Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan

Standard Operating Procedure D Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection & Processing Guide

Version 1.0, 8/17/2015, Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner, Kerri Nakatsu, & Darcy Yogi Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope ...... 1 2. University Management Area and Ecological Zones...... 2 3. Native Plant Species ...... 4 4. Priority Plant Threats ...... 5 5. Field Staff – Plant Identification Guide ...... 9 5.1. Vegetation Terminology ...... 9 5.2. Native Species within the Management Area...... 11 5.3. Introduced Species within Management Area ...... 23 5.4. A Selection of Introduced Plants on Adjacent lands ...... 35 5.5. Plant Identification Overview of Established Species ...... 38 6. Vegetation Collection, Processing & Identification ...... 39 6.1. Priority Plant Threats ...... 39 Established within UH Management Area ...... 39 Established on Adjacent lands or on Island ...... 39 6.2. Native Vegetation Species ...... 39 Identification Known ...... 39 Identification Unknown ...... 39 7. Revision History Log ...... 40 8. Recommended Citation ...... 40 9. Outreach Use – Plant Identification Guide ...... 41 9.1. Native Plant Species ...... 41 9.2. Introduced Plant Species ...... 41 9.3. Native Plant Identification ...... 42 9.4. Introduced Plant Identification ...... 46 9.5. Outreach Plant Identification Overview ...... 52

1. Purpose and Scope This standard operating procedure (SOP) is designed to assist with plant identification, invasive plant threat prioritization, and the collection and processing of vegetation on Maunakea for both field staff and with public outreach activities. The identification guide portion of this SOP is not intended to be comprehensive, rather it is representative of common species to facilitate identification. This SOP should be used under the guidance of a professional botanist if complete confidence in specimen identification is required.

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2. University Management Area and Ecological Zones The Office of Maunakea Management (OMKM) manages the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) including the Astronomy Precinct, Road Corridor, and Halepōhaku (HP) facilities. There are three community types within the UH Management Area; the Alpine Shrubland (from 2,900m/ 9,500ft to 3,400m/11,150ft), Alpine Grassland (3,400m/11,150ft to 3,900m/ 12,800ft), and the Alpine Stone Desert (3,900m/ 12,800ft to the summit).

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Figure 1. UH Management Areas and Community Types.

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3. Native Plant Species Native species established within the management area are identified below. Species are grouped by management area and sorted by family, genus, and species1. Common name2 and morphology are also displayed.

Table 1. Native Species in the Road Corridor & at Halepōhaku (below the MKSR).

Family Species Common Name Morphology Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Spleenwort fern Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes ‘Oāli'i, ‘Owāli‘i Fern Asteraceae Dubautia arborea Na‘ena‘e, Maunakea dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Dubautia ciliolata glutinosa Na‘ena‘e, Lava dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium ‘Ena‘ena Herb Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Alpine tetramolopium Shrub Caryophyllaceae Silene struthioloides Alpine catchfly Shrub Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium oahuense ‘Āweoweo, ‘Āheahea Shrub Cyperaceae Carex macloviana St. Malo’s sedge Sedge Cyperaceae Carex wahuensis O‘ahu sedge Sedge Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Kīlau, Bracken fern Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris wallichiana Alpine woodfern Fern Ericaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Pūkiawe Shrub Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum ‘Ōhelo, ‘Ōhelo ‘ai Shrub Fabaceae Sophora chrysophylla Māmane Tree Geraniaceae Geranium cuneatum hololeucum Nohoanu, Hinahina Shrub Juncaceae Luzula hawaiiensis Hawai‘i wood rush Rush Lamiaceae Stenogyne microphylla Little-leaf stenogyne Vine Lamiaceae Stenogyne rugosa Mā‘ohi‘ohi Vine Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Yellow wood sorell Herb Papaveraceae Argemone glauca Pua Kala, Hawaiian poppy Herb Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass Poaceae Deschampsia nubigena Alpine hairgrass Grass Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis He‘upueo, Pacific bentgrass Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Pili Uka, Mountain pili Grass Polygonaceae Rumex giganteus Pāwale Shrub Pteridaceae Pellaea ternifolia Kalamoho Fern Rosaceae Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ‘Ūlei Shrub Rubiaceae Coprosma ernodeoides Kūkaenēnē Shrub Rubiaceae Coprosma montana Pilo Tree Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa ‘A‘ali‘i Tree

Table 2. Native Species in the MKSR & Astronomy Precinct.

Family Species Common Name Morphology Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Spleenwort fern Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes ‘Oāli'i, ‘Owāli‘i Fern Asteraceae Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense ‘Āhinahina Shrub Asteraceae Dubautia ciliolata glutinosa Na‘ena‘e, Lava dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium ‘Ena‘Ena Herb

1 The scientific names used are valid and accepted (as of 2/2015) in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) database. Names are subject to change with updated ITIS information. 2 Common names include Hawaiian and English names when known. Hawaiian name spellings confirmed in Nā Puke Wehewehe ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i.

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Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Alpine tetramolopium Shrub Carophyllaceae Silene struthioloides Alpine Catchfly Shrub Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Kīlau, Bracken fern Fern Dryopteridaceae Cystopteris douglasii Douglas' Bladderfern Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris wallichiana Alpine woodfern Fern Ericaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Pūkiawe Shrub Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum ‘Ōhelo, ‘Ōhelo ‘ai Shrub Juncaceae Luzula hawaiiensis Hawai‘i wood rush Rush Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis He‘upueo, Pacific bentgrass Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Pili Uka, Mountain pili Grass Pteridaceae Pellaea ternifolia Kalamoho Fern 4. Priority Plant Threats Plant threats are identified using the Hawai`i Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (HPWRA) score. If no score is available for a species, OMKM has requested an assessment from the HPWRA program and in the meantime will continue to monitor the distribution of the species. The Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan identifies a Weed Risk Assessment threshold score of 8 or higher for evaluation and potential action, and a score of 17 or higher designated as “high” priority species.

Monitoring and control procedures will be developed for all introduced plant species currently established in the Management Area (plants listed below). The complexity, level of involvement by oversight committees, and resources allocated to each introduced species will be determined by the level of threat (biological, cultural, and aesthetic) they pose. Many species will see nominal control efforts, given their widespread presence on the island and threat level. A response plan should be prepared for each high priority species on UH managed lands. High priority species are shown in bold.

Species are grouped by management area and sorted by family, genus, and species. The common name and morphology are also displayed, and HPWRA score provided if available.

