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Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the Description of Four New Species

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Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the Description of Four New Species Acta Arachnologica, 69 (2): 133–150, December 20, 2020 Japanese spiders of the genus Theridiosoma (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of four new species Yuya Suzuki1*, Ryohei Serita2 & Takehisa Hiramatsu3 1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan 2Science and Technology Program, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi, 780-8520 Japan 3Fregrance-Uwado, 203, Uwado, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-0816, Japan *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract ― Japanese spiders of the genus Theridiosoma (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) were revised with redescription of T. epeiroides Bösenberg & Strand 1906 and description of four new species, namely: T. dis- simulatum sp. nov., T. paludicolum sp. nov., T. fulvum sp. nov., and T. alboannulatum sp. nov. The internal morphology of the female genitalia of T. epeiroides is illustrated in this study for the first time. Males of the new species can be distinguished from their congeners by the morphology of the embolic apophyses or the posterior edge of the embolic division on the male palp. Females of the former three species can be differen- tiated from their related species by the shape of the contour formed by interior edges of a pair of sclerotized processes on the posterior edge of the genital plate. The latter species can be distinguished from the allied spe- cies by the angular lateral corners of the genital plate and overall shape of the genitalia (longer than wide). Key words ― Conductor projection, embolic apophysis, epigyne, morphology, new species, process, taxonomy never been illustrated in T. epeiroides. Introduction Based on the species diversity of neighboring countries, The family Theridiosomatidae Simon 1881 is composed we expected the potential diversity of Theridiosoma spi- of tiny species (0.5–3 mm in body length and often less than ders in Japan and conducted field surveys in various envi- 2 mm in total length) and is known to build deformed orb ronments including side of streams in forests, riverbeds, webs (Coddington 1986; Ono & Shinkai 2009). Theridioso- wetlands, shores of lakes, and ponds from Hokkaido to the ma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879 is one of the theridiosoma- Southwest Islands. From the survey, we obtained several tid spider genera that weaves a cone-shaped orb web (Cod- specimens of the genus that could not be identified as de- dington 1986). To date, 33 species of the genus have been scribed species. In this study, we redescribed T. epeiroides recorded from East Asia to Southeast Asia, America, and with the first description of its vulva and examined the Africa (World Spider Catalog 2020) and six species of them morphology of unidentified specimens. The study revealed have been described in China and Taiwan in recent years that four species are new to science and are described in this (Zhang et al. 2006; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao & Li 2012). paper. In the Japanese spider fauna, only two species, T. gemmo- Materials and Methods sum (L. Koch 1877) and T. epeiroides Bösenberg & Strand 1906, have been recorded (Tanikawa 2020). T. gemmosum All specimens are preserved in 80% (v/v) ethanol, their was only recorded from the Chishima Islands in 1959 with morphological features were observed under a stereoscopic a very rough description of its specimens, and there have microscope (Nikon AZ100M, Japan) and photographs tak- been no additional records described since then (Saito 1959; en by the device were stacked using microscope imaging Ono & Shinkai 2009). T. epeiroides is a common species in software (Nikon NIS-Elements D 4.20.00 64-bit, Japan). All Japan, and its morphology has been well described (Bösen- materials used in this study are deposited in the collection of berg & Strand 1906; Marusik 1989; Ono & Shinkai 2009); the Zoological Department of Nature and Science Museum, however, the vulva, which is often regarded as an important Tsukuba (NSMT). taxonomic key for small spiders and has recently been well The following abbreviations have been used in this paper: described in theridiosomatids (e.g. Miller et al. 2009), has ALE: anterior lateral eye; AME: anterior median eye; C: 134 Y. Suzuki, R. Serita & T. Hiramatsu Fig. 1. A–B, habitus of Theridiosoma epeiroides, male (specimen from Ibaraki Pref.); C–D, same, female (specimen from Ibaraki Pref.); E–F, T. dissimulatum sp. nov., male (holotype); G–H, same, female (paratype from Amami-ohshima Is.); A, C, E, G, dorsal view; B, D, F, H, lateral view. Scales=0.5mm. conductor; CD: copulatory duct; CP: conductor projection; several long bristle-like parts (Coddington 1986). Note that E: embolus; EA: embolic apophysis; ED: embolic division; the poorly defined genus Zoma