarchy?); and inequalities out on their right to education. A major UN report, in cultural status (are groups’ languages, religions published in 2010, identifies some of the root and cultural practices recognised and respected?). causes of disadvantage, both within education Combining case studies in West Africa, Latin and beyond, and provides examples of targeted America and Southeast Asia with regression policies that successfully combat exclusion. analysis, CRISE research has found that horizontal The Young Lives team, based at the inequalities do raise the risk of conflict. CRISE has Department of International Development, drew shown that both socio-economic and political HIs on research in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam independently increase the likelihood of conflict to contribute background papers for key sections but that a combination of the two is particularly of the 2010 UNESCO Global Monitoring Report. explosive. Inequalities in cultural status or Research from Young Lives has identified the recognition also contribute to the risk, and often relationship between malnutrition and a cultural event (an attack on a church or mosque, educational disadvantage. The results are striking for example) provides a trigger to conflict. and show a strong association between height- CRISE findings have started to have a major for-age (or stunting, an indicator of long-term impact on academic and policy discourse on the malnutrition) in the early months and the scores causes of conflict. International agencies such as children achieved in tests at age 4 to 5. By age the World Bank, the UNDP, and the Organisation 7 to 8, the disadvantage this creates is likely to be for Economic Cooperation and Development, equivalent to the loss of a full term of schooling. and donors such as the UK’s Department for Given the high levels of stunting among the Young International Development and the Japanese Lives children, the results underline the significant International Cooperation Agency have used costs imposed by malnutrition on education. HIs as a new framework within which to devise In Peru, children from indigenous communities policies towards developing countries, face a matrix of disadvantage, not just poverty. particularly those affected by conflict. Although most of them are enrolled in school, For example, the UNDP’s 2008 report on Post- the schools they attend have fewer resources Conflict Economic Recovery was co-written by and bilingual education is available for less than CRISE Director Frances Stewart and identified HIs half of them, so they have to learn Spanish as a key element, while the World Bank’s 2005 very quickly when they start school or fail. Their report Toward a Conflict-Sensitive Poverty school achievement is likely to be much worse Reduction Strategy noted the role played by than their Spanish-speaking peers and they horizontal inequalities in sparking conflict. are more likely to repeat a year or drop out. At a national policy level, CRISE research has The paper concludes that bilingual education directly influenced post-conflict policies adopted policies are necessary to provide more resources by the national government and the donor for their school and to support individual community in Nepal; Professor Stewart has been students to help them catch up with their peers.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 33 In Vietnam, our research examines the mixed dealing with humanitarian and emergency impact of education policies for ethnic minority affairs. In 2010, he made presentations to the children. While access to school has increased, Geneva Centre for Peace and Security, the as well as availability of mother-tongue teaching, European Policy Centre/International Centre for ethnic minority children are still likely to do less Migration Policy Development in Brussels, a joint well at school. Inequalities also exist between UK/French government seminar, the IASC Policy minority groups, due to uneven allocation of Forum in Geneva and the Norwegian Ministry of resources. While schooling outcomes are heavily Foreign Affairs. He was also commissioned to influenced by factors that may not relate directly write a policy paper on ‘Climate Change and the to education policies, it is important to consider Humanitarian Challenge in Urban Areas’ for the how the school system interacts with these IASC Task Force on Climate Change and by the external factors in shaping children’s experiences International Organisation for Migration to write of education and their learning. a chapter on the issue for their widely UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring disseminated publication Migration, Environment Report 2010: http://www.unesco.org/en/ and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence. efareport/reports/2010-marginalization His main contribution has been a study Protecting environmentally displaced completed in September 2010, co-funded by the people UNHCR, and the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Research by the Refugee Studies Centre is being used to the Governments of Norway and Switzerland, inform policy towards a new category of involuntary entitled Protecting Environmentally Displaced migrants: environmentally displaced people. People: Developing the Capacity of Legal and International and national legal and normative Normative Instruments. Based in four exemplar frameworks protect the rights of many different countries – Ghana, Kenya, Bangladesh and groups of forced and involuntary migrants – Vietnam – this is the first systematic empirical refugees, stateless persons, people who are study of the issues. trafficked, and those displaced in their own The study findings will have important policy countries by disasters and conflict. impacts. For the UNHCR, it will form part of the However, a new category of involuntary High Commissioner’s Dialogue in December 2010 migrant is emerging for whom there is a and will also be a major focal point of the UNHCR’s significant rights ‘protection gap’. These are 60th anniversary celebration, in 2011, of the 1951 people who are impelled or induced to migrate Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. For because their livelihoods are rendered the Governments of Norway and Switzerland the unsustainable by proliferating natural disasters or study will inform a range of policy objectives in the irreversible degradation of environmental their international development programmes – resources resulting from the slow-onset impacts supporting resettlement policies for those who of rising sea levels and desertification. The will be permanently displaced, advocacy and potential scale of displacement and permanent capacity building for protecting human rights, resettlement related to climate change – and strengthening policies for sustainable estimated at between 50 and 200 million people environmental and livelihood development in by 2050, mostly in developing countries – countries most affected by climate change. constitutes a significant policy challenge. Over the last 18 months RSC Director Professor Imagining migration in the future Roger Zetter has been invited to make presentations In June 2010 the International Migration Institute to a number of international policy making fora on organised an unconventional and imaginative his research on environmental displacement and workshop in The Hague on the future of world migration. rights protection, helping to raise the profile of The workshop involved 20 people from the private sector, these issues and to shape international responses. international organisations, civil society organisations, In April 2009, he briefed the IASC (Inter Agency academia and governments. Standing Committee) Principals in New York – The movement of people across the world is the most senior UN Co-ordinating Committee becoming ever more complex and presenting