Table 3. Introduced Species established in the Road Corridor & at Halepōhaku (below the MKSR). Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Herb 19 Asteraceae Bidens pilosa Spanish Needle Herb 23 Asteraceae Coreopsis lanceolata Ko‘oko‘olau Herb None Asteraceae Gaillardia pulchella Indian blanket Herb None Asteraceae Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph weed Herb None Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cats ear, Gosmore Herb None Asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Herb 23 Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland ragwort Herb None Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel Herb None Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion Herb None Asteraceae Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify Herb None Brassicaceae Lepidium spp. Peppergrass Herb None Fabaceae Chamaecytisus prolifera palmensis Broom (tagasaste) Shrub None Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Lance clover Herb None Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Alfilaria, Pin clover Herb None Geraniaceae Geranium homeanum Australasian geranium Herb None Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare Horehound Herb None Molluginaceae Mollugo cerviana Carpetweed Herb None

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Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Myrtaceae Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus Tree None Onagraceae Epilobium billardierianum Willow Herb Herb None Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Chilean evening primrose Herb None Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica California poppy Herb None Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal grass Grass 11 Poaceae Bromus catharticus Rescue grass Grass None Poaceae Bromus diandrus Ripgut grass Grass None Poaceae Cenchrus clandestinus Kikuyu grass Grass 18 Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot, Orchard grass Grass None Poaceae Ehrharta calycina Perennial veldtgrass Grass None Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvet grass Grass None Poaceae Lolium spp. Rye grass Grass None Poaceae Nassella cernua Needlegrass Grass None Poaceae Poa annua Annual bluegrass Grass None Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Grass 14 Poaceae Rytidosperma semiannulare Wallaby grass Grass None Poaceae Vulpia bromoides Brome fescue Grass None Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel Herb None Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Herb None Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Virgate/ wand mullein Herb None Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Ōwī Herb None

Table 4. Introduced Species Established in the MKSR & Astronomy Precinct.

Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cat’s ear, Gosmore Herb None Asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Herb 23 Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland ragwort Herb None Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion Herb None Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Alfilaria, pin clover Herb None Myrtaceae Eucaluptus spp. Eucalyptus Tree None Onagraceae Epilobium billardierianum Willow Herb Herb None Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal grass Grass 11 Poaceae Bromus catharticus Rescue grass Grass None Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvet grass Grass None Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Grass 14 Poaceae Rytidosperma semiannulare Wallaby grass Grass None Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Herb None Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Virgate/ wand mullein Herb None

Introduced plant species currently growing near or adjacent to the Maunakea Management area (not present in the Management Area), are to be targeted in early detection/ monitoring surveys. A selection of introduced species established on adjacent lands are shown below. High priority species found on adjacent lands are shown in bold.

Table 5. A Selection of Introduced Species on Adjacent lands.

Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium Holly Tree None Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis Fleabane Herb None

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Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Asteraceae Delairea odorata German Ivy Vine 14 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Vine 12 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum Mouse-ear chickweed Herb None Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed Herb None Cupressaceae Cryptomeria japonica Sugi pine Tree -3 Fabaceae Ulex europaeus Common gorse Shrub 20 Juncaceae Juncus effusus Japanese mat rush, Common rush Grass None Melastomataceae Tibouchina herbacea Glorybush Shrub 24 Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum Strawberry guava Tree 18 Onagraceae Fuchsia spp. Fuchsia Shrub None Passifloraceae Passiflora tripartite mollissima Banana Poka Vine None Pinaceae Pinus spp. Pine Tree None Poaceae Andropogon virginicus Broomsedge Sedge None Poaceae Axonopus fissifolius Narrow-leaved carpetgrass Grass 16 Poaceae Ehrharta stipoides Weeping grass, Meadow ricegrass Grass None Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Dallis grass Grass 12 Poaceae Poa nemoralis Redtop grass Grass None Ranunculaceae Anemone hupehensis Japanese Anemone Herb None Rosaceae Rubus argutus Florida blackberry Shrub 21.5 Rosaceae Rubus rosifolius Thimbleberry Shrub 10 Rosaceae Stranvaesia davidiana davidiana Photinia Shrub, Tree -2 Zingiberaceae Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger Herb 16

A selection of introduced species that are established on island are listed below. This abbreviated list is limited to a) species previously eradicated from the Management area, b) species identified as invasive by adjacent land owners, c) other species that potentially can survive and reproduce in the high elevation environment. High priority species found on the island of Hawai`i are shown in bold.

Table 6. A Selection of Introduced Species on the island of Hawai`i.

Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Amaranthaceae Salsola kali Tumbleweed Herb 18.5 Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius Christmas berry Tree 19 Asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus physocarpus Balloonplant Herb 8 Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle Herb 18.5 Crassulaceae Kalanchoe delagoensis Maternity plant Succulent None Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Ivy gourd Vine None Cyatheaceae Cyathea cooperi Australian tree fern Tree 8 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Castor bean Herb, Shrub 21 Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta Mule's foot fern Herb 8 Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta Koster's curse Shrub None Melastomataceae Melastoma septemnervium Asian melastome, Malabar melastome Shrub, Tree 13 Melastomataceae Miconia calvescens Miconia Shrub, Tree 14 Melastomataceae Tibouchina urvilleana Princess-flower Shrub 10 Moraceae Ficus rubiginosa Port jackson fig Tree 7 Myriaceae Morella faya Firetree Shrub 8 Oleaceae Fraxinus uhdei Tropical white ash Tree 11 Passifloraceae Passiflora tarminiana Banana poka Vine 24 Plantaginaceae Lophospermum erubescens Creeping gloxinia Vine 5

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Family Species Common Name Morphology Hawaii WRA Poaceae Cenchrus setaceus Fountain grass Grass 26 Poaceae Setaria palmifolia Palm grass Grass None Proteaceae Grevillea robusta Silky oak Tree 5 Rosaceae Rubus ellipticus Yellow Himalayan raspberry Shrub 18 Solanaceae Nicotiana glauca Tobacco tree Shrub, Tree 15 Solanaceae Solanum pseudocapsicum Jerusalem cherry Shrub None

