The Symphytognathoid Spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and Diversity of Micro-Orbweavers

A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160Th e symphytognathoid spidersMONOGRAPH of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 9 www.pensoftonline.net/zookeys Launched to accelerate biodiversity research

The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers

Jeremy A. Miller1,2, †, Charles E. Griswold1, ‡, Chang Min Yin3, §

1 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA 2 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, Postbus 9517 2300 RA Leiden, Th e Netherlands 3 College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal Univer- sity, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410081, P. R. China

† urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:3B8D159E-8574-4D10-8C2D-716487D5B4D8 ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0676B242-E441-4715-BF20-1237BC953B62 § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:180E355A-4B40-4348-857B-B3CC9F29066C Corresponding authors: Jeremy A. Miller ([email protected]), Charles E. Griswold ([email protected]), Chang Min Yin ([email protected])

Academic editor: Rudy Jocqué | Received 1 November 2008 | Accepted 7 April 2009 | Published 1 June 2009

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C631A347-306E-4773-84A4-E4712329186B

Citation: Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin CM (2009) Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9-195. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160

Abstract A ten-year inventory of the Gaoligongshan in western Yunnan Province, China, yielded more than 1000 adult spider specimens belonging to the symphytognathoid families Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae. Th ese specimens belong to 36 species, all herein described as new. In Th eridiosomatidae: Epeirotypus dalong sp. n., Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n., Baalzebub nemesis sp. n., Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n., Th eridiosoma shuangbi sp. n., Zoma dibaiyin sp. n., Wendilgarda muji sp. n., Coddingtonia euryopoides gen. n., sp. n.; in Mysmenidae: Mysmena changouzi sp. n., Mysmena jinlong sp. n., Mysmena bizi sp. n., Mysmena goudao sp. n., Mysmena haban sp. n., Mysmena shibali sp. n., Simaoa yaojia gen. n., sp. n., Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n., Simaoa maku sp. n., Simaoa bianjing sp. n., Gaoligonga changya gen. n., sp. n., Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n., Mosu nujiang gen. n. sp. n., Mosu huogou sp. n., Chanea suukyii gen. n., sp. n., Maymena paquini sp. n., Maymena kehen sp. n.; in Anapidae: Gaiziapis zhizhuba gen. n., sp. n.; in Symphytognathidae: Patu jidanweishi sp. n., Patu qiqi sp. n., Patu xiaoxiao sp. n., Crassignatha pianma sp. n., Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n., Crassignatha quanqu sp. n., Crassignatha yamu sp. n., Crassignatha ertou sp. n., Crassignatha gudu sp. n., Crassignatha longtou sp. n. Th e fi rst species of Zoma Saaristo, 1996 (previously monotypic, known from Seychelles) and Maymena Gertsch, 1960

Copyright JA Miller, CE Griswold & CM Yin. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 10 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

(previously known from the Americas) are reported from China. Th e genus Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995 (previously known from a single male from Malaysia) is represented by seven new Chinese species and is transferred to Symphytognathidae. Th e fi rst Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 species from beyond the Neotropics is described, although the presence of the genus in Asia was previously noted. Notes on morphological characters exhibited by this fauna and implications for the limits and diagnosis of some symphytognathoid families are given. Dichotomous keys to species are provided. Quantitative biodiversity analysis suggests a high degree of endemism for symphytognathoids in the Gaoligongshan.

Keywords Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Symphytognathidae, Anapidae, biodiversity, endemism, labral spur

Contents Introduction ...... 13 Methods ...... 14 Diversity and endemism ...... 17 Systematics ...... 18 Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881 ...... 20 Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 ...... 21 Epeirotypus dalong Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 22 Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 ...... 23 Ogulnius barbandrewsi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 23 Baalzebub Coddington, 1986 ...... 24 Baalzebub nemesis Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 24 Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 ...... 25 Theridiosoma diwang Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 25 Theridiosoma shuangbi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 26 Zoma Saaristo, 1996 ...... 27 Zoma dibaiyin Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 27 Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886 ...... 28 Wendilgarda muji Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 28 Coddingtonia Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 30 Coddingtonia euryopoides Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 30 Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928 ...... 31 Mysmena Simon, 1894 ...... 35 Mysmena changouzi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 35 Mysmena jinlong Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 37 Mysmena bizi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 37 Mysmena goudao Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 39 Mysmena haban Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 40 Mysmena shibali Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 41 Simaoa Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 42 Simaoa yaojia Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 43 Simaoa kavanaugh Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 44 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 11

Simaoa maku Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 46 Simaoa bianjing Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 46 Gaoligonga Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 47 Gaoligonga changya Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 48 Gaoligonga zhusun Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 50 Mosu Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 51 Mosu nujiang Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 52 Mosu huogou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 53 Chanea Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 54 Chanea suukyii Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 54 Maymena Gertsch, 1960 ...... 55 Maymena paquini Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 55 Maymena kehen Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 57 Anapidae Simon, 1895 ...... 57 Gaiziapis Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n...... 60 Gaiziapis zhizhuba Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 60 Symphytognathidae Hickman, 1931 ...... 61 Patu Marples, 1951 ...... 64 Patu jidanweishi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 64 Patu qiqi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 66 Patu xiaoxiao Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 67 Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995 ...... 68 Crassignatha pianma Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 70 Crassignatha yinzhi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 71 Crassignatha quanqu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 72 Crassignatha yamu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 73 Crassignatha ertou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 74 Crassignatha gudu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 75 Crassignatha longtou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n...... 76 Acknowledgments ...... 77 References ...... 78 Appendix A ...... 181 Appendix B ...... 194 Appendix C ...... 194 12 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Top: puff s of cornstarch reveal dense and varied tiny cryptic webs in the Gaoligongshan. Shown here upper left to lower right are a symphytognathid Patu jidanweishi sp. n., a mysmenid Gaoligonga changya gen. n., sp. n., and an unidentifi ed linyphiid. Bottom: this misty mountain landscape at QiQi is typical of the Gaoligongshan Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 13

Introduction

Symphytognathoid spiders are tiny (mostly ca. 1 mm total length), cryptic araneoid spiders. While typically rare in collections, they can be very abundant as re- vealed by litter extraction or dusting appropriate microhabitats with corn starch to elucidate fi ne webs (Griswold and Yan 2003: fi gs 24D, 25D, Ramírez et al. 2004; see page 12). Forster (1959) revised and greatly expanded the circumscription of Symphytog- nathidae to accommodate minute spiders with a tendency toward reduction in the respiratory system, eye number, and the female pedipalp. His Symphytognathidae, which includes the contemporary lineages Anapidae, Mysmenidae, and Microphol- commatidae (including Textricellidae), was criticized for being based on reduc- tive characters that might refl ect a decrease in size more than shared phylogenetic history resulting in a “polyphyletic dump heap of minute Araneoidea” (Lehtinen 1975). Symphytognathidae, Anapidae, and Mysmenidae were consequently relim- ited and diagnosed on positive characters (e.g., fusion of the chelicerae in Symphy- tognathidae, Forster and Platnick 1977; the presence of a labral spur in Anapidae, Platnick and Shadab 1978a; clasping spur, cymbium with distal lobes, femur with distoventral sclerotized spot in Mysmenidae, Platnick and Shadab 1978b). Micro- pholcommatidae and Textricellidae were transferred from Araneoidea to Palpima- noidea (Forster and Platnick 1984) based on characters of the chelicerae. Micro- pholcommatidae and Textricellidae were synonymized later (Platnick and Forster 1986). After much eff ort to reform symphytognathoid lineages based on explicit synapomorphies, it is ironic that a phylogenetic study by Schütt (2003) concluded that Forster’s (1959) much criticized broad concept of Symphytognathidae (including the Synaphridae, removed from Mysmenidae by Marusik and Lehtinen 2003) was supported as monophyletic. A phylogenetic analysis by Griswold et al. (1998) placed Th eridiosomatidae sister to the clade including Mysmenidae, Symphytog- nathidae and Anapidae, and theridiosomatids have been subsequently referred to as symphytognathoids. Not all authors follow this nomenclature. Notably, Wunderlich (2004) refers to Forster’s (1959) Symphytognathidae as Anapidae, composed of several subfamilies comparable to the various families discussed above. Th e arachnology unit at the California Academy of Sciences has participated in a 10 year inventory of the Gaoligongshan (or Gaoligong mountains) in western Yunnan Province, China. Th is international eff ort involved collectors from Hunan Normal University and elsewhere. From the outset, symphytognathoids were a focus of the California Academy collecting eff ort. In a separate paper, egg guarding behavior was reported for a species of Patu (Griswold and Yan 2003), described here as P. jidanweishi sp. n. Th e web architecture of several species was photodocumented. Ultimately, 1097 adult symphytognathoid specimens were collected belonging to four families: Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae. Th ese specimens were sorted into 36 species, all new to science and described herein. Species 14 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) were allocated among 16 genera including six proposed here as new (four in Mysme- nidae, one each in Th eridiosomatidae and Anapidae).

Methods

Th e systematic portion accounts for every adult spider from the micro-orbweaver clade (Symphytognathoidea, see below) collected between 1998 and 2007 on expeditions to the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China involving the California Academy of Sciences and collaborators. All measurements are in millimeters and were taken using a reticule in a Leica MZ12.5 dissecting microscope. Subjects for illustration were cleared in methyl sali- cylate (Holm 1979), slide mounted (Coddington 1983), and illustrated using a Leica DM4000 M compound microscope fi tted with a drawing tube. Illustrations were rendered in Adobe Photoshop (version 6.0). Anatomical photographs were taken using a Nikon DXM 1200 digital camera mounted on either a Leica MZ16 dissecting microscope or a Leica DM4000 M compound microscope. A combination of white sand and photographic manipulation was used to remove the background from pho- tos taken through the MZ16. Web photographs were collected over the course of the inventory, mostly by CG. SEM images were taken using the Leo 1450VP at the California Academy of Sci- ences. Specimens for SEM examination were critical point dried and sputter coated with gold-palladium. Specimens were mounted on copper tape using white glue. SEM images and illustrations of the male genitalia were either made from the left palp or reversed so they appear to depict the left palp. All holotype specimens are deposited at Hunan Normal University; the remaining specimens were split between the California Academy of Sciences and Hunan Normal University. Th is is in accordance with conditions agreed to at the beginning of the study and stipulated in our collecting permits. Chaetotaxy. Macrosetae are reported for the dorsal (d), prolateral (p), retrolateral (r), and ventral (v) surfaces of the legs. Metatarsal trichobothrium position is expressed as the ratio of the distance between the proximal margin of the metatarsus and the root of the trichobothrium divided by the total length of the metatarsus (Denis 1949, Locket and Millidge 1953) and expressed as TmI (position of trichobothrium on metatarsus I), TmII (position of trichobothrium on metatarsus II), or TmIII (position of trichobothrium on metatarsus III). Th e position of the tarsal organ is similarly expressed as the distance from the proximal margin of the tarsus and the tarsal organ divided by the total length of the tarsus. Etymology. Several new taxonomic names proposed here are derived from Chi- nese words. Both the pinyin Romanized spelling and the simplifi ed Chinese characters are given. For nomenclatural purposes, epithets formed in this way should be considered arbitrary combinations of letters and grammatically immutable. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 15

Abbreviations and Conventions. Abbreviations used in the text and fi gures are given in Table 1. References to fi gures published elsewhere are listed in lowercase type (fi g.); references to fi gures in this paper are listed with an initial capital (Fig.). When multiple consecutive records in the material examined section were from the same locality, data after the fi rst record are given in brackets as [same locality] or [same data] if the locality, date, and collector are all identical; records of specimens from the same collecting event as the holotype are indicated in brackets as [same data as holotype]. Online Taxonomy. Full color versions of all images included in this publication have been deposited in MorphBank (http://www.morphbank.net). ZooKeys already contributes text and data elements (but not images) to the Encyclopedia of Life, and we anticipate that EOL will incorporate the MorphBank images into the encyclopedia pages. New taxonomic names proposed in this paper have been registered with Zoo- Bank (http://www.zoobank.org/) as part of the ZooKeys publication process (given as LSID numbers following each new name). Collection data has been shared (via Ap- pendix B) with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, http://www.gbif. org/). A kml fi le for viewing distribution records interactively in Google Earth (http:// earth.google.com/) is available for download as Appendix C. Our intention is that the paper edition of this work be rarely used by taxonomists (as long as internet access is available). Instead, it will be possible to browse image collections in MorphBank or EOL species pages turning to the open access pdf when more details are required. Biodiversity. Species richness estimation curves were created over 100 randomized runs using EstimateS (Colwell 2005). Distribution records were plotted in the Geo- graphic Information System software package ArcGIS (version 9.2). To facilitate richness estimation using incidence based statistics, a 1 km square grid was superimposed over the study area. Records were assigned to samples based on which square they fell in; squares without any collections were ignored.

Table 1. List of anatomical abbreviations used in the text and fi gures.

Male palp: B base of cymbium BH basal hematodocha BK basal keel of cymbium C conductor CB cymbium CT cymbial tooth DL distal lobe of cymbium E embolus EA embolic apophysis EM embolic membrane G cymbial groove 16 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Male palp: MA median apophysis MK median keel PA patella PAA patella apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum TI tibia Vulva: AL anterior lobe of epigynum BL basal lobe of scape CD copulatory duct DL distal lobe of scape FD fertilization duct PL posterior lobe of epigynum S spermatheca Spinnerets and somatic morphology: AC aciniform gland spigot AG aggregate gland spigot AGn aggregate gland spigot nubbin ALS anterior lateral spinneret BC booklung cover CY cylindrical gland spigot FL fl agelliform gland spigot FLn fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot n nubbin PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret t tartipore Institutions: CAS California Academy of Sciences HNU Hunan Normal University Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 17

Diversity and endemism

Th e Gaoligongshan region is located in the heart of one of the world’s biodiversity “hotspots” (Myers 1988, 1990, Mittermeier et al. 1998, Myers et al. 2000). “Hotspots” are areas of extreme biodiversity and endemism under severe threat of habitat destruction. But the hotspot designation itself, while an extremely success- ful concept for the conservation community, has been criticized for over-reliance on data from vascular plants and tetrapod vertebrates (Kareiva and Marvier 2003). Th e hotspot designation criteria were originally selected in part because these taxa are relatively well known and well sampled worldwide, but it is not clear that they are representative of the biota as a whole because sampling and knowledge about the most diverse groups on Earth tends to be incomplete (Lawton et al. 1998, Reid 1998, Van Jaarsveld et al. 1998). Here we present data on the biodiversity of a cryptic arthropod clade in a hotspot region. Non-parametric point diversity estimators are driven by rare species. Th e more a study is dominated by rare species, the more species are presumed to have been missed altogether. Two diff erent classes of biodiversity estimators were used: abundance based and incidence based. Abundance based methods are driven by the total number of specimens in the collection, regardless of when or where they were collected. For incidence based estimators, rarity is determined by the number of samples a species occurs in, regardless of the actual number of specimens. Sampling was not structured by de- sign, so the study area was divided a posteriori into 1km square plots. Specimens from the same plot were assigned to the same sample. Abundance and incidence based estimators indicate very diff erent signals (Fig. 1A). Abundance based estimators suggest that about 5-10 species were missed by the inventory; incidence based estimators suggest it is closer to 30. Th e confl ict can be resolved if we understand how the two estimator classes work. Th e incidence based estimators (Chao 2, Chao 1987; ICE, incidence-based coverage estimator, Chazdon et al. 1998; Jackknife 2, second order jackknife, Burnham and Overton 1978, 1979) are high because few plots share species. Th e abundance based estimators (Chao 1, Chao, 1984; ACE, abundance based coverage estimator, Chazdon et al. 1998) are low because most species are represented overall by more than a few specimens. Th us, sampling was reasonably thorough where it occurred, but the degree of endemism is high relative to the density of sampling sites. So we can conclude that many symphytognathoid species remain to be discovered in the Gao- ligongshan, mostly from sites not visited during this study. Given the magnitude of human impact, especially at lower elevations, and the apparent high endemismicity in many of the species treated here, it may be that some of the unobserved species predicted are already extinct. Chao et al. (2005) have proposed a correction to the classic Sørensen (1948) index of community similarity. Th e Chao modifi cation factors in estimated unobserved species shared between two communities. As with other such estimators, the correction is driven by rare species in one or both communities. Th e Gaoligongshan survey 18 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) did not follow a strictly regimented collecting protocol, but it did concentrate eff ort in four “core areas” (Fig.1B) more or less evenly spaced (roughly 60-130 km apart) along the North-South running mountain range. Considering only symphytognathoids collected in these core areas (Table 2), we performed pairwise Chao-Sørensen analyses to assess beta diversity (change in community over space). Of the 1097 symphytognathoid specimens collected overall, 1013 were from core areas. Th e two northernmost sites (Heipu and Shibali) are most similar (0.71). Th e southern sites Fengxue and Nankang are each quite distinct from any of the other site. Symphytog- nathoids may prove to be a useful clade for fi ne grained spatial analysis of tropical biodiversity, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.

Systematics

Araneoidea. Th is superfamiliar taxon comprises ecribellate orb web builders and their kin with modifi ed orbs. Th is taxon was defi ned in the cladistic analysis of Griswold et al. (1998) by the following unambiguous synapomorphies: the paracymbium on the male palp (character 7), juxtaposed lateral eyes (character 30), a labium that is wider than long (character 41), serrate setae (character 51), loss of the cribel- lum (character 66), an mAP spigot nubbin on the PMS (character 71), PMS mAP spigot in a posterior position (character 72), fl agelliform gland and aggregate gland spigots (the “araneoid triplet”) on the PLS (characters 77 and 78), and squamate cuticle (character 79). Included were the families Anapidae, Araneidae, Cyatholi- pidae, Linyphiidae, Mysmenidae, Nesticidae, Pimoidae, Symphytognathidae, Syno- taxidae, Tetragnathidae, Th eridiidae, and Th eridiosomatidae. Whereas inclusion of these families in the Araneoidea has been unproblematic, the relationships to and placement of Palpimanoidea (sensu Forster and Platnick 1984) and Araneoidea have generated controversy, particularly with regard to the entelegyne families Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Schütt (2000, 2003) suggested that Mimetidae, Pararchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae (as a synonym of Anapidae) and Malkaridae belong with the Araneoidea. Griswold et al. (2005), in a quantitative analysis extending across Araneomorph taxa but including only a few araneoids and palpimanoids, found corroboration for Schütt’s thesis that at least some “palpimanoids” nest within the Orbiculariae. Th eir analysis under implied weights placed entelegyne palpimanoids

Table 2. Core areas used for Chao-Sørensen analysis of community similarity. Elevation range is approxi- mate. See Fig. 1B.

Core Area Elevation Range Adult Specimens Observed Species Heipu 2000-2800 275 8 Shibali 1400-3700 343 10 Fengxue 1100-3200 223 12 Nankang 1500-2500 172 8 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 19 with paracymbia (i.e., Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae) sister to Araneoidea (Griswold et al. 2005: fi g. 217) and their equal weights and successive weights analyses place all palpimanoids, including the haplogyne Archaeidae and Huttoniidae, closely related to Araneoidea (Griswold et al. 2005: fi g. 218). Blackledge et al.’s (2009) phylogenetic analysis based on morphology, behavior, and molecular sequence data suggested that Nicodamidae belongs within Araneoidea and also corroborated placement of Mimetidae within Araneoidea. In sum, the placement of malkarids, mimetids, micropholcommatids, pararchaeids, and nicodamids within Araneoidea, seems well corroborated, whereas the placement of archaeids and other haplogyne palpimanoids deserves further study. Th e spiders treated in this paper have all the above synapomorphies with the exception of the paracymbium, which is lacking in Anapidae and Symphytognathidae and ambiguous in Mysmenidae. Symphytognathoidea. Griswold et al. (1998) suggested that the families Th e- ridiosomatidae, Anapidae, Mysmenidae and Symphytognathidae form a clade united by the following morphological synapomorphies: posteriorly truncate sternum (reversed in Maymena; Griswold et al. 1998: character 43), loss of the claw on the female palp (Griswold et al. 1998: character 53), greatly elongate fourth tarsal median claw (reversed in the Anapidae; Griswold et al. 1998: character 63), absence of the fovea (Schütt 2003: character 7); a sternum that is domed or at least considerably convex in lateral view (Schütt 2003: character 13), and the position of the tarsal organ in the basal third of the tarsi of all legs (Schütt 2003: character 39). Potential behavior synapomorphies for Symphytognathoidea include double attachment of the eggsac near the hub (Griswold et al. 1998: character 91), loss of the wrap bite attack (Gris- wold et al. 1998: character 92), construction of three-dimensional orb webs (Griswold et al. 1998: character 82) with anastomosed radii (Griswold et al. 1998: character 84) and addition of hub loops after sticky spiral construction is complete (Griswold et al. 1998: character 88). Schütt (2003) added Micropholcommadtidae (as a synonym of Anapidae) to the Symphytognathoidea and also included the genus Cepheia Simon, 1894, which be- came part of the family Synaphridae (Marusik and Lehtinen 2003). Th e relationship of Synaphridae to other araneoids was explored by Lopardo and Hormiga (2008). Th ey modifi ed characters and added taxa and characters to two existing morphology- based data matrices. Modifi cation of Schütt’s (2003) matrix placed Synaphridae within the Symphytognathoidea while modifi cation of Griswold et al.’s (1998) matrix placed Synaphridae in a clade sister to Cyatholipidae which in turn was sister to Symphy- tognathoidea. Lopardo and Hormiga (2008) cautiously favored this later result (see also Lopardo et al. 2007) but did not consider the question of araneoid family inter- relationships to be resolved. Neither synaphrids nor micropholcommatids have been found in the Gaoligongshan so their relationship to symphytognathoids is outside the scope of this study. However, synaphrids and micropholcommatids are considered in discussions of some morphological characters. 20 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Family Th eridiosomatidae Simon, 1881

Th eridiosomatid genera were reviewed by Coddington (1986a). Since then, new species have been described but the systematic structure of the family has remained almost unchanged. Th e only exceptions are found in Saaristo’s (1996) work, which included the revalidation of Andasta Simon, 1895, reversing Coddington’s (1986a) synonymy with Th eridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879, and the creation of the new genus Zoma Saaristo, 1996. Coddington (1986a) noted that some species groups within Th e- ridiosoma might warrant generic status but synonymized Andasta and Th eridiosoma pending further study of the phylogenetic relationships within the group. We have no prejudice about whether such a study would support reciprocally monophyletic clades that could be usefully circumscribed as Andasta and Th eridiosoma. We are critical of Saaristo’s revalidation of Andasta in a work with narrow geographic focus, rather than as part of a global treatment of the group including a list of species assigned to each genus. A second species of Zoma, including the fi rst known male, is described here. Th e new genus Coddingtonia is established to accommodate a remarkable theridiosomatid known only from the female. All theridiosomatids except members of the Neotropical genus Chthonos Codding- ton, 1986 build orb webs though some are so highly modifi ed as to be hardly recogniz- able as such. As is typical of members of this genus elsewhere, Gaoligongshan members of Th eridiosoma build an orb that is pulled down into a cone by a tension line held by the spider at the hub (Fig. 7C, D). Ogulnius in the Gaoligongshan also build orbs that are typical of that genus (Fig. 7A, B): the webs have sparse non-sticky elements, lack a frame, have radii attaching directly to the substrate that join to one another irregularly near the hub, and have a sticky spiral winding in an irregular trajectory. Diagnosis. Th eridiosomatidae are small to minute spiders with short to medium length legs and large male palpal bulbs (Figs 4A, 12A). Synapomorphies for the family proposed by Coddington (1986a) are a pair of pits on the anterior margin of the sternum near the labial base (Fig. 4D; character 41, absent from the Neotropical genus Chthonos), connate spermathecae (Fig. 11B, D; character 47), and an elongate dorsal trichobothrium on tibia IV (character 43). Th ese features serve to diagnose the theridiosomatids of the Gaoligongshan, except that the spermathecae of the new genus Cod- dingtonia are separate (Fig. 11F) rather than connate.

Key to Gaoligongshan Th eridiosomatidae

1 Females ...... 2 Males ...... 9 2(1) Abdomen subtriangular, tapered posteriorly (Fig. 8B). Spermathecae separated by nearly their diameter (Fig. 11F) ...Coddingtonia euryopoides sp. n. – Abdomen subspherical, not distinctly tapered posteriorly. Spermathecae juxtaposed (Fig. 3D) ...... 3 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 21

3(2) Scape protrudes from beneath epigynal plate (Figs 11C, 14C) ...... Wendilgarda muji sp. n. – Scape absent (Fig. 11A) or if present (Fig. 3E) then a simple extension of the epigynal plate ...... 4 4(3) Posterior median eyes separated by at least their diameter (Fig. 4C) ...... Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. – Posterior median eyes separated by less than their diameter ...... 5 5(4) Epigynum subtriangular, pointed posteriorly with concave margins so medial part is more acute than lateral part (Fig. 3E) ...... Baalzebub nemesis sp. n. – Epigynum otherwise, typically subrectangular (Fig. 11A) ...... 6 6(5) Epigynum with a deep atrium, height of opening about one third the width in posterior view (Fig. 3B), without fl eshy tissue at posterior margin of epigynum. Lateral pits absent ...... Epeirotypus dalong sp. n. – Atrium absent (Fig. 3F) or slit-like (Fig. 13A), height of opening (if visible) much less than one third the width in posterior view. Region between posterior margin of epigynum and abdomen often with fl eshy tissue (Fig. 3F). Lateral pits present (Fig. 9B) ...... 7 7(6) Epigynum with pair of processes arising from posterolateral margin running towards each other (Fig. 3H) ...... Th eridiosoma shuangbi sp. n. – Epigynum without pair of processes arising from posterolateral margin ...... 8 8(7) Posterior margin of epigynum with median longitudinal slit (Figs 3F, 9A). Abdomen tan with dark gray with silver patches ...... Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. – Posterior margin of epigynum entire (Fig. 11A). Abdomen dark gray with silver patches forming curved transverse stripe (Fig. l0A) ...... Zoma dibaiyin sp. n. 9(1) With long, fi lliform embolic apophysis (Figs 4G, 14A) ...... 10 – Embolic apophysis absent (Fig. 2C) ...... Epeirotypus dalong sp. n. 10(9) Posterior median eyes separated by about their diameter ...... Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. – Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter ...... 11 11(10) Palpal tibia with one trichobothrium. Median apophysis sclerotized with concave dorsal margin (Fig. 12E) ...... Wendilgarda muji sp. n. – Palpal tibia with two trichobothria. Median apophysis fl eshy, with pointed dorsal apex (Fig. 10D) ...... Zoma dibaiyin sp. n.

