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MAKING USE of INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Settled in Natural Environments: an Effective Approach to Management?

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MAKING USE of INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Settled in Natural Environments: an Effective Approach to Management? F R E N C H N A T I O N A L W O R K G R O U P for biological invasions in aquatic environments MAKING USE OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES settled in natural environments: an effective approach to management? An initial analysis and discussion of points requiring attention With the support of: Document published by the French Committee of the International union for the conservation of nature, in conjunction with the French biodiversity agency Authors and editorial coordination: Emmanuelle Sarat (IUCN French Committee), Nicolas Poulet (French Biodiversity Agency), Yohann Soubeyran (IUCN French Committee) et Alain Dutartre (independent expert). Proofreading committee: Loïc Anras (Forum for the Atlantic Marshes), Patrick Barrière (New Caledonia Nature Conservatory), Julien Chalifour (Saint-Martin National Nature Reserve), Marc Collas (French Biodiversity Agency), Jean-Patrice Damien (Brière Regional Nature Park), Didier Delage (International Office for Water), Christine Fort (New Caledonia Nature Conservatory), Julien Gauthey (French Biodiversity Agency), David Happe (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regional Environmental Directorate), Florian Kirchner (IUCN French Committee), Pierrick Le Bards (Loire-Atlantique Departmental Territorial and Maritime Directorate), Marc Lebouvier (University of Rennes), Jean-François Maillard (National Agency for Hunting and Wildlife), Florence Ménez (School of Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences), Jean-Yves Meyer (Reseach unit for French Polynesia), Serge Muller (National Museum of Natural History), Christophe Pineau (Cerema Ouest), Jean- Philippe Reygrobellet (Board for Balanced Management of the Gardons Basin), Matthieu Trouvé (Centre-Val de Loire Nature Conservatory), Frédérique Viard (CNRS, Biological unit in Roscoff). Citation : IUCN French Committee. 2018. Making use of invasive alien species settled in natural environments. An effective approach to management? An initial analysis and discussion of points requiring attention. France. 84 pages. Cover photo credits: Patrick Barrière (New Caledonia Nature Conservatory), Marc Collas (French Biodiversity Agency), Jean-Philippe Reygrobellet (Smage des Gardons), Jean-Philippe Maréchal (NBE). ISBN : 978-2-918105-79-4 Legal registration: June 2019 Translation: Bartsch & Cie - [email protected]. Design and layout: Caroline Rampon - [email protected] - www.laptitefabrikdecom.fr Acknowledgements and contributions The members of the national work group for biological invasions in aquatic environments (IBMA), Laurent Beaulaton (French Biodiversity Agency), Mireille Boyer (Concept.Cours.d’EAU SCOP), Pierre Boyer (French Biodiversity Agency), Etienne Branquart (Wallonian public ser- vice, Belgium), Marie Fourdrigniez (BioConsulting), Gérald Guédon (Polleniz-Fredon Pays-de-la-Loire), Patrick Lapoirie (French Biodiversity Agency), Damien Padiolleau (Polleniz-Fredon Pays-de-la-Loire), Marc Pondaven (Polleniz-Fredon Pays-de-la-Loire), Claire Rameaux (Sa- voie department), Jean-Claude Raymond (French Biodiversity Agency). Participants in the international survey run by the International office for water Etienne Branquart (Wallonian public service, Belgium), Paula Chainho (University of Lisbon, Portugal), Paul Clark (Natural History Museum, London, U.K.), Anxo Conde (Pesca National Institute, University of Vigo, Spain), Lennart Edsman (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Roberto Giangreco (Ecology ministry, Italy), Jason Goldberg (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Aquatic Invasive Species), Stephan Gollash (Gollasch Consulting, Germany), Andréas Hussner (Institute of Botany, Germany), Bram Koese (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands), Toril Loennechen-Moen (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre), Isabel Lorenzo (Ecology ministry, Spain), Alberto Maceda-Veiga (Higher Council for Scientific Studies (CSIC) - Doñana Biological Unit, Spain), Niall Moore (Non-native Species Secretariat, U.K.), Thomas Murray (Virginia Institute of Marine Science, U.S.), Josh Newhard (Maryland Fishery Resource Office, U.S.), Stephanie Peay (School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, U.K.), Luke Poirier (University of Prince Edward Island, Canada), Helen Roy (Biological Record Center, U.K.), Sophie Saint-Hilaire (University of Prince Edward Island, Canada), Roar Sandodden (Norwegian Veterinary Institute), Richard Shaw (CABI, U.K.), Paul Stebbings (Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, U.K.), Jan Sundet (Institute of Marine Research, Norway), François Tron (Conservation International, New Caledonia), Sonia Vanderhoeven (Belgian