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5. Field Staff – Plant Identification Guide 5.1. Vegetation Terminology  Achene: a small, dry, one- seeded, indehiscent fruit, deriving from a one-chambered ovary, typical of Asteraceae  Adaxial: situated on the side toward the axis  Apex: the tip of a plant part  Attenuate: tapering gradually to a narrow extremity  Awns: a bristle-like appendage of a plant, especially on the glumes of grasses  Blunt leaves: having an obtuse, thick, or dull edge or point; rounded; not sharp  Capitulum: a raceme consisting of tightly packed head of almost stalk-less flowers, as in the Asteraceae.  Cauline: attached to or referring to the stem, as opposed to basal, often used to describe a leaf  Chevron: V-shaped pattern  Compound: made up of two or more similar parts, as in a leaf which has leaflets  Conduplicate: leaf in the bud, folded lengthwise with the upper face of the blade within  Corolla: collective term for the petals of a flower  Crenate: with shallow roundish or bluntish teeth on the margin, scalloped  Culms: the stem of grasses, sedges, and rushes  Cyme: a broad, flat- topped inflorescence in which the central flower is the first to open  Decumbent: flat at the base but ascending at the end  Decussate: arranged in pairs along the stem with each pair at right angles to the one above and below  Drupe: a fleshy indehiscent fruit enclosing a nut or hard stone containing generally a single seed as a peach or cherry  Elliptic: broadest near the middle and tapering gradually to both ends  Filiform: 1)Threadlike 2) A type of flower in the Asteraceae which is pistillate has a very slender, tubular corolla  Foliolate: having leaflets  Glabrous: smooth, without hairs  Glandular: with glands, sticky dots or secretions  Globiod: having a globe- like shape  Indehiscent: not opening by itself, said of a seed pod  Inflorescence: the discrete flowering portion or portions of a plant; a flower cluster  Keel: the two lower petals of most pea flowers, united or partially joined to form a structure similar to the keel of a boat  Lanceolate: significantly longer than wide and widest below the middle, gradually tapering towards the apex.  Lobed: more or less deeply cut but not as far as the midrib  Mucronate: having a short projection at the tip, as a leaf  Node: a point on a stem where leaves or branches originate  Oblanceolate: inversely (direct opposite) lanceolate  Oblong: two or four times longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, but broader than linear  Obtuse: blunt or rounded at the apex  Ovate: egg-shaped, wider below the middle

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 Panicles: a compound inflorescence in which the branches are racemose and the flowers are pedicelled on the branches  Paniculate: arranged in panicles  Pedicel: the stalk of a single flower that is part of an inflorescence  Pinnae: one of the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf  Pinnate: with separate segments which are arranged feather-like on either side of a common axis  Pinnatified: so deeply cleft or cut as to appear pinnate  Pistillate: a female flower that has two or more pistils but no functional stamens  Puberulent: minutely pubescent  Pubescent: Hairy  Raceme: inflorescence in which flowers are borne on short pedicels lying along a common axis, or in which the short pedicels with single flowers of the simple raceme are replaced by racemes.  Racemose: having the form of a raceme  Ray Florets: a tiny flower at the circumference of a composite disk having a showy ray or strap  Rhizomes: an underground stem capable of producing new stems or plants at it's nodes  Rosette: a cluster of leaves in a circular arrangement at the base of a plant, often called the basal rosette  Scabrous: having a rough surface because of minute points or projections  Scadent: climbing  Serrate: having sharp, forward-pointing teeth on the margin  Sheathing: protective outer covering  Solitary: flowers that grow singly  Sori: plural of sorus, a cluster of spore producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond  Spike: An unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are along an elongate axis  Spikelets: A secondary or small spike  Spores: An asexual propagule in a discriminate space found on ferns and fern allies  Subglabrous: nearly glabrous  Sub-racemose: growing in the form of a raceme  Terete: circular in cross-section  Terminal: at the end of a branch or stem  Verticillaster: a whorl or flowers of one cluster, but composed of two opposite axillary cymes, as in mint  Whorls: a circle of three or more structures radiating outward from the same node

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5.2. Native Species within the Management Area Pictorial and brief narrative guide to common native plant species found within the management area, organized by morphology (grass, fern, shrub, etc.) and sorted alphabetically by scientific name. Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Grasses Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass, densely (Agrostis clumped, scabrous sandwicensis) leaf blades are 30- 50 cm long, 1-2 mm wide. Has numerous spikelets that are often (Forest & Kim Starr) tinged purple. Seed heads are not robust.

He‘upueo, Pacific Annual or perennial bentgrass grass. Rhizomes (Lachnagrostis present, short. filiformis) Leaf-blades filiform, flat, or conduplicate. Inflorescence compound, a panicle with spikelets clustered towards branch tips.

(University of California, UHM, AUSGrass)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Pili uka, Mountain Grass, stems less pili (Trisetum than 1 m in height glomeratum) with smooth leaves sheathing at base. The leaf blades 2- 10mm wide. Has a spike-like structure at the top of the stem with many loose spikelets. Robust seed heads.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

Native Ferns ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Fern, thick Spleenwort fern triangular leaf (Asplenium blades divided into adiantum-nigrum) segments. 20 cm X 6 cm fronds. The undersides of leaves have sori arranged in chains, that are usually brown- orange in color.

(Amber Stillman, 2013)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) ‘Oāli'i, ‘Owāli‘i Fern, long and (Asplenium narrow (20 cm X 1.5 trichomanes) cm) fronds with small oblong leaves. Has a dark, wiry leaf stalk. The undersides of leaves have long narrow sori.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Douglas’ Fern, leaf blades bladderfern are feathery and (Cystopteris ovate with obtuse douglasii) tips. The stems are slightly winged, especially towards the tips.

(Joel Lau)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Alpine woodfern Fern, grows in a (Dryopteris distinctive crown wallichiana) shape. The stalk is covered with golden scales. The glossy rich green fronds are divided twice with deeply lobed pinnae. Spores are arranged in clusters between the leaf margin and midrib at the end of small veins.

(Kim & Forest Starr) Kalamoho Fern, with thin, (Pellaea ternifolia) straight, dark, compact stems (10- 50 cm) with clustered linear- ovate leaves (2.5-8 cm).

(C. H. Lamoureux)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Kīlau, Bracken fern Fern, slightly glossy, (Pteridium with bright green aquilinum) fronds that are divided three times. Stalks are stiff, shiny, and golden colored. Fronds grow as creeping subterranean rhizomes rather than in clusters.

(Forest & Kim Star) Native Herbs Pua Kala, Hawaiian Perennial herb poppy (Argemone covered with glauca) yellow, stiff prickles and white flowers. Flowers have 6 broad, crinkled, white petals with numerous yellow stamens, and a dark purple, lobed stigma. Leaves are glaucous blue- green with whitish veins, alternate, deeply pinnately lobed, and covered in spines.