Genus Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894

Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894: 134. Type species Epeirotypus brevipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894. 22 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Epeirotypus dalong Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1E0E0249-EBA3-4A46-A5D1-B1E4D50426C4 Figs 2, 3A-B, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Fugong Co., 4.5 km N Aludi Vil- lage, 22.1 km N Fugong, 26.10829°N, 98.87162°E, 1250 m, 23 April 2004, in stream gorge, C. Griswold, CGY07 (CASENT 9020742, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029330, HNU), 1 ♀, 4 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020743, CAS), 1 ♀, 4 juvs. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for big (dà 大) and hole (lóng 窿), referring to the form of the epigynal atrium. Diagnosis. Males distinguished from other described Epeirotypus species by the tuberculate texture of the mesal lobe of the tegulum (Fig. 2C); females distinguished by the more open atrium of the epigynum (Fig. 3B; compare to Coddington 1986a: fi gs 46, 57) and by the central interruption of the transverse submarginal groove (Fig. 3A; groove continuous across center in other described Epeirotypus species, Coddington, 1986a: fi gs 50, 58). Further distinguished from E. brevipes (Coddington, 1986a: fi g. 47) by the lack of humps on the abdomen. Only two Epeirotypus species are described, both from the Neotropics. Coddington (1986a) noted the existence of several undescribed species including possibly some from Malaysia; this is the fi rst formally described Epeirotypus from Asia. Description. Carapace tan, brown from thoracic region to ocular region. Sternum orange with broad dark brown margins. Legs orange, dark brown distally at joints, especially tibiae. Abdomen tan with brown or dark gray patches and silver spots. Male palp: Palpal patella with strong sinuous macroseta (Fig. 2C). Palpal tibia with two trichobothria. Paracymbium elongate with curve near base (Fig. 2B). Tegulum large, mesal lobe tuberculate (Fig. 2C). Median apophysis lightly sclerotized, with fi ne distoventral projection (Fig. 2A). Conductor a complex of sclerotized and membranous structures enveloping thick embolus for most of its length (Fig. 2A). Vulva: Epigynum a deep atrium with pair of humps on posterior margin leading to transverse grooves (Fig. 3B). Male (CASENT 9020742): Total length 1.92, carapace 0.87 long, 0.84 wide, clypeus 0.20, sternum 0.47 long, 0.48 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.54 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p1, r1, patella d1, tibia d2, p1, r1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, r1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.17; TmII: 0.17; TmIII: 0.17. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9020743): Total length 2.00, carapace 0.85 long, 0.83 wide, clypeus 0.18, sternum 0.49 long, 0.47 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.52 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by less than a quarter their diameter. Macro- setae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.15; TmII: 0.16; TmIII: 0.19. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 23

Genus Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882

Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882: 432. Type species Ogulnius obtectus O. Pick- ard-Cambridge, 1882.

Coddington (1986a) diagnosed Ogulnius in part by the observation that the fourth legs are longer than the fi rst, at least in females. However, at least O. yaginumai Brignoli, 1981 and the new species described below have the fi rst and second legs longer than the fourth.

Ogulnius barbandrewsi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:40A5E4AA-C340-4DE7-8B56-A361FF386056 Figs 3C-D, 4-6, 7A-B, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gongshan Co., Bingzhongluo Township, Guocai He at Fucai, 28.00858°N, 98.51894°E , 2800 m, 23 August 2006, tropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06082301 (CASENT 9029332, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9024438, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029332, HNU), 1 ♂; [same locality] 16 August 2006, tropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, JM06081602 (CASENT 9024445, CAS), 2 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 juv; Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, No. 12 Bridge Camp area, 16.3 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.502°E, 2775 m, 15-19 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9016271, CAS), 7 ♂, 55 ♀, 40 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9016273, HNU), 1 ♂, 11 ♀, 2 juvs; [same data], in Pimoa webs (CASENT 9029333, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 juv; Nujiang Prefecture, native forest in Gaoligongshan at 9.5 road km ESE Pianma, 25.98333°N, 98.66667°E, 2500 m, 15-18 October 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029335, HNU), 2 ♀, 7 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9029334, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 juv. Etymology. Named for Barb Andrews, who helped guide the 2006 expedition to Kawakarpushan, including a stop at the type locality of this species. Diagnosis. Female similar to O. pullus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, distinguished from this species by the shape of the posterior lip of the epigynum in dorsal view, convex in O. pullus (Brignoli 1981: fi g. 1), concave in O. barbandrewsi (Fig. 3D); by the posterolateral margins in ventral view, nearly straight and fl ush with abdomen in O. pullus (Chikuni 1989), bowed out from abdomen in O. barbandrewsi (Fig. 3C). Diagnosis of male tentative because few (especially Asian) species have been described from the male and some descriptions are extremely limited in detail. Probably most similar to O. pullus (photographs in Chikuni 1989), distinguished from other species without abdominal humps by details of the shape of the median apophysis and embolic apophysis (Fig. 4E,G). 24 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Description. Carapace, sternum, legs orange. Abdomen light gray mottled with dark purple, with dark purple dorsomedian stripe with uneven margins (Fig. 4A-D). Male palp: Palpal tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium oblong with fi liform projection distally (Fig. 5D). Tegulum squamate (Fig. 5E). Median apophysis with apex oriented distodorsally (Fig. 5C). Conductor semitransparent (Fig. 4E). Em- bolic apophysis long and fi liform (typical for genus; Fig. 4G). Vulva: Epigynum with transverse ridge near lip (Fig. 6A), posterolateral margins bowed out from abdomen (Fig. 3C). Spermathecae juxtaposed (Fig. 3D). Copulatory ducts wide at entrance (Fig. 3D). Male (CASENT 9024445): Total length 1.24, carapace 0.56 long, 0.50 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.31 long, 0.34 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by about their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia p1; Leg II: patella d1; Leg III: patella d1; Leg IV: patella d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.12; TmII: 0.16; TmIII: 0.11. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9024445): Total length 1.57, carapace 0.51 long, 0.52 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.34 long, 0.34 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.90 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by at least their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.09; TmII: 0.13; TmIII: 0.15. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 6B-D). Natural History. Th is species builds a sparse orb web (Fig. 7A-B).

Genus Baalzebub Coddington, 1986

Baalzebub Coddington, 1986a: 71. Type species Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986.

Baalzebub nemesis Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:290E4BBE-C5FB-4CA9-8DDD-A1B35E265E75 Figs 3E, 8A, 95

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefec- ture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, No. 12 Bridge Camp area, 16.3 airkm W of Gong- shan, 27.715°N, 98.502°E, 2775 m, 15-19 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9016270, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratype: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9016274, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. From Greek mythology, Nemesis is the punisher of hubris. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Baalzebub species by the taper of the epigynal scape, which is distinctly more acute medially than laterally (Fig. 3E). Description. Carapace brown, darker margin and through head region. Sternum dark brown. Legs with light brown femora, distal segments dark brown. Abdomen dark gray with 3-4 transverse rows of three light spots posteriorly, plus one dorsal light spot and one lateral spot on each side (Fig. 8A). Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 25

Vulva: Epigynum smooth, subtriangular with concave margins so medial part is more acute than lateral part. Central pit near anterior margin (Fig. 3E). Female (CASENT 9016274): Total length 1.68, carapace 0.70 long, 0.67 wide, clypeus 0.15, sternum 0.44 long, 0.43 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.54 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by about a third their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1, r1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, r1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.19; TmII: 0.19; TmIII: 0.19. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Genus Th eridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879

Th eridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 193. Type species Th eridiosoma argente- olum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 (= T. gemmosum (L. Koch, 1877)).

Th eridiosoma diwang Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04A2A54B-80C1-4672-BEEA-4C9886BBF3FF Figs 3F-G, 7C-D, 8C-E, 9, 94

Description. Carapace brown with darker patches in thoracic and head regions (Fig. 8C-D). Sternum yellow with wide dark brown margin (Fig. 8E). Legs yellow to brown with distal part of metatarsi darker (especially leg IV). Abdomen tan with dark gray with silver patches (Fig. 8C-D). Vulva: Epigynum a fl at plate with median notch on posterior margin (Figs 3F, 9A); with pair of round lateral pits (Fig. 9B). Spermathecae subspherical, juxtaposed; copulatory ducts short, wide, ectal to spermathecae; fertilization ducts arise from posterolateral part of spermathecae, terminate in spiral tip just posterior to spermathecae (Fig. 3G). Female (CASENT 9022395): Total length 1.60, carapace 0.75 long, 0.63 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.38 long, 0.35 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.30 times their width. Posterior median eyes juxtaposed. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.14; TmII: 0.16; TmIII: 0.20. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 9C-F). Male unknown. Natural History. Th is species builds an orb web above leaf litter (Fig. 7C-D) with the orb pulled into a cone.

Th eridiosoma shuangbi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:624239B5-E929-4492-872E-25575391B796 Figs 3H-I, 95

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Long ling Co., Longjiang Town- ship, Xiao hei shan Nature Reserve (Gu Cheng Shan Mtn.), 24.82886°N, 98.75917°E, 2010 m, 26 May 2005, in the forest, Yan Heng-mei, GKJ026 (CASENT 9022033, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for pair (shuāng 双) and arm (bì 臂), referring to the paired processes on the epigynum. Diagnosis. Distinguished from T. epeiroides (the only other Asian Th eridiosoma species with lateral processes of the epigynum) by the shape and orientation of the apophyses, directly towards each other in T. shuangbi (Fig. 3H), posteromesally in T. epeiroides (Brignoli, 1981: fi gs 9, 10). Description. Carapace dusky pale yellow, darker centrally and through head region. Sternum dusky pale yellow with darker margin. Legs orange. Abdomen off white with pair of medium gray stripes running posteriorly from anterodorsal part of abdomen, converging to a single stripe running to spinneret region. Vulva: Epigynum a fl at plate with small median process, with pair of oblong lateral pits, lateral processes arise from near outside margin, run towards each other on longitudinal axis, tips rounded (Fig. 3H). Spermathecae and copulatory ducts both touching medially (Fig. 3I). Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 27

Female (holotype): Total length 2.00, carapace 0.72 long, 0.61 wide, clypeus 0.14, sternum 0.39 long, 0.38 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.41 times their width. Posterior median eyes nearly juxtaposed. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1, r1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, r1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.22; TmII: 0.25; TmIII: 0.21. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Genus Zoma Saaristo, 1996

Zoma Saaristo, 1996: 51. Type species Zoma zoma Saaristo, 1996.

Zoma dibaiyin Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C485899B-AB91-4989-9030-FC121273311D Figs 10, 11A-B, 13A-D, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan; Fugong Co., Pee He, 40 km S Shangpa, SW of R., 26.54323°N, 98.89837°E, 1153 m, 23 August 2005, sifting bamboo litter at cliff base, P. Paquin, PP-4905 (CASENT 9029331, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020480, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020482, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020481, HNU), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 5 km N Shangpa (Fungong), SW of river, 26.95990°N, 98.86726°E, 1217 m, 26 August 2005, sifting deciduous litter in open area with few trees, P. Paquin, PP-5505 (CASENT 9020476, HNU), 2 ♀, 2 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020475, CAS), 1 ♀, 1 juv. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for ground (dī 低) and silver (bái yín 白银), referring to the silver corpuscles of this leaf litter spider. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other Th eridiosomatidae except Ogulnius and the theridiosomatine genera Baalzebub, Epilineutes Coddington, 1986, Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886 and Th eridiosoma by the presence of a fi liform embolic apophysis extending beyond the conductor tip (Fig. 10F); embolic division with moderate branch- ing similar to Ogulnius, less complex than the theridiosomatine genera; distinguished from Ogulnius by the juxtaposed posterior median eyes (Fig. 10B; separated by at least their diameter in Ogulnius, Fig. 4C). Female distinguished from Z. zoma Saaristo, 1996 by the posterior margin of the epigynum, which is more convex in Z. zoma (Saaristo 1996: fi g. 1), nearly transverse in Z. dibaiyin (Fig. 11A). Th is is the second Zoma species described and the fi rst known from the male. Description. Carapace dark brown. Sternum brown with dark margin. Legs dark brown, distal segments reddish. Abdomen dark gray with silver patches forming curved transverse stripe (Fig. 10A-C). (Description of coloration based on females; single male specimen teneral.) 28 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Male palp: Palpal tibia with one trichobothrium. Paracymbium elongate with sharp tip, curved near base (Fig. 10E). Tegulum smooth except for rough ventral ridge near tip of conductor in unexpanded conformation (Fig. 10F). Median apophysis lightly sclerotized, much taller than wide, dorsal tip pointed, ventral tip rounded (Fig. 10D). Conductor semitransparent (Fig. 10D). Embolic apophysis long and fi liform (Fig. 10F). Vulva: Epigynum a fl at plate with a darkly sclerotized posterior lip, with shallow median and smaller lateral pits (Figs 11A,B, 13A). Spermathecae subspherical, juxtaposed, set in anterior part of epigynum, copulatory ducts wide, follow simple curve (Fig. 11B). Male (CASENT 9020480): Total length 1.35, carapace 0.65 long, 0.61 wide, clypeus 0.13, sternum 0.33 long, 0.34 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.60 times their width. Posterior median eyes juxtaposed. Macrosetae: Leg I: femur p1, r1, patella d1, tibia d2, p1, r1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, r1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.16; TmII: 0.17; TmIII: 0.19. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9020482): Total length 1.84, carapace 0.74 long, 0.63 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.40 long, 0.35 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.29 times their width. Posterior median eyes juxtaposed. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.13; TmII: 0.14; TmIII: 0.20. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 13B-D); AG in shallow depression similar to that found in Epeirotypus (Griswold et al. 1998: fi gs 24D, 25D)

Genus Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886

Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886: 129. Type species Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886.

Wendilgarda muji Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF5CF835-DD76-4CA5-A6B7-17B0913606C5 Figs 12, 11C-D, 13E-E, 14, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Long jiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve (Gu Cheng Shan Mtn.), 24.82886°N, 98.75917°E, 2010 m, 26 May 2005, in the forest, Yan Heng-mei, GKJ026 (CASENT 9022037, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022036, CAS), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022035, HNU), 1 ♀; Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 28 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, night collecting, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY129 (CASENT 9022611, CAS), 1 ♀; Longyang Co., Bawan Township, forest below Dasheyao Forestry Station in Hunan He valley, Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 29

24.92597°N, 98.75806°E, 2272 m, 3 June 2005, disturbed forest, beating understory vegetation, C. Griswold, CGY136 (CASENT 9022390, HNU), 1 ♂. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for wood (mù 木) and rooster (jī 鸡), referring to the element and animal of the Chinese zodiac when this species was collected. Diagnosis. Among Asian Wendilgarda species, male most similar to W. sinensis Zhu & Wang, 1992; apparently distinguished from this species by details of the embolic division and median apophysis (Fig. 12E, G; Song, et al., 1999: fi g. 84E, F) and the more domed carapace shape in W. sinensis (Fig. 12A-B; Zhu and Wang 1992: fi g. 1), but published work on this species is inadequate to make a more explicit diagnosis. Distinguished from W. assamensis Fage, 1924 by the lack of a two part ventral apophysis (unclear from the drawings whether this is the median apophysis or some other structure), one hooked and the other straight (Brignoli 1981: fi gs 5-6); from W. coddingtoni Zhu, Zhang & Chen, 2001 by the lack of an auxiliary retrobasal process in addition to the paracymbium (Fig. 13F; Zhu et al. 2001: fi g. 7). Female distinguished from other Asian species except W. sinensis by the blunt scape tip and distinctly concave posterior margin of the epigynum (Fig. 11D); distinguished from W. sinensis by details of the epigynum shape including a deeper median invagination of the posterior margin in W. muji (Fig. 11D) than in W. sinensis (Song et al. 1999: fi g. 84C). Description. Carapace tan. Sternum dark gray. Legs with femora and patellae tan, distal segments light brown to orange. Abdomen tan with brown to dark gray patches (Fig. 12A-D). Male palp: Palpal patella with sinuous macroseta (Fig. 12E). Palpal tibia with two trichobothria. Paracymbium hook-like with blunt tip (Fig. 14B). Tegulum smooth, bulbous (Figs 12F, 13F). Median apophysis with larger dorsal and smaller ventral lobes (Figs 12G, 13E). Embolic division a complex series of apophyses visible through semitransparent conductor (Fig. 12G); one fi liform embolic apopysis extends beyond conductor tip, runs along conductor on mesal face of bulb nearly to cymbial margin (Figs 12E, 13E, 14A). Vulva: Epigynum with transverse ridges, rounded lateral lobes (Figs 11C, 14C), median part of posterior margin a gently rounded concavity revealing scape with blunt tip (Fig. 11D). Male (CASENT 9022036): Total length 1.48, carapace 0.59 long, 0.66 wide, clypeus 0.15, sternum 0.38 long, 0.38 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by about one third their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.16; TmII: 0.19; TmIII: 0.23. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9022036): Total length 1.88, carapace 0.59 long, 0.62 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.39 long, 0.39 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.91 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by about two thirds their diameter. Macrosetae as in male. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.19; TmII: 0.22; TmIII: 0.23. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 14D-F). 30 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Genus Coddingtonia Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AECD1D6F-C837-40CA-85D5-C7612118F7F1

Type species. Coddingtonia eruyopoides Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Named for Jonathan Coddington in honor of his contributions to theridiosomatid behavior and systematics. Th e gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other theridiosomatids by the spermathecae, which are separated by nearly their diameter in Coddingtonia (Fig. 11F), juxtaposed and partially fused in nearly all other theridiosomatids (Coddington 1986a), and by the extremely long, thin, coiled copulatory ducts, usually a simple arc, never coiled in other theridiosomatids. Species. Coddingtonia eruyopoides, sp. n.

Coddingtonia euryopoides Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CAB5D9FB-CC13-4A49-9A6D-61E3F8C9343C Figs 8B, 11E-F, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Mangkuan Town- ship, Zaotang He at Baihualing village, 25.30450°N, 98.80059°E, 1635 m, 2 June 2005, good subtropical broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY135 (CASENT 9022403, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratype: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029336, CAS), 1 juv. Etymology. Named for its superfi cial similarity to members of the theridiid genus Euryopis Menge, 1868. Th e epithet is in the form of a Latin adjective. Diagnosis. Monotypic genus; see diagnosis for genus. Description. Carapace dark brown. Sternum dusky orange with darker margin. Legs orange, femora dusky, distal part of tibiae and metatarsi I, II, and IV dark brown. Abdomen mottled dark gray, dorsum lighter with fi ngerprint texture, with posterior tubercle, sparsely clothed with long, strong setae (Fig. 8B). Vulva: Epigynum a subrectangular smooth fl at plate, posterior margin slightly convex, with two obliquely transverse grooves near posterior margin (Fig. 11E). Spermath- ecae subspherical, separated by about their diameter. Copulatory ducts very long and thin, lightly sclerotized and encircling spermathecae many times for most of length, more heavily sclerotized just before joining with spermathecae (Fig. 11F). Female (holotype): Total length 1.63, carapace 0.61 long, 0.59 wide, clypeus 0.13, sternum 0.36 long, 0.38 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.50 times their width. Posterior median eyes separated by about half their diameter. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.28; TmII: 0.32; TmIII: 0.36. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 31

Family Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928

Recent authors have focused on a handful of characters to defi ne Mysmenidae: the presence of a sclerotized subdistal ventral spot (Griswold et al. 1998: fi g. 10G) on femur I (and sometimes II as well) of females (and sometimes males as well), the presence of a prolateral macroseta on male metatarsus I (Fig. 17D), and a distally twisted and notched cymbium (Platnick and Shadab 1978b, Griswold et al. 1998, Schütt 2003). Femoral spots are not universal in mysmenids, absent from the new genus Gaoligonga and most species of Mysmenopsis Simon, 1897 (Platnick and Shad- ab 1978b), which are otherwise typical mysmenids. Th e mysmenid cymbium is typically very complex, featuring a series of distal lobes that interact with the embolus as a functional conductor (e.g., Figs 24D, 37A, 40C). While this description seems to apply to most or all mysmenids (questionable in the new genus Chanea; Fig. 49A), it has apparently contributed to some confusion, such as the misplacement of the genus Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995 in Mysmenidae (see below). Schütt (2003) coded the two mysmenids in her phylogenetic analysis as having non-homologous male metatarsal clasping spurs based on position (apical in Microdipoena Banks, 1895, basal in Trogloneta Simon, 1922). Some Maymena Gertsch, 1960 species also lack a metatarsal clasping spur (Gertsch 1960). Some male mysmenids have prolateral macrosetae on tibia I in addition to (rarely instead of) a metatarsal macroseta (e.g., Anjouanella Baert, 1986, Microdipoena Banks, 1895, Mysmenella Brignoli, 1980, Simaoa gen. n.; Fig. 34F). Nevertheless, the clasping spur on male metatarsus I, whether proximal or distal, remains a key diagnostic character for Mysmenidae. In addition, most mysmenids have a distinctive modifi ed seta on the PLS (Figs 19F, 42F, Griswold et al. 1998: fi g. 28A; absent from the kleptoparasitic Isela Griswold, 1985, which also lacks the triplet of spigots used to make araneoid sticky silk in both sexes; Griswold et al. 1998: fi gs 29D, 30D). Th e sticky silk triplet is vestigial in some Chinese mysmenid males (Fig. 25D) but is fully developed in some other male mysmenids (Griswold et al. 1998: fi g. 28D). Lateral sulci are present on the carapace of several mysmenid genera and range in form from a single pore between the lateral eyes and the margin of the carapace (Fig. 17F) and a larger hole just below the lateral eyes (Fig. 24E). Lopardo and Hormiga (2008) reported on a similar sulcus in the enigmatic genus Acrobleps Hickman, 1979. Anapids have one or more pores, typically associated with a plate or sulcus, on the anterolateral margin of the carapace (Platnick and Forster 1989). Th e distinctive web architecture and associated behavioral characters help to defi ne the limits of Mysmenidae. With the exception of Maymena (which builds a horizontal anapid-like orb-web) and the webless kleptoparasites, mysmenids build a three- dimensional spherical web, the result of typical orb-building behavior except that radii are not restricted to a single plane (Figs 20, 26; Coddington 1986b, Eberhard 1987, Griswold et al. 1998: fi g. 3B). Small clusters (6-9) of eggs are placed in the center of the web (Figs 21H, 26B, D, 43C). 32 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Th e limits and diagnostic features of many mysmenid genera are not entirely clear. Work in progress (Lopardo, pers. comm.) with a global scope promises substantial progress soon. But for the purposes of this geographically limited work, we must rely on the existing literature. New species were placed in the genus Mysmena Simon, 1894 based on the presence of an external cymbial groove (Figs 17A, 29A), a distinct cymbial base (Figs 17B, 24C, 29B), an embolus without a switchback or process that makes approximately one spiral turn usually guided by a groove in the tegulum (Figs 17B, 29C), a cymbial tip that engages the embolus as a functional conductor (Figs 24D, 29C), and male mating claspers restricted to metatarsus I (Figs 17D, 24F, 29D). Th e presence of an epigynum in the form of a scape with the left and right copulatory pathways well separated also infl uenced species placement (Figs 11I, 21C,E), although not all Mysmena described here have a scape (Fig. 21G,I). Internal structures consist of a pair of spermathecae, copulatory ducts usually with a sclerotized portion leading to the spermathecae and a membranous atrium (copulatory ducts occasionally membranous throughout their length; Fig. 21I). Sclero- tized complexes (spermathecae or spermathecae plus part of copulatory ducts) are separated by at least their width (Fig. 21G). Fertilization ducts usually arise from the posterior part of the spermathecae and curve mesally, or arise from mesal part of spermathecae. A posterior tubercle on the abdomen is present (Fig. 27F) or absent (Fig. 15B). Also, all new Mysmena described here have femoral spots on legs I and II (sometimes indistinct in male), although the type species of Mysmena apparently has the femoral spot only on leg I (Kraus 1967). Chinese Maymena described here diff er from the American fauna in having the palpal patella and tibia elongated (Fig. 54A; compare to Gertsch 1960: fi g. 51). Oth- erwise, they closely resemble typical Maymena in genital morphology, size and coloration, association with cave habitats, and web architecture. Maymena are apparently the only mysmenids with trichobothria on the palpal tibia (Fig. 55D), a trait shared with synaphrids and theridiosomatids among the symphytognathoids. Th e remaining mysmenids were all placed in new genera. Simaoa, Gaoligonga, and Chanea all have novel features, especially male sexual characters. Simaoa maku and S. bianjing are known from female only and were tentatively placed in Simaoa based on characteristics of the female genitalia shared with Simaoa species known from both sexes. Mosu is the only new mysmenid genus known from the female only. Th e two species clearly share similarities in genital morphologies. Another Chinese species re- cently described in the genus Mysmena exhibits similar morphology in the female and could be congeneric. Th is species, M. zhengi Lin & Li, 2008, is known from both sexes and so could be useful for exploring the limits of this new genus. Diagnosis. Femur I (and sometimes II as well) of females (and sometimes males as well) with a sclerotized subdistal ventral spot (sometimes absent), prolateral macroseta on metatarsus I of the male (Fig. 17D) forming a clasping spur, distally twisted and notched cymbium (Platnick and Shadab 1978b, Griswold et al. 1998, Schütt 2003), and distinctive modifi ed seta on the PLS (Figs 19F, 42F) characterize Mysmenidae. Not all characters are present in all species. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 33