34 Photo: © Young Lives / Farhatullah Beig / Farhatullah Lives Young © Photo:

new challenges for humanity in the 21st century. ODID Advisory Council Migration policies are often developed without The Advisory Council was established in 1994 taking a long-term perspective of the wider as a successor to the Governing Body of Queen global context, and with only a limited Elizabeth House after the latter ceased to be understanding of the complex forces that drive an independent chartered body and became a international migration. Common assertions, department of the university. The Advisory Council for example that there is an unlimited global is tasked to support the department in outreach supply of low-skilled workers ready to migrate and fundraising activities, and to give guidance on to wealthy countries, or that climate change will research directions. The council has representation force millions of people to migrate, are based on from the university, international agencies, speculation rather than on sound analysis. NGOs and government and thus reflects a broad The future is full of uncertainties, demanding spectrum of authoritative opinion and practical more imaginative approaches to migration experience which is of great value to ODID. research and policy. IMI’s workshop stimulated In the first decade of its existence, the council innovative and creative thinking about possible played a key role supporting the fledgling future trends, and included fresh and varied department in establishing its place within the perspectives. The interactive sessions adopted wider university, and in ensuring that appropriate scenario methodologies normally used in accommodation was secured after the move from business in order to imagine the different ways the original location of QEH in St Giles. Now that in which international migration could evolve the department has secured its academic, financial in the coming decades up until 2050. and housing future on a sound footing, the The project team and the workshop Advisory Council is focusing on the relationship participants are developing a selection of the between our research and its ‘users’ in government expected and less-expected scenarios arising and civil society – a two-way process where policy from the workshop by backing them up with affects the research agenda and research provides quantitative and qualitative data. The scenarios evidence upon which policy can be based. will be used to investigate how future social, The council met in December 2009 to discuss economic, cultural and environmental changes in greater depth the role of academic research are likely to affect migration – information which in policy design. Discussions focused on: the will be invaluable in designing effective long- moment for academics to be more strategic, term policies. to seize the opportunity offered by the UK By means of this workshop, IMI has initiated government’s interest in providing a research a constructive dialogue which is encouraging base for policy; the tensions between short-term migration experts to develop unconventional political horizons and the necessarily longer- and imaginative thinking about world migration. term academic perspective; the need to ensure The workshop participants have become an that the growing emphasis on policy impact expert focus group on future migration flows does not undermine academic excellence; ways and policies – a group which will be sustained of improving research communications in an and expanded throughout the whole project increasingly crowded field; and the potential for and beyond, as the stakeholders go on to use particular individuals to act as ‘translators’ to get what they have learned in their work. ideas across into policy. The meeting was The Global Migration Futures project is run in partnership envisaged as the first in a series aimed at working with the James Martin 21st Century School and The out the future relationship between ODID and Hague Process on Refugees and Migration. It is funded by the ‘outside world’. Boeing’s Global Corporate Citizenship Program and the For a list of members of the ODID Advisory Council, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. please see page 45.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 35 Buildings

In 2005, the lease of the into the original 1898 construction – built as St John’s College site at a private residence for the professor of choral 21 St Giles’, where we had music. It accommodates a number of research been based for 50 years groups – at present RSC, Young Lives and IMI – since the original and the garden floor contains a 100-seat lecture foundation of QEH, theatre. The building form echoes the rhythm of expired. In 2006 the department moved to the the existing south elevation by emphasising the former School of Geography building in form of the eaves using seamed bronze cladding. Mansfield Road, close to the new Social Sciences The north and south (Jowett Walk) elevations are Building in Manor Road. The department’s library rendered, with bronze window reveals. The new was integrated to the Social Science Library in building, which makes ODID a leader among Manor Road at the same time. Oxford departments in terms of environmental The process of refurbishment and extension responsibility, was opened in May 2009 by the Vice took some three years. The refurbishment of the Chancellor, John Hood. It received a Letter of north wing (previously the Geography Library) in Commendation in the New Buildings category at 2008 gave us a very attractive doctoral student the Oxford Preservation Trust Awards 2010. work space, offices for departmental lecturers All offices and shared workspaces within the and research officers, desking for Masters new building are naturally ventilated using students and a seminar room. In September motorised louvres within the façade and four 2009 it was named the Frances Stewart Wing chimneys containing air shafts that extract hot air in commemoration of Frances’ retirement after using the stack effect. The motorised louvres also 40 year’ service to the department, which she allow for night-time cooling of the building effectively re-founded in the 1990s and built when external daytime temperatures are warmer into the world-class institution it is today. than the internal building environment. Thermal In 2008 planning permission was also received mass, provided through exposed in-situ concrete to demolish the redundant 1930s lecture theatre soffits and plastered blockwork walls, enhances and 1960s ‘hangar’ on the east side of the the performance of the ventilation systems. The building and build a new extension. building project also includes solar water The new East Wing, designed by Hawkins heating, providing all hot water required within Brown, is spread over four floors and integrated the existing building, a low-energy heating

Professor Frances Stewart at the naming of the North Wing of the new Queen Elizabeth House in her honour. Photo: Swagato Sarkar Swagato Photo:

36 Photo: Swagato Sarkar Swagato Photo:

The department's new system and a semi-automated lighting system construction of this new habitat aims also to foster East Wing. using movement sensors, further reducing the a sense of collegiality among staff and students, so energy usage of the new offices. essential for an effective academic community. Finally, since 2010 all the academic, research and Queen Elizabeth House is now a building support staff – previously scattered over five rather than an institution, having surrendered its Oxford sites – have been able to enjoy a single royal charter on becoming a department of the common space. We now have sufficient teaching university. Nonetheless, ODID is still familiarly space for our 200-plus students in five dedicated known as ‘QEH’ – in much the same way as the teaching spaces. There is even a small kitchen and institutions occupying Chatham House and the ‘bistro’ to cater for lunches and receptions. The White House.

