Control of Voc Emissions from Ink and Paint Manufacturing Processes
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United States Office of Air Quality EPA-45013-92-013 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards April 1992 Agency Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 Air &EPA CONTROL OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM INK AND PAINT MANUFACTURING PROCESSES control 1technology center EPA 450/3 92-013 1992 CONTROL OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM INK AND PAINT MANUFACTURING PROCESSES CONTROLTECHNOLOGYCENTER SPONSORED BY: Emission Standards Division Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 April 1992 EPA-45013-92-013 April 1992 CONTROL OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM INK AND PAINT MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Prepared by: B.W. McMinn PJ. Marsosudiro Alliance Technologies Corporation 100 Europa Drive, Suite 150 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0121 Work Assignment No. 1-29 (Alliance No. 1-638-029-1) Project Officer Joseph Steigerwald Emission Standards Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Prepared for: Control Technology Center U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 DISCLAIMER This final report was prepared for the Control Technology Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by Alliance Technologies Corporation, 100 Europa Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, in partial fulfillment of Contract No. 68-DO-0121, Work Assignment No 1-29, The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. .. lll PREFACE This report was prepared for and funded by the Control Technology Center (CTC), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The CTC was established by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) and Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) to provide technical assistance to State and local air pollution control agencies. Several levels of assistance are available through the CTC: a CTC HOTLINE provides telephone assistance on matters relating to air pollution control technology; in-depth engineering assistance is provided when needed by EPA and its contractors; and the CTC can provide technical guidance through publication of technical guidance documents, development of personal computer software, and presentation of workshops on control technology matters. The fourth assistance program sponsored by the CTC is the CTC Bulletin Board System (BBS), a part of the EPA OAQPS Technology Transfer Network. Users of the BBS can retrieve CTC information through one of four major area menu selections. The four areas included are Utilities, Help Center, Documents/Software, and CTC Projects. Technical guidance projects, such as this one, focus on topics of national or regional interest that ar.e identified through contact with State and local agencies. In this case, the CTC received a number of calls on controlling volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from processes used to manufacture ink and paint. Controlling VOC emissions at various source types that have not been addressed by Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG's) is of interest to many States and local air pollution control agencies due to on-going ozone nonattainment problems (VOC is a precursor of ozone) and requirements in Title I of the Clean Air Act ~mendmentsof 1990. This report presents the results of a study to identify and collect information on paint and ink manufacturing processes and the VOC emissions generated during these operations. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Disclaimer ........................................................ iii Preface ...........................................................iv ... List of Tables ..................................................... vlu 1.0 Introduction ................................................. 1-1 2.0 Industry Structure and Process Description .............................2-1 2.1 General ....................................................2-1 2.2 Paint Manufacturing Industry Structure .............................. 2-1 2.2.1 Introduction .......................................... 2-1 2.2.2 Market. Raw Materials. and Products ........................2-1 2.2.3 Paint Product End-Uses .................................. 2-4 2.3 Ink Manufacturing Industry Structure ................................ 2-8 2.3.1 Introduction .......................................... 2-8 2.3.2 Market. Raw Materials. and Products ........................ 2-8 2.3.3 Ink Product End-Uses .................................. 2-11 2.4 Manufacturing Process Description ................................ 2-14 2.4.1 Introduction ......................................... 2-14 2.4.2 Preassembly and Premix ................................ 2-14 . 2.4.3 Pigment Grinding or Milling ............................. 2-17 2.4.4 Product Finishing ..................................... 2-28 2.4.5 Product Filling ....................................... 2-29 2.5 References ................................................. 2-31 3.0 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions. Regulations. and Permits ............ 3-1 3.1 General .....................................................3-1 3.2 Source Identification and Characterization ............................3-1 3.2.1 Introduction ........................................... 3-1 3.2.2 Preassembly and Premix .................................3-2 3.2.3 Pigment Grinding or Milling ...............................3-2 3.2.4 Product Finishing ...................................... 3-4 3.2.5 Product Filling ........................................3-4 3.2.6 Equipment Cleaning ....................................3-5 3.3 Emission Factor Data ........................................... 3-6 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Page 3.3.1 Introduction .......................................... 3-6 3.3.2 Current Regulations ..................................... 3-8 3.3.3 Pennits ............................................. 3-9 3.3.4 PlantTrips .......................................... 3-15 3.4 References ................................................. 3-17 4.0 Emission Control Techniques ..................................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ................................................. 4-1 4.2 Voc Emission Reduction Methods ..................................4-1 4.2.1 Equipment or Process Modifications ......................... 4-2 4.2.2 Improved Operating Practices .............................. 4-6 4.2.3 Recycling Techniques ...................................4-7 4.3 Product Reformulation ..................................... : .... 4-7 4.3.1 Powder Coatings ...................................... 4-10 4.3.2 .Waterborne Paints and Inks ..............................4-10. 4.3.3 Radiation-Curable Paints and Inks .................... ;..... 4-11 4.3.4 High-Solids Paints and Wrs .............................. 4-11 4.4 VOC Emissions Reduction by Control Systems ........................ 4-12 4.4.1 Capture Devices ...................................... 4-12 4.4.2 Recovery Techniques ................................... 4-14 4.4.3 Combustion Techniques ................................. 4-19 4.5 References ................................................. 4-25 5.0 Control Cost Analysis .......................................... 5-1 5.1 Introduction ................................................. 5-1 5.2 Thermal Incineration ...........................................5-1 5.2.1 Equipment Tank Lids .................................. .' 5-1 5.2.2 . Horizontal Media Mills .................................. 5-4 5.2.3 Equipment Cleaning Devices .............................. 5-6 5.3 VOC Emissions Reduction Methods ................................ 5-6 5.4 Product Reformulation .......................................... 5-8 5.5 Capture Devices .............................................. 5-8 5.6 Thermal Incineration ........................................... 5-8 5.7 References ................................................. 5-11 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Page Appendix A Lists of Facilities with Annual Sales Greater Than $1 Million .......A-1 Appendix B Permit Requirements from Several States ......................B-1 Appendix C Trip Reports ..........................................C-1 vii LIST OF TABLES Number Page Paint Raw Materials Consumed in 1987 ..............................2-3 Paint Categories By Use ......................................... 2-5 Ink Raw Materials Consumed in 1987 ...............................2-9 Ink Categories By Use .........................................2-12 Uncontrolled Emission Factors for Pajnt, Varnish. and Printing Ink Manufacturing ................................................ 3-7 State Regulations for Paint and Resin Manufacturing Facilities ............. 3-10 State Regulations for Coatings and Ink Manufacturing Facilities ............ 3-13 Emissions for 1990 ...........................................3-16 Applicability and Use of VOC Emission Reduction Methods in Paint and Ink Facilities .............................................. 5-2 Equipment Cover Cost Figures .................................... 5-5 Horizontal Media Mill Cost Figures .................................5-7 Cleveland: Facility Thermal Incineration Cost Figures ................... 5-10 Paint and Allied Products Facilities (SIC 2851) with Annual Sales Greater Than $1 Million .........................................A-2