Key to Gaoligongshan Mysmenidae

1 Total length greater than 2mm; trichobothria on palpal tibia (Fig,. 55D); tarsal organ set distal to proximal margin of tarsus (tarsal organ position ca. 0.15, Fig. 55F)...... Maymena Gertsch, 1960 ...... 2 – Total length 1.5mm or less; palpal tibia without trichobothria; tarsal organ just beyond proximal margin of tarsus (tarsal organ position <0.1, Fig. 47F) ...... 3 2(1) Scape lateral margin notched, spermathecae separated by more than their width (Fig. 50G-H) (male unknown) ...... Maymena kehen sp. n. – Scape lateral margin not notched, spermathecae separated by their width or less (Fig. 50F); male with elongate palpal tibia (Fig. 54A) ...... Maymena paquini sp. n. 3(1) Distal part of cymbium notched; clypeus lacking macrosetae, copulatory ducts not coiled around the fertilization ducts or coiled around fertilization ducts no more than 5 times ...... 4 – Distal part of cymbium entire (Fig. 49B); clypeus of male with macrosetae (Fig. 52B), long copulatory ducts coiled around the fertilization ducts more than 10 times (Fig. 49C)...... Chanea suukyii sp. n. 4(3) Femoral spots absent. Male with two moderate to strong setae near the base of each chelicera (Figs 38A, 46D)...... Gaoligonga gen. n...... 5 – Femoral spots present on femur I in both sexes. Macrosetae absent from male cheliceral bases ...... 6 5(4) Male with two strong macrosetae near the base of each chelicerae (Fig. 38A, 40E-F); embolic tip tapered (Fig. 40C); with cymbial tooth (Fig. 40B). Fe- male with well sclerotized ventral plate of the epigynum with ridges radiating out from a raised knob (Figs 41A, 43A), reniform spermathecae, and sinuous ducts ...... Gaoligonga changya sp. n. – Male with weak macrosetae near the base of each chelicerae (Fig. 44A), embolic tip expanded (Fig. 46B); cymbial tooth absent. Female epigynum and raised knob less strongly sclerotized, spermathecae not strongly diff erentiated from nearly longitudinal ducts; Figs 43D-E, 47D) ...... Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. 6(4) Male with four macrosetae on tibia I (Fig. 34F); female with spermathecae and spiraling copulatory ducts encapsulated together (Figs 31D, F, H-I)… ...... Simaoa gen. n. (male unknown in S. maku and S. bianjing) ...... 7 – Male tibia I with fewer than four macrosetae or lacking these altogether; female with spermathecae and copulatory ducts separate, not encapsulated together ...... 12 7(6) Males ...... 8 – Females ...... 9 8(7) Palpal tibia long, with dorsal tooth-like apophysis (Fig. 34C); embolus makes a half turn (Fig. 33B) ...... Simaoa yaojia sp. n. 34 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

– Palpal tibia short, lacking dorsal tooth-like apophysis; embolus makes more than a full turn (Fig. 36A) ...... Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. 9(7) Epigynum with two transverse lobes, a raised anterior lobe and a low posterior lobe along epigastric furrow (Figs 30D, 37F)...... 10 – Epigynum with small posteriorly projecting process, lacking a transverse anterior lobe (Fig. 31H) ...... 11 10(9) Copulatory ducts longitudinal (Fig. 31D); anterior lobe of epigynum narrow, fi tting in the space between the spermathecae (Fig. 31C-D)...... Simaoa yaojia sp. n. – Copulatory ducts oblique (Fig. 31F); anterior lobe of epigynum wider than distance between spermathecae (Fig. 31E) ...... Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. 11(9) Abdomen lacking posterior tubercle; fertilization ducts run towards each other after emerging from the copulatory duct spiral (Fig. 31H) ...... Simaoa maku sp. n. – Abdomen with posterior tubercle; fertilization ducts run obliquely anteriorly (Fig. 31I) ...... Simaoa bianjing sp. n. 12(6) Females ...... 13 – Males (Mysmena only; males of Mosu are unknown) ...... 20 13(12) Vulva with round, sclerotized spermathecae with sclerotized fertilization ducts and the copulatory duct membranous and convoluted for most of its length, sclerotized at end of path near spermathecae (Fig. 43G, I)...... Mosu gen. n...... 14 – Vulva not as above...... Mysmena Simon, 1894 ...... 15 14(13) Spermathecae bulbous (Fig. 43G), membranous copulatory ducts in contact in the posteromedial region (Fig. 43G), abdomen with posterior tubercle ...... Mosu nujiang sp. n. – Spermathecae transversely ovoid (Fig. 43I); membranous copulatory ducts separated (Fig. 31I); abdomen without posterior tubercle .....Mosu huogou sp. n. 15(13) Epigynum with scape ...... 16 – Epigynum lacking scape ...... 18 16(15) Scape thicker basally than distally (Figs 18D, 21D ...... 17 – Scape of more or less uniform from base to rounded tip, long, soft, wrinkled (Fig. 18B) ...... Mysmena changouzi sp. n. 17(16) Epigynum a triangular scape, thick basally, evenly narrowed distally (Fig. 21D), tip with small posteriorly-directed process (Fig. 25F). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by about 1.5 times their width (Fig. 21E) ...... Mysmena bizi sp. n. – Epigynum a scape, base soft and wrinkled, projects ventrally, distal tip curves posteriorly (Fig. 18D). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by nearly twice their width (Fig. 21C) ...... Mysmena jinlong sp. n. 18(15) Spermathecae simple and round to oval, distinct from lightly sclerotized copulatory ducts (Figs 21I, 31B) ...... 19 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 35

– Vulva with a spermatheca/copulatory duct complex (Fig. 21G) ...... Mysmena goudao sp. n. 19(18) Spermathecae separated by about 1.5 times their diameter, the path of the fertilization ducts J-shaped (Fig. 21I); posterior abdominal tubercle absent ...... Mysmena haban sp. n. – Spermathecae separated by nearly three times their diameter in, the path of the fertilization ducts sinuous (Fig. 31B); posterior abdominal tubercle present (Fig. 27F) ...... Mysmena shibali sp. n. 20(12) Clypeus convex ...... 21 – Clypeus with distinctive, nose-like process (Fig. 24E) ....Mysmena bizi sp. n. 21(20) Cymbial groove studded with tubercles (Fig. 29B) ... Mysmena goudao sp. n. – Cymbial groove with folds (Fig. 17A) ...... Mysmena changouzi sp. n.

Genus Mysmena Simon, 1894

Mysmena Simon, 1894: 588. Type species Th eridion leycoplagiatum Simon, 1879 (= M. leucoplagiata (Simon, 1879))

Mysmena changouzi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3DE671ED-2BC6-4EE3-ACC5-B19342794CC7 Figs 11G-I, 15A-E, 16-17, 18A-C, 19, 20A, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Pre- fecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, No. 12 Bridge Camp area, 16.3 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.502°E, 2775 m, 15-19 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Ka- vanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9029311, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9006233, CAS), 7 ♂, 20 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029312, HNU), 7 ♂, 20 ♀, 4 juvs; Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture: Gongshan Co., Danzhu He drainage, 13.5 airkm SSW of Gongshan, 27.631°N, 98.621°E, 2700 m, 31 June-5 July 2000, D. Kavanaugh, C. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, H.-M. Yan, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9016287, CAS), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., Lishadi, Shibali Yaku (pass #31), 27.21230°N, 98.69600°E, 3604 m, 5 August 2005, boulder fi eld to bamboo thicket, under rocks, P. Paquin, PP-2105 (CASENT 9022563, HNU), 1 ♀, 1 juv; [same data] (CASENT 9022564, CAS), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 500 m before Shibali Yaku (pass #31), 27.21354°N, 98.70021°E, 3585 m, 7 August 2005, stable scree slope on soil, P. Paquin, PP-2405 (CASENT 9022612, CAS), 1 ♂, 6 ♀, 5 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9022610, HNU), 7 ♀, 5 juvs; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 10.5 km W of Shibali, 100 m N road, 27.20192°N, 98.71321°E, 3250 m, 17 August 2005, in wet leaf litter, conifer forest, rhododendron patch, P. Paquin, PP-4205 (CASENT 9022546, HNU), 1 ♀, 1 juv; 36 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Fugong Co., Lishadi, 3 km W of Shibali (fi rst waterfall), 27.17312°N, 98.76764°E, 3019 m, 9 August 2005, scree slope and moist ravine with rocky cliff s, P. Paquin, D. Kavanaugh, PP-2905 (CASENT 9022592, HNU), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022591, CAS), 1 ♀; Shibali forest station, 27.16636°N, 98.77667°E, 2563 m, 4 May 2004, good forest, sifting leaf litter, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY28 (CASENT 9020063, HNU), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., 4.5 km N Aludi Village, 22.1 km N Fugong, 26.10829°N, 98.87162°E, 1250 m, 23 April 2004, in stream gorge, C. Griswold, CGY07 (CASENT 9020741, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for long (chān 梴) and hook (gōu zi 钩子), referring to shape of the epigynal scape. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the trilobate cymbial base (Fig. 17B). Further distinguished from M. goudao by the presence of folds across the cymbial groove (Fig. 17A), as opposed to tubercles in M. guodao (Fig. 29A). Female distinguished from other Chinese mysmenids except Mysmenella pseudojobi Lin & Li, 2008 by the long, soft, wrinkled scape of more or less uniform width from base to rounded tip (Fig. 18B); distinguished from M. pseudojobi by the clear diff erentiation between bulbous spermathecae and spiral copulatory ducts (Lin and Li 2008: fi g. 12F), spermathecae not clearly diff erentiated from copulatory ducts in M. changouzi (Fig. 11I). Description. Carapace tan with dusky markings, male with weak sulci closer to margin of prosoma than ALE (Fig. 17E-F). Sternum dusky brown. Legs light brown. Femoral spots on legs I and II, indistinct on II in male. Abdomen dark brown with white spots; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 15A-E). Male palp: Embolus spiral, follows tegular groove for most of length (Fig. 17B), engages with cymbium distally (Fig. 16B). Cymbium with trilobate base on prolateral side (Fig. 17B), middle part with wide shallow groove crossed by transverse striations (Fig. 17A), tip with two lobes (Fig. 17C). Vulva: Epigynum a soft, fl exible scape (Figs 11H, 18B). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by nearly their width (Fig. 11I). Male (CASENT 9006233): Total length 0.68, carapace 0.36 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.25 long, 0.25 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1, v3; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macroseta nearly straight, only slightly kinked near center (Fig. 17D). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.34; TmII: 0.41; TmIII: 0.29. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of three spigots each (Fig. 18C). Posterior lateral spinnerets with fl agelliform and aggregate gland spigots reduced to nubbins (Fig. 19F). Female (CASENT 9006233): Total length 0.92, carapace 0.41 long, 0.36 wide, clypeus 0.08, sternum 0.25 long, 0.25 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.79 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.33; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.41. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 19A-D). Natural History. Th is species builds a three-dimensional spherical web typical of the Mysmenidae (Fig. 20A). Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 37

Mysmena jinlong Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5742314C-7023-42D7-BF01-5ADC6C728641 Figs 15F-H, 18D, 21A-C, 95

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Pre- fecture: Gongshan Co., Danzhu He drainage, 15.7-16.0 airkm SW of Gongshan, 27.622-7°N, 98.587-92°E, 2900-3100 m, 30 June-5 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Ka- vanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9029313, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9016254, CAS), 3 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029314, HNU), 2 ♀; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 8-9 km W of Shibali, 27.20055°N, 98.71399°E, 3221 m, 8 August 2005, webs on rocky cliff , night collecting along the road, forest, P. Paquin, D. Kavanaugh, PP-2805 (CASENT 9022506, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for metal (jīn 金) and dragon (lóng 龙), referring to the element and animal of the Chinese zodiac when the holotype was fi rst collected. Diagnosis. Distinguished from M. changouzi by having the scape thicker basally than distally (Fig. 18D), from M. goudao by the presence of a scape (absent in M. goudao; Fig. 29F), from other Chinese Mysmena by the much longer distal part curved posteriorly and dorsally (Fig. 18D; compare to Figs 25F, 30A). Description. Carapace pale yellow, darker in head region. Sternum medium brown. Legs pale yellow, darker distally. Femoral spots on legs I and II. Abdomen dark gray with series of white patches dorsally and pair of unjoined longitudinal white lines laterally; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 15F-H). Vulva: Epigynum a scape, base soft and wrinkled, projects ventrally, distal tip curves posteriorly (Fig. 18D). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by nearly twice their width (Fig. 21C). Fertilization ducts arise from posterior part of spermathecae, curve mesally. Female (CASENT 9016254): Total length 1.38, carapace 0.37 long, 0.38 wide, clypeus 0.07, sternum 0.26 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.79 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.33; TmII: 0.32; TmIII: 0.39. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Mysmena bizi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:70B6D158-6E66-478B-8A57-F9C428BA3574 Figs 21D-E, 22-25, 26A, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 13-15 May 38 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, dusting small webs near ground in forest understory, C. Griswold, CGY104 (CASENT 9029310, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022371, CAS), 2 ♂, 28 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022347, HNU), 1 ♂, 29 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029338, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029337, CAS), 1 ♀; Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 12-21 May 2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY103 (CASENT 9023101, HNU), 2 ♂; Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 12 May 2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, winkler extraction of sifted leaf litter, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY102 (CASENT 9022326, CAS), 2 ♀; Lushui Co., Feng Xue Yakou, 100 m S of Pianma Road, 25.97288°N, 98.68336°E, 3150 m, 11-21 May 2005, Rhododen- dron/bamboo thicket, 25 pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY101 (CASENT 9022098, CAS), 1 ♀; Nujiang Prefecture, native forest in Gaoligongshan at 9.5 road km ESE Pianma, 25.98333°N, 98.66667°E, 2500 m, 15-18 October 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029319, CAS), 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 11 juvs; (CASENT 9029320, HNU), 1 ♂, 10 ♀, 11 juvs; (CASENT 9023958, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for nose (bí zi 鼻子), referring to the process on the male clypeus. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the distinctive clypeal process (Fig. 24E). Fur- ther distinguished by the undivided cymbial tip (Fig. 24C), the prolaterally curved basal apophysis of the cymbium (Fig. 24C), and the lack of a tegular furrow. Female distinguished from other Chinese mysmenids by the fl eshy triangular scape with a small posterior-directed process (Figs 21D, 25F). Description. Carapace tan, darker in head region, male with prominent sulci near the ALE (Fig. 24E) and clypeus with down turned process. Sternum dark brown with light median stripe. Legs yellow, darker on distal part of tibia. Femoral spots on legs I and II, indistinct in male. Abdomen brown with numerous tan spots, with two large and up to six small dorsal white spots, and pair of unjoined longitudinal white lines laterally, region between white stripes tan with dark brown chevrons; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 22). Male palp: Embolus spiral (Figs 23B, 24D). Tegular furrow absent. Cymbial base with distally curved apophysis (Fig. 24C). Cymbial groove with angled striations meeting centrally (Figs 23, 24B). Cymbial tip a single piece with groove that interacts with distal part of embolus (Fig. 24D). Vulva: Epigynum a triangular scape, thick basally evenly narrowed distally (Fig. 21D), tip with small posteriorly-directed process (Fig. 25F). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by about 1.5 times their width (Fig. 21E). Male (CASENT 9022371): Total length 0.79, carapace 0.35 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.23 long, 0.25 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Sulcus just below anterior lateral eye. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 39 metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1, v3; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae weakly sinuous, not kinked (Fig. 24F). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.33; TmII: 0.35; TmIII: 0.48. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two spigots each. Spinnerets (Fig. 25A-D); posterior lateral spinnerets with fl agelliform and aggregate gland spigots reduced to nubbins (Fig. 25D). Female (CASENT 9022371): Total length 0.98, carapace 0.34 long, 0.38 wide, clypeus 0.06, sternum 0.27 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.64 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.38; TmII: 0.36; TmIII: 0.37. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Natural History. Th is species builds a three-dimensional spherical web typical of the Mysmenidae (Fig. 26A).

Mysmena goudao Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:21B7C117-C770-4C8E-B8B9-B1803E0B0FED Figs 21F-H, 27A-E, 28-29, 97

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefec- ture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, QiQi He, 9.9 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.565°E, 2000 m, 9-14 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9029304, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9016245, CAS), 5 ♂, 12 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029305, HNU), 1 ♂, 15 ♀, 6 juvs; Fugong Co., Lisha- di, 500 m W of Shibali, 27.16650°N, 98.77936°E, 2537 m, 18 August 2005, sifting deciduous forest litter, P. Paquin, PP-4405 (CASENT 9022510, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 juv; Gaoligongshan, Shibali forest station, 27.16636°N, 98.77667°E, 2563 m, 3-11 May 2004, good forest, pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY21 (CASENT 9020447, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; (CASENT 9020446, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv; Gaoligong- shan, 0.5 km radius of Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1-9 May 2004, dusting webs in forest, C. Griswold, CGY25 (CASENT 9029297, CAS), 1 ♂; Gaoligongshan, 0.4 km SSE Shibali forest station, 27.16337°N, 98.78208°E, 2475 m, 5 May 2004, dusting webs in understory of good forest, C. Griswold, CGY29 (CASENT 9019872, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for groove (gōu dào 沟道), referring to the wide tuberculate groove on the male cymbium. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the cymbial groove studded with tubercles (Fig. 29A). Female distinguished from most Chinese Mysmena by the lack of scape or other external structures to the epigynum (Fig. 29F); distinguished from M. haban and M. shibali by the presence of a spermatheca/copulatory duct complex (Fig. 21G; spermathecae simple and round to oval, distinct from lightly sclerotized copulatory ducts in M. haban and M. shibali; Figs 21I, 31B). 40 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Description. Carapace orange, sulci absent. Sternum dusky orange. Legs orange. Femoral spots on legs I and II. Abdomen gray with four white spots on posterior; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 27A-E). Male palp: Embolus spiral, follows tegular groove for most of length, engages with cymbium distally (Fig. 28, 29C). Cymbium with wide groove studded with tubercles (Figs 28A, 29A). Cymbial base with lobes, no apophyses (Fig. 29B). Tip of cymbium divided into several thin terminal apophyses (Fig. 28B). Vulva: Epigynum weakly sclerotized, without scape or any other obvious external structure (Fig. 29F); internal structures visible through cuticle (Fig. 21F). Copulatory ducts with multiple turns, atria clearly visible; region between atria with wrinkled texture (Fig. 21G). Sclerotized portion of spermatheca/copulatory duct complexes separated by more than their width. Male (CASENT 9016245): Total length 0.71, carapace 0.40 long, 0.39 wide, clypeus 0.16, sternum 0.26 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.50 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1, v3; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae gradually curved. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.25; TmII: 0.36; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two spigots each. Posterior lateral spinnerets with fl agelliform and aggregate gland spigots reduced to nubbins (Fig. 29E). Female (CASENT 9016245): Total length 0.98, carapace 0.46 long, 0.43 wide, clypeus 0.13, sternum 0.29 long, 0.29 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.80 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.26; TmII: 0.28; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Mysmena haban Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78E5B4C0-FDEF-47B8-884B-27F4CA873F94 Figs 21I, 97

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, Haban Falls 0.5 airkm from Qinlangdang village along Dulong Jiang, 27.67934°N, 98.27291°E, 1265 m, 1 September 2006, forest, rocky outcrops, night, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06090106 (CASENT 9024371, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Derived from the name of the type locality. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Distinguished from most other Chinese Mysmena species by the lack of a well defi ned scape (Fig. 21I); distinguished from M. goudao by having the spermathecae simple and round (Fig. 21I) rather than part of a complex with the copulatory ducts (Fig. 21G); distinguished from M. shibali by the separation of the spermathecae (about 1.5 times their diameter in M. haban, nearly three times their diameter in M. shibali; Fig. 31B), the path of the fertilization ducts (J-shaped in M. haban, sinuous in Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 41

M. shibali), and the presence of a posterior abdominal tubercle in M. shibali (absent in M. haban). Description. Carapace brown, darker margin and through head region. Sternum dusky yellow. Legs pale yellow, darker distally. Indistinct femoral spots on legs I and II. Abdomen pale tan with pair of broken white lines laterally and posteriorly (higher posteriorly than laterally), darker ventral to white stripe and with dark anterior patch; posterior tubercle absent. Vulva: External structures subtle. Round spermathecae separated by about 1.5 times their diameter. Copulatory ducts weakly sclerotized throughout terminating in pair of wide atria; region between atria with wrinkled texture. Fertilization ducts relatively well sclerotized, arise from posterior part of spermathecae, run mesally, spiral at tip (Fig. 21I). Female (holotype): Total length 0.75, carapace 0.31 long, 0.31 wide, clypeus 0.05, sternum 0.22 long, 0.22 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.20 times their width. Macrose- tae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.30; TmII: 0.33; TmIII: 0.31. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Mysmena shibali Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:42984378-6350-412D-B533-CC9A51FBCB43 Figs 27F-H, 31A-B, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligongshan, 0.5 km radius of Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1-9 May 2004, dusting webs in forest, C. Griswold, CGY25 (CASENT 9029288, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratype: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9019885, SEM, CAS), 3 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9019884, HNU), 3 ♀; Gaoligongshan, Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1 May 2004, general collecting, C. Gris- wold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY20 (CASENT 9029289, CAS), 1 ♀; Gaoligong Shan, Nu- jiang Prefecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, QiQi He, 9.9 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.565°E, 2000 m, 9-14 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Gris- wold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9029317, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Named for the type locality. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Distinguished from most other Chinese Mysmena species by the lack of a well defi ned scape (Fig. 31A); distinguished from M. goudao by having the spermathecae simple and round (Fig. 31B) rather than part of a complex with the copulatory ducts (Fig. 21G); distinguished from M. haban by the separation of the spermathecae (nearly three times their diameter in M. shibali, about 1.5 times their diameter in M. haban; Fig. 21I), the path of the fertilization ducts (sinuous in M. shibali, J-shaped in M. haban), and the presence of a posterior abdominal tubercle in M. shibali (absent in M. haban). Description. Carapace brown with lighter patches around thoracic margin. Sternum yellow with dark spots. Legs yellow, distal part of tibiae darker. Femoral spots on legs I 42 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) and II. Abdomen dark brown with numerous tan spots, with four dorsal white spots, four to six lateral white spots, and two longitudinal white lines laterally running to posterior tubercle, region between white stripes tan with dark brown chevrons (Fig. 27F-H). Vulva: Epigynum a soft triangular process pointing posteriorly (Fig. 31A). Oval spermathecae separated by nearly 3 times their diameter (Fig. 31B). Copulatory ducts weakly sclerotized throughout. Fertilization ducts relatively well sclerotized, arise from mesal part of spermathecae, follow sinuous path running mesally and posteriorly (Fig. 31B). Female (CASENT 9019885): Total length 0.94, carapace 0.35 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.04, sternum 0.26 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.67 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.36; TmII: 0.26; TmIII: 0.39. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Genus Simaoa Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8EDE8A1B-1604-40D1-89AD-B1B853E8CBF5

Type species. Simaoa yaojia Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for four (sì 四) and spear (máo 矛), referring to the presence of four macrosetae on the male fi rst tibia. Th e gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other mysmenid genera by the presence of four macrosetae on tibia I (Fig. 34F); other genera with macrosetae on tibia I have no more than two (e.g., Anjouanella, Maymena, Microdipoena, and Mysmenella). Female distinguished by having the spermathecae and spiraling copulatory ducts encapsulated together (Figs 31D, F, H-I), in combination with a scape that is only a small knob, or no scape present. Description. Male with head moderately to strongly raised, with sulci below ALE (Figs 34D, 37D). Femoral spots on legs I and II, indistinct in male. Abdomen with or without posterior tubercle. Male palp: Base of cymbium with large tooth-like apophysis (Figs 34A, 37A). Path of sperm duct in distal part of palpal bulb makes distinctive double loop (Figs 33, 36). Vulva: Spermathecae and copulatory ducts contained within a sclerotized capsule. Copulatory ducts spiral within capsule along longitudinal axis (or obliquely so); fertilization ducts pass through copulatory duct spiral before turning mesally (Figs 31D, F, H-I). Species. Simaoa yaojia sp. n., S. kavanaugh sp. n., S. maku sp. n., S. bianjing sp. n. Note on circumscription: Two of four included species known only from females. Th e external genital anatomy of the species known only from females does not closely resemble that of species known from both sexes. However, the internal epigynal structures are very similar across all four species and circumscription is based primarily on this. Th e eventual discovery of the missing males may or may not support the circumscription presented here. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 43

Simaoa yaojia Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4FF0908B-7461-4B1F-B3CD-7A5627972B36 Figs 20F, 30D, 31C-D, 32-34, 97

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Lushui Co., Yaojiaping, at Pianma Road km 44.7, 25.97479°N, 98.71027°E, 2516 m, 19-20 May 2005, disturbed forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY111 (CASENT 9029309, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022351, CAS), 2 ♂, 13 ♀, 2 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022362, CAS), 1 ♂, 6 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022363, HNU), 2 ♂, 19 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029349, PV 0841-0864, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Etymology. Th e epithet is an abbreviated form of the collection locality and takes the form of a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Distinguished from S. kavanaugh by the palpal tibia, which has a dorsal tooth-like apophysis (Fig. 34C) and is relatively long (Fig. 33B; tooth-like apophysis absent, tibia relatively short in S. kavanaugh, Fig. 36B), and by the embolus, which makes a half turn in S. yaojia (Fig. 33B), more than a full turn in S. kavanaugh (Fig. 36A). Male carapace more strongly raised in S. kavanaugh (compare Figs 32A and 35A). Female distinguished from other Simaoa species except S. kavanaugh by the presence of two transverse lobes of the epigynum, a raised anterior lobe and a low posterior lobe along epigastric furrow (Figs 30D, 37F); distinguished from S. kavanaugh by the relatively narrower anterior lobe of epigynum fi tting in the space between the spermathecae (Fig. 31C-D; overlapping spermathecae in S. kavanaugh; Fig. 31E-F) and the angle of the copulatory ducts, longitudinal in S. yaojia (Fig. 31D), oblique in S. kavanaugh (Fig. 31F). Description. Carapace brown, lighter in thoracic region, male with head region moderately raised, sulci below ALE. Sternum pale with indistinct dark markings. Legs yellow, darker on distal part of tibia. Femoral spots on legs I and II, indistinct in male. Abdomen brown with numerous tan spots, with two large and up to six small dorsal white spots, and two longitudinal white lines laterally running to posterior tubercle, region between white stripes tan with dark brown chevrons (Fig. 32). Male palp: Tibia with small dorsal tooth-like apophysis (Fig. 34C). Embolus makes half turn (Figs 33B, 34B). Vulva: Epigynum with two parallel transverse lobes, anterior one raised and longer, posterior one lower, set along epigastric furrow (Fig. 30D). Anterior transverse lobe as wide as space between spermathecae (Fig. 31D). Spermathecae round with copulatory duct spiraling posteriorly through thick sclerotized capsule. Fertilization ducts run through center of copulatory duct spiral, curve mesally near tips. Male (CASENT 9022351): Total length 0.71, carapace 0.35 long, 0.34 wide, clypeus 0.14, sternum 0.24 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.91 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, p4, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1, v3; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae kinked near center (Fig. 34E). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.27; TmII: 0.33; 44 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

TmIII: 0.42. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two spigots each. Female (CASENT 9022351): Total length 1.03, carapace 0.35 long, 0.34 wide, clypeus 0.07, sternum 0.27 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.69 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.33; TmII: 0.34; TmIII: 0.36. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Natural History. Th is species builds a three-dimensional spherical web typical of the Mysmenidae (Fig. 20F).