The ‘bistro’ area Photo: Jo Boyce Photo:

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 37 People

At the close of 2010 the department has around 100 staff members, including some 60 academics and research staff.

These include: Academic and research staff Dr Corneliu Bjola, University Lecturer (as of October 1, 2010) in Diplomatic Studies • 8 professors International diplomacy; climate Dr Christopher Adam, Reader in • 5 readers change negotiations; legitimacy of Development Economics the use of force; global justice; • 7 university lecturers (Quantitative Methods) deliberative conceptions of power. • 7 departmental lecturers Macroeconomic management in low- Dr Jo Boyden, Director, Young Lives, income countries, especially sub- • 1 university research lecturer and Reader in Development Studies Saharan Africa. Anthropological perspectives on The ratio of students to teaching staff Professor Jocelyn Alexander, childhood and youth; the causes and is approximately 7:1, which is better Professor of Commonwealth Studies consequences of childhood poverty; Southern African social history; than the university average but rather the impacts of armed conflict and violence and memory; rural politics, forced migration on children. higher than we would wish. One of state-making and agrarian reform; Mr Graham Bray, Programme our objectives is to increase academic law, crime and punishment. Manager, Young Lives Dr Sabina Alkire, Director, OPHI staff members – particularly by Dr Dawn Chatty, Reader in Development economics; human employing young scholars at the Anthropology and Forced Migration; development; the capability Director of Doctoral Research; Deputy outset of their careers – towards a approach; measurement. Director, RSC 6:1 ratio. Dr Proochista Ariana, Departmental Anthropology of the Middle East; Of our core academic staff, nearly Lecturer in Global Health and dispossession and forced migration Development half are professors and readers, in the Middle East; pastoral Health and development; capability nomadism; women/gender and reflecting the very high standing of approach and health; indigenous development; development-induced the department. Most of these senior health; transitions and health in rural displacement, particularly regarding China; social protection for maternal mobile populations and conservation; appointments have been made by and child health in resource-poor the university in its periodic the impact of forced migration on contexts. children and young people. distinction exercises to reward Dr Oliver Bakewell, Senior Research Professor Robin Cohen, Director, IMI, outstanding, internationally Officer, IMI and Professor of Development African migration; interface migration recognised research. We are fortunate Studies and development; borderlands; International migration; diasporas; to have a large and dedicated team identity papers; migration discourses; cosmopolitanism; creolisation. of research officers and outreach staff labelling and bureaucratic categories; Dr Gina Crivello, Research Officer, return and repatriation; Zambia; Young Lives in our six research centres and two Angola. research programmes, who not only The gender and intergenerational Dr Masooda Bano, ESRC Research dynamics of child migration and generate high-quality empirical Fellow youth transitions in developing research and a large external income, New institutional economics; informal country contexts with particular focus institutions; religion and but also provide an important bridge on Peru. development; madrasas; female Dr Mathias Czaika, Research Officer, between our scholarship and the Islamic movements; aid’s impact on IMI outside world. NGOs and collective action in the Political economy of migration; role south. Our administrative and support of migration policies in shaping Ms Inka Barnett, Project Officer international migration flows. staff play an important part in the life (Health and Communications), Young Dr Hein De Haas, Senior Research of the department, providing the Lives Officer, IMI Child and adolescent health, with a logistic and material framework within Reciprocal linkages between particular interest in determinants of migration and broader development which research and teaching can take health behaviours and behaviour processes, primarily from the place. Their dedication to our mission change; child malnutrition and its perspective of migrant-sending has been an important determinant long-term consequences; non- societies. communicable diseases in low- of our success in recent years. Professor Stefan Dercon, Professor income country settings. of Development Economics Finally, the diversity of our academic Dr Abigail Barr, Research Officer, Risk, poverty and long-term well- staff reflects our commitment to ‘Ideas and Beliefs in Development’ being. Behavioural and experimental Dr Alice Edwards, Departmental international development objectives: development economics; informal Lecturer in International Refugee and 56 per cent are women (as opposed institutions; the socially embedded Human Rights Law to the university average of 37 per individual. International refugee law; Ms Neha Batura, Quantitative cent) and 72 per cent are from outside international human rights law; Research Assistant, Young Lives immigration detention; nationality the UK (the university average is 40 Poverty and inequality; health and and statelessness; women's rights and per cent). nutrition; education. violence against women.