Biodiversity Platform), Johan Van Walkenburg (National Reference Centre, National Plant Protection Organization, Netherlands), Montserra Vila (University of Seville, Spain), Bruce Vogt (National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S.), Arne Witt (CABI, South Africa). CONTENTS Introduction 4 Study objectives and scope 8 The different categories of IAS use 11 Commercial use 12 Direct commercial use 12 Secondary use of products resulting from IAS management 12 Incentive measures 14 Legal provisions in favour of IAS elimination 14 Bounties for trapping and hunting 14 Incentives to eat IASs 16 Benefits and risks of IAS use 19 Benefits 20 Economic, social and territorial benefits 20 Ecological benefits 22 Risks 29 Ecological risks 29 Economic and social risks 40 Health risks 45 A real contribution to controlling biological invasions? 49 Analysis of surveyed projects 50 Surveyed projects 50 Experts and resource persons 52 Analysis of the surveyed projects 53 Conclusions of the analysis on the surveyed projects 60 Points requiring attention and proposal of a framework for project design 63 Annexes 74 Analysis method for the project survey 74 Bibliography 75 Main abbreviations 82 Definitions 82 3 INTRODUCTION INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Biological invasions with multiple (IAS) consequences species introduced by humans to an area outside its natural range, voluntarily or Invasive alien species (hereinafter IAS) constitute one of accidentally, and whose establishment and the main pressures weighing on biodiversity worldwide, A propagation threaten local ecosystems, resulting in similar to the destruction of natural habitats, overuse of negative ecological, economic and health conse- resources, pollution and climate change. quences. Introduced species, if and when they become invasive, in- duce multiple consequences, direct and/or indirect, affec- ting the native species, the functioning of natural habitats and the services provided by ecosystems, as well as eco- players or for society as a whole may take on many diffe- nomic activities and human health. rent forms, e.g. lower agricultural yields, health costs, the costs incurred for the management in the field of invasive Around the world, spanning different geographic scales species, for the restoration of invaded natural environ- and levels of intensity, IASs cause damage to ecosystems ments, and damage to ecosystem services, though it is and the regression of native species. According to the more difficult to quantify the latter. latest estimates by the IUCN Red list of threatened species, these species represent a threat for almost one-third of the In terms of the health considerations, the many introduced terrestrial species facing extinction and have been involved species may threaten local fauna and flora, or even consti- in half of all known extinctions (UICN France, 2015). tute a threat to human health. They may be allergenic, pa- thogenic or toxic, or they may carry pathogenic micro-or- Economically speaking, major negative consequences may ganisms and viruses. result from biological invasions (Kettunen et al., 2009). The impacts causing economic losses for various economic EMERGENT EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL POLICIES Given the importance of this issue, the Convention on Biolo- gical Diversity decided to include it among its major lines of work in 1992 and the 2011-2020 strategic plan, approved by the convention, set a specific objective that the ratifying States, including France, have committed to achieving by 2020. The European Union has made the management of IASs a major objective and a regulation on preventing and managing their introduction and propagation entered into force in January 2015. In France, the national strategy for IASs was published in 2017 (Muller (coord.), 2017) (Figure 1). The strategy, struc- tured in five major sections with twelve objectives, identified 37 lines of work concerning IAS prevention, the creation of a national monitoring system, control over species already established in the country, ecological restoration, regu- lations, and further information, training and awareness raising for all stakeholders involved in IAS management. Figure 1. The French national strategy for invasive alien species. 4 Making use of invasive alien species settled in natural environments: an effective approach to management? This new strategic framework should put France in a On the scale of local territories, in both continental France and position to enforce the European regulation on IASs and the overseas territories, strategies have existed for several to comply with its international obligations, notably Aichi years to confront these issues and to meet the local needs in objective number nine, approved by the Convention on terms of organisation, coordination and in setting priorities for Biological Diversity. The objective lists the obligations work. These strategies were made possible by the work of a concerning IASs, namely
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