The Miracle Ir the Spider
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A Checklist of the Non -Acarine Arachnids
Original Research A CHECKLIST OF THE NON -A C A RINE A R A CHNIDS (CHELICER A T A : AR A CHNID A ) OF THE DE HOOP NA TURE RESERVE , WESTERN CA PE PROVINCE , SOUTH AFRIC A Authors: ABSTRACT Charles R. Haddad1 As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) in conserved areas, arachnids Ansie S. Dippenaar- were collected in the De Hoop Nature Reserve in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The Schoeman2 survey was carried out between 1999 and 2007, and consisted of five intensive surveys between Affiliations: two and 12 days in duration. Arachnids were sampled in five broad habitat types, namely fynbos, 1Department of Zoology & wetlands, i.e. De Hoop Vlei, Eucalyptus plantations at Potberg and Cupido’s Kraal, coastal dunes Entomology University of near Koppie Alleen and the intertidal zone at Koppie Alleen. A total of 274 species representing the Free State, five orders, 65 families and 191 determined genera were collected, of which spiders (Araneae) South Africa were the dominant taxon (252 spp., 174 genera, 53 families). The most species rich families collected were the Salticidae (32 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.), Gnaphosidae (21 spp.), Araneidae (18 2 Biosystematics: spp.), Theridiidae (16 spp.) and Corinnidae (15 spp.). Notes are provided on the most commonly Arachnology collected arachnids in each habitat. ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute Conservation implications: This study provides valuable baseline data on arachnids conserved South Africa in De Hoop Nature Reserve, which can be used for future assessments of habitat transformation, 2Department of Zoology & alien invasive species and climate change on arachnid biodiversity. -
Molecular Phylogeny, Divergence Times and Biogeography of Spiders of the Subfamily Euophryinae (Araneae: Salticidae) ⇑ Jun-Xia Zhang A, , Wayne P
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2013) 81–92 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molec ular Phylo genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular phylogeny, divergence times and biogeography of spiders of the subfamily Euophryinae (Araneae: Salticidae) ⇑ Jun-Xia Zhang a, , Wayne P. Maddison a,b a Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 b Department of Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: We investigate phylogenetic relationships of the jumping spider subfamily Euophryinae, diverse in spe- Received 10 August 2012 cies and genera in both the Old World and New World. DNA sequence data of four gene regions (nuclear: Revised 17 February 2013 28S, Actin 5C; mitochondrial: 16S-ND1, COI) were collected from 263 jumping spider species. The molec- Accepted 13 March 2013 ular phylogeny obtained by Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony methods strongly supports the mono- Available online 28 March 2013 phyly of a Euophryinae re-delimited to include 85 genera. Diolenius and its relatives are shown to be euophryines. Euophryines from different continental regions generally form separate clades on the phy- Keywords: logeny, with few cases of mixture. Known fossils of jumping spiders were used to calibrate a divergence Phylogeny time analysis, which suggests most divergences of euophryines were after the Eocene. Given the diver- Temporal divergence Biogeography gence times, several intercontinental dispersal event sare required to explain the distribution of euophry- Intercontinental dispersal ines. Early transitions of continental distribution between the Old and New World may have been Euophryinae facilitated by the Antarctic land bridge, which euophryines may have been uniquely able to exploit Diolenius because of their apparent cold tolerance. -
A Novel Trade-Off for Batesian Mimics Running Title
Out of the frying pan and into the fire: A novel trade-off for Batesian mimics Running title: Salticids that mimic ants and get eaten by ant specialists Ximena J. Nelson*†, Daiqin Li§ and Robert R. Jackson† *Department of Psychology, Animal Behaviour Laboratory, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Phone: 61-2-98509232 Fax: 61-2-98509231 §Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore †School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Key words: Ants, Batesian mimicry, myrmecophagy, predation, spiders, trade-off Abstract A mimicry system was investigated in which the models were ants (Formicidae) and both the mimics and the predators were jumping spiders (Salticidae). By using motionless lures in simultaneous-presentation prey-choice tests, how the predators respond specifically to the static appearance of ants and ant mimics was determined. These findings suggest a rarely considered adaptive trade-off for Batesian mimics of ants. Mimicry may be advantageous when it deceives ant-averse potential predators, but disadvantageous in encounters with ant- eating specialists. Nine myrmecophagic (ant-eating) species (from Africa, Asia, Australia and North America) and one araneophagic (spider-eating) species (Portia fimbriata from Queensland) were tested with ants (5 species), with myrmecomorphic (ant-like) salticids (6 species of Myrmarachne) and with non-ant-like prey (dipterans and ordinary salticids). The araneophagic salticid chose an ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than ants. P. fimbriata also chose the ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than myrmecomorphic salticids. However, there was no significant difference in how P. -