(Wildlife of Hawai`i)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Hawai‘i wood rush Perennial herb, (Luzula hawaiiensis) basal leaves with densely pubescent margins. Terminal inflorescences pale yellowish, brown, and or dark brown.

(Forest & Kim Star) ‘Ena‘Ena Herb, often fragrant (Pseudognaphalium or resinous- sandwicensium) smelling. Modestly to very densely woody. Leaves are hairy, with lower leaves often forming a rosette. The flowers are terminal cluster of heads.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Vines Little-leaf Scandent vines up stenogyne, to several meters (Stenogyne long. Square stem, microphylla) small, simple, glabrous leaves 0.4- 1.3 cm long, margins crenate or lobed, usually greenish purple in color. Flowers 2(4- 6) per verticillaster; calyx lobes obtuse or acute but not lanceolate; corolla tube greenish yellow, lobes brownish green to pinkish brown. (Hear.org) Mā`ohi`ohi, Decumbent vines or (Stenogyne rugosa) erect herbs, 2-7dm tall, spreading by rhizomes. Square stem, leaf surfaces are glabrous or densely tomentose, margins finely or coarsely serrate, apex acute. Flowers 2-16(-24) per verticillaster; wide at base, corolla dark to dull red, or green with brown inged corolla lobes. Extremely variable,

hybridize with S.microphylla.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Shrubs ‘Āhinahina, Rosette that has Maunakea narrow pointed silversword, leaves (forms a (Argyroxiphium sphere). Leaves are sandwicense covered by a dense sandwicense) silver hair. Adults have a flowering ENDANGERED stalk that produces yellow to maroon sunflower-like flowers and the stock can reach up to 2 m.

(OMKM) `Āweoweo, Grows as a shrub to `Āheahea a small tree 2-8 ft. (Chenopodium tall with light blue – oahuense) green leaves that are in the shape of a goose’s foot. Leaves smell like fish.

(Kim & Forest Star)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Na‘ena‘e, Maunakea Large shrubs or dubautia, (Dubautia small trees up to 6 arborea) m tall. Young shoots somewhat long-hirsute and also rather appressed purbulent as well as conspicuously glandular, often somewhat sooty in appearance. Leaves ternate chartaceous, foetid when fresh, elliptic- lanceolate to elliptic oblong, 3-9 cm long, .8- 2.4 cm wide, usually 5 nerved. Heads 5-30, arranged racemosely or subverticillately. Florets 9-45 per head, corollas yellowish orange. (Forest & Kim Star, OMKM) Na‘ena‘e, Lava Erect, many- dubautia (Dubautia branched shrub. ciliolata glutinosa) 0.4-3 cm long leaves ternate, opposite, or alternate near inflorescence, narrowly elliptic. Apex usually acute, base usually rounded, sessile. Flowers have 4-18 florets per head, yellow petals.

(G.D. Carr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Nohoanu, Hinahina Compact, erect, (Geranium many branches 3- cuneatum 10 dm tall. Leaves hololeucum) are alternate, oblong cunteate, silvery and covered with silky hairs. The leaf edges have 3 triangular teeth. Stems and branches are reddish to black. Flowers with white or cream colored with visible veins. (OMKM, Kim & Forest Starr) Pūkiawe, Small, narrow, (Leptecophylla sharply pointed tameimeiae) leaves; dull green color on the topside, and pale silvery, white underneath. The fruits are small, round red to white drupes.

Alpine catchfly Shrub, with many (Silene strutioloides) branches that come from the base. Leaves are rigid, ascending to erect, glabrous or sometimes sparsely puberulent on young leaves. Flowers in elongate, narrow, paniculate or subracemose cymes. Seeds are reddish brown.

(Kim & Forest Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Alpine Dwarf shrub, has tetramolopium linear-oblong (Tetramolopium leaves. Flower humile humile) heads are solitary, florets are white or tinged lavender. Petals are tubular, pink to purple, sometimes yellow.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

‘Ōhelo, ‘Ōhelo ‘ai Shrub with leathery (Vaccinium oval leaves that are reticulatum) red when young, and green or green with reddish patches when adults. Flowers are tubular-bell- shaped, and red, yellow, or pink. The fruit is an edible berry that is red, orange, or yellow.

(Michael Kesl)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Trees Māmane (Sophora Yellow pea-like chrysophylla) flowers clustered at the branch tips. Leaves are green, drooping, and pinately compound with paired oval leaflets. The 3-5 inch long brown seed pods are rigid along the edges and contain small, rounded, bright yellow to orange colored seeds.

(OMKM)

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5.3. Introduced Species within Management Area Pictorial and brief narrative guide to common introduced plant species found within the management area, organized by morphology (grass, fern, shrub, etc.) and sorted alphabetically by scientific name. The HPWRA score and priority for each species is displayed if available. Species targeted for removal are identified as High priority. Within the Maunakea Science Reserve, all introduced species, regardless of priority, are removed when encountered. Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Introduced Grasses Sweet vernal grass Grass, stems are (Anthoxanthum around 25-40 cm tall, odoratum) with short broad green leaves that are slightly hairy. The flower spikes have spikelets that are HPWRA:11 oblong shaped. The Priority: Med seedhead is bright yellow. It has a sweet scent.

(Rolv Hjelmstad, Forest & Kim Starr) Rescue grass Grass, grows up to 1 (Bromus m. Has linear leaves catharticus vahl) oriented opposite of each other. It has flat, pointed spikelets that are often tipped with awns. Its flower is yellow.

(Paulo Schwirkowski, Gary P. Flemming)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Ripgut grass Up to 1 m high with (Bromus diandrus) hairy, leaves about 1 cm wide. The hairs face backwards, and are barb-like. The wide seed head has a large, splayed spikelet.

(Carol W. Witham) Kikuyu grass3 Spreads by producing (Chenchrus a network of thick, clandestinus) fleshy stems that root at the nodes, often form a thick mat HPWRA:18 above the surface or Priority: Med an underground network of rhizomes. Leaf blades are pointed at the tips, light green, and flat. Leaves and stems are slightly hairy.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

3 Kikuyu grass is pervasive, and has therefore been identified as a medium priority.

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Cocksfoot, Orchard Has leaves 20-50 cm grass (Dactylis long and 1.5 cm glomerata) broad. Has a tufted triangular flowerhead which may be green, red, or purple, or pale grey-brown at maturity. The spikelets contain two- five flowers. Has a stem base that is flattened.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Velvet grass (Holcus Velvety grey-green Ianatus) leaves. The shoots are round, and the bases are white with pink stripes. The flower is robust and often tinged purple.

