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General News Biocontrol News and Information 31(1), 1N–8N www.cabi.org/BNI General News BNI News in 2010 Given the new understanding of cochineal–host plant specificity, the prospects for successful biolog- The new decade brings changes for BNI. The news ical control of Hudson pear seem good. In addition, and review sections are now on the main CABI web- the newly revealed host specificity of the cochineal site, at www.cabi.org/BNI, along with a link to the insect should make testing relatively straightfor- abstracts database on CAB Direct. To bring BNI in ward, especially as there are no Australian native line with CABI’s other news and information jour- Cactaceae, and a different biotype of D. tomentosus nals, the news section has been re-organized and has previously been approved for introduction. rationalized. Although now shorter than before, we hope it will be no less useful; our challenge is to use Contact: Bill Palmer, Biosecurity the space wisely to keep readers up to date with what Queensland/Alan Fletcher Research Station. is happening in the biocontrol world. We will con- ([email protected]). tinue to welcome readers’ contributions, although Web: www.dpi.qld.gov.au long articles will be rare and need to be agreed in advance. Please contact the Editor ([email protected]) Royce Holtkamp, NSW Department of Industry & about potential news items, conference announce- Investment. ([email protected]). ments and reports, and new publication notices. Web: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au New Cochineal Strain tested against Cactus in Biocontrol Agent Provides Canadian Lilies with Australia Protection against the Lily Leaf Beetle Recent research in South Africa lies behind a new The parasitic eulophid wasp Tetrastichus setifer was biocontrol project aimed at containing the spread of recently approved by the Canadian Food Inspection Hudson pear (Cylindropuntia rosea) in Australia. Agency for release in Canada for biological control of Infestations of the cactus are most severe in New the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii. This biological con- South Wales, where it was probably introduced by trol agent attacks lily leaf beetle larvae and kills its opal miners, but it is also now found in other states host in the prepupal stage, reducing overall adult and is expected to spread. The biggest problem with emergence and infestation of lilies. this densely branched, highly invasive cactus is its long, strong spines, which injure and even kill native The lily leaf beetle, a pest of cultivated and native lilies, was accidentally introduced into North and farm animals, and are a serious nuisance to bush America in Montreal, Canada, in the 1940s. Over the walkers and farm vehicles because they can pene- past seven decades it has expanded its range consid- trate boots and tyres. erably. It is now a common pest throughout eastern Canada and the northeastern USA, and it has been Biological control of cactus species has a well-known reported as far west as Alberta. Its extensive native history. The cochineal insect, Dactylopius tomen- range – northern Africa to Scandinavia and east to tosus, has been associated with Opuntia/ the Pacific – suggests that lily leaf beetle is capable Cylindropuntia spp. and used in biological control of becoming established throughout the North Amer- programmes for a very long time – sometimes with ican continent. spectacular success, but not invariably. Recent research by Catherine Mathenge has provided The lily leaf beetle feeds mainly on true lilies (genus insight into this variation by revealing that cochineal Lilium) and several species in the closely related insects are highly specific to individual host species. genus Fritillaria. Populations of the beetles reach Thus for biological control introductions, biotypes high densities and complete defoliation of plants is need to be collected from the specific target weed. common. Because cultivated lilies are themselves This research has underpinned the successful control introduced from Asia and Fritillaria does not occur of C. fulgida var. fulgida in South Africa. [see articles outside of cultivation in Canada, the lily leaf beetle is in BNI 30(2), 17N–19N (June 2009).] primarily a horticultural pest. However, considering the enormous popularity of lilies in urban and sub- Mathenge’s findings may explain why D. tomentosus urban gardens, its importance as a pest should not be already present in Australia (it was introduced underestimated. against the related weedy cactus C. imbricata with some success) attacks Hudson pear but is not partic- Even more worrisome is the fact that the lily leaf ularly damaging to it. Under the new project funded beetle has recently been reported infesting popula- by NSW (New South Wales) Department of Industry tions of Canada lily, Lilium canadense, in Quebec & Investment, a strain of D. tomentosus collected and New Brunswick. This native species is listed as from Hudson pear by collaborators in Mexico will be threatened or vulnerable throughout its range. host tested in the quarantine facility at the Alan Although the beetle has not yet been reported from Fletcher Research Station in Queensland. populations of the native wood lily L. philadel- Are we on your mailing list? Biocontrol News and Information is always pleased to receive news of research, conferences, new products or patents, changes in personnel, collaborative agreements or any other information of interest to other readers. If your organization sends out press releases or newsletters, please let us have a copy. In addition, the editors welcome proposals for review topics. 