Saaristo 1996, which was FD: fertilization duct; MA: median apophysis; PLE: posteri- not examined by Coddington (1986), relatively resembles or lateral eye; PME: posterior median eye; S: spermatheca; Theridiosoma. Although females can be distinguished by ST: subtegulum; T: tegulum. The measurements of the legs the presence of a median and two lateral pits on a flat genital are given in the following format: [tarsus + metatarsus + plate, a male of the type species Z. zoma Saaristo 1996 is tibia + patella + femur = total]. All measurements are given not described. Therefore, the characteristics that differentiate in mm. The names of each part of the male palp and female males of Zoma from those of Theridiosoma are not clear. genitalia are based on the descriptions by Coddington (1986), Dupérré & Tapia (2017), and Miller et al. (2009). Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch 1877) [Japanese name: Kuro-karakara-gumo] Taxonomy Genus Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879 Theridiosoma gemmosum L. Koch 1877, p181, figs. 6–8 (Type series [Japanese name: Karakara-gumo-zoku] from Nuremberg, West Germany, not examined in this study). See the World Spider Catalog (2020) for the complete taxonomic list. Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879, p193 [Type species T. ar- Diagnosis. According to Coddington (1986), females and genteolum O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879 (= T. gemmosum (L. Koch 1877)) from England, not examined in this study]. males of the species can be distinguished from related spe- See the World Spider Catalog (2020) for the complete taxonomic list. cies by strongly sclerotized and hood-shaped epigyne and Remarks. Species of the genus can be distinguished palps lacking conductor projection (named as “distal apoph- from other theridiosomatid genera by the morphology of ysis” in the reference). the embolic division on the male palp, which is a short and Notes. In Japan, T. gemmosum was only recorded from tubular embolus with embolic apophyses fragmented into the Chishima Islands in 1959, with a very rough description Acta Arachnologica, 69 (2), December 2020 Ⓒ Arachnological Society of Japan Japanese spiders of the genus Theridiosoma 135 Fig. 2. A–B, habitus of Theridiosoma paludicolum sp. nov., male (holotype); C–D, same, female (paratype from Ibaraki Pref.); E–F, T. fulvum sp. nov., male (holotype); G–H, same, female (paratype from Saitama Pref.); I–J, T. alboannulatum sp. nov., male (holotype); K–L, same, female (paratype from Iriomote-jima Is.). Scales=0.5mm. of its specimens (Saito 1959). As the specimens were not See the World Spider Catalog (2020) for the complete taxonomic list. deposited to public institutions and possibly lost, it is impos- sible to reexamine them. Moreover, there have not been ad- Specimens examined. All specimens were collected ditional records reported since then (Ono & Shinkai 2009). in Japan. YAMAGATA PREF.: 1♀, Masuda, Sakata-shi, Thus, we regard the occurrence of T. gemmosum in Japan as 27-VIII-2019, R. Serita leg.; IBARAKI PREF.: 11♂10♀, an uncertain record. Ono & Shinkai (2009) mentioned that T. Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, 29-V-2019 (6♂6♀), 11-VI-2019 gemmosum might be found in mountainous regions at high (3♂4♀), 3-VI-2020 (2♂), Y. Suzuki leg.; 2♂2♀, Oda, altitudes, based on the palearctic distribution of the species. Tsukuba-shi, 24-III-2017 (1♂), 27-V-2017 (1♀), 27-IX- 2017 (1♂1♀), Y. Suzuki leg.; 1♂6♀, Kamifuruuchi, Shi- Theridiosoma epeiroides Bösenberg & Strand 1906 rosato-machi, Higashi-ibaraki-gun, 5-VII-2020, Y. Suzuki [Japanese name: Karakara-gumo] leg.; TOKYO: 17♂36♀, Nippara, Okutama-machi, Nishita- (Figs. 1A–D, 3A–C, 5A–B, 7A–L, 13A–D) ma-gun, 28-VI-2020, Y. Suzuki leg.; YAMANASHI PREF.: 3♀, Doshi-mura, Minamitsuru-gun, 24-VII-2019, Y. Suzuki Theridiosoma epeiroides Bösenberg & Strand 1906, p243, pl. 12, figs. leg.; KOCHI PREF.: 2♂4♀, Nishitosakuchiyanai, Shiman- 291 (Holotype ♀ from Saga, Japan; not examined in this study). to-shi, 15-V-2019, R. Serita leg.; 1♀, Sagayama, Otoyo-cho, Acta Arachnologica, 69 (2), December 2020 Ⓒ Arachnological Society of Japan 136 Y. Suzuki, R. Serita & T. Hiramatsu Fig. 3. Male palp. A–C, Theridiosoma epeiroides (specimen from Ibaraki Pref.); D–F, T. dissimulatum sp. nov. (holotype). A, D, ventrral view; B, E, post-ventral view; C, F, retrolateral view. Scales=0.1mm. Nagaoka-gun, 4-VII-2020, R. Serita leg. + 0.26 + 0.43 + 0.31 + 0.15 = 1.75; III 0.4 + 0.21 + 0.22 + Diagnosis. Males and females of the species can be distin- 0.25 + 0.17 = 1.25/0.37 + 0.22 + 0.25 + 0.23 + 0.15 = 1.22; guished from the congeners except T. dissimulatum sp. nov. IV 0.49 + 0.23 + 0.36 + 0.35 + 0.17 = 1.60 / 0.56 + 0.22 + by the combination of the following characteristics: a long 0.32 + 0.34 + 0.25 = 1.69. Leg I length divided by carapace conductor projection and two embolic apophyses of male width 3.31/2.97. Abdomen 0.82/1.51 long; 0.94/1.56 wide; palp, epigynal plate of females with a pair of sclerotized 1.07/1.78 high.
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