Simaoa kavanaugh Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB4E5F5F-C54A-45B9-B37D-A699C7A904AC Figs 20B-E, 31E-F, 35-37, 97

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km 23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 27-28 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY128 (CASENT 9029306, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022374, CAS), 4 ♂, 10 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022373, HNU), 2 ♂, 10 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029343, with prey, CAS), 1 ♀; Longyang Co., Mangkuan Township, Zaotang He at Baihualing village, 25.30450°N, 98.80059°E, 1635 m, 2 June 2005, good subtropical broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY135 (CASENT 9022399, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022400, CAS), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9029351, CAS), 1 ♀, 1 juv; Longyang Co., Bawan Town- ship, Sancha He, Luoshuidong area, 24.92597°N, 98.75806°E, 2300 m, 3 June 2005, good broadleaf forest, night collecting, C. Griswold, CGY137 (CASENT 9022384, HNU), 5 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022383, CAS), 5 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022385, HNU), 5 ♀; Longyang Co., Bawan Township, forest below Dasheyao For- estry Station in Hunan He valley, 24.92597°N, 98.75806°E, 2272 m, 3 June 2005, disturbed forest, beating understory vegetation, C. Griswold, CGY136 (CASENT 9022392, HNU), 3 ♀; Longyang Co., Bawan Dist., Nankang Yakou, 24.83178°N, 98.76472°E, 2180 m, 22-25 May 2005, understory of good forest on E-facing slope, dusting webs near forest fl oor, C. Griswold, CGY115 (CASENT 9022377, CAS), 1 ♂, 3 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022378, HNU), 3 ♀, 1 juv; [same data] (CASENT 9029345, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9029346, CAS), 1 ♀; Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 26 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY126 (CASENT 9022349, CAS), 2 ♂, 9 ♀, 8 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9022368, HNU), 2 ♂, 9 ♀, 8 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9022348, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; [same locality] 28 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, night collecting, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY129 (CASENT Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 45

9022353, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Baoshan Prefecture, pass over Gaoligongshan, Luoshui- dong, 28 air km E Teng Chong, 24.95°N, 98.75°E, 2300 m, 26-31 October 1998, native forest, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029307, CAS), 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 57 juvs; Baoshan Prefecture, pass over Gaoligongshan, Nankang, 36 air km SE Teng Chong, 24.83333°N, 98.78333°E, 2100 m, 4-7 November 1998, native forest, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029308, HNU), 3 ♀, 5 juvs. Etymology. Named in honor of David Kavanaugh for his leadership on the Gao- ligongshan inventory project. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Distinguished from S. yaojia by the palpal tibia, which lacks a dorsal tooth-like apophysis (Fig. 37C) and is relatively short (Fig. 36B; tooth-like apophysis present, tibia relatively long in S. yaojia, Fig. 33B), and by the embolus, which makes more than a full turn in S. kavanaugh (Fig. 36A), half a turn in S. yaojia (Fig. 33B). Male carapace more strongly raised in S. kavanaugh (compare Figs 32A and 35A). Fe- male distinguished from other Simaoa species except S. yaojia by the presence of two transverse lobes of the epigynum, a raised anterior lobe and a low posterior lobe along epigastric furrow (Figs 30D, 37F); distinguished from S. yaojia by the relatively wider anterior lobe of epigynum overlapping with the spermathecae (Fig. 31E-F; fi tting in the space between the spermathecae in S. yaojia; Fig. 31C-D) and the angle of the copulatory ducts, oblique in S. kavanaugh (Fig. 31F), longitudinal in S. yaojia (Fig. 31D). Description. Carapace brown, lighter in thoracic region, male with head region strongly raised, sulci below ALE. Sternum pale with indistinct dark markings. Legs yellow, darker on distal part of tibia. Femoral spots on legs I and II, indistinct in male. Abdomen brown with numerous tan spots, with two large and up to six small dorsal white spots, and two longitudinal white lines laterally running to posterior tubercle, region between white stripes tan with dark brown chevrons (Fig. 35). Male palp: Tibia without tooth-like apophysis. Base of cymbium with large tooth- like apophysis (Fig. 37A). Embolus makes more than full spiral turn (Fig. 36A). Vulva: Epigynum with two parallel transverse lobes, anterior one raised, posterior one lower, set along epigastric furrow (Fig. 37F). Anterior transverse lobe wider than space between spermathecae (Fig. 31F). Spermathecae round with copulatory duct spiraling posteriorly and mesally through thick sclerotized capsule. Fertilization ducts run through center of copulatory duct spiral, curve mesally near tips. Male (CASENT 9022374): Total length 0.81, carapace 0.22 long, 0.23 wide, clypeus 0.19, sternum 0.24 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, p4, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1, v3; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae kinked near center. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.35; TmII: 0.36; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two spigots each. Female (CASENT 9022374): Total length 1.03, carapace 0.38 long, 0.36 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.27 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.64 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.35; TmII: 0.36; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. 46 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Natural History. Th is species builds a three-dimensional spherical web typical of the Mysmenidae (Fig. 20B-E).

Simaoa maku Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1C57B421-A9D8-454C-9292-2B182B6A42D2 Figs 31G-H, 98

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, Maku ridge, 27.67509°N, 98.30160°E, 1950 m, 30 August 2006, forest, rocky outcrops, night, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06083001 (CASENT 9024429, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Th e epithet is derived from the type locality. Diagnosis. Distinguished from S. yaojia and S. kavanaugh by the presence of a small posteriorly projecting process on the epigynum and the lack of a transverse anterior lobe (Fig. 31H); distinguished from S. bianjing by the lack of a posterior tubercle on the abdomen and by the path of the fertilization ducts, which run towards each other after emerging from the copulatory duct spiral (Fig. 31H; run obliquely anteriorly in S. bianjing; Fig. 31I). Description. Carapace pale thoracic region, brown head region. Sternum brown. Legs orange, darker patellae and distally on femora, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi. Femo- ral spot on leg I. Abdomen dark gray with pair of white patches dorsally and pair of unjoined longitudinal white lines laterally; posterior tubercle absent. Vulva: Epigynum with a small process pointing posteriorly (Fig. 31G). Copulatory ducts coil around fertilization ducts in nearly longitudinal axis. Fertilization ducts run toward each other after emerging from copulatory duct region (Fig. 31H). Female (holotype): Total length 0.87, carapace 0.35 long, 0.33 wide, clypeus 0.08, sternum 0.24 long, 0.23 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.69 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.32; TmII: 0.33; TmIII: 0.36. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Simaoa bianjing Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ECF8A9B5-A4EC-41E6-9E7E-9CB26B2E4574 Figs 31I, 98

Diagnosis. Distinguished from S. yaojia and S. kavanaugh by the presence of a small posteriorly projecting process on the epigynum and the lack of a transverse anterior lobe (Fig. 31I); distinguished from S. maku by presence of a posterior tubercle on the abdomen and by the path of the fertilization ducts, which run obliquely anteriorly after emerging from the copulatory duct spiral (Fig. 31I; run towards each other in S. bianjing; Fig. 31H). Description. Carapace dark brown, lighter in thoracic region. Sternum pale yellow with two brown patches. Legs tan, patellae and distal parts of femora, tibiae, and metatarsi dark brown. Femoral spots on legs I and II. Abdomen dark gray with series of white and tan patches, with pair of unjoined white lines running from spinnerets to prominent posterior tubercle, region between white lines tan with brown chevrons. Vulva: Epigynum with a small process pointing posteriorly. Copulatory ducts coil around fertilization ducts in nearly longitudinal axis. Fertilization ducts curve obliquely anteriorly after emerging from copulatory duct region (Fig. 31I). Female (holotype): Total length 0.95, carapace 0.35 long, 0.32 wide, clypeus 0.07, sternum 0.24 long, 0.23 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.75 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.34; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Genus Gaoligonga Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:846BBC83-23A3-4807-8C81-693FC2C3D278

Type species. Gaoligonga changya Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Named for the Gaoligong mountain range. Th e gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by characteristics of the palp: cymbium almost completely envelopes the palpal bulp, cymbial base in prolateral view nearly touches opposite cymbial margin (Figs 40A, 46A); retrolateral face of cymbium with a basal keel, a median keel, and a distal lobe separated from the median keel by an invagination (Figs 40B, 46B); embolus spiral, tip variable. Male further distinguished from most other mysmenids by the presence of two strong setae near the base of each chelicera, but this is much more conspicuous in G. changya (Fig. 38A) than G. zhusun (Fig. 46D) and some other mysmenids described from the region also have strong cheliceral setae (e.g., Mys- mena rostella Lin & Li, 2008, M. arcilongus Lin & Li, 2008 , M. taiwanica Ono, 2006). Female distinguished by the absence of femoral spots or a posterior abdominal tubercle in combination with a raised, ridged, central knob of the epigynum (Figs 41A, 43E, 47D). Description. Femoral spots absent. Abdomen without posterior tubercle. Male with head moderately to strongly raised (Figs 40E, 46E), sulci absent, tibia I without prolateral macrosetae. Male palp with a cymbium that almost completely envelopes the palpal bulp, cymbial base in prolateral view nearly touches opposite cymbial margin (Figs 40A, 46A); 48 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) retrolateral cymbial face with a basal keel, a median keel, and a distal lobe separated from the median keel by an invagination (Figs 40B, 46B). Embolus spiral, tip variable. Vulva: Epigynum a weakly (Fig. 43D) or strongly (Fig. 43A) sclerotized plate, without scape, with a raised, ridged, central knob (Figs 41A, 43E, 47D). Species. Gaoligonga changya, sp. n., G. zhusun, sp. n.

Gaoligonga changya Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:591AC0CB-500B-495B-A744-A3C9F5FA1CFB Figs 26B-D, 38-42, 43A-C, 98

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gaoligongshan, Shibali forest station, 27.16636°N, 98.77667°E, 2563 m, 3-11 May 2004, good forest, pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY21 (CASENT 9020452, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020449, CAS), 3 ♂, 6 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020454, HNU), 2 ♂, 9 ♀, 12 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020448, HNU), 3 ♂, 6 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020450, HNU), 3 ♂, 6 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020451, CAS), 3 ♂, 6 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020453, CAS), 1 ♂, 8 ♀; Gaoligongshan, Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1 May 2004, general collecting, C. Gris- wold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY20 (CASENT 9011592, HNU), 1 ♀; Gaoligongshan, 0.5 km radius of Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1-9 May 2004, dusting webs in forest, C. Griswold, CGY25 (CASENT 9020651, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019879, CAS), 2 ♂, 8 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020653, CAS), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020655, HNU), 2 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9019878, HNU), 2 ♂, 8 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019880, CAS), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019881, HNU), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019883, HNU), 4 ♀, 15 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020652, HNU), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019882, CAS), 4 ♀, 12 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020654, CAS), 2 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9024141, HNU), 1 ♂, 7 ♀, 2 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9024142, HNU), 4 ♀, 1 juv; Gaoligongshan, 0.4 km SSE Shibali forest station, 27.16337°N, 98.78208°E, 2475 m, 5 May 2004, dusting webs in understory of good forest, C. Griswold, CGY29 (CASENT 9019870, HNU), 8 ♀, 8 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9019871, CAS), 8 ♀, 8 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9019868, HNU), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019865, HNU), 2 ♂, 8 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019866, CAS), 2 ♂, 8 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019869, CAS), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019867, HNU), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9024140, HNU), 1 ♂, 8 ♀, 2 juvs; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 500 m W of Shibali, 27.16650°N, 98.77936°E, 2537 m, 4 August 2005, deciduous forest litter, P. Paquin, PP-2005 (CASENT 9022573, HNU), 1 ♀; [same locality] 18 August 2005, sifting deciduous forest litter, P. Paquin, PP-4405 (CASENT 9022509, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 3 km W of Shibali (fi rst waterfall), 27.17312°N, 98.76764°E, 3019 m, 9 August 2005, scree slope and moist ravine with rocky cliff s, P. Paquin, D. Kavanaugh, PP-2905 (CASENT 9022593, Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 49

HNU), 1 ♀; Shibali forest station, 27.16636°N, 98.77667°E, 2563 m, 4 May 2004, good forest, sifting leaf litter, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY28 (CASENT 9020059, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020062, HNU), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020061, HNU), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020060, HNU), 2 ♀; Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, QiQi He, 9.9 airkm W of Gong- shan, 27.715°N, 98.565°E, 2000 m, 9-14 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9016244, CAS), 1 ♂, 20 ♀, 4 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9016241, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9016242, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9016240, CAS), 1 ♀; Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, No. 12 Bridge Camp area, 16.3 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.502°E, 2775 m, 15-19 July 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9016250, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9016248, CAS), 1 ♀; Gongshan Co., Bingzhongluo Township, Guocai He at Fucai, 28.00858°N, 98.51894°E , 2800 m, 16 August 2006, forest, rocky outcrops, night, J.A. Miller, JM06081602 (CASENT 9024314, CAS), 1 ♀; Gongshan Co., Bingzhongluo Township, Guocai He at Fucai, 28.00858°N, 98.51894°E, 2800 m, 23 August 2006, forest, rocky outcrops, night, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06082301 (CASENT 9024439, HNU), 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9024311, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for tusk (cháng yá 长牙), referring to the prominent macrosetae on the front of the male chelicerae. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the presence of two strong macrosetae near the base of each chelicerae (Figs 38A, 40E-F); further distinguished by the shape of the embolic tip (tapered in G. changya, Fig. 40C; expanded in G. zhusun, Fig. 46B) and by the presence of a cymbial tooth (Fig. 40B; absent in G. zhusun). Female distinguished by the well sclerotized ventral plate of the epigynum with ridges radiating out from a raised knob (Figs 41A, 43A), reniform spermathecae, and sinuous ducts (Fig. 43B; epigynum and raised knob less strongly sclerotized in G. zhusun, spermathecae not strongly diff erentiated from nearly longitudinal ducts; Figs 43D-E, 47D). Description. Carapace brown with darker patches in thoracic and head regions, male covered with elongate, fl at tubercles, head region raised, sulci absent (Fig. 40E). Male chelicerae each with a pair of very strong macrosetae rooted near the base (Fig. 38A, 40E-F). Labrum weakly sclerotized; labral tongue present, base not produced into a labral spur (Fig. 41E-F). Sternum yellow with broad dusky margin. Legs yellow with dark rings distally on tibiae and metatarsi. Femoral spots absent. Abdomen brown with tan and white spots; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 38). Male palp: Embolus spiral, follows margin of cymbium to tip, embolus tip wrapped by distal part of cymbium (Fig. 40C). Cymbium with a tooth-like process on retrolateral part (Fig. 40B). Vulva: Epigynum with semicircular ridges radiating out from raised knob (Fig. 41A). Ventral plate heavily sclerotized, red (Fig. 43A). Spermathecae and ducts all heavily sclerotized (Fig. 43B). Spermathecae reniform. Copulatory ducts thick, follow simple curved path. Fertilization ducts run posteriorly and mesally, then turn anteriorly near tips. 50 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Male (CASENT 9022509): Total length 0.83, carapace 0.38 long, 0.42 wide, clypeus 0.24, sternum 0.28 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.64 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae kinked beyond center, region beyond macroseta excavated prolaterally (Fig. 40D). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.25; TmII: 0.26; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of three spigots each (Fig. 41C). Posterior lateral spinnerets with fl agelliform and aggregate gland spigots reduced to nubbins (Fig. 42F). Female (CASENT 9016244): Total length 1.13, carapace 0.45 long, 0.45 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.30 long, 0.30 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.75 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.27; TmII: 0.28; TmIII: 0.34. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 42A-D). Natural History. Th is species builds a three-dimensional spherical web typical of the Mysmenidae (Fig. 26B-D; see also page 12).

Gaoligonga zhusun Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EE37EDDC-1418-49FB-8D98-BF0589A0FB5B Figs 43D-E, 44-47, 98

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Fugong Co., Shilajia village on N fork, Yamu He, Gaoligongshan, 27.13440°N, 98.82625°E, 1792 m, 24 April 2004, moist steep stream banks, C. Griswold, CGY09 (CASENT 9020722, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020723, CAS), 1 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020718, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020724, CAS), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020726, HNU), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020727, HNU), 2 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020725, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020728, CAS), 1 ♀, 2 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029352, CAS), 5 ♀; Fugong Co., S Fork, Yamu He, 1.51 km 150° SW of confl uence [with N Fork], Gaoli- gongshan, 27.11905°N, 98.83108°E, 1723 m, 26 April 2004, moist shaded embankments, C. Griswold, CGY13 (CASENT 9020755, CAS), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020754, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020758, HNU), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020757, CAS), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020760, HNU), 2 ♀, 4 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020756, HNU), 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020759, CAS), 2 ♀, 3 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9029354, CAS), 9 ♀, 1 juv; Gaoligongshan, 10 rd km W NuJiang on Shibali Rd., N fork, Yamu He, 27.13795°N, 98.82240°E, 1850 m, 25 April 2004, moist earthen embankments, C. Griswold, CGY11 (CASENT 9020739, HNU), 1 ♀, 4 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020738, HNU), 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9029290, CAS), 2 ♀. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 51

Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for bamboo shoot (zhú sˇun 竹笋), referring to the macrosetae on the front of the male chelicerae in Gaoligonga zhusun that are much smaller than those in G. changya, the other species in this genus. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the much weaker pair of macrosetae near the base of each chelicerae (Fig. 46D) compared to G. changya (Figs 38A, 40E-F); further distinguished by the shape of the embolic tip (expanded in G. zhusun, Fig. 46B; tapered in G. changya, Fig. 40C) and by the lack of a cymbial tooth (present in G. changya, Fig. 40B). Female distinguished by the nearly longigudinal spermatheca/copulatory duct complex (Fig. 43E; G. changya has spermathecae distinct from sinuous copulatory ducts, Fig. 43B); further distinguished by the well sclerotized ventral plate of the epigynum in G. changya (Fig. 43A), less strongly sclerotized in G. zhusun (Fig. 43D). Description. Carapace yellow to brown, male head region moderately raised, sulci absent (Fig. 46E). Male chelicerae with four moderately strong setae rooted near the base (Fig. 46D). Sternum dark brown with light median stripe. Legs yellow with dark rings distally on tibiae and metatarsi. Femoral spots absent. Abdomen brown with numerous tan spots, with two large and up to six small dorsal white spots, and pair of unjoined longitudinal white lines laterally; posterior tubercle absent (Fig. 44). Male palp: Embolus spiral, tip widened and membranous, not wrapped by distal part of cymbium (Figs 45B, 46B). Tooth-like process on retrolateral part absent from cymbium. Vulva: Epigynum with weakly sclerotized, raised, ridged central knob (Figs 43D, 47D). Spermathecae and copulatory ducts not clearly diff erentiated, form nearly longitudinal complex (Fig. 43E). Fertilization ducts emerge from posterior part, spiral mesally. Male (CASENT 9020723): Total length 0.67, carapace 0.31 long, 0.31 wide, clypeus 0.15, sternum 0.22 long, 0.22 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.40 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae nearly straight, only slightly kinked near center, metatarsus not excavated prolaterally (Fig. 46F). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.22; TmII: 0.29; TmIII: 0.31. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two to three spigots each (Fig. 47E). Female (CASENT 9020723): Total length 0.93, carapace 0.38 long, 0.38 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.26 long, 0.25 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.26; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.34. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 47A-C).

Genus Mosu Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4EC80790-32D9-47C6-A5CC-8AB4613A2D28

Type species. Mosu nujiang Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Named for the Mosu people, a traditionally matriarchal ethnic minor- ity in Yunnan Province. Th e gender is masculine. 52 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Diagnosis. Female distinguished by the internal structure of the vulva, especially the round, sclerotized spermathecae with sclerotized fertilization ducts and the copulatory duct membranous and convoluted for most of its length, sclerotized at end of path near spermathecae (Fig. 43G, I); male unknown. Description. Femoral spots present on legs I and II. Abdomen with or without posterior tubercle. Vulva: Epigynum with bulbous, sclerotized spermathecae, short section of copulatory ducts near spermathecae sclerotized, rest of copulatory ducts membranous, convoluted; path occupies area both anterior and posterior of spermathecae. Fertilization ducts sclerotized, short, arise from mesal part of spermathecae and run more or less mesally (Fig. 43G, I). Ventral plate with a rounded lobe projecting posteriorly, with a small sclerotized process at apex (Fig. 43F, H). Species. Mosu nujiang sp. n., M. huogou sp. n. Mysmena zhengi Lin and Li, 2008 (which is known from the male) may also belong to this genus.

Mosu nujiang Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:354C0C81-05C6-4394-A50B-2751253C09B6 Figs 43F-G, 100

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Fugong Co., Pee He, 40 km S Shangpa, SW of R. , 26.54323°N, 98.89837°E, 1153 m, 23 August 2005, sifting bamboo litter at cliff base, P. Paquin, PP-4905 (CASENT 9020484, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratype: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020485, CAS), 1 ♀;[same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020483, HNU), 1 ♀, 2 juvs; Fugong Co., Lishadi, 5 km N Shangpa (Fungong), SW of river, 26.96025°N, 98.86606°E, 1247 m, 26 August 2005, sifting deciduous litter at base of rock cliff s, P. Paquin, PP-5305 (CASENT 9022532, CAS), 1 ♀, 1 juv; Fugong Co., 4.5 km N Aludi Village, 22.1 km N Fugong, at stream entering NuJiang, 26.10829°N, 98.87162°E, 1263 m, 22 April 2004, C. Griswold, CGY05 (CASENT 9020715, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Named for the Nujiang or Nu River, also known as the Saalween. Th is species was never found far from this major river. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Distinguished from M. huogou by the shape of the spermathecae, bulbous in M. nujiang (Fig. 43G), transversely ovoid in M. huogou (Fig. 43I), by the contact between the membranous copulatory ducts in the posteromedial region (Fig. 43G; separated in M. huogou, Fig. 43I), and by the presence of a posterior abdominal tubercle in M. nujiang, absent in M. huogou. Description. Carapace tan with dusky markings. Sternum tan with three dark arks, two anterolaterally, one posteriorly. Legs tan, darker distally on tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi. Abdomen medium gray with tan and white spots, with chevron pattern between posterior tubercle and spinnerets. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 53

Vulva: Spermathecae bulbous, copulatory duct adjacent to spermathecae as sclerotized as spermathecae. Fertilization ducts run anteromesally. Membranous copulatory ducts in posteriomedian region touching (Fig. 43G). Female (CASENT 9022532): Total length 0.95, carapace 0.37 long, 0.36 wide, clypeus 0.08, sternum 0.24 long, 0.25 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.17 times their width. Macrosetae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.31; TmII: 0.29; TmIII: 0.36. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Mosu huogou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:045120B5-85D4-4A79-8B2F-26FE9B340702 Figs 43H-I, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, Haban Falls 0.5 airkm from Qinlangdang village along Dulong Jiang, 27.67934°N, 98.27291°E, 1265 m, 1 September 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06090105 (CASENT 9024389, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for fi re (huˇo 火) and dog (gˇou 狗), referring to the element and animal of the Chinese zodiac when this species was collected. Diagnosis. Distinguished from M. nujiang by the shape of the spermathecae, transversely ovoid in M. huogou (Fig. 43I), bulbous in M. nujiang (Fig. 43G), by the separation of the membranous copulatory ducts in the posteromedial region (Fig. 43I; justaposed in M. nujiang, Fig. 43G), and by the presence of a posterior abdominal tubercle in M. nujiang, absent in M. huogou. Description. Carapace brown. Sternum dark gray with lighter patches down mid- line and anterolaterally. Legs light brown, darker distally on tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi. Abdomen dark gray with tan and white spots; posterior tubercle absent. Vulva: Spermathecae transversely ovoid, copulatory duct adjacent to spermathecae less strongly sclerotized than spermathecae. Fertilization ducts run posteromesally then turn anteriorly. Membranous copulatory ducts in posteriomedian region separated (Fig. 43I). Female (holotype): Total length 0.92, carapace 0.44 long, 0.39 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.26 long, 0.27 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.08 times their width. Macrose- tae: Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.31; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.33. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown. 54 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Genus Chanea Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E6C9BD88-D0C8-4915-9C4C-EC945E2F0F99

Type species. Chanea suukyii Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Derived from the Chinese word for coil (chán 缠). Th e gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other mysmenids by the long coiled embolus (Figs 49A, 51B), the entire distal part of the cymbium (Fig. 49A), the widely spaced anterior median eyes, and pair of macrosetae on the clypeus (Fig. 52B). Female distinguished by the long copulatory ducts coiled around the fertilization ducts (Fig. 49C). Species. Chanea suukyii, sp. n.