(Forest & Kim Starr, James K. Lindsey)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Needlegrass Grass forms a tufted (Nassella cernua) bunch, and flower stems can be up to 1 m tall with numerous basal leaf blades. The seed heads are thin, purplish, and dry to silver.

Annual bluegrass Slightly creeping, (Poa annua) fibrous rootstock with triangular shaped branching structures. The spikelets are stalked and awnless and sometimes tinged purple. The leaves are short and blunt, soft and drooping, and are finely serrated. The stem has long sheaths.

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Kentucky bluegrass Grass, broad, blunt (Poa pratensis) leaves at the base, forming close mats. Conical flower with 3- HPWRA: 14 5 branches in the Priority: Medium basal whorls, and the oval spikelets have 2- 5 florets that are purplish-green or grey.

(Kim & Forest Starr) Wallaby grass Perennial grass, culms (Rytidosperma erect, mid-culm nodes semiannulare) glabrous. Leaf- sheaths and blades glabrous on surface. Inflorescence solid, panicle lanceolate. Spikelets pedicelled, many flowers. (Kim & Forest Starr) Brome fescue Annual grass, culms (Vulpia bromoides) errect or decumbent, leaf sheaths without keel, smooth, glabrous on surface. Leaf- blade surface pubescent, hairy adaxially. Leaf-blade margins scabrous, apex attenuate. Panicle inflorescence, open or contracted, lanceolate or oblong, scabrous.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Introduced Herbs

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Common yarrow Perennial herb, leaves (Achillea lanceolate to linear. millefolium) Flowers are ray florets usually 3- 5 per head, HPWRA: 19 rays white to pink, 10- Priority: High 20 disk florets per head.

(Forest & Kim Star) Spanish needle Erect herb up to (Bidens pilosa) 100cm tall, with slender, stiff, 4-angled stems and spreading branches. Leaves decussately opposite, HPWRA: 23 pinnately 3-5 Priority: High foliolate, up to 15 cm long, sometimes lower leaves are simple without stipules. Leaflet blade ovate-lanceolate, margins usually serrate or crenate- serrate. Ray flowers absent or 4-8, disk flowers tubular, (Forest & Kim Starr, database.prota.org) yellow corolla; stamens infused. Fruit is a linear achene.

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Willow herb Erect herb, grows up (Epilobium to 100 cm high. The billardierianum) stems are hairy and often woody at the base. The leaves are linear-ovate, and may be toothed. The flowers are small, purplish pink or white.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Alfilaria, Pin clover Herb, stems (Erodium decumbent, slender. cicutarium) Leaves are pinnately compound, leaflets pinnatifid, stipules lanceolate. Flowers are peduncles, apex mucronate with white bristles, petals rose lavender, stiffly pubescent, the apical portion is glabrous. Seeds are dull brown and ellipsoid. (Forest & Kim Starr) California poppy Feathery, highly- (Eschscholzia dissected, blue green californica) leaves. Leaves are ternate with 3 finely divided lobes, and are nearly glabrous. Flowers are solitary with 4 petals, long stalks, and vary in color from orange to yellow. Presence of torus rim. (Forest & Kim Starr)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Telegraph weed Herb, tall and bristly, (Heterotheca densely foliated in grandiflora) hairy to spiny toothed or lobed leaves. The leaves are smaller and more widely spaced toward the top of the stem. Stems and leaves covered in fine, white sticky hairs. Leaves emit a characteristic odor when crushed. The flowers are small and daisy-like, that matures into a white puff of seeds.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Hairy cat's ear, Herb, leaves that may Gosmore grow up to 20 cm, (Hypochaeris forming a low-lying radicata) rosette. The forked stems have bright yellow flower heads that mature into a white puff of seeds. Has a milky sap when cut.

(Slichter)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Chilean evening Erect herb, basal primrose leaves green, (Oenothera stricta) oblanceolate with conspicuous mid-rib, inconspicuous veins base often attenuate, sessil; cauline leaves lanceolate, margins shallowly toothed, apex acute, sessile. Flower petals yellow, often with red at base.

(Queensland Gov.) Sheep sorrel Perinneal herb, (Rumex acetosella arrowhead-shaped L.) leaves and red-tinted deeply rigid stems that are branched at the top. The female flowers are maroon. The male flowers are yellowish-green.

(Arich Tal, Forest & Kim Starr)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Fireweed Daisy-like herb that (Senecio generally grows low madagascariensis) and can have a single main stem or several. Alternately arrange simple leaves narrow and elongated. Leaf HPWRA: 23 margins are usually Priority: High toothed or serrated, but may be lobed. The yellow flowers have thirteen petals, and mature into a white puff of seeds. Toxic, and should not be eaten. Stems and leaves are hairless or (Forest & Kim Starr) purbulent. Woodland ragwort Annual herb, erect, (Senecio sylvaticus) sparsely crinkly pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, pinnately veined. Flower are yellow with heads in terminal, paniculate (Kim & cymes. Slimmer, Forest longer internodes, Star, capitulum is narrow and errect compared to S.vulgaris. virboga.de.htm)

Common groundsel Annual herb, either (Senecio vulgaris) erect or ascending, (Kim & Forest sparsely crinkly Starr) pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves oblanceolate in outline, pinnately veined, coarsely pinnatified. Yellow, disk corollas flower heads are in terminal.

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Common dandelion Herb, stems are (Taraxacum typically 5-40 cm tall, officinale) generally unbranched, and can be tinted purplish. The stems produce yellow flower heads that mature into a white puff of seeds. The leaves are 5-45 cm long and 1-10 cm wide, and are oblong in shape and are often lobed/toothed.

