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Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © 1 BHUTTO ZIA AND ISLAM Syed Mujawar Hussain Shah Reproduced by Sani Hussain Panhwar Member Sindh Council, PPP Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Abbreviations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Abstract .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 CHAPTER I Historical Background .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 CHAPTER II The First General Elections in Pakistan .. .. .. .. .. 76 CHAPTER III Constitutional & Legislative Measures and Islamization under Bhutto .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 CHAPTER IV Islam and Diplomacy under Bhutto Pakistan’s Relations with the Muslim World .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 139 CHAPTER V The Politics of Religion and the 1977 Elections .. .. .. .. 161 CHAPTER VI The Politics of Islam under Zia .. .. .. .. .. .. 188 CHAPTER VII Summary and Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. 239 APPENDIX I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 GLOSSARY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 249 Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel deeply indebted to Dr. Parvez Iqbal Cheema, my supervisor, whose guidance, constant encouragement and Keen interest in my work have proved a source of inspiration to me. I shall always remember our friendly discussions. His contribution is very crucial in giving a proper shape to this study. My thanks are also due to Dr. Ghulam Hyder Sindhi, Director, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad who has been kind enough in providing me all types of assistance to complete this work. I was fortunate to find a scholar in the person of Dr. Aslam Syed, former Professor of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, whose deep insight into the subject provided me an invaluable guidance. His comments/suggestions enabled me to improve this work a lot. He generously spent his time and energy for critically examining both content and style of the thesis. Dr. Tariq-ur-Rahman, Associate Professor of Linguistic, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad very kindly read the whole manuscript and suggested ways and means of improving the text and argument at several places. I am highly grateful to these two scholars for sparing their precious time and extending help to me. I am highly indebted to my colleagues at the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, who were a constant source of encouragement for me to complete this work at the earliest. I wish to acknowledge with thanks the help of Library staff of National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Central Library, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for their assistance in locating books and material crucially important for this study. My last word of thanks is reserved for my wife G. Syed and my children Asif, Kashif and Huma, who have been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement through different stages of completion of the present study. Syed Mujawar Hussain Shah Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 3 ABBREVIATIONS ACII Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology AINC All India National Congress AIML All India Muslim League AIKMC All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference APAL All Pakistan Awami League APMAI All Pakistan Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam APNC All Pakistan National Conference APWA All Pakistan Women’s Association BDS Basic Democrats (Members of Basic Democracies) BNA Baluchistan National Alliance BPC Basic Principles Committee BTI Board of Tallimat-i-Islamiyah BUF Baluchistan United Front CAP Constituent Assembly of Pakistan CII Council of Islamic Ideology CIIR Central Institute of Islamic Research CMLA Chief Martial Law Administrator COP Combined opposition Parties CPB Central Parliamentary Board CSP Civil Service of Pakistan DAC Democratic Action Committee EBDO Election Bodies (Disqualification) FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FC Federal Council PSC Federal Shariat Court HBFC House Building Finance Corporation IJI Islami Jamhuri Ittehad IJT Islami Jamiat-i-Talaba IRI Islamic Research Institute JI Jamaat-i-Islami Pakistan Jul Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam JUIP Jamiat-ul-Ulama-Islam Pakistan JUP Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan KT Khaksar Tehrik LFO Legal Framework Order, 1970 MAI Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 4 MFLO Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961 MIX Mutahidda Islami Mahaz MJAS Markazi Jamaat-i-Ahl-i-Sunnat MJUI Markazi Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam MJUIMP Markazi Jamiat-ul-Ulame-i-Islam Maghrabi Pakistan MNAs Members of National Assembly MQM Muhajir Qaumi Movement MRD Movement for Restoration of Democracy KSM Mutahiddah Shariat Mahaz NAP National Awami Party NDF National Democratic Front NDP National Democratic Party NIP Nizam-i-Islam Party NU Nizam-ul-Ulama NWFP North West Frontier Province O.A.P.E.C. Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting countries. It comprises the Arab members of the OPEC namely Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Algeria and Libya. O.I.C. Organization of the Islamic Conference. It was established in 1969 to promote Islamic solidarity and to foster political, economic, social and cultural cooperation between Muslim states. O.P.E.C. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It was established in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of member countries. It comprises Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Algeria, Libya, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Indonesia, Nigeria, Gabon, Venezuela and Ecuador. PDM Pakistan Democratic Movement PDP Pakistan Democratic Party Pith Pakistan Muslim League PHA Pakistan National Alliance PODO Public Offices (Disqualification) Order PPP Pakistan People’s Party RTC Round Table Conference, 1969 SAM Sindh Awami Mahaz TI Tehrik-i-Istiqlal TNFJ Terik-i-Nifaz-i-Figh-i-Jafriya UF United Front Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 5 ABSTRACT The literature on religion and politics in Pakistan revolves around two themes: firstly, the conflicting role of religion in the making of Pakistan where it was used by the traditionalist ulama to negate the idea of territorial nationalism in South Asia and secondly by the modern advocates of the Pakistan Movement in a purely political context. The present study, however, attempts to see this co- relation at different levels. These levels are the state, the assembly, the political parties, elections and political leadership. The underlying theme is that both the modernists and the traditionalists used Islam to argue and advance their respective political objectives. The modernists equated Islam with the modern secular institutions while giving in to a few cosmetic changes in order to satisfy the ulama. They had not prepared themselves well about the applicability of Islam in the socioeconomic systems of the country. Some times they would use Islam to mobilize public opinion or to satisfy their political compulsions keeping in view the agitational politics at home as well as the diplomatic obligations abroad. This view is clearly demonstrated during the period of Bhutto’s rule. This process, however, did not amount to any radical change in the body-politik of Pakistan but yielded more ground to the political ambitions of the ulama. Subsequent political uses of Islam during the Zia period were aimed at achieving two objectives: Firstly, to keep the tempo of the agitational movement initiated by the ulama against Bhutto, and secondly to deny the masses elections and parliamentary democracy. General Zia-ul-Haq’s constituency was certainly the army but his Islamization was meant both as a tool of legitimacy for the general public as well as to buy the loyalties of the religious spokesmen of the society. We could not read any higher motives in his so-called Islamization than just a way of perpetuating his political rule. His ordinances and public rhetoric were directed against the critics of his authoritarian regime and to keep the Pakistan People’s Party away from the political arena. But the irony of the whole Issue is that even the genuinely elected and legitimate political governments could not eliminate the impact of his Islamization. This was the result of the fear of any possible public protest in the name of undoing what some circles believed to be the acts of Islamization. This process could be of interest to the political pundits of future development in Pakistani society. It has also been demonstrated that the real social and economic problems of the country could not be buried under the weight of religion as has been displayed in the secession of East Pakistan as Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 6 well as the Martial Law of 1977. If religion has acted as an anchor for some politicians, it has also drowned their political ambitions in the strong currents of social and economic problems. Bhutto Zia and Islam Copyright © www.Bhutto.Org 7 INTRODUCTION Pakistan came into existence with a two-fold legacy: a homeland for the Muslims of South Asia who were convinced that their economic and cultural development would not be possible under Hindu domination and a religious philosophy which had united them under the banner of the All India Muslim League. We cannot deny the fact that religion played a key role in its creation but neither the advocates of the freedom movement nor its opponents were clear about the role that Islam was going to play after independence. It was assumed that the constitutional and political set up that had evolved during the colonial period was, if not in accordance with the ideals of an Islamic polity, was certainly not opposed to it. Therefore, Islam appears as a purifying and supplementary
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