Chanea suukyii Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:79CD9642-4350-4220-8EF8-943D8A561187 Figs 48-49, 50A-C, 51-52, 100

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Town- ship, Maku forest, 27.68847°N, 98.30065°E, 1870 m, 3 September 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, JM06090301 (CASENT 9024342, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029316, HNU), 5 ♀; Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, along trail from Maku Yakou to Qinlangdang village, 27.68336°N, 98.28869°E, 1550 m, 2 September 2006, forest, rocky outcrops, night, J.A. Miller, J. Wang, JM06090201 (CASENT 9024403, CAS), 2 ♀, 1 juv; Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, Haban Falls 0.5 airkm from Qinlangdang village along Du- long Jiang, 27.67934°N, 98.27291°E, 1265 m, 1 September 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06090105 (CASENT 9024354, CAS), 1 ♀; Gongshan Co. Dulongjiang Township, Maku ridge, 27.67446°N, 98.30083°E, 2000 m, 29 August 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06082902 (CASENT 9024317, CAS), 2 ♀, 1 juv; [same locality] 29 August 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06082904 (CASENT 9024332, CAS), 2 ♂, 8 ♀, 2 juvs; [same locality] 29 August 2006, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, sifting leaf litter, J.A. Miller, D.H. Kavanaugh, JM06082904 (CASENT 9029315, HNU), 9 ♀, 1 juv; Etymology. Patronymic in honor of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi. Diagnosis. Monotypic genus; see diagnosis for genus. Description. Carapace tan, male clypeus with pair of macrosetae (Fig. 52B; absent in female, Fig. 52A); AME separated by more than one diameter in male, less than one diameter in female. Sternum brown. Legs tan. Femoral spot on leg I. Abdomen tan (Fig. 48). Male palp: Cymbium simple, envelopes only ventral face of palpal bulb; tip of cymbium a single piece, without grooves or lobes (Fig. 49A-B). Embolus coil makes ca.10 turns (Fig. 51B). Expanded palp reveals long basal haematodocha permitting bulb to extend far from cymbium (Fig. 50C). Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 55

Vulva: Epigynum unsclerotized with only a short fl eshy projection (Fig. 50A, 52C). Spermathecae small and round, set far anterior from epigastric furrow (Fig. 50B). Copulatory ducts make many turns around fertilization ducts (fi g. 49C). Male (CASENT 9024332): Total length 0.63, carapace 0.33 long, 0.29 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.20 long, 0.21 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal macrosetae gently curved distally (Fig. 51C). Meta- tarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.34; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.36. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in two widely spaced clusters of two spigots each (Fig. 51D). Female (CASENT 9024332): Total length 0.90, carapace 0.37 long, 0.36 wide, clypeus 0.07, sternum 0.24 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.34; TmII: 0.31; TmIII: 0.38. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 52D-F).

Genus Maymena Gertsch, 1960

Maymena Gertsch, 1960: 30. Type species Nesticus mayanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 (=Maymena mayana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938)).

Natural History. Chinese Maymena build horizontal orb webs with some extraplanar lines, similar to those known from the Appalachian region of North America (P. Paquin, pers comm.; see Coddington 1986b, fi g. 22; Griswold et al. 1998, fi g. 3B; Lopardo and Cod- dington 2005, fi g. 40.16). Th is is the fi rst record of Maymena from beyond the Americas. Paracymbium homology. Th eridiosomatids are the only symphytognathoids with a distinct paracymbium (Griswold et al. 1998, but see Schütt 2003, Wunderlich 2004). Th e basal apophysis in some mysmenids (Figs 17B, 24C) and the hook-like cymbial apophysis in Maymena (Fig. 55) resemble a paracymbium, but are on the prolateral side, not the retrolateral side. However, the mysmenid palp is rotated so that the bulb sits on top of the cymbium rather than hanging down from it (i.e., the apophysis arises from the morphologically retrolateral face of the cymbium). Th us, the mysmenid cymbial apophyses could arise from the same part of the cymbium as the paracymbium after all. Possible paracymbium homologues in the Mysmenidae should be investigated as the phylogenetic structure of the family becomes better understood.

Maymena paquini Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD950E49-6462-434C-8BDD-587EAE361BB3 Figs 50D-F, 53-57, 99

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Lushui Co., Daxingdi, Wayala Ku (cave), km 128 rd S-228, 26.13198°N, 98.86149°E, 910 m, 3 August 2005, cave, hu- 56 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) man impacted and fl ooded, P. Paquin, D. Kavanaugh, PP-1705 (CASENT 9022598, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022595, CAS), 1 ♂, 3 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022599, HNU), 9 ♀, 6 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022596, CAS), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 4 juvs; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022594, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022597, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Patronymic in honor of Pierre Paquin in recognition of his contributions to biospeleology. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other Maymena for which males are known (i.e., American species) by the elongate palpal tibia (Fig. 54A; compare to Gertsch, 1960: fi g. 51). Female distinguished from American species by the shape of the epigynal scape, which is relatively long and narrow (Figs 50D-F, 56A-C); distinguished from M. kehen by the wider scape, wider separation of the spermathecae, and by the lateral margin of the scape, which is uniquely notched in M. kehen (Fig. 50G-H). While distinctions between the two known Chinese Maymena species are subtle, they do seem to be consistent. Description. Carapace pale orange. Labrum not swollen, weakly sclerotized, short labral tongue with fl at ventral margin (Fig. 56E-F). Sternum orange. Legs orange. Femoral spots on legs I and II in female, leg I only in male. Tarsal organs set distal to proximal margin of tarsus (ratio of distance from proximal margin of tarsus to tarsal organ over total tarsus length ca. 0.15, Fig. 55F). Abdomen light gray with pair of dorsolateral dark gray patches (Fig. 53). Male palp: Palpal patella and tibia elongate (Fig. 54A); palpal tibia with two trichobothria (Fig. 55D). Cymbium covers ventral part of palpal bulb, dorsal part ex- posed (Fig. 55A-B). Hook-like apophysis on prolateral face of cymbium (Fig. 55C). Embolus long and fi liform with proximal origin (Fig. 54B). Vulva: Epigynum a scape extending nearly to tracheal spiracle (Fig. 53B, D). Sper- mathecae round, ducts arise from anteroectal part, run posteriorly; fertilization ducts diverge from copulatory ducts, run anteromesally; copulatory ducts loop near base of scape (Fig. 50F), terminate in paired atria near middle of scape (Fig. 56A-C). Male (CASENT 9022595): Total length 2.20, carapace 1.06 long, 0.95 wide, clypeus 0.25, sternum 0.56 long, 0.60 wide, coxa IV separated by 0.44 times their width. Leg I: femur d1, p2, r2, patella d2, tibia d1, p3, r1, metatarsus p1; Leg II: femur d1, p1, r2, patella d2, tibia d1, p2-3, r1, metatarsus with all prolateral setae strong; Leg III: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p1, r1, metatarsus p1; Leg IV: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p2, r1. Metatarsal macrosetae kinked proximal to center. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.24; TmII: 0.24; TmIII: 0.33. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots in four clusters of two-three spigots each (Fig. 56D). Posterior lateral spinnerets with fl agelliform and aggregate gland spigots reduced to nubbins (Fig. 57F). Female (CASENT 9022595): Total length 2.50 carapace 1.18 long, 0.99 wide, clypeus 0.23, sternum 0.66 long, 0.64 wide, coxa IV separated by 0.59 times their width. Leg I: femur d1, p1-3, r2, patella d2, tibia d1, p3, r1, metatarsus with all Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 57 prolateral setae strong; Leg II: femur d1, p1, r1-2, patella d2, tibia d1, p2-3, r1, metatarsus with all prolateral setae strong; Leg III: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p2, r1, metatarsus p1; Leg IV: femur d1, r0-1, patella d2, tibia d1, p2, r1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.25; TmII: 0.27; TmIII: 0.34. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 57A-D).

Maymena kehen Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5DA3B80-A85A-46A3-8091-1BDB156EF6B8 Figs 50G-H, 99

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Fugong Co., Lishadi, 3.9 km E of Yamu River Fork, 27.12818°N, 98.86014°E, 1500 m, 10 August 2005, cave, P. Paquin, PP-3105 (CASENT 9022587, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022586, HNU), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022585, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022588, CAS), 1 ♀, 10 juvs. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for notch (kè hén 刻痕), referring to the notch on either side of the epigynal scape that distinguishes this species from its close relative, M. paquini. Diagnosis. See. M. paquini. Description. Carapace pale orange. Sternum orange. Legs orange. Femoral spots on legs I and II. Abdomen light gray with pair of dorsolateral dark gray patches. Vulva: Epigynum a scape extending nearly to tracheal spiracle, lateral margin with notch (Fig. 50H). Spermathecae round, ducts arise from anteromesal part, run posteriorly; fertilization ducts diverge from copulatory ducts, run anteromesally; copulatory ducts loop, then terminate in paired atria near base of scape (Fig. 50G-H). Female (CASENT 9022586): Total length 2.45 carapace 1.11 long, 1.10 wide, clypeus 0.24, sternum 0.63 long, 0.64 wide, coxa IV separated by 0.71 times their width. Leg I: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p2, r1, metatarsus with all prolateral setae strong; Leg II: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p2, r1, metatarsus with all prolateral setae strong; Leg III: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p1, r1, metatarsus p1; Leg IV: femur d1, p1, r1, patella d2, tibia d1, p1, r1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.25; TmII: 0.24; TmIII: 0.35. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Family Anapidae Simon, 1895

Th e terminology used for the labrum is confused and confusing. In particular the terms “labral sclerite” and labral spur” have been used in synonymous and diff ering ways. An anteriorly projecting spur in the mouth region was recognized as early as Wunderlich (1976: fi gs 37, 38, “Sporn des Labium”), who erroneously referred to a 58 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) spur on the labium (rather than the labrum). Platnick and Shadab (1978a) suggested that an “anterior labral spur” was a synapomorphy for a redefi ned Anapidae, illustrated in their fi gure 1 of Anapis keyserlingi Gertsch, 1941. Th is labral spur was also depicted for Anapisona hamigera (Simon, 1897) by Platnick and Shadab (1979: fi g. 10). Subsequently arguments about the monophyly of, and placement in, Anapidae have hinged on the labral spur. We contend that this has never been precisely defi ned, and that this lack of a precise defi nition has fueled confusion. We suggest that there are at least three separate structures of the labrum that have been referred to as a spur. One of these is clearly the spur of Platnick and Shadab, but this is restricted to a mere handful of genera and does not characterize the majority of species currently placed in the Anapidae. Snodgrass (1952: fi gs 31A, B) depicts in detail the pharynx, epistome, and labrum of a theraphosid spider. In these illustrations one can see structures that are widespread in Araneae, including the symphytognathoids. Th e labrum is a region of sclerotized cuticle just anterior to the epistome, the latter being the point of attachment for a pair of median dilator muscles of the pharynx. Th e morphology of the labrum was clearly described in detail by Kropf (1990). Th e labrum connects the palpal coxae in front of the mouth opening and bears a sclerite on its anterior wall, which Kropf (1990) calls the “labral sclerite” (Kropf 1990: fi gs 1, 6). Th ere is a fl attened, anteriad pointing labral tongue (“labral fl ap” of Lopardo and Hormiga 2008) that arises from the anterior face of the labrum with the apex projecting obliquely downward and towards the chelicerae. Th e apex is free and may be truncate, rounded, or deeply cleft. Beneath and beyond the apex there are short, smooth setae, which contrast to the plumose setae elsewhere on the labrum. Kropf (1990) refers to these as “minute, cuticular, bristle-like pins” arising from a cavity covered by the sclerite. Th ese features occur widely in Ara- neomorphae (Fig. 93A-F). Posteriad of the base of the labral tongue the cuticle may be smooth and convex, or weakly to profoundly divided by a transverse groove. We think that these features are homologous across Araneomorphae (at least), and that they provide landmarks that enable precise defi nition of labral homologies. Both Anapis Simon, 1895 (Fig. 58C, D) and Anapisona Gertsch, 1941 (Fig. 58A, B) have a large, anterodorsad pointing swelling at the base of the tongue. Th is is clearly the “spur” of Platnick and Shadab (1978a: fi g. 1, 1979: fi g. 10). But this feature is peculiar to only a few spiders, particularly Anapis and Anapisona. Most taxa assigned to Anapidae have no such structure, though the region at the base of the tongue may be more or less swollen (Figs 58E, F, 62C, D). Some Anapis species have an additional swelling, arising far posteriad of the base of the labral tongue. Th is was illustrated in Griswold et al. 1998 (fi g. 20A, C) and mistakenly taken to typify the character labral spur. To our knowledge all taxa currently assigned to Anapidae (and to other symphytognathoid families as well) have the labral tongue (Figs 41E, F, 62C, D, 70E, F), whereas the majority of taxa assigned to Anapidae lack the true labral spur sensu Plat- nick and Shadab. Confusion of the labral tongue with the labral spur has led to point- less arguments about the scope and monophyly of Anapidae. For example, Schütt (2000) discusses the mouthpart of anapids and micropholcommatids, illustrates the Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 59 labra of the members of the former (Schütt, 2000: fi g. 5A–C) and the latter families (Schütt, 2000: fi g. 5E, F), notes close resemblance, and concludes that all have a labral spur. Whereas all have a labral tongue, none have the projecting spur from the base of the tongue that typifi es the labral spur sensu Platnick and Shadab. Likewise, Lopardo and Hormiga (2008), in their discussion of the placement of Acrobleps, note that this is unusual among the Anapidae in the absence of a labral spur. In fact, most anapids lack the spur. Most anapids, including the new genus Gaiziapis (Fig. 62 C, D) and Gertschanapis Platnick & Forster, 1990 (Fig. 58E-F, coded as present for the labral spur in Griswold et al. 1998), micropholcommatids, and Acrobleps (Lopardo and Hormiga 2008: fi g. 12C-F), have the base of the tongue slightly swollen and raised higher than the level of the tongue apex. Th is subtle morphology may represent a synapomorphy at some level in the symphytognathoids, but deserves further survey. Labral morphology may provide some corroboration for the monophyly of Sym- phytognathidae. Th e labra of the symphytognathid genera Patu Marples 1951 (Fig. 70E, F) and Crassignatha (Fig. 78B, C; see also Griswold et al. 1998: fi g. 21A, B) have a spade shaped tongue typically bare dorsally except for a single, large plumose seta. Th is morphology diff ers from other araneoids and may prove to be a further synapomorphy for the Symphytognathidae. Th ere may be other post cheliceral characters that could be useful for future phylogenetic investigations, including the form of the labral tongue (entire, Figs 41E, 56E, 58E, 62C, 78B, Schütt 2000: fi g. 5; or forked distally, Figs 58A, C, 93D, Miller et al. in review: fi g. 2B), the margin between the endites and the labrum (rebordered, Fig. 58A, C; or simple, Figs 58E, 62C), separation (Figs 41E, 56E) or fusion (Figs 58A, C, E, 62C) of the endites behind the labrum, the distribution of tubercles on the endites, and the presence of lateral protuberances in archaeids and their relatives (Fig. 93B; Forster and Platnick 1984: fi g. 90). Ambiguities about the morphological characters that defi ne the limits of Anapi- dae may help to explain the failure of structurally aligned ribosomal sequence data to recover either Anapidae or Anapidae plus Micropholcommatidae (cf. Schütt 2003) as monophyletic across several analytical permutations (Rix et al. 2008). Rix et al. (2008) included a substantial sample of anapid taxa. Two genera, Risdonius Hickman, 1939 and Zealanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989, are similar to the new genus Gaiziapis and consistently formed a well supported clade. Diagnosis. Anapidae distinguished from other spider families in the Gaoligong- shan except Symphytognathidae by the following combination of characters: the lack of a female pedipalp (Fig. 59C) and male epiandrous gland spigots (Fig. 62F), and by the insertion of the pedicel through an opening in the posterior declavity of the carapace (Figs 59C, 63E, F); distinguished from Symphytognathidae by having the chelicerae free to the base. Further distinguished from most other spiders in the G aoligongshan by having the all tarsi more than 1.5 times the length of the metatarsi (Fig. 59A, C). Th e base of the labrium in Anapidae from the Gaoligongshan is slightly swollen, as high as or higher than the apex of the labral tongue (Fig. 62D) but the labral spur is absent (see above). Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. is the only anapid known from the Gaoligongshan. 60 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Genus Gaiziapis Miller, Griswold & Yin, gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:188FC7F2-5809-44D8-A76B-91FE31D72BE5

Type species. Gaiziapis zhizhuba Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for cover or shell (gài zi 盖子) and a suffi x (apis) common for anapid genera. Th e gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other anapids except Zealanapis Platnick & For- ster, 1989, Risdonius Hickman, 1939, and Tasmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989, by the deep anteromedian invagination of the dorsal scutum (Fig. 59B; Platnick & Forster, 1989: fi g. 101); distinguished from Risdonius, and Tasmanapis by having a round, rather than triangular, abdomen and by the absence of a prolateral apophysis on the bulb (Platnick and Forster 1989: fi g. 229); resembles Zealanapis in carapace texture and the form of the apophysis on the palpal patella, but diff ers in having a much more complicated palp with more membranes and sclerites (compare Fig. 61A with Platnick and Forster 1989: fi g. 129). Female distinguished from other Anapidae except Enielkenie Ono, 2006 by the following combination of characters: eight eyes, palp absent, book lung covers present, and abdomen round; distinguished from Enielkenie by the spacing of the eyes across the carapace (tightly grouped in Enielkenie so that the eyes take up about half the width of the carapace, Ono et al. 2006: fi g. 20; spread out so the eyes take up nearly the entire width of the carapace in Gaiziapis: Fig. 59D), and by the reduced anterior median eyes in Enielkenie, subequal with other eyes in Gaiziapis. Species. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n.

Gaiziapis zhizhuba Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A5F26A49-0CFA-4787-9533-5E048DD68BCA Figs 50I, 59-64, 99

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longyang Co., Bawan Dist, Nan- kang Yakou, 24.83178°N, 98.76472°E, 2180 m, 22-25 May 2005, understory of good forest on E-facing slope, dusting webs near forest fl oor, C. Griswold, CGY115 (CASENT 9022379, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022380, CAS), 2 ♂, 5 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029301, HNU), 1 ♂, 6 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022381, HNU), 2 ♂, 6 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022389, CAS), 2 ♂; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029299, CAS), 2 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029300, CAS), 1 ♂; Longyang Co., Bawan Township, forest below Dasheyao Forestry Station in Hunan He valley, 24.92597°N, 98.75806°E, 2272 m, 3 June 2005, disturbed forest, beating understory vegetation, C. Griswold, CGY136 (CASENT 9022391, HNU), 1 ♂; Baoshan Prefecture, pass over Gaoligongshan, Nankang, 36 air km SE Teng Chong, 24.83333°N, 98.78333°E, 2100 m, 4-7 November 1998, native forest, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029302, CAS), 1 ♂; Lushui Co., Yaojiaping, at Pianma Road km 44.7, Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 61

25.97479°N, 98.71027°E, 2516 m, 19-20 May 2005, disturbed forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY111 (CASENT 9029298, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv; [same data] (CASENT 9022366, CAS), 1 ♂, 3 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022365, HNU), 1 ♂, 3 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022364, HNU), 1 ♂, 3 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for spider (zhī zhū 蜘蛛) and eight (bā 八), referring to the double-hubbed web (Fig. 64). Diagnosis. Monotypic genus; see diagnosis for genus. Description. Carapace reddish brown, thoracic region and clypeus with rugose texture. Sternum dusky red with rugose texture. Legs reddish brown, tarsal organ near proximal margin. Abdomen tan with many small red setal bases and a smaller number of larger red sigillae (without setae); with sclerotized ring around spinnerets; male with red dorsal scutum deeply invaginated anteriorly (Fig. 59). Book lung covers present (Figs 50I, 63E-F). Labrum swollen, without distinct apophysis (Fig. 62D-E). Male palp: Palpal patella with anteriorly-directed apophysis on retrolateral side (Fig. 61E). Cymbium covers much of retrolateral face of bulb (Figs 60B, 61B). Ven- tral-prolateral region of bulb a complex group of apophyses, membranes, and invagi- nations (Figs 60A, 61A, C-D). Vulva: Genital region covered by red sclerotized epigynum-like plate (Fig. 59E). Spermathecae round, copulatory duct leads from spermathecae to bursa (Fig. 50I). Fertilization ducts inconspicuous. Male (CASENT 9022380): Total length 1.06, carapace 0.49 long, 0.44 wide, clypeus 0.25, sternum 0.29 long, 0.29 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.19 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.47; TmII: 0.44; TmIII: 0.40. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrum sclerotized resembling female epigynum, epiandrous gland spigots absent (Fig. 62F). Posterior lateral spinnerets with complete sticky silk triplet (one fl agelliform and two aggregate gland spigots; Fig. 63D). Female (CASENT 9022380): Total length 1.18, carapace 0.48 long, 0.46 wide, clypeus 0.22, sternum 0.31 long, 0.31 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.11 times their width. Palp absent. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.45; TmII: 0.42; TmIII: 0.43. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 63A-C). Natural History. Th is species builds a double-hubbed orb web (Fig. 64). Th e phe- nomenon of a single spider with a double hubbed web has been observed previously in Tasmanapis (Ramírez, pers. comm.), which shares with Gaiziapis the deeply invaginated male scutum. Possibly, the double hub architecture is typical for a clade of anapid spiders.

Family Symphytognathidae Hickman, 1931

Symphytopgnathids are typically characterized by cheliceral fusion, a sternum broadly truncated posteriorly, reduction of the female palp and eye number, and the absence of book lungs (Forster and Platnick 1977, Wunderlich 2004). However, some sym- 62 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) phytognathid genera have the chelicerae fused only at the base (e.g., Patu, Curmagua Forster and Platnick 1977) and the distinction between basally fused chelicerae and unfused chelicerae can be subtle. Th e remaining characters are present in other symphytognathoid families so enumerating synapomorphies for the family is problematic. At least the symphytognathid species described here also share with anapids an insertion of the pedicel on the posterior slope of carapace (as typically associated with Anapidae; e.g. Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006) rather than the pleural region between carapace and sternum. Epiandrous gland spigots, present in theridiosomatids, mysmenids, and synaphrids, are absent from anapids and symphytognathids. Crassignatha is the only symphytognathid in which the male has an abdominal scutum, a trait more typical of Anapi- dae. Th e presence of a single tooth-like keel on the chelicerae and the lack of a fang furrow has been used in part to diagnose Synaphridae (Lopardo et al. 2007, Miller 2007). Some Patu (Fig. 69E-F) and Crassignatha (Fig. 78A) species exhibit these same characteristics. Another character of possible interest for circumscribing Symphytognathidae con- cerns the situation of the aggregate gland spigots on a common base (Figs 71D, 85D, 92D; Griswold et al. 1998: fi gs 35D, 36D). Th e presence of a colulus is homoplasious within some symphytognathid genera (Forster and Platnick 1977). A colulus is absent at least from P. jidanweishi and Crassig- natha (investigated in C. quanqu sp. n. and C. longtou sp. n.). Some other Patu species do have a small colulus (e.g. Griswold et al. 1998: fi gs 23A, 37A). Th e symphytognathid species described here are placed in the genera Patu and Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995. Patu is a particularly problematic genus. Comparative anatomy of the genitalia across the genus has been rudimentary, a problem exacerbated by the scarcity of material in collections and the minute size of these animals. In prac- tice, Patu are symphytognathids with minimal fusion of the chelicerae and 1-3 teeth (Forster 1959, Forster and Platnick 1977, Saaristo 1996). However, at least two of the Patu species described here have a distinctive cluster of 2-4 strong setae on the distoventral part of the male tibia II. Similar structures have been described for Patu samoen- sis Marples, 1951 and are found in Crassignatha. Crassignatha was cataloged in the Mysmenidae, apparently based on the presence of cymbial lobes and mating claspers. However, the distal cymbial tooth found in Crassignatha does not interact with the embolus as a functional conductor, as is typically the case in mysmenids. Also, the mating claspers in Crassignatha are on the distoventral part of tibia II; mating claspers in Mysmenidae are always found on the prolateral face of metatarsus and/or tibia I. Diagnosis. Symphytognathidae distinguished from other spider families in the Gaoligongshan except Anapidae by the following combination of characters: the lack of a female pedipalp (Fig. 70C) and male epiandrous gland spigots (Fig. 78E), and by the insertion of the pedicel through an opening in the posterior declavity of the carapace (Fig. 65B, 74B); distinguished from Anapidae by the fusion of the chelicerae at least at the base (Figs 69F, 78A) and by having the aggregate gland spigots arise from a common base (Figs 71D, F, 92D). Like Anapidae and unlike most other spiders, Sym- phytognathidae typically have the tarsi longer than the metatarsi (Figs 74E, 83E), but the tarsi are rarely as much as 1.5 times the length of the metatarsi. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 63

Key to Gaoligongshan Symphytognathidae

1 Carapace nearly smooth (Figs 69A, 70C); male abdomen lacking scutum (Fig. 65A)...... Patu Marples, 1951 ...... 2 – Carapace sculptured with scales (Fig. 77E-F, 78F) or denticles (Fig. 91A-D); abdominal scutum on male wraps around posterior (Fig. 74A) ...... Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995 ...... 6 2(1) Females ...... 3 – Males ...... 5 3(2) Female epigynum with scape (Fig. 67A-C)...... Patu jidanweishi sp. n. – Female epigynum without scape ...... 4 4(3) Looped path of the spermatheca/duct complex (Fig. 67F), epigynum with two juxtaposed dark circles showing through the integument (Fig. 67E) ...... Patu qiqi sp. n. – Path of the spermatheca/duct complex elongate along longitudinal axis (Fig. 67H); epigynum with two less distinct comma-shaped structures showing through the integument (Fig. 67G) ...... Patu xiaoxiao sp. n. 5(2) Embolus long, fl exible (Fig. 66) ...... Patu jidanweishi sp. n. – Embolus short, not fl exible (Fig. 73B) ...... Patu qiqi sp. n. 6(1) Abdomen rounded posteriorly ...... 7 – Two lobes on the posterodorsal part of the abdomen (Fig. 86D-F) ...... Crassignatha ertou sp. n. 7(6) Carapace sculptured with scales (Fig. 77E-F, 78F). Metatarsus III lacking a trichobothrium ...... 8 – Carapace sculptured with denticles (Fig. 91A-D). Metatarsus III with a trichobothrium ...... Crassignatha longtou sp. n. 8(7) Males ...... 9 – Females ...... 12 9(8) Embolus long, with kink or partial turn. Prosoma declining or weakly domed behind posterior eyes ...... 10 – Embolus short (Fig. 75A). Prosoma strongly domed behind posterior eyes (Figs 74A, 77E)...... Crassignatha pianma sp. n. 10(9) Embolus long, fl exible, describing a half circle turn (Fig. 87A) ...... Crassignatha yamu sp. n. – Embolus shorter, rigid, helical or kinked, not describing a half circle turn .....11 11(10) Embolus with a strong kink about 1/3 its length from the origin (Figs 81A, 82C) ...... Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n. – Embolus a single turn rigid spiral ribbon, not simply tapered but with a narrow waste near the midpoint (Fig. 84A) ...... Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. 12(8) Scape oriented ventrally to posteroventrally (Figs 76F, 79D) with the distal lobe of the scape more narrow than the basal lobe (Figs 76G, 79C) and/or with the ducts running anteriorly between the spermathecae before turning posteriorly (Figs 76I, 89B, D) ...... 13 64 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

– Scape procurved (Figs 76A, 79B) composed of two lobes of equal width (Figs 76B, 79A); ducts do not run anteriorly between the spermathecae ...... Crassignatha pianma sp. n. 13(12) Distal lobe of the scape, more narrow than and projecting well beyond the basal lobe (Figs 76D, 79C-D). Copulatory ducts mostly restricted to area posterior to spermathecae ...... 14 – Scape lobes not well diff erentiated or same width (Fig. 79A). Copulatory ducts double back to run between spermathecae before turning back toward scape ...... 15 14(13) Scape projecting posteroventrally (Figs 79D, 80B). Abdomen dark in preserved specimens, subtriangular, maximum posterior extension of abdomen near dorsum ...... Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n. – Scape projecting ventrally (Figs 76F, 79F). Abdomen pale in preserved specimens, subspherical, maximum posterior extension of abdomen near center ...... Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. 15(13) Ducts run straight and come together at a nearly 90° angle near the midpoint of the spermathecae (Fig. 76I) ...... Crassignatha yamu sp. n. – Ducts curve and come together near the posterior margin of the spermathecae (Fig. 89D) ...... Crassignatha gudu sp. n.

