The Psychotherapist Sitting with a Patient Who Is Experiencing Shame: an Exploration of Shame's Emergence, Subtlety, and Meaning
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THE PSYGHOTHERAPIST SirflNG• WiTH A PAThNT THE PSYCHOTHERAPIST SITTING WITH A PATIENT WHO IS EXPERIENCING SHAME: AN EXPLORATION OF SHAME'S EMERGENCE, SUBTLETY, AND MEANING A dissertation submitted to The Sanville Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Social Work by PAULA BRANCH HOLT December 18, 2012 © 2012 PAULA BRANCH HOLT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE SANVILLE INSTITUTE CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL We certify that the dissertation THE PSYCHOTHERAPIST SITTING WITH A PATIENT WHO IS EXPERIENCING SHAME: AN EXPLORATION OF SHAME'S EMERGENCE, SUBTLETY AND MEANING by Paula Branch Holt and that in our opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Social Work at The Sanville Institute. Mary CoombjPh.D., Chair Date qa(z Yl di~tl- Schore, Ph.D., Faculty, Date j van Nouhüys' Ph.D., Academic Dean, PAULA BRANCH HOLT, LCSW, ACSW, LCS 18043 2237 Fulton Street, # 103, San Francisco, CA 94117. 415-6684736 January 2, 2013 Mr. Sheldon Harvey do Yvonne Stokes Andrews Pueblo Pottery 303 Romero NW, Albuquerque NM 87104 Dear Sheldon Harvey, I am completing a doctoral dissertation at The Sanvilie Institute, Berkeley CA entitled The Psychotherapist Sitting With a Patient Who is Experiencing Shame: An Exploration of Shame's Emergence, Subtlety, and Meaning. I would like your permission to reprint with my dissertation a picture of your painting entitled "The Watchers" as an illustration of the depth, power, and sense of otherness of shame in a person's life. The requested permission extends to any future revisions and editions of my dissertation, including non- exclusive world rights in all languages, and to the prospective publication of my dissertation by ProQuest through its UMI® Dissertation Publishing business. ProQuest may produce and sell copies of my dissertation on demand and may make my dissertation available for free internet download at my request. These rights will in no way restrict republication of the material in any other form by you or by others authorized by you. Your signing of this letter will also confirm that you own, or your company owns, the copyright to the above- described material. My request is the result of my regard for your work. I will treat this permission with all my respect. If these arrangements meet with your approval, please sign this letter, where indicated below, and return it to me in the enclosed return envelope. Thank you very much. Sincerely, Paula Branch Holt PERMISSION GRANTED FOR THE USE REQUESTED ABOVE: Original signed by Sheldon Harvey Date: January 16, 2013 Sheldon Harvey lv ABSTRACT THE PSYCHOTHERAPIST SITTING WITH A PATIENT WHO IS EXPERIENCING SHAME: AN EXPLORATION OF SHAME'S EMERGENCE, SUBTLETY, AND MEANING PAULA BRANCH HOLT This research project explores the experience of the psychodynamically, psychoanalytically, or analytically oriented therapist sitting with a patient who is experiencing shame. It is a study of the therapist's recognition of shame, how shame is perceived, shame's influence within the countertransference, and the influence of clinical orientation within clinical space. This research used the qualitative approach of grounded theory. The data was collected through interviews with seven seasoned therapists who had long been immersed in the study of shame. The findings were organized by the patterns and discoveries found occurring in the data. The findings were structured toward locating a coherent and more central consideration of shame in psychotherapy and theory. These interviews revealed unexpected common patterns in three areas: (a) the therapists' subjective/empathic use of their own shame experience in therapy, (b) the therapists' similar immersion in the overt or subtle cues of the presence of shame, and (c) in the therapists' primary dependence on direct experience despite an understanding of shame's academic theory. It was significant that signs of positive shame emerged in the experience of empathic connections with patients enhanced by each therapist's own shame work and recognition of vulnerability. Toxic shame was found to be experienced as an intrusion that can range from unpleasant to painful. Keywords: Countertransference, contagion, hidden shame, therapist's shame, positive shame, toxic shame, vulnerability, right brain connection. DEDICATION In gratitude for the steady, academic head and heart of my husband The Rev. Dr. Joseph Holt Holt, Episcopal priest and scholar. V1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In appreciation for those who helped in my struggle toward a beginning understanding of shame. My knowledgeable and supportive committee members: Mary Coombs, Ph.D., Chair Judith Schore, Ph.D., Committee Member Jane M. Reynolds, Ph.D., External Committee Member and the presence of the entire Sanville Institute faculty. I am grateful for the timely reading and encouragement of Allan N. Schore, Ph.D. I am grateful for each of the open and courageous psychotherapists who shared with me the understandings and discoveries made while working with the difficult subject of shame. I am grateful for the longtime ur guidance of Florence L. Wiedemann, Ph.D. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . iv DEDICATION....................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEdGEMENTS................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 The Problem and Background ........................................................................................2 The Appearance of Shame in Session.............................................................................4 ResearchQuestion ..........................................................................................................6 Significance..................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................9 DefiningShame ............................................................................................................10 Shame, Narcissism, and the Social Sciences ................................................................14 Shamein Mind and Body .............................................................................................18 The Psychological Concept of Shame ......................................................................18 AttachmentTheory ...................................................................................................23 Shamein Session ..........................................................................................................25 Identifying Shame in Session....................................................................................25 Shamein Trauma......................................................................................................29 Transference/Countertransference............................................................................31 Shame Perceived Through the Body.........................................................................32 Appearance, Signs, and Process................................................................................34 Questions.......................................................................................................................35 CHAPTER III: METHODS AND PROCEDURE ...........................................................38 Methodological Approach and Design .........................................................................38 Validity and Reliability.................................................................................................40 Participants....................................................................................................................41 Criteriafor Selection.................................................................................................42 Recruitment...............................................................................................................42 TheInterview................................................................................................................43 DataAnalysis................................................................................................................44 Presentation of Findings ...............................................................................................45 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS ..............................................................................................47 Participants....................................................................................................................47 FindingsFrom the Data ................................................................................................50 The Therapists' Recognition, Perception, and Response to Shame in Session........50 Recognition and perception of shame...................................................................51 Response to the appearance of shame...................................................................52 The Therapists' Framing of Shame and Hidden Shame........................................... 55 Framingshame......................................................................................................55