38 Photo: James Jewell/OPHI Photo:

Ms Evelyn Ersanilli, Research Officer, Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Reader in Dr Maria Jaschok, Director IGS IMI Politics and Forced Migration; and China: religion, gender and agency; International migration; immigrant Elizabeth Colson Lecturer in Forced dissenting development narratives; integration; citizenship; migrant Migration gendered constructions of memory; families and marriage patterns; Political and ethical issues relating to feminist ethnographic practice; research design/methodology. refugees, economic migration, marginality and identity. Ms Patricia Espinoza, Research citizenship, and statelessness; Ms Gunvor Jónsson, Research Assistant, Young Lives historical evolution of migration Assistant, African Perspectives on Global inequality; labour markets; control by states, especially the Human Mobility Programme, IMI social stratification; emerging middle practice of expulsion; contemporary African migration; migration and classes. political thought. culture; migration aspirations and Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Dr Jamie Goodwin-White, imagination; environmental change Departmental Lecturer in Forced Departmental Lecturer and migration; a regional focus on Migration Geographic contexts of immigration Mali, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Experiences of forced migration; and social and economic inequality; Morocco and the Democratic Middle Eastern and North African race; labour markets; internal Republic of Congo. refugees and asylum-seekers in migration; intergenerational patterns. Ms Sofya Krutikova, Quantitative the MENA region, Europe and the Dr Nandini Gooptu, Reader in South Research Officer, Young Lives Caribbean; the intersections Asian Studies; and Director of Development micro-economics; between gender- and faith-based Graduate Studies childhood poverty; skill formation; conditionalities of humanitarian aid; Urban development, class relations, determinants of human capital and refugees’ educational migration. governance, democracy and politics, development; risk; household Professor Valpy FitzGerald, with a focus on the labouring decision-making; child labour; Professor of International poor, their social relations, cultural measurement of poverty. Development and Director, ODID perceptions, political ideologies and Ms Agnieszka Kubal, Research Financial linkages between practice, from late-colonial India Assistant, IMI industrial and developing countries; until the present; globalisation and Social theory; migration law. macroeconomics of emerging the changing experience, ideas and Dr Thomas Lacroix, Research Officer, markets; Latin American economic practices of work and labour in India; IMI history; taxation and income caste, religious, communal, sectarian Migrant organisations; distribution. and ethnic politics in India; identity transnationalism; migration and Dr Jörg Friedrichs, University politics from below; social development; Poland; India; Morocco; Lecturer in Politics movements, politics of rights and Algeria. International relations; historical popular mobilisation in a historical Dr Katy Long, ESRC Postdoctoral political sociology; global perspective. Research Fellow, RSC governance; international security; Dr Yvan Guichaoua, Research Officer The relationship between citizenship energy resources and social change; Rebellions; organised political and residency; solutions to refugee changing uses of force. violence; combatants’ mobilisation; exile; connections between mobility Dr Xiaolan Fu, Director, PTMD, and Nigeria; Niger. and rights; economic and political University Lecturer in Development Mr Richard Haavisto, Pedro Arrupe understandings of ‘protection’. Studies Tutor, RSC Dr Adeel Malik, Islamic Centre Industrialisation/technology and The construction and negotiation Lecturer in Development Economics development; foreign direct of heterarchical identity markers; Development macroeconomics; investment and economic political violence and post- growth and fluctuations; political development in China; emerging repatriation issues. economy of institutions and Asian economies; innovation in US/EU. Dr Rodney B. Hall, University Lecturer development. Dr Alan Gamlen, ESRC Postdoctoral in International Political Economy Ms Nisrine Mansour, Research Fellow, IMI The study of the mechanisms of Fellow, Rural Populations and Bedouin Migration, diasporas and global financial governance in the Health Project, RSC transnationalism; Asia-Pacific region. developing and developed worlds; Lived experience of forced migrants, Dr Roya Ghafele, Departmental the construction and evolution of the citizenship and belonging; forced Lecturer in International Political international monetary system and migration, international institutions, Economy monetary institutions; the social and state instability; politics and Intellectual property; international construction of economic theory and practices of humanitarian response; economic integration; international systems; the mechanisms of private NGOs, development, security and aid; political economy; markets for and public global governance; and gender and family relations in multi- innovation and creative expression; international relations theory. religious contexts. developing countries. Professor Barbara Harriss-White, Dr Abdul Raufu Mustapha, Dr Andreas Georgiadis, Quantitative Professor of Development Studies University Lecturer in African Politics Research Officer, Young Lives Markets and institutions of capitalism; Ethnicity and identity politics in Africa; Labour economics; applied market-driven politics; poverty, the politics of peasant societies in microeconometrics; personnel deprivation and ‘human Africa; African democratisation. and organisation economics; child development’; food-energy economy poverty. and climate change; South Asia.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 39 Photo: Seren Tang Seren Photo:

