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Home , Altai Republic, Chelkans, Kalmyks, Kumandins, Telengits

ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 41/1 (2013) 131–142 E-mail: [email protected]

ETHNOLOGY 131

M.B. Lavryashina1, M.V. Ulianova1, I.V. Oktyabrskaya2, V.V. Nikolaev 2, T.A. Tolochko1, and V.G. Druzhinin1 1Kemerovo State University, Pr. Sovetsky 73, Kemerovo, 650043, E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, , 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected]

INTERETHNIC DYNAMICS AMONG THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN (DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT)*

This study presents an overview of the ethnic and demographic characteristics of Turkic indigenous peoples living in the Sayan-Altai region, including dynamics in marital structure, ethnically assortative marriage, and level of admixture among the in the Altai Territory; the Shor in the Kemerovo Province; the Altai-Kizhi, Kumandins, , , and in the ; and the Khakas (Kachin, Koibal, Kyzyl, and Sagai) in the Republic of . Temporal and territorial differences in levels of interethnic mixing within the selected communities are revealed. The study shows that during the period 1940–2009, the rate of monoethnic marriages decreased and the number of interethnic marriages in virtually all communities under investigation increased with the exception of the southern Altaians and the Khakas-Sagai. Speci¿ c features of interethnic mixing are identi¿ ed. Marriage to representatives of the migrant (Russian-speaking) population prevails among the northern Altaians (Kumandins, Tubalars, and Chelkans), Khakas-Kyzyl, and Shor of the mountain region, Kemerovo Province. Marriages to members of other indigenous peoples in southern Siberia are common among the Khakas-Koibal, Khakas-Kachin, and the Abakan Shor. These trends illustrate the nature of ethnic and demographic development in the Sayan-Altai region. Keywords: Indigenous peoples, Altaians, Khakas, Shor, marital structure, marriage assortativity, admixture, interethnic contacts.

Introduction territories inhabited by indigenous peoples in particular. The factors essential to the effective prediction of The last decade of the 20th century marked a signi¿ cant trends among the indigenous population are also those period of development in the administrative and legal which determine the quality of human development and framework governing ethnic, political, and social demographic trends of a given region. processes in Russia as a whole and in its individual From the 1990s onwards, Siberian population studies have concentrated on the general and genetically effective *This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for number of individual ethnic groups, their sex and age the Humanities (Projects Nos. 12-16-42006 a(r) and 11-21- structure, birth rate, mortality rate, reproductive structure, 17002). migration activity, etc. Traditionally, much attention has

© 2013, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2013.07.012 132 M.B. Lavryashina et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 41/1 (2013) 131–142