2N Biocontrol News and Information 31(1) phicum, which is threatened or endangered in parts Coccinellids for Combating Cycad Scale: of its range, the larvae survived well on the plant in Promising News from Palau and the USA the laboratory. Moreover, as the range of the lily leaf beetle expands westward, it will eventually come The Pacific Biocontrol Strategy Development Work- shop held in Auckland, New Zealand, in November into contact with several other native lilies, roughly 2009 heard how introduction of the coccinellid beetle, half of which are threatened or endangered. Thus, Rhyzobius lophanthae against the cycad aulacaspis lily leaf beetle, now considered a garden pest, is on scale (Aulacaspis yasumatsui) in Palau is showing the verge of becoming a threat to native plant biodi- promising results. Ornamental cycad plants that had versity as well. been reduced to withered brown remnants following attack by the scale are showing signs of regeneration, No effective native natural enemies have been and it is hoped that the releases will slow further observed in North America and control measures for spread of the pest. the beetle have relied mostly on pesticide applica- tions or picking beetles by hand. In 1998, a Aulacaspis yasumatsui has been identified as a collaborative biological control programme directed major threat to wild cycad populations and conserva- against lily leaf beetle was initiated between the Uni- tion collections around the world, as well as a costly versity of Rhode Island, USA, and CABI Europe – pest for horticultural sectors. The scale, which attacks primarily species in the genus Cycas, is Switzerland (CABI E-CH). Surveys throughout cen- native to Southeast Asia but has been introduced to tral Europe, where the pest and lilies are native, other countries in the New World (where it was first showed that the beetle is well controlled by three reported as a pest in Florida, USA, in 1996), Africa larval parasitoids, not only at natural sites but also and Asia, as well as the Pacific. in private gardens and lily plantations. In 2001, fol- lowing host-specificity screening tests, classical Following the pest’s arrival in Guam in 2003, Palau biological control of lily leaf beetle was begun in banned imports of cycads in an effort to prevent inva- North America, with the release of over 3000 females sion, but it eventually evaded these quarantine of the larval parasitoid T. setifer in eastern Massa- restrictions and was found in Palau in 2008. As of chusetts. Tetrastichus setifer is now well established October 2009, 36 infested sites had been recorded, all at several release sites throughout New England, involving introduced cycad species on the main and has spread more than 10 km from the original islands of Koror and Babeldaob. At risk, however, are the abundant native cycads found on the isolated release sites. Parasitism rates up to 100% have been Rock Islands; in Guam, it has been reported that recorded and local beetle densities have declined. some 60% of native cycads have died as a result of A. yasumatsui infestation. Increasing problems for lily growers with lily leaf beetle, the threat to lily species native to Canada, Rhyzobius lophanthae, a generalist predator of and the success of T. setifer in the USA have gener- diaspid (armoured), scales from Australia has been ated interest in introducing the parasitoid into introduced as a control agent for diaspids to many Canada. Therefore, researchers from Carleton Uni- countries since it was first introduced to the US state versity (Ottawa, Canada), Agriculture and Agri-Food of California in 1892. More recently, it was intro- Canada (AAFC), CABI E-CH and the University of duced to Guam as part of the biocontrol effort against Rhode Island submitted a petition to the Canadian A. yasumatsui in 2003. The material released in Food Inspection Agency in November 2009 to release Palau was sourced from there. With help from Uni- T. setifer for biological control of lily leaf beetle in versity of Guam entomologist Dr Aubrey Moore, cultures of the biocontrol agent were successfully Canada. Approval was granted in January 2010. established and releases made at 29 sites (including Release is planned for spring 2010 and a post-release the Rock Islands). The coccinellids were subse- monitoring project will be implemented.
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