Ms Helen Murray, Policy Officer, Young Lives Ms Kirrily Pells, Policy Officer, Young Lives Mr John Pilbeam, Web Development Dr Emanuela Paoletti, Research Ms Simona Vezzoli, Research Manager, FMO Officer, IMI Assistant, IMI Ms Amelia Richards, Head of Bilateral agreements on migration; Migration policy, sending countries’ Development, RSC deportation; international relations perspectives on emigration and the Ms Heloise Ruaudel, Policy theory; migration futures; Libya’s interaction between emigration and Programme Manager, RSC politics. immigration policies; sending country Mr Paul Ryder, Research and Dr Laura Rival, University Lecturer in policies to engage diaspora Information Manager, RSC Anthropology and Development communities; and return and Ms Jacqueline Smith, Development and environmental reintegration of migrants in their Communications and Outreach policies in Latin America; indigenous communities of origin. Officer, IMI peoples and identity politics; Dr Zaki Wahhaj, Departmental Ms Sarah Taylor, Web Content Amerindian conceptualisations Lecturer in Development Economics Coordinator, FMO of nature and society. Intra-household bargaining; informal Ms Sarah Valenti, Research Dr Jose Manuel Roche, Research risk-sharing; social norms; Communications Officer, OPHI Officer, OPHI microfinance; informal institutions. Human development; social Professor Adrian Wood, Professor of Administrative and support indicators; multidimensional poverty International Development measurement; social inequality. Economic interactions among human staff Dr Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, resources, trade and growth; political (as of October 1, 2010) University Lecturer in the Political economy of aid. Ms Dominique Attala, Graduate Economy of Latin America Dr Gaston Yalonetzky, Research Student Administrator Political economy of Latin America; Officer, OPHI Ms Sue Chen, Accounts Assistant state-society relations and their Multidimensional measurement of Dr Michelle Chew, Project effects on economic policy; varieties well-being; inequality of opportunities Administrator, Young Lives of capitalism in developing countries; and economic development. Ms Rachel Crawford, IT Support income inequality; outsourcing on Professor Roger Zetter, Leopold Officer economic development. Muller Reader, Professor of Refugee Ms Luci Cummings, Assistant to the Dr Nando Sigona, Research Officer, Studies and Director, RSC Administrator RSC Refugees and asylum in a globalising Ms Narola Das, PA to the Director, Young undocumented migrants in world; institutional and policy RSC the UK. dimensions of humanitarian Ms Wendy Grist, ODID Accounts Mr Abhijeet Singh, Quantitative assistance for refugees and other Officer Research Assistant, Young Lives forced migrants; the associational life Mr Gary Jones, Caretaker Development economics; applied of refugee populations in exile. Ms Julia Knight, ODID Administrator microeconomics; education. Ms Marina Kujic, Administrative Ms Anne Solon, Data Manager, Secretary Young Lives Publications and outreach Mr Laurence Medley, Accounts Professor Frances Stewart, Professor staff Officer, RSC of Development Economics (as of October 1, 2010) Dr Rachel Miller, Graduate Student Poverty and human development; Ms Joannah Boyce, Information Coordinator development under conflict; ethnicity Officer and Course Coordinator Ms Christine Pollard, Project and inequality. Mr Erol Canpunar, Assistant to the Accounts Officer, Young Lives Ms Natalia Streuli, Research Outreach Programme Manager, RSC Ms Kate Prudden, Project Assistant, Young Lives Ms Marion Couldrey, Forced Coordinator, THEMIS Project, IMI Children; childhood poverty; Migration Review Editor, RSC Mrs Penny Rogers, Receptionist children's well-being; social Dr Paul Dornan, Senior Policy Officer, Ms Hannah Stacey, Postgraduate protection; early childhood education Young Lives Courses Coordinator and care; early childhood transitions. Mrs Heidi El-Megrisi, International Ms Caroline Taylor, Research Dr Nikita Sud, Departmental Lecturer Summer School and Conferences Coordinator in Development Studies (South Asia) Manager, RSC Ms Briony Truscott, Administrative The state in the developing world; Mrs Sharon Ellis, Clerical and FMR Officer, IMI good governance; the political Subscriptions Assistant, RSC Ms María Villares Varela, Data sociology of postindependence India; Mr Maurice Herson, Co-Editor, Forced Processing Assistant, IMI the politics of economic liberalisation; Migration Review Ms Juan Wang, Project Assistant, the politics of land; Hindu nationalism; Ms Caroline Knowles, WEMC communal conflict in India; Communications Manager, Young Ms Denise Watt, Assistant to the transnational religious movements; Lives Director the Indian diaspora; and the politics Ms Emma Merry, Communications and society of contemporary Gujarat. and Publications Assistant, Young Lives

40 Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 Publications

Oxford Development Studies East Africa: Professor Augustin Fosu, United Oxford Development Studies is a Nations University-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland; multidisciplinary academic journal aimed at the India: Professor Deepak Nayyar, Jawaharlal Nehru student, research and policy making community, University, New Delhi; which provides a forum for rigorous and critical Japan: Professor Juro Teranishi, Hitotsubashi analysis of conventional theories and policy University; issues in all aspects of development, and aims Latin America: Professor Jorge Katz, United to contribute to new approaches. It covers a Nations, Santiago; number of disciplines related to development, USA: Professor Tom Biersteker, Brown University; including economics, history, politics, West Africa: Dr Thandika Mkandawire, London anthropology and sociology, and publishes School of Economics, UK. quantitative papers as well as surveys of Please note that a special price is available for subscribers literature. from developing countries. Editorial board Managing Editor: Professor Frances Stewart, QEH Working Paper series University of Oxford. Initiated in 1997, this series reflects the work in progress of the members of ODID. The papers Editors: Dr Nandini Gooptu, Dr Abdul Raufu are distributed free of charge via the internet Mustapha and Professor Adrian Wood, University in order to stimulate discussion among scholars of Oxford; Dr Arnim Langer, University of Leuven; worldwide. They are also included in the RePEc Dr Graham K. Brown, University of Bath. database which is used by IDEAS (Internet Oxford editorial board Documents in Economics Access Service). Mrs Rosemary Thorp (Chair), Dr Christopher Adam, See: www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/dissemination/wp. Professor Jocelyn Alexander, Professor Alan Angell, Dr Dawn Chatty, Professor Stefan Dercon, Olof Palme Lecture Professor Valpy FitzGerald, Dr Jörg Friedrichs, The occasional Olof Palme Memorial Lecture is in Dr Xiaolan Fu, Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Dr Rodney honour of the murdered Swedish Prime Minister, Bruce Hall, Professor Barbara Harriss-White, and is under the patronage of the Swedish Dr Judith Heyer, Professor John Knight, Dr Laura government. We are very grateful to the Olof Rival, Professor John Toye, Mr Laurence Whitehead, Palme International Centre in Stockholm for Mr Gavin Williams, Professor Roger Zetter. their generous funding of these lectures. Recent Regional editors speakers have included President Cardoso of Australia and Southeast Asia: Professor Hal Hill, Brazil on ‘Globalization, Politics and Political Parties The Australian National University, Australia; in Latin America’ in January 2006 and Professor Bangladesh: Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya, Johan Galtung, Rector of Transcend Peace Bangladesh Permanent Mission to the WTO University, on ‘The Coming Decline and Fall of the and UN Offices, Geneva; US Empire’ in January 2008. The 2011 lecture is Canada: Professor Gerald K. Helleiner, University by Derek Walcott, the Caribbean poet and Nobel of Toronto, Canada; laureate, best known for his epic poem, Omeros. Photo: Laura Sauls Photo: Paoletti, Emanuela. 2010. Migration of Power and North–South Power Inequalities: The Case of Italy and Libya. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming). Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego, and Ken Shadlen (eds). 2008. Responding to Globalization: The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration in the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sigona, Nando, and N. Trehan (eds). 2009. Romani Politics in Europe: Poverty, Ethnic Marginalisation and the Neoliberal Order. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sud, Nikita. 2011. Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism and the State. Delhi: Oxford University Press (forthcoming).