Genus Patu Marples, 1951

Patu Marples, 1951: 47. Type species Patu vitiensis Marples, 1951.

Patu jidanweishi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1C8AF042-4D42-48BA-A072-1058266329FD Figs 65A-E, 66, 67A-D, 68-71, 100

Patu sp., Griswold and Yan, 2003: 356-360.

25.98333°N, 98.66667°E, 2500 m, 15-18 October 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long (CASENT 9029303, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9023961, CG 17x98(2)7-15, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9023960, CG 17x98(2)16- 22, CAS), 1 ♀; Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pian- ma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 12-21 May 2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY103 (CASENT 9023102, CAS), 1♀, 4juvs; Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 12 May 2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, winkler extraction of sifted leaf litter, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY102 (CASENT 9022328, HNU), 1♀; Fugong Co., S Fork, Yamu He, 1.51 km 150° SW of confl uence [with N Fork], Gaoligong- shan, 27.11905°N, 98.83108°E, 1723 m, 26 April 2004, moist shaded embankments, C. Griswold, CGY13 (CASENT 9020753, HNU), 1♀; Gaoligongshan, 0.4 km SSE Shibali forest station, 27.16337°N, 98.78208°E, 2475 m, 5 May 2004, dusting webs in understory of good forest, C. Griswold, CGY29 (CASENT 9019862, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019863, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019864, HNU), 1 ♀, 4 juvs; Gaoligongshan, 0.5 km radius of Shibali forest station, 27.16519°N, 98.77891°E, 2525 m, 1-9, May, 2004, dusting webs in forest, C. Griswold, CGY25 (CASENT 9019875, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019877, HNU), 1 ♀, 11 juvs; [same data] (CASENT 9020650, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019874, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019876, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9019873, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9024143, HNU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 juv; Gaoligongshan, Shibali forest station, 27.16636°N, 98.77667°E, 2563 m, 3-11 May 2004, good forest, pitfall traps, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY21 (CASENT 9020351, HNU), 2 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020350, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Gaoligong Shan, Nujiang Prefecture: Nujiang State Nature Reserve, QiQi He, 9.9 airkm W of Gongshan, 27.715°N, 98.565°E, 2000 m, 9-14, July, 2000, H.-M. Yan, D. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.-B. Liang, D. Ubick, & D.-Z. Dong (CASENT 9000375, HNU), 4 ♂, 4 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000374, CAS), 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 1 juv; [same data] (CASENT 9000373, HNU), 14 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000339, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000370, “DL photo 7/12: symphyt beneath 1f w/ mys”, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000338, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000343, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000371, HNU) 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 1 juv; [same data] (CASENT 9000372, CAS), 14 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000342, “DL photo 1/12: indiv, symphyt w/eggs”, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000369, HNU), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000340, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9000341, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9023115, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for egg (jī dàn 鸡蛋) and guardian (wèi shì 卫士), referring to the egg-guarding behavior described by Griswold and Yan (2003). Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Patu species except P. woodwardi Forster, 1959, P. marplesi Forster, 1959, P. qiqi and P. xiaoxiao by the presence of only a single cheliceral tooth (Figs 69E-F, 70D, Forster 1959: fi g. 122; two or more in other Patu species); male distinguished from P. woodwardi and P. marplesi by the presence of two 66 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) ventral subdistal spines on tibia II (Fig. 65E); distinguished from P. qiqi by the much longer embolus in P. jidanweishi (Fig. 66; short, not fl exible in P. qiqi, Fig. 73B; male unknown in P. xiaoxiao); female distinguished from P. qiqi and P. xiaoxiao by the presence of a scape (Figs 67A-C, 70A-B). Description. Carapace brown, male clypeus strongly raised with clusters of sulci (Fig 69A-D). Six eyes in three doublets (Fig. 69B). Sternum dark brown. Chelicerae fused near the base, with single prolateral tooth, fang furrow absent (Fig. 69E-F). La- brum not swollen, bearing single plumose seta, with ventrally rounded labral tongue (Fig. 70E-F). Female palp absent. Legs brown. Abdomen brown (Fig. 65A-D). Male palp: Cymbium covers proximodorsal part of bulb (Fig. 66). Tegular region divided into numerous lobes (Fig. 68B). Embolus long, free, follows complex path (Fig. 66). Vulva: Epigynum a lightly sclerotized scape (Fig. 67A-B) with a socket near the tip (Fig. 67C). Ducts make many turns around spermathecae (Fig. 67C). Male (CASENT 9022356): Total length 0.69, carapace 0.29 long, 0.30 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.20 long, 0.20 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.10 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v2 on tubercle, metatarsus with ventral tubercle near center; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.43; TmII: 0.42; TmIII: 0.50. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Epiandrous gland spigots absent (Fig. 68F). Posterior lateral spinnerets with sticky silk triplet, aggregate gland spigots on common base (Fig. 71F). Female (CASENT 9022356): Total length 0.88, carapace 0.34 long, 0.31 wide, clypeus 0.05, sternum 0.22 long, 0.21 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.83 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.43; TmII: 0.44; TmI- II: 0.48. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 71A-D), posterior lateral spinnerets with aggregate gland spigots on common base (Fig. 71D). Natural History. Th is species builds a horizontal orb web (Fig. 72A-B; see also page 12). Eggs (Fig. 67D) are placed on the periphery of the web, each individually wrapped (see Griswold and Yan 2003).

Patu qiqi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FE61633D-A234-4A7E-BC72-16DC4B4731D0 Figs 65F-H, 67E-F, 73, 99

Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Patu species except P. woodwardi Forster, 1959, P. marplesi Forster, 1959, P. jidanweishi and P. xiaoxiao by the presence of only a single cheliceral tooth (Forster 1959: fi g. 122; two or more in other Patu species); male distinguished from P. woodwardi and P. marplesi by the presence of two ventral subdistal spines on tibia II; distinguished from P. jidanweishi by the short, infl exible embolus in P. qiqi (Fig. 73B; longer and fl exible in P. jidanweishi, Fig. 66; male unknown in P. xiaoxiao). Among Patu species with only one cheliceral tooth, female P. qiqi and P. xiaoxiao are distinguished from P. woodwardi (female unknown in P. marplesi) by the internal genitalia, spermathecae round and juxtaposed in P. woodwardi (Forster 1959: fi g. 123), spermatheca/duct complexes clearly separated in P. qiqi (Fig. 67F) and P. xiaoxiao (Fig. 67H); distinguished from P. jidanweishi by the absence of a scape (Fig. 67B); P. qiqi distinguished from P. xiaoxiao by the looped path of the spermatheca/ duct complex in P. qiqi (Fig. 67F), elongate along longitudinal axis in P. xiaoxiao (Fig. 67H). In ventral view, the epigynum of P. qiqi has two juxtaposed dark circles showing through the integument (Fig. 67E); P. xiaoxiao has two less distinct comma-shaped structures showing through the integument (Fig. 67G). Description. Carapace brown. Six eyes in three doublets (Fig. 65G). Sternum dark brown. Chelicerae fused for about half their length, with single anterior tooth, fang furrow absent. Female palp absent. Legs brown. Abdomen medium gray, lighter dorsally (Fig. 65F-H). Male palp: Illustrated in Fig. 73. Both palps of the single male specimen are partially expanded and many details of anatomy could not be determined precisely. Vulva: Scape absent, two circular structures visible through integument near epigastric furrow (Fig. 67E). Spermatheca/duct complex more or less longitudinal with loop near center; duct narrow anterio rly, wider posteriorly (Fig. 67F). Male (CASENT 9029326): Total length 0.65, carapace 0.27 long, 0.25 wide, clypeus 0.07, sternum 0.19 long, 0.18 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.10 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.52; TmII: 0.47; TmIII: 0.44. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9029326): Total length 0.63, carapace 0.29 long, 0.26 wide, clypeus 0.04, sternum 0.19 long, 0.18 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.91 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.45; TmII: 0.43; TmIII: 0.59. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Patu xiaoxiao Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EED308E-7422-43B9-AF4F-338663452785 Figs 67G-H, 99

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 12 May 68 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, winkler extraction of sifted leaf litter, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, K. Guo, CGY102 (CASENT 9022329, HNU), 1♀. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022327, CAS), 1♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029325, HNU), 1♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for very small (xiˇao xiˇao 小小); this is the smallest spider known from the Gaoligongshan. Diagnosis. Among Patu species with only one cheliceral tooth, female P. xiaoxiao and P. qiqi are distinguished from P. woodwardi (female unknown in P. marplesi) by the internal genitalia, spermathecae round and juxtaposed in P. woodwardi (Forster 1959: fi g. 123), spermatheca/duct complexes clearly separated in P. xiaoxiao (Fig. 67H) and P. qiqi (Fig. 67F); distinguished from P. jidanweishi by the absence of a scape (Fig. 67B); P. xiaoxiao distinguished from P. qiqi by the elongate longitudinal axis of the spermatheca/duct complex in P. xiaoxiao (Fig. 67H; looped path in P. qiqi: Fig. 67F). In ventral view, the epigynum of P. xiaoxiao has two indistinct comma-shaped structures showing through the integument (Fig. 67G; two juxtaposed dark circles showing through the integument in P. qiqi: Fig. 67E). Description. Carapace light brown with darker patches. Six eyes in three doublets. Sternum dark brown. Chelicerae fused for about half their length, with single prolateral tooth, fang furrow absent. Female palp absent. Legs brown. Abdomen mottled dark gray, lighter dorsally. Vulva: Scape absent, two comma-shaped structures visible through integument near epigastric furrow (Fig. 67G). Spermatheca/duct complex longitudinal leading to pair of curved atria diverging anteriorly (Fig. 67H). Female (CASENT 9022329): Total length 0.61, carapace 0.26 long, 0.28 wide, clypeus 0.04, sternum 0.19 long, 0.18 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.10 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.44; TmII: 0.48; TmIII: 0.47. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Genus Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995

Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995: 546. Type species Crassignatha haeneli Wunderlich, 1995.

Family placement. Confl icting opinions have led to instability in the family placement of Crassignatha. Wunderlich (1995) described Crassignatha as part of the family Synaphridae (which he considered a subfamily of a broadly circumscribed Anapi- dae). Marusik and Lehtinen (2003) suggested it might belong to Symphytognathidae; Wunderlich (2004: 1081) suggested Anapidae (sensu stricto); Platnick (2008) has cataloged it under Mysmenidae. Th e systematics and circumscription of symphytognathoid Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 69 spider families, especially Anapidae and Symphytognathidae, is in need of revision. Nevertheless, we predict that an affi nity between Crassignatha and at least some Patu among the Symphytognathidae will be born out, supported in part by similarities in cheliceral armature and the male tibia II clasping spur. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other symphytognathid genera except Patu and Curimagua Forster & Platnick, 1977 by having the chelicerae fused only near the base (Fig. 78A); distinguished from Patu by the sculpturing of the carapace (Fig. 77E-F; Wunderlich 1995: fi g. 15); usually further distinguished from Patu by the abdominal scutum in the male wrapping around the posterior (Fig. 74A; scutum absent in C. haeneli, Wunderlich 2004); from Curimagua by having eyes in three diads (two triads in Curimagua; Forster and Platnick 1977) and one (entire or bifi d) or two cheliceral teeth (Figs 78A, 91E; Curimagua is toothless; Forster and Platnick 1977). Th e poorly known genus Anapogonia Simon, 1905 was not considered for this diagnosis. Description. Tiny ecribellate araneoid spiders. Total length 0.6-1.3. Six eyes in three doublets (Fig. 82F, 91C). Carapace with fi elds of tubercles and pores (Figs 77E, F, 91A-D). Head region and clypeus raised in male, clypeus with two ver- tical clusters of sulci (Fig. 82F). Sternum truncate posteriorly. Chelicerae fused near base, fang furrow absent, usually with a single anterior tooth bearing a small mesal apex (Fig. 78A) except in C. longtou, which has two subequal teeth (Fig. 91E). Labrum weakly sclerotized, without spur (Fig. 78B-C). Female palp absent. Metatarsus-tarsus joint without synaphrid-like distal constriction (see Lopardo et al. 2007). Tarsal organ near proximal margin, round, on slightly raised base (Fig. 78D). Tibiae with two dorsal rows of trichobothria, metatarsi I and II (plus III in C. longtou) with trichobothrium. Male tibia II with fi eld of 2-4 thick setae on ventral distal part. Abdominal setae long and sparse. Male abdomen usually with scutum laterally and posteriorly; female without scutum, although a sclerotized ring around spinnerets may be present (Fig. 80B). Spinnerets with ventral orientation. Adult male retains fl agelliform aggregate triplet (Fig. 85F). Colulus absent (Fig. 85E). Epiandrous gland spigots absent (Fig. 78E). Male palp: Palpal tibia without trichobothria (Fig. 77C). Cymbium with dorsal tooth near distal margin (Fig. 77B). Tegulum large and bulbous. Plate-like median apophysis on prolateral part of bulb. Membranous apophysis arises from near anterior part of median apophysis (Fig. 82C). Embolus usually thick, rigid, more or less spiral, rarely long and fl exible. Vulva: Epigynum present, usually a short rounded scape (Fig. 79), rarely a transverse bulge (Fig. 91F). Two round spermathecae separated by about their diameter. Copulatory ducts follow a path to near apex of scape (Fig. 76B); fertilization ducts inconspicuous. Species. Wunderlich (1995) established Crassignatha to accommodate C. haeneli based on a single male specimen from Malaysia. Seven new species are added to the genus: C. pianma, C. yinzhi, C. quanqu, C. yamu, C. ertou, C. gudu, and C. longtou. 70 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Crassignatha pianma Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AD950C98-9B09-40AC-85FE-04154475586F Figs 67I, 72C-D, 74-75, 76A-B, 77, 78A-D, 79A-B, 98

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Lushui Co., Pianma Township, Chang Yan He, 9.3 km ESE Pianma, 25.99363°N, 98.66651°E, 2470 m, 13-15 May 2005, mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forest, dusting small webs near ground in forest understory, C. Griswold, CGY104 (CASENT 9022600, HNU), 1♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029339, PV 0756-0758, CAS), 1♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029340, PV 0734-0735, CAS), 1♂; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029341, PV 0770-0778, CAS), 1♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022360, HNU), 2 ♂, 6 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022361, CAS), 3 ♂, 5 ♀, 1 juv. Etymology. Named for the type locality. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other Crassignatha by the embolus shape (Fig. 75A), which is shorter than any other species. Female distinguished by the procurved scape (Figs 76A, 79B) composed of two lobes of equal width (Figs 76B, 79A) in combination with ducts that do not run anteriorly between the spermathecae; other Crassignatha have the scape oriented ventrally to posteroventrally (Figs 76F, 79D) with the distal lobe of the scape more narrow than the basal lobe (Figs 76G, 79C) and/or with the ducts running anteriorly between the spermathecae before turning posteriorly (Figs 76I, 89B, D). Description. Carapace orange-brown with small tubercles and sulci. Sternum orange-brown. Legs orange, femora I and II slightly swollen basally in female. Abdomen subspherical, light to medium gray, with numerous small sclerotized patches, some bearing long setae, male with single orange scutum laterally and posteriorly, female with small sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 74). Male palp: Median apophysis with two tapered distal processes. Embolus short, thick, and rigid, making a single turn (Fig. 75A, 77A). Vulva: Scape slightly procurved (Figs 76A, 79B), with distal and basal lobes of equal width (Figs 76B, 79A). Spermathecae separated by their diameter. Ducts arise from posteromesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path mostly posterior to spermathecae before reaching openings near apex of scape. Male (CASENT 9022360): Total length 0.86, carapace 0.43 long, 0.40 wide, clypeus 0.15, sternum 0.28 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.15 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, metatarsus slightly sinuous, with two stiff bristles prolaterally; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v3, metatarsus excavated proximoventrally; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.43; TmII: 0.44; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9022360): Total length 1.10, carapace 0.49 long, 0.45 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.30 long, 0.27 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.41 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 71 tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.43; TmII: 0.46; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Natural History. Th is species builds a horizontal orb web (Fig. 72C-D).

Crassignatha yinzhi Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D97E4962-C41A-4EEA-971B-1FABB5F3490A Figs 72E, 76C-D, 78E, 79C-D, 80-82, 98

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km 23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 27-28 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY128 (CASENT 9029322, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029342, PV - 1st set, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022375, CAS), 2 ♂, 5 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022376, HNU), 5 ♀; Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km 23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 28 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, night collecting, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY129 (CASENT 9022354, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9022170, CAS), 2 ♀; Longling Co., Longjiang Township, Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, 1.2 km SSE of Route S317 at km 23.5, 24.82888°N, 98.76001°E, 2020 m, 26 May 2005, good primary broadleaf forest, night collecting, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, CGY127 (CASENT 9022396, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for long (yˇın 縯) and straight (zhí 直), referring to the shape of the terminal apophysis in the male palp. Diagnosis. Male distinguished from other Crassignatha species except C. ertou by the long, rigid embolus with a strong kink about 1/3 its length from the origin (Figs 81A, 82C); distinguished from C. ertou by the longer embolus with fewer helical turns and by the lack of a pair of bumps on abdomen. Female distinguished from other Crassignatha species except C. quanqu by the distal lobe of the scape, which is more narrow than and projects well beyond the basal lobe (Figs 76D, 79C-D); other Crassignatha species either have the lobes not well dif- ferentiated or they are the same width (Fig. 79A); distinguished from C. quanqu by the orientation of the scape, projecting posteroventrally in C. yinzhi (Figs 79D, 80B), ventrally in C. quanqu (Figs 76F, 79F), and elements of somatic morphology including abdomen color and shape, and the more distinct division between the cephalic and thoracic regions in C. yinzhi (contrast Fig. 80B with Fig. 83B). Description. Carapace dark orange-brown with small tubercles and sulci. Sternum dark brown. Legs orange, femora I and II slightly swollen basally in female. Abdomen subtriangular, distinctly taller than long, dark gray, with numerous small sclerotized patches, some baring long setae, male with single orange scutum laterally and posteriorly, female with small sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 80). 72 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Male palp: Median apophysis with two tapered processes arising distally and ventrally. Embolus long, rigid, and tapered, making a single turn (Figs 81A, 82C). Vulva: Scape projects posteroventrally (Fig. 80B), with narrow distal lobe on wider basal lobe (Figs 76D, 79C). Spermathecae separated by 3/4 their diameter. Ducts arise from mesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path mostly posterior to spermathecae before reaching openings near apex of scape (Fig. 76D). Male (CASENT 9022375): Total length 0.92, carapace 0.42 long, 0.40 wide, clypeus 0.14, sternum 0.29 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.07 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, metatarsus unmodifi ed; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v4, metatarsus excavated proximoventrally; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.45; TmII: 0.42; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9022375): Total length 1.27, carapace 0.32 long, 0.27 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.32 long, 0.29 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.40; TmII: 0.44; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Natural History. Th is species builds a horizontal orb web (Fig. 72E).

Crassignatha quanqu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3745AD70-626C-4FFB-9B20-B60D83C8995C Figs 76E-G, 79E-F, 83-85, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Zhen’an Township, Bang Bie village at stream at km 6.8 on Route S317, 24.81333°N, 98.83280°E, 1545- 1560 m, 24 May 2005, shaded embankments along stream, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY119 (CASENT 9029323, HNU), 1 ♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022387, CAS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022388, HNU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for twisted (quán qū 蜷曲), referring to the shape of the embolus in the male palp. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the unique embolus shape, which is a rigid spiral ribbon making a single turn, not simply tapered but with a narrow waste near the midpoint (Fig. 84A). Female distinguished from other Crassignatha species except C. yinzhi by the distal lobe of the scape, which is more narrow than and projects well beyond the basal lobe (Figs 76G, 79E-F); other Crassignatha species either have the lobes not well diff erentiated or they are the same width (Fig. 79A); distinguished from C. yinzhi by the orientation of the scape, projecting ventrally in C. quanqu (Figs 76F, 79F), posteroventrally in C. yinzhi (Figs 79D, 80B), and elements of somatic morphology including abdomen color and shape, and the more distinct division between the cephalic and thoracic regions in C. yinzhi (contrast Fig. 80B with Fig. 83B). Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 73

Description. Carapace orange-brown with small tubercles and sulci. Sternum dark brown. Legs orange. Abdomen subspherical, pale orange, with numerous small sclerotized patches, some baring long setae, male with single orange scutum laterally and posteriorly, female without sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 83). Male palp: Median apophysis with two tapered distal processes. Embolus a moderately long, rigid spiral ribbon making a single turn, shape complex, not simply tapered (Fig. 84A). Vulva: Scape projects ventrally (Figs 76F, 79F), with narrow distal lobe on wider basal lobe (Figs 76G, 79E). Spermathecae separated by half their diameter. Ducts arise from posteromesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path before opening near scape apex (Fig. 76G). Male (CASENT 9022387): Total length 0.73, carapace 0.35 long, 0.34 wide, clypeus 0.11, sternum 0.25 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1, metatarsus unmodifi ed; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v2, metatarsus excavated proximoventrally; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.42; TmII: 0.42; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 85F) Female (CASENT 9022387): Total length 1.00, carapace 0.41 long, 0.38 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.25 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.63 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.41; TmII: 0.41; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Spinnerets (Fig. 85A-D)

Crassignatha yamu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D4A81694-3689-4399-8D50-0A41AB03066D Figs 76H-I, 86A-C, 87, 94

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Fugong Co., S Fork, Yamu He, 1.51 km 150° SW of confl uence [with N Fork], Gaoligongshan, 27.11905°N, 98.83108°E, 1723 m, 26 April 2004, moist shaded embankments, C. Griswold, CGY13 (CASENT 9029321, HNU), 1♂. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020751, CAS), 1♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020752, HNU), 1 ♀, 1 juv; Fugong Co., Shilajia village on N fork, Yamu He, Gaoligongshan, 27.13440°N, 98.82625°E, 1792 m, 24 April 2004, moist steep stream banks, C. Griswold, CGY09 (CASENT 9029348, CAS), 1 ♀; 10 rd km W NuJiang on Shibali Rd., N fork, Yamu He, Gaoligongshan, 27.13795°N, 98.82240°E, 1850 m, 25 April 2004, moist earthen embankments, C. Griswold, CGY11 (CASENT 9029291, with prey, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020735, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020736, HNU), 2 ♀. Etymology. Named for the type locality. Diagnosis. Male distinguished by the long, fl exible embolus describing a half circle turn (Fig. 87A). 74 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Female distinguished by the duct path, which follows a complex path from the spermathecae to near the posterior margin of the epigynum, then runs anteriorly between the spermathecae before turning toward the origin near the scape apex (Fig. 76I). Among other Crassignatha species, only C. gudu shares with C. yamu a duct that runs from the posterior margin of the epigynum anteriorly to the region between the spermathecae before turning, meeting, and running in parallel to the copulatory opening; C. yamu distinguished from C. gudu by the region where the the ducts meet before running to the copulatory openings; in C. yamu, the ducts run straight and come together at a nearly 90° angle near the midpoint of the spermathecae (Fig. 76I) while in C. gudu, the ducts curve and come together near the posterior margin of the spermathecae (Fig. 89D). Description. Carapace orange with small tubercles and sulci, less pronounced in female. Sternum dark brown. Legs orange, darker distally on tibiae and metatarsi, femora I and II slightly swollen basally in female. Abdomen subspherical, light to dark gray, with numerous small sclerotized patches, some baring long setae, male with single orange scutum laterally and posteriorly, female without sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 86A-C). Male palp: Median apophysis with one tapered process. Embolus long, fl exible, tapered, makes a half turn, tip curved more strongly (Fig. 87A). Vulva: Scape projects ventrally (Fig. 86A). Spermathecae separated by their diameter. Ducts arise from posteromesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path, meet between spermathecae before running to opening near scape apex (Fig. 76I). Male (CASENT 9029321): Total length 0.75, carapace 0.35 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.14, sternum 0.24 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.08 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, metatarsus unmodifi ed; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v2, metatarsus excavated proximoventrally; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.46; TmII: 0.40; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9020752): Total length 0.94, carapace 0.42 long, 0.36 wide, clypeus 0.09, sternum 0.26 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.43; TmII: 0.45; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Crassignatha ertou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E0051348-2351-4E8D-8B2C-71871C4799B6 Figs 86D-F, 88, 89A-B, 100

Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022397, HNU), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9022398, CAS), 1 ♂, 2 ♀; (CASENT 9029350, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9029344, PV 1033-1041, CAS), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for two (èr 二) and bump (literally head, tóu 头), referring to the two bumps on the abdomen of this species. Diagnosis. Male and female distinguished from other Crassignatha species by the presence of two lobes on the posterodorsal part of the abdomen. See also diagnosis of P. yinzhi (Fig. 86D-F). Description. Carapace brown. Sternum brown with rugose texture. Legs orange with dark rings distally on tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen subspherical, dark gray, with numerous small sclerotized patches, some baring long setae, both sexes with pair of conspicuous bumps on the posterodorsal part of the abdomen; male with single orange scutum laterally and posteriorly, female without sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 86D-F). Male palp: Median apophysis with one tapered process. Embolus a long, rigid, tapered helix making a three turns (Fig. 88A). Vulva: Scape projects ventrally (Fig. 86D). Spermathecae separated by two thirds their diameter. Ducts arise from mesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path before opening near scape apex (Fig. 89B). Male (CASENT 9022398): Total length 0.88, carapace 0.39 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.13, sternum 0.25 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.85 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, metatarsus unmodifi ed; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2, v3, metatarsus excavated proximoventrally; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.45; TmII: 0.41; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Female (CASENT 9022398): Total length 0.97, carapace 0.42 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.12, sternum 0.28 long, 0.24 wide, coxa IV separated by 1.92 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.40; TmII: 0.42; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Crassignatha gudu Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EC5C403D-7C79-4A0B-9456-4DDC9CE59396 Fig. 89C-D, 96

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: Longling Co., Mangkuan Town- ship, Zaotang He at Baihualing village, 25.30450°N, 98.80059°E, 1635 m, 2 June 2005, good subtropical broadleaf forest, dusting webs in understory, C. Griswold, CGY135 (CASENT 9029318, HNU), 1 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese word for solitary (gū dú 孤独) since this species is known from only one sex. Diagnosis. Female distinguished from other Crassignatha species except C. yamu by the duct path, which runs from the posterior margin of the epigynum anteriorly to 76 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009) the region between the spermathecae before turning, meeting, and running in parallel to the copulatory opening (Fig. 89D); C. gudu distinguished from C. yamu by the region where the the ducts meet before running to the copulatory openings; in C. gudu, the ducts curve and come together near the posterior margin of the spermathecae (Fig. 89D) while in C. yamu, the ducts run straight and come together at a nearly 90° angle near the midpoint of the spermathecae (Fig. 76I). Description. Carapace orange, darker laterally and in head region, tuberculate laterally. Sternum orange. Legs orange, darker distally on tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi, femora I and II slightly swollen basally. Abdomen subspherical, dark gray, lighter an- terodorsally, with numerous small light sclerotized patches concentrated dorsally along longitudinal axis, without sclerite around spinnerets. Vulva: Scape projects posteroventrally (Fig, 89C). Spermathecae separated by their diameter. Ducts arise from posterior part of spermathecae, follow complex path, meet between spermathecae near their posterior margin before running to opening near scape apex (Fig. 89D). Female (CASENT 9029318): Total length 0.92, carapace 0.42 long, 0.37 wide, clypeus 0.08, sternum 0.25 long, 0.26 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.00 times their width. Leg I: tibia p1 (no other macrosetae). Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.41; TmII: 0.38; TmIII: absent. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Crassignatha longtou Miller, Griswold & Yin, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1C85F693-BCDE-4166-B0EB-5EE8998D3C50 Figs 89E-F, 90-92, 95

Material Examined. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan: 10 rd km W NuJiang on Shibali Rd., N fork, Yamu He, Gaoligongshan, 27.13795°N, 98.82240°E, 1850 m, 25 April 2004, moist earthen embankments, C. Griswold, CGY11 (CASENT 9029292, HNU), 1 ♀. Paratypes: [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020731, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020733, HNU), 3 ♀, 1 juv; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020732, HNU), 2 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020734, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data as holotype] (CASENT 9020744, with prey, CAS), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., 4.5 km N Aludi Village, 22.1 km N Fugong, 26.10829°N, 98.87162°E, 1250 m, 23 April 2004, in stream gorge, C. Griswold, CGY07 (CASENT 9020740, HNU), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., 4.5 km N Aludi Village, 22.1 km N Fugong, at stream entering NuJiang, 26.10829°N, 98.87162°E, 1263 m, 22 April 2004, in stream gorge, C. Griswold, CGY05 (CASENT 9020714, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020713, HNU), 1 ♀; Fugong Co., Shilajia village on N fork, Yamu He, Gaoligongshan, 27.13440°N, 98.82625°E, 1792 m, 24 April 2004, moist steep stream banks, C. Griswold, CGY09 (CASENT 9020720, CAS), 2 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9020721, CAS), 1 ♀; [same data] (CASENT 9029353, CAS), 2 ♀. Etymology. Formed from the Chinese words for dragon (lóng 龙) and head (tóu 头), referring to the spiny texture of the carapace. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 77

Diagnosis. Readily distinguished from other Crassignatha species by the fi elds of pointed spines on the carapace (91A-D). Further distinguished by the presence of a well developed sclerite around the spinnerets (Fig. 90A, C), a trichobothrium on the third metatarsus, and by the presence of two subequal teeth on the chelicerae (Fig. 91E). Placement of this species in the genus Crassignatha is tentative. Description. Carapace dark orange, with three fi elds of pointed tubercles around thoracic margin (Fig. 91A). Sternum brown with rugose texture. Chelicerae with two subequal teeth (Fig. 91E). Legs orange, distal part of tibiae darker, femora I and II slightly swollen basally. Abdomen subspherical, mottled medium and light gray, with numerous small light sclerotized patches, some baring long setae, with conspicuous orange sclerite around spinnerets (Fig. 90). Vulva: Epigynum a raised transverse lobe (Figs 89E, 91F). Round spermathecae separated by slightly less than their diameter. Ducts arise from mesal part of spermathecae, follow complex path to pair of openings (Fig. 89F). Female (CASENT 9020720): Total length 0.87, carapace 0.35 long, 0.35 wide, clypeus 0.10, sternum 0.23 long, 0.22 wide, coxa IV separated by 2.31 times their width. Leg I: patella d1, tibia d2, p1; Leg II: patella d1, tibia d2; Leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; Leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Metatarsal trichobothria: TmI: 0.33; TmII: 0.38; TmIII: 0.41. Leg measurements: see Appendix A. Male unknown.

Acknowledgments

Th is work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (award BSI 0103795, Biotic Survey of the Gaoligongshan, a Biodiversity Hotspot in Western Yunnan, China, P.I.s N. Jablonski, P. Fritsch, D. Kavanaugh and the late J. Slowin- ski) and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (award number 08- 90235-000-GSS, Th e Biodiversity of the Gaoligongshan Project: Broad Spectrum Bio- diversity Inventory of the Gaoligongshan, P.I.s D. Kavanaugh and J. Miller) with additional support from the Harriet Exline Frizzell Fund for Arachnological Research and the China Natural History Project, both through the California Academy of Sciences. Martín Ramírez and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Th anks to Pierre Paquin for his notes on the webs of Maymena in China. Vishwas Chavan facilitated the unprecedented publication of our collection data on GBIF concurrent with publication of the monograph. Deb Paul provided attentive support from Morphbank. Stéphane De Greef and Kristin Byrd helped with the GIS analysis. Shuqiang Li provided early drafts of his manuscript with Yucheng Lin on Chinese mysmenids. Th anks also to Lara Lopardo, David Kavanaugh, and Jack Dumbacher for helpful discussion. Special thanks to Lyubomir Penev for his limitless enthusiasm and support, and to Brian Fisher for his pioneering example integrating systematics with new technology (e.g., http://www.antweb.org/). 78 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

References

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60 S observed Chao 1 50 ACE Chao 2 40 ICE 30 Jackknife 2 Species Singletons 20 Doubletons Uniques 10 Duplicates

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 A Grid Squares

Chao-Sørensen Index 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Heipu

Shibali

Fengxue

Nankang

B 100 km C

Figure 1. Diversity estimation based on micro-orbweavers collected in the Gaoligongshan during this study. A, Species richness estimation curves for all specimens; S observed is the raw number of observed species; Chao 1 and ACE are abundance based estimators driven by the number of individuals for each species across the entire date set (e.g., singletons and doubletons); Chao 2, ICE, and Jackknife 2 are incidence based estimators driven by the number of 1 km grid squares each species occurs in (e.g., uniques, duplicates); ACE = abundance based coverage estimator; ICE = incidence based coverage estimator; Jackknife 2 = second order jackknife (see also Colwell and Coddington 1994). B, Map of study area showing four core areas where sampling eff ort was concentrated; gray line demarcates China-Burma (Myanmar) border, inset map shows study area. C, Chao-Sørensen index for pairwise comparisons between core areas; purple: Heipu; blue: Shibali; orange: Fengxue; red: Nankang. Th e similarity of each core area to itself is considered to be 1. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 83

A 0.2 mm B

Figure 2. Epeirotypus dalong sp. n. holotype from Fugong Co., male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral; C, ventral. C: conductor; MA: median apophysis; PC: paracymbium; ST: subtegulum; T: tegulum; arrow in C indicates fi eld of tubercles on mesal lobe of tegulum. 84 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.3 mmB 0.3 mmC 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.2 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mmH 0.2 mmI 0.2 mm

Figure 3. A, B, Epeirotypus dalong sp. n. from Fugong Co.; C, D, Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n.; C from Guocai He at Fucai; D from No. 12 Bridge Camp area; E, Baalzebub nemesis sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area; F, G, Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; H, I, Th eridiosoma shuangbi sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. A, C, E, F, H, epigynum, ventral view; B, epigynum, posterior view; D, G, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view. CD: copulatory duct; S: spermatheca; arrow in A indicates transverse submarginal groove; in G and I indicate lateral pits, in H indicates base of one of two opposing lateral apophyses. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 85

C 0.5 mm

B D

0.2 mm

E F

Figure 4. Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. from Guocai He at Fucai. A-D, habitus; E-G, male palp. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, prolateral; F, retrolateral; G, ventral. C: conductor; EA: embolic apophysis; MA: median apophysis; T, tegulum; arrow in D indicates sternal pit. 86 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 20 μm B 10 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 20 μmF 30 μm

Figure 5. Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. from Guocai He at Fucai, SEM of male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral, detail showing MA; D, retrolateral, detail showing paracymbium; E, apicov- entral; F, retroventral showing EA. C: conductor; EA: embolic apophysis; MA: median apophysis; PC: paracymbium; ST: subtegulum; T, tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 87

AB20 μm 3 μm

C 3 μm D 3 μm

Figure 6. Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. from Guocai He at Fucai, SEM of female. A, epigynum; B, ALS; C, PMS; D, PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot, t: tartipore. 88 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 mm 10 mm

10 mm C D 10 mm

Figure 7. Webs of theridiosomatid spiders. A, Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area, juvenile; B, Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. from Guocai He at Fucai, juvenile, arrow to spider facing away from hub, tensing radial thread; C, D, Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Re- serve, female. Arrows indicate location of spider. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 89

0.5 mm

Figure 8. A, Baalzebub nemesis sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area; B, Coddingtonia euryopoides sp. n. from Zaotang He at Baihualing village; C-E, Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, female. A, B, D, female, dorsal; C, female, lateral; E, female, ventral. 90 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 20 μm B 3 μm

C 20 μm D 2 μm

EF3 μm 2 μm

Figure 9. Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, SEM of female. A, epigynum; B, epigynum, detail showing lateral pore; C, spinnerets; D, ALS; E, PMS; F, PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot, PLS: posterior lateral spinneret, PMS: posterior median spinneret, t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 91

0.5 mm

0.2 mm

Figure 10. Zoma dibaiyin sp. n. from Pee He. A-C, female habitus; D-F, male palp. A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral; D, prolateral; E, retrolateral; F, ventral. C: conductor; EA: embolic apophysis; MA: median apophysis; T, tegulum. 92 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm B 0.1 mmC 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mmH 0.1 mmI 0.1 mm

Figure 11. A, B, Zoma dibaiyin sp. n. from Pee He; C, D, Wendilgarda muji sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; E, F, Coddingtonia euryopoides sp. n. from Zaotang He at Baihualing village; G-I, Mys- mena changouzi sp. n. from from No. 12 Bridge Camp area. A, C, E, G, epigynum, ventral view; B, D, F, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view; H, epigynum, lateral view. Arrow in B indicates lateral pit. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 93

0.5 mm

0.2 mm

F E

Figure 12. Wendilgarda muji sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. A-D, habitus; E-G, male palp. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, prolateral; F, retrolateral; G, ventral. C: conductor; EA: embolic apophysis; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. 94 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 20 μm B 20 μm

C 3 μm D 3 μm

E 30 μmF 20 μm Figure 13. A-D, Zoma dibaiyin sp. n. from Pee He, SEM of female; E, F, Wendilgarda muji sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, SEM of male palp. A, epigynum; B, spinnerets; C, ALS; D, PMS and PLS; E, prolateral; F, retrolateral. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; C: conductor; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; EA: embolic apophysis; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MA: median apophysis; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PC: paracymbium; PI: piriform gland spigot; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 95

A 30 μm B 10 μm

C 20 μm D 3 μm

E 3 μm F 2 μm Figure 14. Wendilgarda muji sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. A-B, SEM of male palp; C-F, SEM of female. A, ventral; B, retrolateral, detail showing paracymbium; C, epigynum; D, ALS; E, PMS; F, PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; C: conductor; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; EA: embolic apophysis; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MA: median apophysis; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PC: paracymbium; PI: piriform gland spigot; T: tegulum; t: tartipore. 96 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A C

D B

0.5 mm

F E

G H

Figure 15. A-E, Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area; F-H, Mysmena jinlong sp. n. from Danzhu He drainage. A, male, lateral; B, F, female, lateral; C, G, female, dorsal; D, H, female, ventral; E, female, posterior. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 97

A 0.1 mm

Figure 16. Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. 98 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 20 μm B 20 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 2 μm

Figure 17. Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area, SEM of male. A, male palp, prolateral; B, male palp, retrolateral; C, male palp, ventral; D, metatarsus I; E, prosoma, lateral; F, detail, carapace showing lateral pore. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 99

A 10 μm B 10 μm

C 3 μm D 2 μm

Figure 18. A-C, Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area, SEM; D, Mysmena jinlong sp. n. from Danzhu He drainage, SEM of female. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epigynum, lateral, dorsal to the right; C, male epiandrous gland spigots; D, epigynum, lateral. 100 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 10 μm B 2 μm

C 2 μm D 3 μm

E 2 μm F 2 μm Figure 19. Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from No. 12 Bridge Camp area, SEM of spinnerets. A, female spinnerets; B, female ALS; C, female PMS; D, female PLS; E, male PMS; F, male PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; AGn: aggregate gland spigot nubbin; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; FLn: fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore; arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 101

A B 20 mm

C 20 mm D 10 mm

E 10 mmF 10 mm

Figure 20. Webs of mysmenid spiders. A, Mysmena changouzi sp. n. from Danzhu He drainage, female; B-D, Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, female; E, Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, female; F, Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yaojiaping, male and female. 102 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mmB 0.1 mm C 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mm H 0.2 mm I 0.1 mm

Figure 21. A-C, Mysmena jinlong sp. n. from Danzhu He drainage; D, E, Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Chang Yan He; F-H, Mysmena goudao sp. n. from QiQi He; I, Mysmena haban sp. n. from Haban Falls. A, D, F, epigynum, ventral view; B, epigynum, lateral view; C, E, G, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view; H, eggs. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 103

A C 0.5 mm

D B

Figure 22. Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Chang Yan He. A, male; B-E, female. A, B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, posterior. 104 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 23. Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 105

A 20 μm B 20 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm

Figure 24. Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM of male. A, male palp, prolateral; B, male palp, retrolateral; C, male palp, dorsal; D, male palp, apical; E, prosoma, anterior lateral; F, metatarsus I. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. 106 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 10 μmB 2 μm

C 2 μm D 3 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm

Figure 25. Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM. A-E, male; F, female. A, spinnerets; B, PLS; C, PMS; D, PLS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta; E, epiandrous gland spigots; F, epigynum. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AGn: aggregate gland spigot nubbin; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; FLn: fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore; arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 107

A B

C D

Figure 26. Webs of mysmenid spiders. A, Mysmena bizi sp. n. from Pianma, female; B, Gaoligonga changya sp. n. from QiQi He, female with eggs; C, D, Gaoligonga changya sp. n. from Guocai He at Fucai, female with eggs. 108 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A C

B D

0.5 mm

F E

G H

Figure 27. A-E, Mysmena goudao sp. n. from QiQi He; F-H, Mysmena shibali sp. n. from Shibali. A, male; B-H, female. A, B, F, lateral; C, G, dorsal; D, H, ventral; E, posterior. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 109

A 0.1 mm

Figure 28. Mysmena goudao sp. n. from QiQi He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. 110 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

20 μm A B 20 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 10 μm F 3 μm

Figure 29. Mysmena goudao sp. n. from QiQi He, SEM. A-E, male; F, female. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, apical; D, metatarsus I; E, PLS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta; F, epigynum. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AGn: aggregate gland spigot nubbin; B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; FLn: fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin; G: cymbial groove; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 111

A 10 μm B 10 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

Figure 30. SEM, epigynum. A-C, Mysmena shibali sp. n. from Shibali; D, Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yao- jiaping. A, D, ventral view; B, posterioventral view; C, lateral view. AL: anterior lobe; PL: posterior lobe. 112 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mmB 0.1 mmC 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mmH 0.1 mmI 0.1 mm

Figure 31. A, B, Mysmena shibali sp. n. from Shibali; C, D, Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yaojiaping; E, F; Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; G, H, Simaoa maku sp. n. from Maku ridge; I, Simaoa bianjing sp. n. from Haban Falls. A, C, E, G, epigynum, ventral veiw; B, D, F, H, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view. AL: anterior lobe; PL: posterior lobe. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 113

A C 0.5 mm

B D

Figure 32. Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yaojiaping. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, female, posterior. 114 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm

Figure 33. Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yaojiaping, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 115

A 10 μm B 10 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 10 μm

Figure 34. Simaoa yaojia sp. n. from Yaojiaping, SEM of male. A, male palp, prolateral; B, male palp, retrolateral; C, male palp, dorsal, arrow indicates tooth-like tibial process; D, prosoma, anterior lateral; E, metatarsus I; F, tibia I, prolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; T: tegulum. 116 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A C 0.5 mm

B D

E Figure 35. Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, female, posterior. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 117

0.1 mm

Figure 36. Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; T: tegulum. 118 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 20 μm B 20 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 10 μm

Figure 37. Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, SEM. A, male palp, prolateral; B, male palp, retrolateral; C, male palp, dorsal; D, prosoma, anterior lateral; E, metatarsus I; F, epigynum. AL: anterior lobe; CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; PL: posterior lobe; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 119

0.5 mm

Figure 38. Gaoligonga changya sp. n. A, male from Lishadi; B-E, female from QiQi He. A, B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, posterior. 120 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 39. Gaoligonga changya sp. n. from Lishadi, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. BK: basal keel; CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; MK: median keel; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 121

A 10 μm B 10 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 30 μm Figure 40. Gaoligonga changya sp. n. from Lishadi, SEM of male. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, dorsal; D, metatarsus I; E, prosoma, lateral; F, prosoma, dorsal. B: base of cymbium; BK: basal keel; CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; DL: distal lobe; E: embolus; MK: median keel; T: tegulum. 122 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 10 μm B 10 μm

C 3 μm D 3 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm Figure 41. Gaoligonga changya sp. n., SEM. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epigynum, posterior; C, epiandrous gland spigots; D, fang and cheliceral teeth, female; E, labrum, anterior, female; F, labrum, lateral, female. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 123

A 10 μm B 2 μm

C 3 μm D 3 μm

E 3 μm F 2 μm

Figure 42. Gaoligonga changya sp. n., SEM. A-D, female; E, F, male. A, spinnerets; B, ALS; C, E, PMS; D, F, PLS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; AGn: aggregate gland spigot nubbin; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; FLn: fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. 124 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm B 0.1 mm C 0.2 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mm H 0.1 mm I 0.1 mm

Figure 43. A-C, Gaoligonga changya sp. n. from QiQi He; D, E, Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. from Shilajia village; F-G, Mosu nujiang sp. n. from Pee He; H, I, Mosu huogou sp. n. from Haban Falls. A, D, F, H, epigynum, ventral view; B, E, G, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view; C, eggs. CD: copulatory duct; FD: fertilization duct; S, spermatheca. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 125

A C

0.5 mm

D B

Figure 44. Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. from Shilajia village. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, female, posterior. 126 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm

Figure 45. Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. from Shilajia village, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. B: base of cymbium; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 127

AB10 μm 10 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

EF30 μm 10 μm

Figure 46. Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. from Shilajia village, SEM of male. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, dorsal; D, chelicerae, lateral, dorsal to the left; E, prosoma, lateral; F, metatarsus I. B: base of cymbium; BK: basal keel; CB: cymbium; DL: distal lobe; E: embolus; MK: median keel; T: tegulum. 128 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 3 μm

C 3 μm D 10 μm

EF10 μm 2 μm

Figure 47. Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. from Shilajia village, SEM. A-D, F, female; E, male. A, spinnerets; B, ALS; C, PLS and PMS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta; D, epigynum; E, epiandrous gland spigots; F, metatarsus-tarsus joint, arrow indicates tarsal organ. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 129

A C

0.5 mm

D B

Figure 48. Chanea suukyii sp. n. from Maku ridge. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral. 130 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 49. Chanea suukyii sp. n. from Maku ridge. A, male palp, prolateral; B, male palp, retrolateral; C, cleared vulva, dorsal view. CB: cymbium; CD: copulatory duct; E: embolus; FD: fertilization duct; S: spermatheca; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 131

A 0.1 mm BC0.1 mm 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mm H 0.1 mm I 0.1 mm Figure 50. A-C, Chanea suukyii sp. n. from Maku ridge; D-F, Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave; G, H; Maymena kehen sp. n. from Lishadi, unlabeled arrow indicates diagnostic notch in scape; I, Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, D, G, epigynum, ventral veiw; B, F, H, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view; C, male palp, cleared and expanded. BC: booklung cover; BH: basal hematodocha; CD: copulatory duct; FD: fertilization duct; S: spermatheca. 132 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 30 μm

3 μm C 10 μm D

Figure 51. Chanea suukyii sp. n. from Maku ridge, SEM of male. A, B, palp, expanded, retrolateral; C, metatarsus I; D, epiandrous gland spigots. BH: basal hematodocha; CB: cymbium; E: embolus. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 133

AB30 μm 30 μm

C 3 μm D 10 μm

E 2 μm F 2 μm

Figure 52. Chanea suukyii sp. n. from Maku ridge, SEM. A, female prosoma, lateral; B, male prosoma, lateral; C, epigynum; D, female spinnerets; E, female ALS; F, female PLS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta. AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. 134 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A E 1.0 mm

B C D

Figure 53. Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, female, posterior. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 135

0.2 mm

Figure 54. Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum. 136 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB30 μm 100 μm

C 10 μm D 20 μm

E 100 μm F 10 μm

Figure 55. Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave, SEM of male. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, prolateral detail, arrow indicates hook-like cymbial apophysis; D, palpal tibia, dorsal, arrows indicate trichobothria; E, metatarsus I; F, tarsus, arrow indicates tarsal organ. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 137

AB30 μm 30 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 10 μm

Figure 56. Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave, SEM. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epigynum, lateral; C, epigynum, posterior; D, epiandrous gland spigots; E, female labrum, anterior, dorsal to the right; F, labrum, lateral, dorsal to the right. 138 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 10 μm

C 10 μm D 3 μm

E 10 μm F 2 μm

Figure 57. Maymena paquini sp. n. from Wayala Ku cave, SEM of spinnerets. A-D, female; E, F, male. A, spinnerets; B, PLS; C, E, PMS; D, F, PLS, arrow indicates modifi ed PLS seta. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; AGn: aggregate gland spigot nubbin; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; FLn: fl agelliform gland spigot nubbin; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 139

AB20 μm 10 μm

C 30 μm D 10 μm

E 30 μm F 10 μm Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Ver- acruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum. 140 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.5 mm

Figure 59. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, male, lateral; B, male, dorsal; C, female, lateral; D, female, dorsal; E, female, ventral; F, female, posterior. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 141

A 0.1 mm

Figure 60. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; PAA: patella apophysis; T: tegulum. 142 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB20 μm 10 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm Figure 61. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, prolateral detail; D, palp, apical; E, palp, dorsal; F, epigynum. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; PA: patella; PAA: patella apophysis; T: tegulum; TI, tibia. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 143

AB30 μm 10 μm

C 10 μm D 3 μm

E 10 μm F 20 μm

Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum. 144 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 2 μm

C 3 μm D 2 μm

E 20 μm F 30 μm

Figure 63. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM. A, female spinnerets; B, female ALS; C, female PLS; D, male PLS; E, epiandrous region, booklung covers, and pedicel insertion; F, epigynum, booklung covers, and pedicel insertion. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; BC: booklung cover; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 145

A 10 mm

B 10 mm

C 20 mm

Figure 64. Webs of Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, B, web of male; C, web of female. 146 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A C

B D 0.5 mm

0.2 mm E

Figure 65. A-E, Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He; F-H, Patu qiqi from QiQi He. A, male, lateral; B, F, female, lateral; C, G, female, dorsal; D, H, female, ventral; E, male leg II, prolateral. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 147

0.1 mm

Figure 66. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum. 148 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm B 0.1 mm C 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mm H 0.1 mm I 0.1 mm Figure 67. A-D, Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He; E, F, Patu qiqi from QiQi He; G, H; Patu xiaoxiao sp. n. from Chang Yan He; I, Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He. A, E, G, I, epigynum, ventral view; B, epigynum, lateral view; C, F, H, cleared vulva, dorsal view; D, eggs. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 149

AB10 μm 20 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 3 μm F 10 μm

Figure 68. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM of male. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, apical; D, palp, dorsal; E, metatarsus-tarsus joint, arrow indicates tarsal organ; F, epiandrous region. CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum; TI, tibia. 150 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB30 μm 20 μm

