Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan Standard Operating Procedure D Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection & Processing Guide Version 1.0, 8/17/2015, Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner, Kerri Nakatsu, & Darcy Yogi Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. University Management Area and Ecological Zones................................................................................. 2 3. Native Plant Species .................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Priority Plant Threats ................................................................................................................................ 5 5. Field Staff – Plant Identification Guide ..................................................................................................... 9 5.1. Vegetation Terminology ..................................................................................................................... 9 5.2. Native Species within the Management Area.................................................................................. 11 5.3. Introduced Species within Management Area ................................................................................ 23 5.4. A Selection of Introduced Plants on Adjacent lands ........................................................................ 35 5.5. Plant Identification Overview of Established Species ...................................................................... 38 6. Vegetation Collection, Processing & Identification ................................................................................ 39 6.1. Priority Plant Threats ....................................................................................................................... 39 Established within UH Management Area .......................................................................................... 39 Established on Adjacent lands or on Island ........................................................................................ 39 6.2. Native Vegetation Species ............................................................................................................... 39 Identification Known ........................................................................................................................... 39 Identification Unknown ...................................................................................................................... 39 7. Revision History Log ................................................................................................................................ 40 8. Recommended Citation .......................................................................................................................... 40 9. Outreach Use – Plant Identification Guide ............................................................................................. 41 9.1. Native Plant Species ......................................................................................................................... 41 9.2. Introduced Plant Species .................................................................................................................. 41 9.3. Native Plant Identification ............................................................................................................... 42 9.4. Introduced Plant Identification ........................................................................................................ 46 9.5. Outreach Plant Identification Overview .......................................................................................... 52 1. Purpose and Scope This standard operating procedure (SOP) is designed to assist with plant identification, invasive plant threat prioritization, and the collection and processing of vegetation on Maunakea for both field staff and with public outreach activities. The identification guide portion of this SOP is not intended to be comprehensive, rather it is representative of common species to facilitate identification. This SOP should be used under the guidance of a professional botanist if complete confidence in specimen identification is required. SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 1 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan 2. University Management Area and Ecological Zones The Office of Maunakea Management (OMKM) manages the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) including the Astronomy Precinct, Road Corridor, and Halepōhaku (HP) facilities. There are three community types within the UH Management Area; the Alpine Shrubland (from 2,900m/ 9,500ft to 3,400m/11,150ft), Alpine Grassland (3,400m/11,150ft to 3,900m/ 12,800ft), and the Alpine Stone Desert (3,900m/ 12,800ft to the summit). SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 2 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan Figure 1. UH Management Areas and Community Types. SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 3 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan 3. Native Plant Species Native species established within the management area are identified below. Species are grouped by management area and sorted by family, genus, and species1. Common name2 and morphology are also displayed. Table 1. Native Species in the Road Corridor & at Halepōhaku (below the MKSR). Family Species Common Name Morphology Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Spleenwort fern Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes ‘Oāli'i, ‘Owāli‘i Fern Asteraceae Dubautia arborea Na‘ena‘e, Maunakea dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Dubautia ciliolata glutinosa Na‘ena‘e, Lava dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium ‘Ena‘ena Herb Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Alpine tetramolopium Shrub Caryophyllaceae Silene struthioloides Alpine catchfly Shrub Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium oahuense ‘Āweoweo, ‘Āheahea Shrub Cyperaceae Carex macloviana St. Malo’s sedge Sedge Cyperaceae Carex wahuensis O‘ahu sedge Sedge Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Kīlau, Bracken fern Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris wallichiana Alpine woodfern Fern Ericaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Pūkiawe Shrub Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum ‘Ōhelo, ‘Ōhelo ‘ai Shrub Fabaceae Sophora chrysophylla Māmane Tree Geraniaceae Geranium cuneatum hololeucum Nohoanu, Hinahina Shrub Juncaceae Luzula hawaiiensis Hawai‘i wood rush Rush Lamiaceae Stenogyne microphylla Little-leaf stenogyne Vine Lamiaceae Stenogyne rugosa Mā‘ohi‘ohi Vine Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Yellow wood sorell Herb Papaveraceae Argemone glauca Pua Kala, Hawaiian poppy Herb Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass Poaceae Deschampsia nubigena Alpine hairgrass Grass Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis He‘upueo, Pacific bentgrass Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Pili Uka, Mountain pili Grass Polygonaceae Rumex giganteus Pāwale Shrub Pteridaceae Pellaea ternifolia Kalamoho Fern Rosaceae Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ‘Ūlei Shrub Rubiaceae Coprosma ernodeoides Kūkaenēnē Shrub Rubiaceae Coprosma montana Pilo Tree Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa ‘A‘ali‘i Tree Table 2. Native Species in the MKSR & Astronomy Precinct. Family Species Common Name Morphology Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ‘Iwa‘Iwa, Spleenwort fern Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes ‘Oāli'i, ‘Owāli‘i Fern Asteraceae Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense ‘Āhinahina Shrub Asteraceae Dubautia ciliolata glutinosa Na‘ena‘e, Lava dubautia Shrub Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium ‘Ena‘Ena Herb 1 The scientific names used are valid and accepted (as of 2/2015) in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) database. Names are subject to change with updated ITIS information. 2 Common names include Hawaiian and English names when known. Hawaiian name spellings confirmed in Nā Puke Wehewehe ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i. SOP D, v1.0 8/17/15 Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide Page 4 of 53 Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Alpine tetramolopium Shrub Carophyllaceae Silene struthioloides Alpine Catchfly Shrub Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Kīlau, Bracken fern Fern Dryopteridaceae Cystopteris douglasii Douglas' Bladderfern Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris wallichiana Alpine woodfern Fern Ericaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Pūkiawe Shrub Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum ‘Ōhelo, ‘Ōhelo ‘ai Shrub Juncaceae Luzula hawaiiensis Hawai‘i wood rush Rush Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Hawai‘i bentgrass Grass Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis He‘upueo, Pacific bentgrass Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Pili Uka, Mountain pili Grass Pteridaceae Pellaea ternifolia Kalamoho Fern 4. Priority Plant Threats Plant threats are identified using the Hawai`i Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (HPWRA) score. If no score is available for a species, OMKM has requested an assessment from the HPWRA program and in the meantime will continue to monitor the distribution of the species. The Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan identifies a Weed Risk Assessment threshold score of 8 or higher for evaluation and potential action, and a score of 17 or higher designated as “high” priority species. Monitoring and control procedures will be developed for all introduced plant species currently established