Diversity of Simonid Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae) in India
IJBI 2 (2), (DECEMBER 2020) 247-276 International Journal of Biological Innovations Available online: http://ijbi.org.in | http://www.gesa.org.in/journals.php DOI: https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2020.2223 Review Article E-ISSN: 2582-1032 DIVERSITY OF SIMONID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE: SALTICINAE) IN INDIA Rajendra Singh1*, Garima Singh2, Bindra Bihari Singh3 1Department of Zoology, Deendayal Upadhyay University of Gorakhpur (U.P.), India 2Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Janta Mahavidyalaya, Ajitmal, Auraiya (U.P.), India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 01.09.2020 Accepted: 30.09.2020 Published: 09.10.2020 Abstract: Distribution of spiders belonging to 4 tribes of clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticidae: Araneae) reported in India is dealt. The tribe Aelurillini (7 genera, 27 species) is represented in 16 states and in 2 union territories, Euophryini (10 genera, 16 species) in 14 states and in 4 union territories, Leptorchestini (2 genera, 3 species) only in 2 union territories, Plexippini (22 genera, 73 species) in all states except Mizoram and in 3 union territories, and Salticini (3 genera, 11 species) in 15 states and in 4 union terrioties. West Bengal harbours maximum number of species, followed by Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Out of 129 species of the spiders listed, 70 species (54.3%) are endemic to India. Keywords: Aelurillini, Euophryini, India, Leptorchestini, Plexippini, Salticidae, Simonida. INTRODUCTION Hisponinae, Lyssomaninae, Onomastinae, Spiders are chelicerate arthropods belonging to Salticinae and Spartaeinae. Out of all the order Araneae of class Arachnida. Till to date subfamilies, Salticinae comprises 93.7% of the 48,804 described species under 4,180 genera and species (5818 species, 576 genera, including few 128 families (WSC, 2020). -
Speculative Hunting by an Araneophagic Salticid Spider
SPECULATIVE HUNTINGBY ANARANEOPHAGICSAL TICID SPIDER by ROBERT J.CLARK , DUANE P.HARLAND and ROBERT R.JACKSON 1,2) (Departmentof Zoology,University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand) (Acc.3-VII-2000) Summary Portia mbriata ,anaraneophagic jumping spider ( Salticidae),makes undirected leaps ( er- raticleaping with no particulartarget being evident) in the presence of chemicalcues from Jacksonoidesqueenslandicus ,anothersalticid and a commonprey of P. mbriata. Whether undirectedleaping by P. mbriata functionsas hunting by speculation is investigatedexperi- mentally.Our rsthypothesis, that undirected leaps provoke movement by J.queenslandicus , wasinvestigated using living P. mbriata andthree types of luresmade from dead, dry arthro- pods (P. mbriata, J.queenslandicus and Muscadomestica ).When a living P. mbriata made undirectedleaps or aspring-drivendevice made the lures suddenly move up and down, sim- ulatingundirected leaping, J.queenslandicus respondedby wavingits palps and starting to walk.There was no statisticalevidence that the species from which the lure was made in u- enced J.queenslandicus ’responsein these tests. Our second hypothesis, that J.queenslandi- cus revealsits location to P. mbriata bymoving, was investigated by recording P. mbriata’s reaction to J.queenslandicus when J.queenslandicus reactedto luressimulating undirected leaping.In these tests, P. mbriata respondedby turning toward J.queenslandicus and waving its palps. Keywords: Portia mbriata , Jacksonoidesqueenslandicus ,jumpingspiders, predation, spec- ulativehunting. 1) Correspondingauthor; e-mail address: [email protected] 2) WethankPhil T aylorand David Blest for useful discussion and valuable comments on the manuscript.Financial support was provided by theNational Science Foundation ( GrantBNS 861078)and the Marsden Fund of New Zealand(Grant UOC512). c KoninklijkeBrill NV ,Leiden,2000 Behaviour137, 1601-1612 ® 1602 CLARK, HARLAND&JACKSON Introduction Ageneralproblem facing predators is howto locate prey(Curio, 1976). -
Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve
Some Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve Some by Aniruddha Dhamorikar Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve Aniruddha Dhamorikar 1 2 Study of some Insect orders (Insecta) and Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Kanha Tiger Reserve by The Corbett Foundation Project investigator Aniruddha Dhamorikar Expert advisors Kedar Gore Dr Amol Patwardhan Dr Ashish Tiple Declaration This report is submitted in the fulfillment of the project initiated by The Corbett Foundation under the permission received from the PCCF (Wildlife), Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, communication code क्रम 車क/ तकनीकी-I / 386 dated January 20, 2014. Kanha Office Admin office Village Baherakhar, P.O. Nikkum 81-88, Atlanta, 8th Floor, 209, Dist Balaghat, Nariman Point, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh 481116 Maharashtra 400021 Tel.: +91 7636290300 Tel.: +91 22 614666400 [email protected] www.corbettfoundation.org 3 Some Insects and Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve by Aniruddha Dhamorikar © The Corbett Foundation. 