Articles E. Buffie, S. O’Connell and Christopher Adam. 2010. ‘Fiscal Inertia, Donor Credibility, and the Monetary Management of Aid Surges’. Journal of Development Economics 93 (2): 287–98. Adam, Christopher, and D. Vines. 2009. ‘Remaking Macroeconomic Policy after the Global Financial Crisis: A Balance-sheet Approach’. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25 (4): 507–52. Alexander, Jocelyn. 2010. ‘The Political Imaginaries and Social Lives of Political Prisoners in Post-2000 Zimbabwe’. Journal

Photo: © Young Lives / Pham Viet Anh Viet / Pham Lives Young © Photo: of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 483–503. Alexander, Jocelyn. 2008. ‘Political Prisoners’ Memoirs in Zimbabwe: FitzGerald, Valpy, Judith Heyer and Books and Edited Volumes Narratives of Self and Nation’. Cultural and Adam, Christopher, P. Collier and N. Rosemary Thorp (eds). 2011. Overcoming Social History 5 (4): 395–409. Ndung’u (eds). 2010. Kenya: Policies for the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty. Prosperity. Oxford: Oxford University Press Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Alexander, Jocelyn, and Blessing-Miles (forthcoming). (forthcoming). Tendi. 2008. ‘La Violence et les Urnes: Le Zimbabwe en 2008’. Politique Africaine 111: Chatty, Dawn. 2010. Dispossession and Oliver Kessler, Rodney Bruce Hall, Cecelia Displacement in the Modern Middle East. Lynch and Nicholas Onuf (eds). 2010. On 111–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rules, Politics, and Knowledge: Friedrich Bakewell, Oliver. 2010. ‘Some Reflections Chatty, Dawn (ed.). 2010. Deterritorialized Kratochwil, International Relations, and on Structure and Agency in Migration Youth: Sahrawi and Afghan Refugees at the Domestic Affairs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Theory’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Margins of the Middle East. Oxford and New Macmillan. Studies 36 (10): 1689–708. York: Berghahn Press. Hall, Rodney Bruce. 2008. Central Banking Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. ‘Keeping Them in Chatty, Dawn, and Bill Finlayson (eds). as Global Governance: Constructing Their Place: The Ambivalent Relationship 2010. Dispossession and Forced Migration in Financial Credibility [Cambridge Studies in between Development and Migration in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: International Relations No. 109]. Africa’. Third World Quarterly 29 (7): 1341–58. Oxford University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. ‘In Search of the Cohen, Robin, and Paola Toninato (eds). Harriss-White, Barbara, and Judith Heyer Diasporas within Africa’. African Diaspora 1 2009. The Creolization Reader: Studies in (eds). 2010. A Political Economy of (1): 5–27. Development: Africa and South Asia. Mixed Identities and Cultures. London and Bano, Masooda. 2010. ‘Madrasas as London: Routledge. New York: Routledge. Partners in Education Provision: The South Czaika, Matthias. 2009. The Political Harriss-White, Barbara. 2008. Rural Asian Experience’. Development in Practice Commercial Capital: Agricultural Markets in Economy of Refugee Migration and Foreign 20 (4&5): 554–66. Aid. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. West Bengal. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bano, Masooda. 2009. ‘Empowering Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, and Lindsay Edwards, Alice. 2010. Violence against Women: More than One Way?’ HAGAR Women under International Human Rights Whitfield. 2009. Turning Points in African Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities 9 (1). Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Democracy. Oxford: James Currey. Bano, Masooda. 2008. ‘Dangerous Press. Adebajo, Adekeye, and Abdul Raufu Correlations: Aid’s Impact on NGOs’ Edwards, Alice, and C. Ferstman (eds). Mustapha (eds). 2008. Gulliver’s Troubles: 2010. Human Security and Non-Citizens: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy after The Cold War. Performance and Ability to Mobilize Law, Policy and International Affairs. Scottsville: University of Kwazulu-Natal Members in Pakistan’. World Development Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Press. 36 (11): 2297–313.