been paid to the analysis of marital structure among The administrative, territorial, and political indigenous peoples and this has resulted in a number of transformations of the 20th century consolidated changes studies (Boeva, Zubri, Murashko, 1981; Abanina, 1982; on the ethnic map of southern Siberia. Localization of Kazachenko, 1986; Krivonogov, 1998; Goltsova, Abanina, ethnic communities within the administrative boundaries 2000; Soboleva et al., 2004; Kucher et al, 2004; Kucher, of the volost, okrug, uezd (often surrounded by a different Tadinova, Puzyrev, 2005; Barantseva, 2008; Volzhanina, ethnic environment), the autonomous region (district), 2010; Eremina, Kucher, 2010; Ulianova, 2010; Nikolaev, and later, the republic intensi¿ ed their consolidation. The 2012) which have emphasized a higher admixture rate same tendency was facilitated by parallel processes of among indigenous peoples in the 19th and 20th centuries. modernization and changes taking place in qualitative This subject has also been addressed in studies using (including demographic) characteristics. materials speci¿ c to the Altai-Sayan region. Until the end of the 19th century, the tribal divisions of The of the Altai-Sayan region the Altai-Kizhi people were united in dyuchinas, while the constitute related communities in linguistic, ethnic, and Telengits comprised the 1st and the 2nd Chuya Volosts. cultural terms. These communities developed in the These territories represented parts of the Okrug of Middle Ages during processes of interaction between the the Tomsk Guberniya. In the 1897 Census, the Altaians Central Asian, Ugric-Samoyed, and Yenisei worlds. The were recorded as “ or of the Biysk Uezd” ethnic communities of Altaians, Khakas, Shor, Telengits, (26,084 individuals). The official statistics included Kumandins, Tubalars, and Chelkans were formed the “Altaian group of Tomsk Turks” (Patkanov, 1911: (repeatedly changing their ethnic and political status) in 65). According to the 1897 Census, the Telengits were an environment of administrative and political structuring recorded as the “Tatars” and “Uryankhai.” as well as cultural and social transformation that took The term “southern Altaians” in reference to the place in the Siberian provinces of the Russian State in the nomads of southern and central Altai ¿ rst came into use 17th–20th centuries. as a result of the studies of V. Radlov, V. Verbitsky, and Domestic politics related to classes and non-Russian other scholars of the second half of the 19th century. The populations originally emerged spontaneously, later indigenous population of the northern foothills of the Altai becoming more organized and particularly inÀ uencing Mountains was referred to as “the northern Altaians.” ethnic processes in the region after its of¿ cial entry into The ethnic names “Kumandins,” “Tubalars,” and the in the 18th century. M.M. Speransky’s “Chelkans” were actively used in 19th century academic “Charter on the Administration of Non-Slavic Population” literature and documents reÀ ecting the understanding of adopted in 1822 was based on established traditions of the residential boundaries as well as the linguistic, cultural management of territories and indigenous peoples. The identity (combined fishing, hunting, and gathering Charter codi¿ ed their special status as a class of inorodtsy economy with some elements of agriculture, etc.) of the or non-Slavic ethnic population. The system of dividing “northern Altaians.” The territory in the foothills of the the indigenous population into settled and nomadic groups represented an area of active peasant with rights to their own way of life and internal structure colonization and Christianization, which determined the was reÀ ected in the complex administrative structure of nature of its development for the indigenous population. the Altai-Sayan region, with the separation of the In 1897, the residents of the northern Altai were dumas in the territory of the Yenisei Krai, seven Altai recorded as “Tatars of the Biysk Uezd.” Such terms dyuchinas* and two Chuya Volosts within the boundaries as “Kumandin Tatars” (including “the Bystryanka of central and southern Altai, as well as Non-Slavic population”), “Lebed Tatars,” or “Chernevye Tatars” (Inorodtsy) Volosts in the northern Altai and Kuznetsk appeared in the documents of the time. By the end of Territory. Reorganization of the system was begun in the the 19th century, the total indigenous population of the late 19th century and was geared towards the uni¿ cation piedmont Altai area (living within the boundaries of the of the administrative and political structure. Bystryanskaya, Verkhne- and Nizhne-Kumandinskaya, Kondomo-Itiberskaya, Kondomo-Eleiskaya Volosts, Togulskaya, and Tagapskaya, as well as the Srostinskaya *Dyuchina was an Altai administrative unit in the 19th– and Yaminskaya Peasant Volosts) apparently exceeded early 20th century. It was characterized by the absence of clear 15,000–16,000, and ethnic distinctions between the territorial boundaries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kumandins, Tubalars, Chelkans, and Shor were quite every large Altai seok (clan) represented an independent loose (Nikolaev, 2012). dyuchina and included a number of small seoks. The 1st Active “ethnic construction” in the Altai-Sayan dyuchina was made up of the Mundus seok, the 2nd dyuchina – the seok, the 3rd and 5th dyuchinas – the Todosh seok, region initiated in the 19th century continued during the the 4th dyuchina – the Irkit seok. The 6th dyuchina, established Soviet period of administrative and political change. The in 1804, consisted of the Teles. In 1823 the 7th dyuchina of the ethnic policy of the 1920s involved the individualization Maima was formed. of the autonomous peoples: the Altaians, Kumandins, Download English Version: https://daneshyari.com/en/article/1034577

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