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used, reproduced, or transmitted in any form (electronic and in print) for commercial purposes. This book is meant for educational purposes only, and can be reproduced or transmitted electronically or in print with due credit to the author and the publisher. All images are © Aniruddha Dhamorikar unless otherwise mentioned. Image credits (used under Creative Commons): Amol Patwardhan: Mottled emigrant (plate 1.l) Dinesh Valke: Whirligig beetle (plate 10.h) Jeffrey W. Lotz: Kerria lacca (plate 14.o) Piotr Naskrecki, Bud bug (plate 17.e) Beatriz Moisset: Sweat bee (plate 26.h) Lindsay Condon: Mole cricket (plate 28.l) Ashish Tiple: Common hooktail (plate 29.d) Ashish Tiple: Common clubtail (plate 29.e) Aleksandr: Lacewing larva (plate 34.c) Jeff Holman: Flea (plate 35.j) Kosta Mumcuoglu: Louse (plate 35.m) Erturac: Flea (plate 35.n) Cover: Amyciaea forticeps preying on Oecophylla smargdina, with a kleptoparasitic Phorid fly sharing in the meal. -
Visual Perception in Jumping Spiders (Araneae,Salticidae)
Visual Perception in Jumping Spiders (Araneae,Salticidae) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the University of Canterbury by Yinnon Dolev University of Canterbury 2016 Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................... iii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Innate pattern recognition and categorisation in a jumping Spider ........................................................... 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Araneae, Salticidae) from Wuling Mountain, China
European Journal of Taxonomy 488: 1–10 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.488 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2018 · Li D. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6FF8835B-89F0-4EF9-B5A5-4F303C7F3263 Two new species of Yaginumaella (Araneae, Salticidae) from Wuling Mountain, China Dan LI 1, Cheng WANG 2, Muhammad IRFAN 3 & Xian-Jin PENG 4,*, 1,3,4 College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410081, P. R. China. 2 College of Biological and A&F Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou Province, 554300, P. R. China. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Email: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:51EBD09A-214B-4A51-B37A-680B4F4CA6B7 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1F79A97E-8C35-48B1-BBEB-EA1A52D80EEB 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:81552C4A-93FC-4B6E-8EA1-0B4E38CC6466 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:5CF67046-FAB4-43F1-AA72-ED2EB9741CD9 Abstract. The present paper deals with two new species, Yaginumaella pulchella sp. nov. and Yaginumaella hubeiensis sp. nov. Distributional data, as well as illustrations of body and copulatory organs, are provided. Descriptions of their morphology are given. The differences between the new species and their related taxa are discussed. Keywords. Hubei, Hunan, jumping spider, Oriental region, taxonomy. Li D., Wang C., Irfan M. & Peng X.-J. 2018. Two new species of Yaginumaella (Araneae, Salticidae) from Wuling Mountain, China. European Journal of Taxonomy 488: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.488 Introduction Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979 was based on the type species Y. -
Predatory Behavior of Jumping Spiders
Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu Rev. Entomol. 19%. 41:287-308 Copyrighl8 1996 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF JUMPING SPIDERS R. R. Jackson and S. D. Pollard Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand KEY WORDS: salticids, salticid eyes, Portia, predatory versatility, aggressive mimicry ABSTRACT Salticids, the largest family of spiders, have unique eyes, acute vision, and elaborate vision-mediated predatory behavior, which is more pronounced than in any other spider group. Diverse predatory strategies have evolved, including araneophagy,aggressive mimicry, myrmicophagy ,and prey-specific preycatch- ing behavior. Salticids are also distinctive for development of behavioral flexi- bility, including conditional predatory strategies, the use of trial-and-error to solve predatory problems, and the undertaking of detours to reach prey. Predatory behavior of araneophagic salticids has undergone local adaptation to local prey, and there is evidence of predator-prey coevolution. Trade-offs between mating and predatory strategies appear to be important in ant-mimicking and araneo- phagic species. INTRODUCTION With over 4000 described species (1 l), jumping spiders (Salticidae) compose by Fordham University on 04/13/13. For personal use only. the largest family of spiders. They are characterized as cursorial, diurnal predators with excellent eyesight. Although spider eyes usually lack the struc- tural complexity required for acute vision, salticids have unique, complex eyes with resolution abilities without known parallels in animals of comparable size Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996.41:287-308. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org (98). Salticids are the end-product of an evolutionary process in which a small silk-producing animal with a simple nervous system acquires acute vision, resulting in a diverse array of complex predatory strategies. -
A Protocol for Online Documentation of Spider Biodiversity Inventories Applied to a Mexican Tropical Wet Forest (Araneae, Araneomorphae)