Lance clover Erect to ascending (Trifolium arvense) stems are medium green, hairy, and terete. Alternate trifoliate leaves occur at intervals along stems. Leaves are elliptic and have short hairy petioles, with smooth and ciliate margins, sometimes tiny teeth are towards the tip. Flower heads are pinkish gray with a fuzzy- hair appearance and are globoid to short- cylindrical in shape. (Forest & Kim Starr) Common mullein Biennial hairy herb (Verbascum that can grow up to 2 thapsus) m or more. Has small, yellow flowers that are densely grouped on a tall stem, which bolts from a large rosette of leaves.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Virgate/ Wand Biennial herb, hairs mullein (Verbascum forked or simple. virgatum) Basal leaves obovate. Flowers in clusters of 1-5 per node, corolla yellow, lobes pubescent externally, upper 3 staminal filaments densely white or violet villous, the lower 2 violet villous.

(Mark Imhof, Victorian Resources Online) Introduced Shrubs Broom (tagasaste), Can grow up to 4 m (Chamaecytisus tall; branches long, prolifera palmensis) leafy, tomentose. Leaflets narrowly elliptic. Flower corolla white or pale yellow 15-20mm long. Pods linear- falcate, brown pubescent. Seeds oblong, ellipsoid slightly laterally flattened.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Introduced Trees Eucalyptus Evergreen tree with (Eucalyptus spp.) alternate or opposite, (Kim & Forest simple, smooth- Starr) margined leaves. Flowers in small clusters, four petals with many stamens. The fruit is a many- seeded capsule. Poisonous leaves and bark.

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5.4. A Selection of Introduced Plants on Adjacent lands Pictorial and brief narrative guide of targeted introduced plant species found on lands adjacent to the management area, and are of high priority for eradication if detected within management area. These species are not currently on UH managed lands, but have the potential to be invasive on Maunakea. Some of the species have been previously eradicated from the management area; indicated as HISTORIC. Organized by morphology (grass, fern, shrub, etc.) and sorted alphabetically by scientific name. The HPWRA score and priority for each species is displayed if available, and species targeted for removal are identified as High priority. Introduced Species on adjacent land and on Island Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Introduced Grasses Fountain grass, Grass, reaches 1 m in (Cenchrus height, and has many setaceus) purple, fluffy flower spikes with long, arching leaves.

HPWRA: 26 Priority: High

HISTORIC

(Forest & Kim Starr) Introduced Herbs Mouse-ear Mat forming herb with chickweed, tear-shaped, hairy leaves (Cerastium that grow opposite to fontanum) one another in a star pattern. The stems are round and hairy, and are ascending to widely HISTORIC spreading. Small, terminal, white flowers.

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Introduced Species on adjacent land and on Island Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Fleabane (Conyza Herb, erect stem that bonariensis) branches extensively at the base with tapered, narrow leaves covered in stiff hairs. Stem also has stiff hairs. The flower head looks like a white HISTORIC flower bud, and opens up into a white puff of seeds.

(Luigi Rignanese) Common Herb, stems across the chickweed ground, with the upper (Stellaria media) portion erect or branching. The leaves are arranged oppositely, and are elliptic. The flowers are small, white, HISTORIC and terminal. Distinguished from Mouse-ear chickweed by single band of fine hairs on stem. (Mouse-ear has dense hair everywhere)

Introduced Shrubs

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Introduced Species on adjacent land and on Island Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Gorse (Ulex Evergreen shrub with europaeus) very small leaves. Has many long thorns and yellow flowers. The fruit is a purplish-brown HPWRA: 20 legume. Priority: High

(Forest & Kim Starr) Introduced Trees Lodgepole pine Evergreen shrub/tree (Pinus contorta) that is rounded at the top. The egg-shaped growth buds are reddish-brown and very resinous. The needles are dark and serrated, HISTORIC and are in pairs on short shoots. The cones have prickles on their scales.

(Walter Siegmund)

SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 37 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan 5.5. Plant Identification Overview of Established Species Ripgut Grass Introduced Species Native Species Bromus catharticus Sweet Vernalgrass Grasses Herbs Brome Fescue -- Vulpia bromoides Anthoxanthum odoratum Pili Uka  Spikelets with long He‘upueo Hawai‘i Bentgrass ‘Ena‘Ena Trisetum glomeratum awns Lachnagrostis filiformis Agrostis sandwicensis Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium  Flower heads appear brush-like Grasses

 Spikelets compressed

laterally, pubescent  Culms densely tufted,  Inflorescence spike-like robust, glabrous or  Culms solitary or a Common yarrow pubescent Common Groundsel Herbs  Flat top rounded few clustered Heath Groundsel Achillea millefolium Senecio vulgaris cluster of  Spikelets pale green, together, glabrous Senecio sylvaticus flowers 2-5mm long  Reduced seed heads  Leaves hairless or  Feather-like compared to Lava dubautia with rough sheath at  Fragrant, woody stem leaves Trisetum. Dubautia ciliolata glutinosa the base  Hairy leaves California poppy ‘Iwa‘Iwa – Ferns Eschscholzia californica Asplenium adiantum- Shrubs

Douglas’ Bladderfern nigrum  Usually has no ray florets.  Ray florets Alpine Catchfly  Flowers with 4 petals Cystopteris douglasii  Lacking fragrance  Silene struthioloides Strong fragrance and usually orange  Sparsely haired, glabrous,  Straight or glandular hairs  Feather-like leaves bristly  Branching from top  Leaves are narrowly  Irregular branching elliptic

 Many branches Fireweed – Senecio madagascariensis Chilean Evening Primrose  Spores arranged Oenothera stricta in chevron Maunakea dubautia Hairy Cat’s Ear  Stigma of pattern. flower has 4  Sori are usually rounded (Dubautia arborea) Hypochaeris radicata  Flowers usually w 5 petals branches in Vines the shape of Little-leaf Stenogyne Mā`ohi`ohi an X Stenogyne microphylla Alpine Tetramelopium Stenogyne rugosa Tetramolopium humile humile  Flowers have 13 rayed florets

Spanish needle Common Dandelion – Taraxacum officinale Bidens pilosa  Flower stalks may have hair  Leaves look sooty, and are  Square stem either elliptic lanceolate  Hairy texture to leaf  Leaves are generally  Leaf margins round- to elliptic oblong surfaces glabrous or smooth surface  Square stem  Flowers look like asters except for hairs on lower toothed or lobed  Multiple heads branch  Underside of flower, burnt  Leaf margins with (sunflowers) surface midrib  Green and purple in from main stem orange in color sharp pointed teeth color  Hollow stem, milky  Flower stalks are hairless  Fruit is linear achene  Stems are slimmer than  Leaf margins serrate T.officinale and not hollow SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 38 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan

6. Vegetation Collection, Processing & Identification Vegetation will need to be identified, and in some cases photographed or collected to confirm identification. See below. 6.1. Priority Plant Threats Established within UH Management Area If the plant species is established within the management area and is a high priority plant threat, refer to the Response Plan4 for that particular species. All introduced species within the MKSR are to be recorded and pulled if confident in identification. If you think the species may not have been previously documented as established within the UH management area, see section immediately below. When pulling the introduced species, pull the entire root to prevent re-sprouting. Once pulled, place the introduced species in a sealed bag to prevent further dispersal. Dispose the bag of pulled weeds in a rubbish bin.