C 10 μm D 1 μm

E 3 μm F 10 μm

Figure 69. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM. A-E, male; F, female. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterior, dorsal to left; C, prosoma, lateral, detail showing sulci and lateral eyes; D, detail of sulci, arrows indicate pores; E, fang and distal part of chelicera showing single tooth; F, chelicera removed from prosoma. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 151

AB10 μm 10 μm

C 30 μm D 20 μm

E 10 μm F 3 μm

Figure 70. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM of female. A, epigynum, posterior; B, epigynum, lateral, dorsal to the right; C, prosoma, lateral; D, prosoma, anterior, dorsal to the right; E, labrum, anterior; F, labrum, lateral, dorsal to the right. Arrows in E and F indicate maximum extension of labrum. 152 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 2 μm

C 3 μm D 3 μm

E 3 μm F 3 μm

Figure 71. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM of spinnerets. A-D, female; E, F, male. A, spinnerets; B, ALS; C, E, PMS; D, F, PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 153

AB20 mm 20 mm

D 20 mm

C 20 mm E 20 mm

Figure 72. Webs of symphytognathid spiders. A, Patu jidanweishi sp. n., female from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; B, Patu jidanweishi sp. n., male from Pianma; C, D, Crassignatha pianma sp. n., female from Chang Yan He; E, Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n., female from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. 154 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 73. Patu qiqi sp. n. from QiQi He, slightly expanded male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. BH: basal hematodocha; CB: cymbium; E: embolus; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 155

C 0.5 mm

B D

0.2 mm E

Figure 74. Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, male leg II, prolateral. 156 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 75. Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 157

A 0.1 mm B 0.1 mm C 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

G 0.1 mm H 0.1 mm I 0.1 mm

Figure 76. A, B, Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He; C, D, Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; E-G, Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village; H, I, Crassignatha yamu sp. n. from Yamu He. A, F, epigynum, lateral view; B, D, G, I, cleared vulva, dorsal view; C, E, H, epigynum, ventral view. CD: copulatory duct; S: spermatheca. 158 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 20 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 20 μm F 30 μm

Figure 77. Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM. A-E, male; F, female. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, dorsal; D, distal ventral part of tibia II showing presumed mating claspers; E, F, prosoma, lateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum; TI: tibia; PA: patella. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 159

AB10 μm 20 μm

C 10 μm D 10 μm

E 10 μm F 30 μm

Figure 78. SEM. A-D, Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He; E, Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; F, Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village. A, female chelicera removed from prosoma, note single asymetrically bifi d tooth; B, labrum, anterior, female; C, labrum, lateral, female; D, male metatarsus-tarsus joint, arrow indicates tarsal organ; E, epiandrous region; F, prosoma, lateral, male. Arrows in B and C indicate maximum extension of labrum. 160 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB20 μm 20 μm

C 20 μm D 10 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm

Figure 79. SEM, epigynum. A, B, Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He; C, D, Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; E, F, Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village. A, C, E, ventral; B, D, F, lateral, anterior to the right. BL: basal lobe of scape; DL: distal lobe of scape. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 161

C 0.5 mm

E 0.2 mm

Figure 80. Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, male leg II, prolateral. 162 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 81. Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 163

AB10 μm 10 μm

C 10 μm D 20 μm

E 30 μm F 20 μm

Figure 82. Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve, SEM of male. A, palp, prolateral; B, palp, retrolateral; C, palp, prolateral, detail; D, palp, dorsal; E, prosoma, lateral; F, prosoma, anterior, dorsal to the left. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum; TI: tibia; PA: patella. 164 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A C

0.5 mm

B D

E 0.2 mm

Figure 83. Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village. A, male, lateral; B, female, lateral; C, female, dorsal; D, female, ventral; E, male leg II, prolateral. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 165

0.1 mm

Figure 84. Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. 166 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 1 μm

C 2 μm D 2 μm

E 3 μm F 2 μm

Figure 85. Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village, SEM of spinnerets. A-E, female; F, male. A, spinnerets; B, ALS; C, PMS; D, F, PLS; E, base of ALS showing lack of colulus. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 167

A B

0.5 mm

D C

Figure 86. A-C, Crassignatha yamu sp. n. from Yamu He; D-F, Crassignatha ertou sp. n. from Zaotang He. A, D, female, lateral; B, E, female, dorsal; C, F, female, ventral. 168 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

0.1 mm

Figure 87. Crassignatha yamu sp. n. from Yamu He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 169

0.1 mm

Figure 88. Crassignatha ertou sp. n. from Zaotang He, male palp. A, prolateral; B, retrolateral. CB: cymbium; CT: cymbial tooth; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; MA: median apophysis; T: tegulum. 170 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

A 0.1 mm B 0.1 mm C 0.1 mm

D 0.1 mm E 0.1 mm F 0.1 mm

Figure 89. A, B, Crassignatha ertou sp. n. from Zaotang He; C, D, Crassignatha gudu sp. n. from Zaotang He; E, F, Crassignatha longtou sp. n. from Yamu He. A, C, E, epigynum, ventral view; B, D, F, cleared vulva, dorsal view. CD: copulatory duct; S: spermatheca.

0.5 mm B A

Figure 90. Crassignatha longtou sp. n. from Yamu He, female. A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 171

AB10 μm 10 μm

C 10 μm D 20 μm

E 10 μm F 10 μm

Figure 91. Crassignatha longtou sp. n. from Yamu He, SEM of female. A, prosoma, lateral; B, detail, carapace, lateral; C, prosoma, anterior; D, prosoma, dorsal; E, chelicerae, distal part showing bifi d tooth; F, epigynum. 172 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

AB10 μm 2 μm

C 2 μm D 2 μm

Figure 92. Crassignatha longtou sp. n. from Yamu He, SEM of female spinnerets. A, spinnerets; B, ALS; C, PMS; D, PLS. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: fl agelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 173

AB10 μm 30 μm C 10 μm

D 100 μm EF100 μm 20 μm

Figure 93. Labra of araneomorph spiders. A, Dysderidae: Harpactea holmbergi (Scopoli, 1763); B, Ar- chaeidae: Austrarchaea sp.; C, Synotaxidae: Pahoroides sp.; D, Phyxelididae: Ambohima sp.; E, Amphi- nectidae: Neolana sp.; F, Ctenidae: Anahita sp. Arrows indicate labral tongue; asterisk in B indicates one of pair of lateral protuberances. 174 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Epeirotypus dalong Ogulnius barbandrewsi Theridiosoma diwang Zoma dibaiyin Coddingtonia euryopoides Mysmena shibali Crassignatha yamu

Figure 94. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. Blue: Epeirotypus dalong sp. n.; purple: Oguln- ius barbandrewsi sp. n.; yellow: Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n.; red: Zoma dibaiyin sp. n.; black: Coddingtonia euryopoides sp. n.; white: Mysmena shibali sp. n.; orange: Crassignatha yamu sp. n. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 175

Baalzebub nemesis Theridiosoma shuangbi Mysmena jinlong Crassignatha longtou

Figure 95. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. Blue: Baalzebub nemesis sp. n.; red: Th eridiosoma shuangbi sp. n.; purple: Mysmena jinlong sp. n.; yellow: Crassignatha longtou sp. n. 176 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Wendilgarda muji Mysmena changouzi Mysmena bizi Mosu huogou Crassignatha quanqu Crassignatha gudu

Figure 96. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. Black: Wendilgarda muji sp. n.; yellow: Mys- mena changouzi sp. n.; blue: Mysmena bizi sp. n.; red: Mosu huogou sp. n.; purple: Crassignatha quanqu sp. n.; white: Crassignatha gudu sp. n. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 177

Mysmena goudao Mysmena haban Simaoa yaojia Simaoa kavanaugh

Figure 97. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. Yellow: Mysmena goudao sp. n.; red: Mysmena haban sp. n.; purple: Simaoa yaojia sp. n.; white: Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. 178 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Simaoa maku Simaoa bianjing Gaoligonga changya Gaoligonga zhusun Crassignatha pianma Crassignatha yinzhi

Figure 98. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. White: Simaoa maku sp. n.; blue: Simaoa bianjing sp. n.; red: Gaoligonga changya sp. n.; yellow: Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n.; orange: Crassignatha pianma sp. n.; purple: Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n. Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 179

Maymena paquini Maymena kehen Gaiziapis zhizhuba Patu qiqi Patu xiaoxiao

Figure 99. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. White: Maymena paquini sp. n.; purple: Maymena kehen sp. n.; red: Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n.; yellow: Patu qiqi sp. n.; blue: Patu xiaoxiao sp. n. 180 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Mosu nujiang Crassignatha ertou Chanea suukyii Patu jidanweishi

Figure 100. Distribution map, inset map shows study area. Purple: Mosu nujiang sp. n.; blue: Crassig- natha ertou sp. n.; red: Chanea suukyii sp. n.; yellow: Patu jidanweishi sp. n Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 181

Appendix A.

Leg measurements of micro-orbweavers from the Gaoligongshan. One specimen or each sex (when available) was measured.

Epeirotypus dalong sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 1.14 0.96 0.58 0.76 Patella 0.36 0.35 0.24 0.28 Tibia 0.90 0.71 0.33 0.50 Metatarsus 0.83 0.69 0.45 0.53 Tarsus 0.38 0.35 0.27 0.28 Total 3.61 3.06 1.87 2.34 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.99 0.82 0.51 0.79 0.32 Patella 0.34 0.34 0.25 0.25 0.12 Tibia 0.67 0.52 0.30 0.50 0.20 Metatarsus 0.67 0.57 0.40 0.50 – Tarsus 0.34 0.33 0.28 0.28 0.37 Total 3.01 2.58 1.73 2.31 1.01

Ogulnius barbandrewsi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.42 0.37 0.25 0.36 Patella 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.17 Tibia 0.25 0.22 0.16 0.23 Metatarsus 0.26 0.25 0.18 0.22 Tarsus 0.17 0.28 0.16 0.16 Total 1.26 1.30 0.88 1.13 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.39 0.36 0.27 0.44 0.15 Patella 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.17 0.06 Tibia 0.21 0.20 0.17 0.08 0.10 Metatarsus 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.25 – Tarsus 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.20 Total 1.17 1.16 0.93 1.13 0.51 182 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Baalzebub nemesis sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.78 0.68 0.42 0.67 0.27 Patella 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.24 0.11 Tibia 0.50 0.41 0.25 0.41 0.20 Metatarsus 0.48 0.43 0.32 0.42 – Tarsus 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.26 0.34 Total 2.35 2.08 1.45 2.00 0.92

Th eridiosoma diwang sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.61 0.55 0.33 0.55 0.22 Patella 0.24 0.24 0.19 0.23 0.08 Tibia 0.41 0.37 0.18 0.36 0.16 Metatarsus 0.37 0.37 0.27 0.33 – Tarsus 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.22 0.29 Total 1.87 1.76 1.17 1.69 0.75

Th eridiosoma wubi sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.55 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.23 Patella 0.22 0.22 0.16 0.20 0.09 Tibia 0.38 0.35 0.20 0.24 0.15 Metatarsus 0.35 0.35 0.26 0.31 – Tarsus 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.28 Total 1.76 1.66 1.15 1.45 0.74

Th eridiosoma shuangbi sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.61 0.44 0.25 0.40 0.21 Patella 0.25 0.18 0.14 0.19 0.09 Tibia 0.39 0.26 0.14 0.26 0.14 Metatarsus 0.29 0.27 0.19 0.22 – Tarsus 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.26 Total 1.73 1.33 0.87 1.23 0.70 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 183

Zoma dibaiyin sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.77 0.64 0.35 0.48 Patella 0.27 0.26 0.17 0.20 Tibia 0.55 0.47 0.22 0.32 Metatarsus 0.49 0.42 0.26 0.31 Tarsus 0.28 0.28 0.22 0.22 Total 2.35 2.07 1.22 1.53 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.64 0.59 0.33 0.56 0.25 Patella 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.09 Tibia 0.44 0.39 0.20 0.35 0.16 Metatarsus 0.39 0.37 0.25 0.31 – Tarsus 0.26 0.27 0.21 0.22 0.30 Total 1.99 1.87 1.18 1.69 0.80

Wendilgarda muji sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.67 0.60 0.44 0.56 Patella 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.21 Tibia 0.56 0.45 0.28 0.36 Metatarsus 0.44 0.42 0.31 0.39 Tarsus 0.31 0.31 0.23 0.24 Total 2.23 2.01 1.46 1.76 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.62 0.54 0.38 0.56 0.19 Patella 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.25 0.08 Tibia 0.43 0.36 0.23 0.33 0.13 Metatarsus 0.35 0.32 0.26 0.35 – Tarsus 0.27 0.26 0.22 0.23 0.25 Total 1.91 1.70 1.28 1.72 0.64

Coddingtonia euryopoides sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.63 0.54 0.41 0.53 0.21 Patella 0.25 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.08 Tibia 0.41 0.36 0.25 0.38 0.13 Metatarsus 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.33 – 184 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Tarsus 0.30 0.29 0.24 0.25 0.28 Total 1.95 1.74 1.35 1.71 0.70

Mysmena changouzi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.37 0.33 0.23 0.32 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.12 Tibia 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.21 Metatarsus 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.16 Tarsus 0.14 0.23 0.20 0.21 Total 1.12 1.09 0.88 1.02 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.41 0.34 0.25 0.36 0.11 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.05 Tibia 0.26 0.21 0.15 0.23 0.07 Metatarsus 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.17 – Tarsus 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.21 0.13 Total 1.26 1.08 0.84 1.03 0.36

Mysmena jinlong sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.42 0.35 0.25 0.33 0.10 Patella 0.16 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.05 Tibia 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.22 0.07 Metatarsus 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.19 – Tarsus 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.12 Total 1.28 1.15 0.85 1.05 0.34

Mysmena bizi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.38 0.30 0.22 0.29 Patella 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.12 Tibia 0.28 0.22 0.14 0.18 Metatarsus 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.15 Tarsus 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.19 Total 1.21 1.00 0.77 0.92 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.41 0.33 0.21 0.32 0.11 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 185

Patella 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.05 Tibia 0.26 0.22 0.15 0.20 0.08 Metatarsus 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.18 – Tarsus 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.12 Total 1.25 1.08 0.82 1.00 0.36

Mysmena goudao sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.46 0.38 0.27 0.35 Patella 0.19 0.12 0.12 Tibia 0.34 0.25 0.17 0.22 Metatarsus 0.31 0.20 0.16 0.19 Tarsus 0.17 0.24 0.21 0.22 Total 1.46 1.23 0.92 1.09 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.54 0.46 0.32 0.43 0.14 Patella 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.08 Tibia 0.38 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.09 Metatarsus 0.29 0.25 0.19 0.23 – Tarsus 0.29 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.18 Total 1.70 1.46 1.17 1.34 0.48

Mysmena haban sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.33 0.27 0.18 0.24 0.11 Patella 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.04 Tibia 0.22 0.18 0.11 0.16 0.07 Metatarsus 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.14 – Tarsus 0.18 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.10 Total 1.02 0.90 0.66 0.79 0.32

Mysmena shibali sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.36 0.28 0.21 0.31 0.13 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.06 Tibia 0.24 0.20 0.13 0.19 0.08 Metatarsus 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.18 – Tarsus 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.11 Total 1.15 1.01 0.75 0.98 0.38 186 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Gaoligonga changya sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.49 0.44 0.28 0.36 Patella 0.21 0.18 0.13 0.13 Tibia 0.36 0.30 0.17 0.23 Metatarsus 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.19 Tarsus 0.34 0.28 0.23 0.23 Total 1.64 1.41 0.98 1.14 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.53 0.46 0.29 0.40 0.17 Patella 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.06 Tibia 0.35 0.30 0.18 0.29 0.09 Metatarsus 0.26 0.23 0.18 0.22 – Tarsus 0.29 0.27 0.21 0.25 0.18 Total 1.63 1.45 0.99 1.28 0.50

Gaoligonga zhusun sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.35 0.31 0.20 0.25 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.09 Tibia 0.26 0.21 0.13 0.17 Metatarsus 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.14 Tarsus 0.24 0.20 0.15 0.17 Total 1.18 1.02 0.70 0.81 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.45 0.37 0.25 0.33 0.14 Patella 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.05 Tibia 0.29 0.24 0.14 0.21 0.07 Metatarsus 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.17 – Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.19 0.14 Total 1.37 1.16 0.82 1.02 0.40

Mosu nujiang sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.41 0.35 0.25 0.33 0.13 Patella 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.05 Tibia 0.26 0.22 0.15 0.22 0.08 Metatarsus 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.18 – Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 187

Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.20 0.13 Total 1.26 1.11 0.82 1.05 0.39

Mosu huogou sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.48 0.42 0.31 0.40 0.14 Patella 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.05 Tibia 0.31 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.08 Metatarsus 0.23 0.20 0.15 0.21 – Tarsus 0.29 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.15 Total 1.50 1.31 0.97 1.25 0.42

Simaoa yaojia sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.38 0.31 0.21 0.28 Patella 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.10 Tibia 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.18 Metatarsus 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.14 Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.18 Total 1.19 1.02 0.73 0.88 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.36 0.32 0.22 0.30 0.13 Patella 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.05 Tibia 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.20 0.08 Metatarsus 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.17 – Tarsus 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.11 Total 1.18 1.05 0.77 0.97 0.36

Simaoa kavanaugh sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.38 0.32 0.22 0.29 Patella 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.10 Tibia 0.28 0.22 0.13 0.18 Metatarsus 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.15 Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.19 Total 1.21 1.05 0.74 0.91 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.37 0.31 0.23 0.31 0.12 188 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Patella 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.05 Tibia 0.24 0.21 0.14 0.19 0.07 Metatarsus 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.17 – Tarsus 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.11 Total 1.14 1.01 0.78 0.97 0.35

Simaoa maku sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.37 0.30 0.20 0.27 0.11 Patella 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.05 Tibia 0.22 0.19 0.12 0.18 0.07 Metatarsus 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.16 – Tarsus 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.18 0.11 Total 1.13 0.96 0.70 0.90 0.33

Simaoa bianjing sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.34 0.29 0.20 0.29 0.11 Patella 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.12 0.04 Tibia 0.22 0.20 0.12 0.18 0.08 Metatarsus 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.15 – Tarsus 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.12 Total 1.06 0.95 0.69 0.86 0.35

Chanea suukyii sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.32 0.28 0.19 0.24 Patella 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.11 Tibia 0.23 0.20 0.71 0.16 Metatarsus 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.13 Tarsus 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.15 Total 1.04 0.90 1.25 0.78 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 0.41 0.35 0.24 0.33 0.14 Patella 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.04 Tibia 0.29 0.14 0.15 0.21 0.08 Metatarsus 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.18 – Tarsus 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.13 Total 1.30 1.02 0.82 1.02 0.38 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 189

Maymena paquini sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 2.08 1.81 1.29 1.40 Patella 0.65 0.58 0.38 0.38 Tibia 1.78 1.46 0.85 0.95 Metatarsus 1.26 1.10 0.73 0.81 Tarsus 1.14 0.93 0.65 0.63 Total 6.90 5.88 3.89 4.16 Female I II III IV Palp Femur 1.96 1.74 1.28 1.48 0.43 Patella 0.63 0.60 0.39 0.65 0.14 Tibia 1.68 1.39 0.86 1.01 0.33 Metatarsus 1.30 1.13 0.76 0.86 0.50 Tarsus 1.10 0.96 0.68 0.64 – Total 6.66 5.81 3.96 4.64 1.39

Maymena kehen sp. n. Female I II III IV Palp Femur 1.94 1.68 1.20 1.43 0.45 Patella 0.63 0.60 0.40 0.39 0.15 Tibia 1.64 1.36 0.83 0.94 0.29 Metatarsus 1.20 1.03 0.71 0.76 – Tarsus 1.00 0.84 0.59 0.56 0.43 Total 6.40 5.50 3.73 4.08 1.31

Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.49 0.40 0.32 0.39 Patella 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 Tibia 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.34 Metatarsus 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.17 Tarsus 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.29 Total 1.56 1.35 1.13 1.33 Female I II III IV Femur 0.56 0.45 0.37 0.47 Patella 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.15 Tibia 0.44 0.35 0.29 0.38 Metatarsus 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.20 190 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Tarsus 0.35 0.34 0.28 0.32 Total 1.73 1.47 1.25 1.51

Patu jidanweishi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.28 0.24 0.19 0.22 Patella 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.09 Tibia 0.11 0.16 0.12 0.16 Metatarsus 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.11 Tarsus 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.16 Total 0.86 0.82 0.66 0.74 Female I II III IV Femur 0.28 0.23 0.19 0.26 Patella 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.11 Tibia 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.17 Metatarsus 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.13 Tarsus 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.18 Total 0.93 0.82 0.67 0.84

Patu qiqi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.20 Patella 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 Tibia 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.12 Metatarsus 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.09 Tarsus 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 Total 0.74 0.64 0.54 0.62 Female I II III IV Femur 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.21 Patella 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 Tibia 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.15 Metatarsus 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 Tarsus 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 Total 0.74 0.68 0.59 0.71

Patu xiaoxiao sp. n. Female I II III IV Femur 0.24 0.21 0.16 0.23 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 191

Patella 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.10 Tibia 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.17 Metatarsus 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.10 Tarsus 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.15 Total 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.73

Crassignatha pianma sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.46 0.38 0.29 0.38 Patella 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.13 Tibia 0.34 0.27 0.18 0.24 Metatarsus 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.17 Tarsus 0.28 0.28 0.23 0.23 Total 1.47 1.26 0.97 1.15 Female I II III IV Femur 0.63 0.50 0.36 0.48 Patella 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.15 Tibia 0.44 0.36 0.24 0.32 Metatarsus 0.28 0.24 0.18 0.21 Tarsus 0.31 0.30 0.26 0.26 Total 1.83 1.56 1.17 1.42

Crassignatha yinzhi sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.51 0.39 0.29 0.40 Patella 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.13 Tibia 0.39 0.30 0.20 0.27 Metatarsus 0.24 0.18 0.15 0.17 Tarsus 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.22 Total 1.50 1.27 1.00 1.18 Female I II III IV Femur 0.67 0.52 0.36 0.50 Patella 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.15 Tibia 0.49 0.37 0.24 0.34 Metatarsus 0.39 0.23 0.19 0.21 Tarsus 0.32 0.31 0.23 0.28 Total 2.04 1.60 1.15 1.48 192 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.37 0.30 0.24 0.31 Patella 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 Tibia 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.21 Metatarsus 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.13 Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.19 Total 1.19 1.01 0.81 0.94 Female I II III IV Femur 0.50 0.41 0.30 0.42 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 Tibia 0.36 0.29 0.20 0.29 Metatarsus 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.19 Tarsus 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.24 Total 1.50 1.28 1.01 1.26

Crassignatha yamu sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.40 0.33 0.24 0.31 Patella 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.11 Tibia 0.30 0.24 0.16 0.21 Metatarsus 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.14 Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.19 Total 1.23 1.07 0.79 0.96 Female I II III IV Femur 0.45 0.40 0.30 0.39 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.13 Tibia 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.25 Metatarsus 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.18 Tarsus 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.21 Total 1.39 1.24 0.97 1.15

Crassignatha ertou sp. n. Male I II III IV Femur 0.42 0.35 0.26 0.34 Patella 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.12 Tibia 0.33 0.26 0.18 0.24 Metatarsus 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.16 Th e symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China 193

Tarsus 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.19 Total 1.30 1.14 0.88 1.04 Female I II III IV Femur 0.45 0.38 0.26 0.36 Patella 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 Tibia 0.33 0.27 0.17 0.25 Metatarsus 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.15 Tarsus 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.21 Total 1.35 1.18 0.88 1.08

Crassignatha gudu sp. n. Female I II III IV Femur 0.41 0.34 0.25 0.34 Patella 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.12 Tibia 0.29 0.24 0.17 0.23 Metatarsus 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.15 Tarsus 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.21 Total 1.25 1.09 0.87 1.05

Crassignatha longtou sp. n. Female I II III IV Femur 0.39 0.38 0.23 0.32 Patella 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.12 Tibia 0.29 0.28 0.18 0.24 Metatarsus 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.16 Tarsus 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 Total 1.22 1.15 0.84 1.03 194 Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold & Chang Min Yin / ZooKeys 11: 9-195 (2009)

Appendix B.

Locality data (XLS format) for all specimens of the spider families Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae collected during an inventory of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, 1998-2007. File format: Microsoft Excel (1997- 2003). doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160-app.B.dt.

Note: Th e spreadsheet contains three worksheets: MatExePub, kml, and IndexPic. MatExePub is the main page, containing taxonomic and collection locality information, as well as LSID and DOI information. Kml organizes data from MatExePub so it can be converted into a fi le that can be read by GoogleEarth (see instructions in comment, cell A1). IndexPic contains links to the image collections on Morphbank for each species; this information is linked to the MatExePub worksheet.

Copyright notice: Th is dataset is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited.

Appendix C.

Locality data (KML format) for all specimens of the spider families Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae collected during an inventory of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, 1998-2007. File format: KML (Keyhole Markup Language) version 2.1 for GoogleEarth. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160-app.C.dt.

Note: Th e KML fi le can be opened using GoogleEarth (http://earth.google.com/) to display an interactive map showing the distribution of all species treated in this publication. Click on placemarks to reveal specimen data and a hyperlink to a collection of images for each species posted on Morphbank (http://www.morphbank.net/). A hierarchical menu allows users to display or hide any family, genus, or species.

Citations of the datasets:

Dataset published as Appendix B:

Citation: Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin CM (2009) Appendix B. Locality data (XLS format) for all specimens of the spider families Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae collected during an inventory of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, 1998-2007. DATASET. File format: Microsoft Excel (1997-2003). doi: 10.3897/ zookeys.11.160-app.B.dt. ZooKeys 11: 9-195. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160

Dataset published as Appendix C:

Citation: Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin CM (2009) Appendix C. Locality data (KML format) for all specimens of the spider families Th eridiosomatidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, and Symphytognathidae collected during an inventory of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, 1998-2007. DATASET. File format: KML (Keyhole Markup Language) version 2.1 for GoogleEarth. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160-app.C.dt. ZooKeys 11: 9-195. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.11.160