Zootaxa 4722 (3): 241–269 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6AC6E70B-6E6A-4D46-9C8A-2260B929E471 A protocol for online documentation of spider biodiversity inventories applied to a Mexican tropical wet forest (Araneae, Araneomorphae) FERNANDO ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA1, 2, M. ANTONIO GALÁN-SÁNCHEZ1 & F. JAVIER SALGUEIRO- SEPÚLVEDA1 1Laboratorio de Aracnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Colonia Copilco el Bajo. C. P. 04510. Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México. E-mail: [email protected] 2Corresponding author Abstract Spider community inventories have relatively well-established standardized collecting protocols. Such protocols set rules for the orderly acquisition of samples to estimate community parameters and to establish comparisons between areas. These methods have been tested worldwide, providing useful data for inventory planning and optimal sampling allocation efforts. The taxonomic counterpart of biodiversity inventories has received considerably less attention. Species lists and their relative abundances are the only link between the community parameters resulting from a biotic inventory and the biology of the species that live there. However, this connection is lost or speculative at best for species only partially identified (e. g., to genus but not to species). This link is particularly important for diverse tropical regions were many taxa are undescribed or little known such as spiders. One approach to this problem has been the development of biodiversity inventory websites that document the morphology of the species with digital images organized as standard views. -
Seasonal Abundance and Diversity O F Web-Building Spiders in Relation to Habita T Structure on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Lubin, Y . D. 1978 . Seasonal abundance and diversity of web-building spiders in relation to habita t structure on Barro Colorado Island, Panama . J. Arachnol. 6 :31-51 . SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY O F WEB-BUILDING SPIDERS IN RELATION TO HABITA T STRUCTURE ON BARRO COLORADO ISLAND, PANAMA Yael D . Lubin Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute P. O. Box 2072, Balboa, Canal Zone ABSTRAC T Web-building spiders were censused by a visual censuring method in tropical forest understory o n Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama Canal Zone. An overall trend of low numbers of spiders in th e late dry season and early wet season (March to May) was seen on all transects . The majority of th e species on the transects had wet season distribution patterns . Some species which occurred year-round on the forest transects had wet season distributions on a clearing-edge transect . A shortage of flyin g insect prey or dessication may have been responsible for the observed distributions . Species diversity and diversity of web types followed the overall seasonal pattern of spider abun- dance. The diversities of species and of web types were greatest on the forest transect with the highes t diversity of structural supports for spider webs . Web density, however, was greatest on the transect a t the edge of a small clearing . Faunal composition, diversity of web types, and seasonal patterns of distribution of spiders on th e BCI transects differed markedly from similar measures derived from censuses taken in a tropica l montane habitat in New Guinea . The differences were attributed in part to differences in the habitat s and in the evenness of the climate . -
Salticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Thailand: New Species and Records of Epeus Peckham & Peckham, 1886 and Ptocasius Simon, 1
Salticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Thailand: new species and records of Epeus Peckham & Peckham, 1886 and Ptocasius Simon, 1885 Barbara Maria Patoleta1, Joanna Gardzińska2 and Marek Żabka1 1 Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland 2 Warsaw College of Engineering and Health, Warsaw, Poland ABSTRACT The study is based on new material from the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Centre in Leiden (RNHM) and the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and addresses issues in two genera: Epeus Peckham & Peckham, 1886 and Ptocasius Simon, 1885 from Thailand. Both genera are of Asian/Indomalayan origin, the latter with a diversity hotspot in the subtropical valleys of the Himalayas. Based on morphological data, we propose three new species of Epeus (Epeus daiqini sp. nov. (♂♀), Epeus pallidus sp. nov. (♀), Epeus szirakii sp. nov. (♀)) and two new species of Ptacasius (Ptocasius metzneri sp. nov. (♂♀) and Ptocasius sakaerat sp. nov. (♀)). Additionally, we redescribed E. tener (Simon, 1877) and added photographs of morphological characters. The genus Ptocasius is redefined due to the inclusion of 37 species, previously included in Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979. Relationships and distribution of both genera are discussed in reference to molecular, morphological and distributional data, published by other authors in recent years. Subjects Biodiversity, Biogeography, Entomology, Taxonomy, Zoology Keywords Salticidae, Jumping spiders, Oriental region, Taxonomy, Distribution, Thailand, Epeus, Submitted 28 January 2020 Ptocasius Accepted 23 May 2020 Published 22 June 2020 INTRODUCTION Corresponding author Barbara Maria Patoleta, The list of jumping spiders from Thailand comprises 29 genera and 46 species (WSC, [email protected] 2020), seven genera and 13 species being poorly documented and in need of verification Academic editor (Żabka & Gardzińska, 2017).