Established on Adjacent lands or on Island Any non-native vegetation not documented as established within the UH Management Area, but observed or possibly observed on UH lands shall be recorded with a GPS point and a photo. You may also collect a sample (of a branch, flower, seed head, leaves, etc.), but you must be sure that you have a Ziploc bag or sealed container to prevent dispersal into your personal belongings and the environment. Take as many notes as possible about the area the species was found and the maturity and quantities of individuals.

Collected vegetation samples can go in the refrigerator until they can be identified. Potential vegetation threats must be identified within 1 week of observation and reported to the OMKM Natural Resource Program Manager (NRPM) within 24 hours. Vegetation can be identified using this SOP, books, and other resources. Photos and descriptions can also be sent to a State botanist, or the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) for identification confirmation. The Natural Resource Program Manager will decide whether to involve the Emergency Response Management Committee. See Section 5. Rapid Response in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. 6.2. Native Vegetation Species Native species are not collected, but rather recorded. Do not pull individuals that could be a native.

Identification Known If the species is endangered (i.e. Maunakea Silversword), and tags are not observed near the base of the individual, take a few photos and a GPS point. New endangered species locations should be reported to the Hawai‘i Island Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff. Species that are known and can be confidently identified as native should be recorded in the field notebook or on the associated datasheet.

Identification Unknown If not confident in identification, try to determine nativity using this SOP. If still unconfident in nativity take a photo, and record its location with a GPS point. Collecting samples that could possibly be native are highly discouraged (the species could be rare). If confident that vegetation species is introduced and established within the UH management area, see Established within UH Management Area section above. If confident the species is established on adjacent lands see Established on Adjacent lands or on

4 Response plans for each individual species established within the UH Management area are currently being developed.

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Island section above. Species photos can be identified using this SOP, books, local botanists, and other resources. Once identified, record species in the database. 7. Revision History Log New Version Date Author Changes Made Reason for Change Version # 1.0 8/17/15 JK Original version.

Add rows as needed for each change or set of changes associated with each version. 8. Recommended Citation Kirkpatrick, J, Klasner, F, Nakatsu, K. & Yogi, D. 2015. Standard Operating Procedure D, Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection & Processing Guide. v1.0. 53 pp. In: Vanderwoude, C., F. Klasner, J. Kirkpatrick and S. Kaye. 2015. Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. Technical Report No. 191. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.

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9. Outreach Use – Plant Identification Guide This outreach plant identification guide is a brief, excerpted, version of the field staff plant identification guide. A selection of species established within the management area and most commonly encountered at Halepōhaku and along the road corridor are included in this guide. Species are grouped as native and introduced, sorted by family, genus, and species. 9.1. Native Plant Species Family Species Common Name Morphology Asteraceae Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense ‘Āhinahina Shrub Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Spleenwort fern Fern Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium oahuense ‘Āweoweo, ‘Āheahea Shrub Ericaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Pūkiawe Shrub Fabaceae Sophora chrysophylla Māmane Tree Geraniaceae Geranium cuneatum hololeucum Nohoanu, Hinahina Shrub Lamiaceae Stenogyne microphylla Little-leaf stenogyne Vine Lamiaceae Stenogyne rugosa Mā‘ohi‘ohi Vine Papaveraceae Argemone glauca Pua Kala, Hawaiian poppy Herb Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Pili Uka, Mountain pili Grass

9.2. Introduced Plant Species Family Species Common Name Morphology Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Herb Asteraceae Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph weed Herb Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cat’s ear, Gosmore Herb Asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Herb Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion Herb Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Lance clover Herb Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Alfilaria, pin clover Herb Myrtaceae Eucaluptus spp. Eucalyptus Tree Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Chilean evening primrose Herb Poaceae Bromus diandrus Ripgut grass Grass Poaceae Nassella cernua Needlegrass Grass Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel Herb Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Herb Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Virgate/ wand mullein Herb

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9.3. Native Plant Identification Pictorial and brief narrative guide to common native plant species found within the management area, organized by morphology (grass, fern, shrub, etc.) and sorted alphabetically by scientific name. Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Grasses Hawai‘i bentgrass Numerous spikelets (Agrostis that are often sandwicensis) tinged purple. Seed heads are not robust.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Pili uka, Mountain Spike-like structure pili (Trisetum at the top of the glomeratum) stem with many loose spikelets. Robust seed heads.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Ferns ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Fern, thick Spleenwort fern triangular leaf (Asplenium blades divided into adiantum-nigrum) segments. The undersides of leaves have sori arranged in chains, that are usually brown- orange in color.

(Amber Stillman, 2013) Native Herbs Pua Kala, Hawaiian Flowers have 6 poppy (Argemone broad, crinkled, glauca) white petals with numerous yellow stamens, and a dark purple, lobed stigma. Leaves are blue-green with whitish veins, and covered in spines.

(Wildlife of Hawai`i)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Vines Little-leaf Scentless climbing stenogyne, mint with a square (Stenogyne stem. Leaves microphylla) usually greenish purple in color, with margins round-toothed or lobed.

(Hear.org) Mā`ohi`ohi, Scentless square (Stenogyne rugosa) stem mint, erect as it grows along the ground. Leaf surfaces are smooth or with dense flattened hairs. Leaf margins have sharp pointing teeth.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Native Shrubs ‘Āhinahina, Rosette that has Maunakea narrow pointed silversword leaves (forms a (Argyroxiphium sphere). Leaves are sandwicense covered by a dense sandwicense) silver hair. Adults have a flowering stalk that produces yellow to maroon ENDANGERED sunflower-like flowers, the stock can reach up to 2m.

(OMKM) `Āweoweo, Grows as a shrub to `Āheahea a small tree 2-8 ft. (Chenopodium tall with light bluish oahuense) green leaves that are in the shape of a goose’s foot. Leaves smell like fish.