42 Boyden, Jo. 2009 ‘Risk and Capability in FitzGerald, Valpy. 2008. ‘Economic Lacroix, Thomas. 2009. ‘Transnationalism the Context of Adversity: Children’s Development and Fluctuations in Earnings and Development: The Example of Contributions to Household Livelihoods in Inequality in the Very Long Run: The Evidence Moroccan Migrant Networks’. Journal Ethiopia’. Children, Youth and Environments from Latin America 1900–2000’. Journal of of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (10): 19 (2): 111–37. International Development 20: 1–21. 1665–79. Boyden, Jo. 2009. ‘What Place the Politics Friedrichs, Jörg, and Friedrich Kratochwil. Malik, Adeel, and Jonathan R.W. Temple. of Compassion in Education Surrounding 2009. ‘On Acting and Knowing: How 2009. ‘The Geography of Output Volatility’. Non-citizen Children?’ Educational Review Pragmatism Can Advance International Journal of Development Economics 90 (2): 61 (3): 265–76. Relations Research and Methodology’. 163–78. Czaika, Mathias, and K. Kis-Katos. 2009. ‘Civil International Organization 63 (4): 701–31. Stephen R. Bond and Adeel Malik. 2009. Conflict and Displacement – Village-level Friedrichs, Jörg. 2010. ‘Global Energy ‘Natural Resources, Export Structure and Determinants of Forced Migration in Aceh’. Crunch: How Different Parts of the World Investment’. Oxford Economic Papers 61 (4): Journal of Peace Research 46 (3): 399–418. Would React to a Peak Oil Scenario’ Energy 675–702. Czaika, Mathias. 2009. ‘Asylum Policy 38 (8): 4562–69. Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2009. Cooperation among Asymmetric Gamlen, Alan. 2010. ‘The New Migration Countries: The Case of the European Union’. ‘Institutionalising Ethnic Representation: and Development Optimism’. Global European Union Politics 10 (1): 89–113. How Effective is Affirmative Action in Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and Nigeria?’, Journal of International de Haas, Hein. 2010. ‘Migration and International Organizations 16 (10): 415–22. Development 21: 1–16. Development: A Theoretical Perspective’. Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Accounting for International Migration Review 44 (1): Roche, Jose Manuel. 2008. ‘Monitoring Intellectual Property?’ Oxford Journal on 227–64. Inequality among Social Groups: A Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5 (7): 33–42. de Haas, Hein. 2010. ‘The Internal Methodology Combining Fuzzy Set Theory Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Can Intellectual and Principal Component Analysis’. Journal Theoretical Inquiry’. Journal of Ethnic and Property Diplomacy Be More than War by of Human Development 9 (3): 427–52. Migration Studies 36 (10): 1587–617. Other Means?’ Oxford Journal on Intellectual Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego. 2009. ‘State, Property Law & Practice 5 (3): 9–15. Beegle, Kathleen, Joachim De Weerdt and Firms and the Process of Industrial Stefan Dercon. 2010. ‘Orphanhood and Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Of War and Peace. Upgrading: Latin America’s Variety of Human Capital Destruction: Is There Analyzing the International Intellectual Capitalism and the Costa Rican Experience’. Persistence into Adulthood?’. Demography Property Discourse’. Intellectual Property Economy and Society 38 (1): 62–86. 47 (1): 163–80. Quarterly 3 (1): 23–35. Stewart, Frances. 2010. ‘Horizontal Dercon, Stefan, Daniel O. Gilligan, John Gibney, Matthew J. 2008. ‘Asylum and the Inequalities in Kenya and the Political Hoddinott and Tassew Woldehanna. 2009. Expansion of Deportation in the UK’. Disturbances of 2008: Some Implications ‘The Impact of Agricultural Extension Government and Opposition 43 (2): 146–67. for Policy’. Conflict, Security and and Roads on Poverty and Consumption Gooptu, Nandini. 2009. ‘Neoliberal Development 10 (1): 134–59. Growth in Fifteen Ethiopian Villages’. Subjectivity, Enterprise Culture and New Stewart, Frances. 2010. ‘Power and American Journal of Agricultural Economics Workplaces: Organised Retail and Progress: The Swing of the Pendulum’. 91(4): 1007–21. Shopping Malls in India’. Economic and Journal of Human Development and Beegle, Kathleen, Stefan Dercon and Political Weekly 44: 22 (May 30–June 5). Capabilities 11 (3): 371–95. Joachim De Weerdt. 2008. ‘Adult Mortality Hall, Rodney Bruce. 2009. ‘Intersubjective Stewart, Frances. 2009. ‘Horizontal and Consumption Growth in Tanzania’. Expectations and Performativity in Global Economic Development and Cultural Inequality: Two Types of Trap’. Journal of Financial Governance’. International Political Human Development and Capabilities 10 (3): Change 56 (2): 299–326. Sociology 3: 453–7. Edwards, Alice. 2009. ‘Human Security 315–40. Harriss-White, Barbara, with Deepak and the Rights of Refugees: Transcending Camfield, L., Natalia Streuli and M. Mishra and Vandana Upadhyay. Territorial and Disciplinary Borders’. Michigan Woodhead. 2010. ‘Children’s Well-being in 2009.‘Institutional Diversity and Capitalist Journal of International Law 30 (3): 763–807. Developing Countries: A Conceptual and Transformation: The Political Economy of Methodological Review’. European Journal Ersanilli, Evelyn, and R. Koopmans. 2010. Agrarian Change in Arunachal Pradesh’ of Development Research 22 (3): 398–416. ‘Rewarding Integration? Citizenship Journal of Agrarian Change 9 (4): 512–47. Regulations and Socio-cultural Integration Camfield, L., Natalia Streuli and M. Jaschok, Maria, and Hau Ming Vicky Chan. of Immigrants in the Netherlands, France Woodhead. 2009. ‘What’s the Use of “Well- 2009. ‘Education, Gender and Islam in and Germany’. Journal of Ethnic and Being”’. International Journal of Children’s China: The Place of Religious Education in Migration Studies 36 (5): 773–91. Rights 17 (1): 65–109. Challenging and Sustaining “Undisputed Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. 2010. ‘“Ideal” Traditions” Among Chinese Muslim Sud, Nikita, and H. Tambs-Lyche (eds). Refugee Women and Gender Equality Women’. International Journal of 2011. ‘Religion in the Making of a Region: Mainstreaming: “Good Practice” for Whom?’ Educational Development 29 (5): 487–94. Perspectives from Gujarat’. Special Issue Refugee Survey Quarterly 29 (2): 64–84. of the journal South Asia (forthcoming). Jaschok, Maria, and Xu Lili. 2009. ‘Qiayi’ Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena, and Y. Sud, Nikita. 2009. ‘The Indian State in Qasmiyeh. 2010. ‘Muslim Asylum-seekers (Qiayi, Uighur Muslim women’s traditions a Liberalizing Landscape’. Development and Refugees: Negotiating Politics, of organizing) Minzu Yanjiu (Academic and Change 40 (4): 645–65. Religion and Identity in the UK’. Journal of Journal for the Study of Ethnic Minorities), Refugee Studies 23 (3): 294–314. January. Wahhaj, Zaki. 2010. ‘Social Norms and Individual Savings in the Context of Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. 2009. Jaschok, Maria. 2008. ‘Women’s Mosques ‘Contradictory Representations of Sahrawi Education, Female Ignorance and Chants Informal Insurance’. Journal of Economic Refugee Children’s “Educational to Save Souls; Chinese Hui Muslim Women Behavior and Organization (in press). Displacement” to Cuba: Self-sufficient Remembering Jingge, Remembering Wood, Adrian. 2008. ‘Looking Ahead Agents, Manipulated Victims, or “Bad Girls”.’ History.’ Studies in Adult and Community Optimally in Allocating Aid’. World Journal of Refugee Studies 22 (3): 323–50. Education (52). Development 36 (7): 1135–51.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 43 Chapters Between States’. In Susan Kneebone (ed.) Responding to Globalization: The Political Adam, Christopher, S. O’Connell and E. Regionalism and New Asylum Seekers. Economy of Hemispheric Integration in the Buffie. 2009. ‘Aid Volatility, Monetary Policy Oxford: Berghahn Press. Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rules and the Capital Account in African Lacroix, Thomas. 2010. ‘L’Imaginaire Sigona, Nando. 2010. ‘‘Via gli Zingari Economies’. In G. Hammond, R. Kanbur and Migratoire chez les Jeunes Marocains’. In dall’Italia (Gypsies out of Italy)!’: Social E. Prasad (eds) Monetary Policy Frameworks F. Lorcerie (ed.) Pratiquer les Frontières. Exclusion and Racial Discrimination of for Emerging Markets. London: Edward Jeunes Migrants et Descendants de Migrants Roma and Sinti in Italy’. In A. Mammone Elgar. dans l’Espace Franco-maghrébins. Paris: and G. Veltri (eds) Italy Today: The Sick Man Alexander, Jocelyn. 2009. ‘Zimbabwe CNRS Editions. of Europe. London: Routledge. since 1997: Land and the Legacies of War’. Lacroix, Thomas. 2010. ‘Politiques de Wood, Adrian. 2009. ‘Heckscher-Ohlin in In A.R. Mustapha and L. Whitfield (eds) Codéveloppement et le Champ Associatif Theory and Reality’. In Philip Arestis and Turning Points in African Democracy. Oxford: Immigré Africain: Un Panorama Européen’. John Eatwell (eds) Issues in Economic James Currey. African Yearbook of International Law. Development and Globalisation. Boyden, Jo, and E. Cooper. 2008. Malik, Adeel, and Francis Teal. 2008. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ‘Questioning the Power of Resilience: Are ‘Towards a Competitive Manufacturing Zetter, Roger. 2009. ‘The Role of Legal and Children Up to the Task of Disrupting the Sector’. In Paul Collier, Chukwuma Normative Frameworks for the Protection Transmission of Poverty?’ In J. Addison, C. Soludo and Catherine Pattillo (eds) of Environmentally Displaced People’. In D. Hulme and R. Kanbur (eds) Poverty Economic Policy Options for a Prosperous F. Laczko, and C Aghazarm (eds) Migration, Dynamics: Measurement and Understanding Nigeria. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Environment and Climate Change: Assessing from an Interdisciplinary Perspective. Oxford: Mansour, Nisrine. 2009. ‘Only “Civilians” the Evidence. Geneva: IOM. Oxford University Press Count: The Influence of GWOT Discourses Zetter, Roger, and C. Boano. ‘Gendering Cohen, Robin, and Paola Toninato. 2009. on Governments’ Humanitarian Responses Spaces and Places for Forcibly Displaced ‘The Creolization Debate: Analysing Mixed to Terror-Related Conflicts’. In J. Howell and Women and Children’. In S. Martin and Identities and Cultures’. In Robin Cohen J. Lind (eds) Civil Society Under Strain: J. 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44 Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 ODID Advisory Council