(Kim & Forest Starr) Nohoanu, Hinahina Compact, erect (Geranium with many cuneatum branches. Leaves hololeucum) are silvery and covered with silky hairs. The leaf edges have 3 triangular teeth. Flowers white or cream colored.

(OMKM, Kim & Forest Starr)

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Native Species Common Name Physical Description Image (Scientific Name) Pūkiawe Small, narrow, (Leptecophylla sharply pointed tameimeiae) leaves; dull green color on the topside, and pale silvery, white underneath. The fruits are small, round red to white and fleshy.

(Kim & Forest Starr) Native Trees Māmane (Sophora Yellow pea-like chrysophylla) flowers clustered at the branch tips. Leaves are green, drooping with paired oval leaflets. The 3-5 inch long brown seed pods are rigid along the edges and contain small, rounded, bright yellow to orange seeds.

(OMKM)

9.4. Introduced Plant Identification A pictorial and brief narrative guide to common introduced plant species found within the management area, organized by morphology (grass, fern, shrub, etc.) and sorted alphabetically by scientific name.

Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Introduced Grasses

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Ripgut grass Grows up to 1 m high. (Bromus diandrus) Has hairy leaves about 1 cm wide. The hairs face backwards, and are barb-like. The wide seed head has a large, splayed spikelet.

(Carol W. Witham) Needlegrass Grass forms a tufted (Nassella cernua) bunch, and flower stems can be up to 1 m tall with numerous basal leaf blades. The seed heads are thin, purplish, and dry to silver.

(Kim & Forest Starr)

Introduced Herbs Common yarrow Leaves are (Achillea significantly longer millefolium) than wide. Flowers are ray florets usually 3- 5 per head, rays white to pink with 10- 20 florets per head.

(Forest & Kim Star)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Alfilaria, Pin clover Herb that lies along (Erodium the ground and curves cicutarium) upward. Leaves are feather like. Flowers are supported on a stalk with petals rose- lavender in color.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Telegraph weed Tall and bristly with (Heterotheca dense leaves that are grandiflora) toothed or lobed. Stems and leaves covered in fine, white sticky hairs. Leaves emit a characteristic odor when crushed. The flowers are small and daisy-like, and matures into white seed puffs.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Hairy cat's ear, Leaves form a low- Gosmore lying rosette with (Hypochaeris forked stems that are radicata) erect and leafless. The top of stems have bright yellow flower heads that mature into white seed puffs. Has a milky sap when cut.

(Slichter)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Chilean evening Reaches between one primrose and two feet in height, (Oenothera stricta) or grows lying flat. Leaves are alternate (not paired) and margins narrow toothed. Basal leaves are green. Flower petals are canary yellow, often with red at base.

(Queensland Gov.) Sheep sorrel Arrowhead-shaped (Rumex acetosella leaves and red-tinted L.) deeply rigid stems that are branched at the top. The female flowers are maroon. The male flowers are yellowish-green.

(Arich Tal, Forest & Kim Starr)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Fireweed (Senecio Grows low from a madagascariensis) single main stem or several. Leaf margins are usually toothed or serrated, but may be (Forest & Kim lobed. The yellow Starr) flowers have thirteen petals, and mature into a white seed puffs. Stems and leaves are hairless or slightly hairy. Toxic to humans and mammals. Common dandelion Stems are typically (Taraxacum short, generally officinale) unbranched, and can be tinted purple. The stems produce yellow flower heads that mature into a white puff of seeds. The leaves are oblong in shape and are often lobed or toothed.

Lance clover Erect to ascending (Trifolium arvense) stems are medium green in color with soft hairy. Alternate leaves (not paired) with 3 leaflets. Leaves are elliptic with smooth margins. Flower heads are pinkish gray with a fuzzy- hair appearance.

(Forest & Kim Starr)

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Introduced Species within UH Management Area Common Name Physical Description Image(s) (Scientific name) Common mullein The stem can grow (Verbascum more than 2m tall thapsus) with small yellow flowers that are densely grouped along the stem. The stem bolts from a large rosette of soft hairy leaves.

(Forest & Kim Starr) Virgate/ Wand Hairs are forked or mullein (Verbascum simple. Basal leaves virgatum) narrower at the end then at the base. Flowers yellow with white or violet in the middle.

(Mark Imhof, Victorian Resources Online) Introduced Trees Eucalyptus Evergreen tree with (Eucalyptus spp.) alternate (paired) or (Kim & Forest opposite, simple, Starr) smooth- margined leaves. Flowers in small clusters, four petals with many stamens. The fruit is a many- seeded capsule. Poisonous leaves and bark.

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9.5. Outreach Plant Identification Overview See next page.

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SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 52 of 53 Native Species Introduced Species Grasses Hawai‘i Bentgrass Hairy Cat’s Ear Common Dandelion– Taraxacum officinale Agrostis sandwicensis Hypochaeris radicata Pili Uka Trisetum glomeratum  Flower stalks may have hair  Leaves are generally glabrous Herbs or smooth surface except for hairs on lower surface midrib  Hollow stem, milky

 Hairy texture to leaf surfaces Fireweed Telegraph Weed  Culms densely tufted,  Culms solitary or a few  Underside of flower, burnt Senecio madagascariensis Heterotheca grandiflora robust, glabrous or clustered together, orange in color pubescent glabrous  Flower stalks are hairless  Reduced seed heads,  Stems are not hollow  Leaves and stem Shrubs purple. Herbs are hairy and Grasses sticky ‘Āweoweo Pua Kala Ripgut Grass  Has a foul or Chenopodium oahuense Argemone glauca Bromus diandrus piney smell  Flowers have 13 rayed florets Common Mullein Chilean Evening Primrose Verbascum thapsus Oenothera stricta  Stigma of

 Prickles on leaves flower has  Fishy odor four branches  White flowers  Leaves shaped like a in the shape gooses foot Vines of an X  Spikelets Mā`ohi`ohi Little-leaf Stenogyne compressed Stenogyne rugosa Stenogyne microphylla laterally, pubescent  Very hairy Needle Grass Wand Mullein-- Verbascum vigatum Nassella cernua

 Some hair  Spike like features that  Square stem come off of stem.  Leaf margins round-  Square stem toothed or lobed  Leaf margins with  Green and purple in  Seed heads are thin and purple-ish. sharp pointed teeth color.  Seed heads resemble needles.