(October 2010)

Sir Suma Chakrabarti Professor Margaret MacMillan Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Justice Warden, St Antony’s College, Oxford Professor BS Chimni Lord Myners Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi House of Lords Dr Sarah Cook Sir Ivor Roberts Director, United Nations Research Institute President, Trinity College, Oxford for Social Development Professor Frances Stewart Dr Alison Evans Oxford Department of International Development Director, Overseas Development Institute Mrs Rosemary Thorp Dr Steve Jennings Fellow Emeritus of St Antony’s College, Oxford, Head of Programme Policy Team, Oxfam and formerly Chair of Oxfam Trustees Professor Raphie Kaplinsky Professor John Toye The Open University Institute of Development Studies and School of Professor William Lyakurwa Oriental and African Studies (Chair) African Economic Research Consortium, Professor Ngaire Woods Nairobi Director, Global Economic Governance Programme, University College, Oxford

Compiled by Jo Boyce Design and production by Rachel Wiggans

A note on the photographs used in this report: The photographs on the cover and on pages 7, 12, 28, 30, 40 and 41 were taken by our MPhil students as part of their fieldwork. The photographs on pages 8, 15, 16, 19, 39 and 45 were taken as part of the OPHI project. They show people who were surveyed and interviewed as part of the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) project going about their daily lives in Nairobi, Kenya, and Antananarivo, Madagascar. For more information about the MPI, see page xxx of the report. The photographs on pages 3, 9, 10, 21, 22, 24, 26, 35 and 42 come from Young Lives. They depict the daily lives of children in developing countries, but for reasons of confidentiality are not of the children from the Young Lives study sample. The photograph on page 1 has been reproduced by kind permission of Gillman & Soame photographers and can be re- ordered by visiting www.gsarchive.co.uk or telephoning 01869 328200. Front cover: A road running through the Meheba Refugee Settlement in Zambia. Julie Veroff. Back cover: The original architect’s drawing for the house at 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford. The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Ref: GE 17D.

to landfill

45 Photo: James Jewell/OPHI Photo: Oxford Department of International Development University of Oxford Queen Elizabeth House 3 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Tel: +44 1865 281800 Fax: +44 1865 281801 www.qeh.ox.ac.uk