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Notes to Chapter 1: National Fictions, Fictional Nations 5. Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States: an Enquiry Into the Origins O

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Notes to Chapter 1: National Fictions, Fictional Nations 5. Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States: an Enquiry Into the Origins O Notes Notes to Chapter 1: National Fictions, Fictional Nations 1. Quoted in Peter Worsley, The Third World (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1964) p. 5. 2. Raymond Williams, The Year 2000 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983). 3. Armand Mattelart, 'Introduction', Communications and Class Struggle, vol. 2 (New York: International General, 1983) p. 57. 4. Paul Ricoeur, 'Civilization and National Cultures', in his History and Truth (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1965) pp. 27~7. 5. Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States: An Enquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1977) p. 5. 6. See, for example, Frederic Jameson's 'Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capital', Social Text, vol. 15 (Fall 1986) pp. 65-88. This chapter was written before Jameson's piece, which appeared following a conference on 'The Challenge of Third World Culture' at Duke University in September 1986 at which sections of the present chapter were delivered. See also the response to his essay by Aijaz Ahmad, 'Jameson's Rhetoric of Otherness and the "National Allegory"', Social Text, vol. 17 (Fall 1987) pp. 3-25. 7. See Benedict Anderson's Imagined Comunities (1983); Ali Mazrui's Cultural Engineering and Nation-forming (1972); as well as the introduc­ tory chapters of overviews on so-called 'Commonwealth' literature, Bruce King's The New English Literatures (1980). For a work nQt restricted either to English or Third-World contexts, see H. Ernest Lewald's anthology The Cry of Home (1972). 8. Examples might include Edward Said, Ariel Dorfman, Amiri Baraka, Homi Bhabha, Abdul JanMohamed, Cornell West and others. 9. Gordon Lewis, Slavery, Imperialism, and Freedom: Studies in English Radical Thought (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1978) p. 304. For the French tradition, see Barbara Harlow's Resistance Literature (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) p. 27, with its discussions of France-based North African writers such as Mehdi Charef, Driss Chraibi and Rachid Boudjedra. 10. Salman Rushdie, 'The Empire Writes Back with a Vengeance', The Times, 3 July 1982, p. 8. 11. Ariel Dorfman, The Empire's Old Clothes (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983) p. 9. 12. For the purposes of this study, by far the best works on the nation are Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso and New Left Books, 1983); 167 168 Notes Samir Amin, Class and Nation, trans. Susan Kaplow (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1980); Anouar Abdel-Malek, Nation and Revolution, (vol. 2 of Social Dialectics) (Albany, N.Y.: State Uni­ versity of New York Press, 1981); Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism (London: New Left Books, 1977); Worsley, The Third World; and Seton-Watson, Nations and States- particularly Anderson, Worsley, Nairn and Abdel-Malek. 13. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 12. 14. See Elie Kedourie, Nationalism (London: Hutchinson, 1960 p. 63: ' "Only one language", says Schleirmacher, "is firmly implanted in an individual. ... For every language is a particular mode of thought and what is cogitated in one language can never be repeated in the same way in another ... ".' This was the philosophical foundation in Germany for a much broader social movement described by Jose Carlos Mariategui citing Francesco de Sanctis: 'In the history of the West, the flowering of national literatures coincided with the political affirmation of the nation. It formed part of the movement which, through the Reformation and the Renaissance, created the ideological and spiritual factors of the liberal revolution and the capitalist order.' Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, trans. Marjory Urquidi (Austin, Tx. and London: University of Texas Press, 1971) p. 183. 15. The phrase is Anderson's. See also Anthony Barnett, 'Salman Rushdie: a Review Article', Race and Class (Winter 1985) p. 94: 'The novel as a literary form, like the newspaper, was one of the conductors of and remains part of, the essential chorus for the rise of nations and nationalism.' 16. The phrase is Anderson's. 17. Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays, pp. 187--8. 18. Ernest Gellner, quoted in Anderson, Imagined Comunities, p. 15. 19. See Worsley, The Third World, p. 130: 'To what extent does this ideological emphasis upon the 'unity' of the nation and the homo­ geneity of society reflect a real absence of social differentiation in the new societies, and to what extent is it merely another instance of the familiar rhetoric of all nationlists who, from Ficthe onwards, have always appealed to an often spurious solidarity, embracing all classes and conditions of the nation ... ?' 20. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) p. 7. 21. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 35. 22. Michael Holquist and Katerina Clark, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984). Both Holquist and Clark have tried to divorce Bakhtin from the tradition of the Russian school of social critics (Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky) and fix him within Russian formalism and a kind of mystical enthusiasm for the complexity and plenitude of the 'utterance', by which Holquist means the principles of 'psychological depth' and 'political plu­ ralism'. To do so, he ignores not only Bakhtin's explicit attempts to revise Russian formalism (to 'socialise' it), but his deliberate Notes 169 and savage attacks on literary modernism and psychoanalysis. As a whole, Holquist has interpreted Bakhtin's assault on the orthodoxies of fixed language to be veiled attacks on Stalinism; perhaps, but it is just as likely that they were attacks on the bellet­ rism, scientism and obscurantism of Western culture practice. In Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle, trans. Wlad Godzich (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), we find the critic emphasising 'heteroglossia', and interpreting it (incorrectly) to be a kind of prototype of Julia Kristeva's impersonal 'intertextuality'. 23. Mikhail Bakhtin, 'Epic and Novel', in Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson (eds), The Dialogic Imagination, (Austin, Tx: University of Texas Press, 1981) p. 12. 24. Bakhtin, 'Epic and Novel', p. 13. 25. Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition, p. 5. 26. Anderson, Imagined Comunities, p. 19. 27. Regis Debray, 'Marxism and the National Question', New Left Review, vol. 105 (September-October 1977) p. 26. 28. Ibid., p. 27 (his emphasis). 29. See 'Populism' chapter in Worsley, The Third World, pp. 118-74. 30. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1953) p. 491. 31. Bakhtin, 'Epic and Novel', p. 38. 32. King, The New English Literatures p. 42. 33. Bakhtin, 'Epic and Novel', p. 30. 34. Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin p. 58. 35. Walter Benjamin, 'The Storyteller: Reflections on the Works of Nikolai Leskov' in Illuminattons (New York: Schocken Books, 1969) p. 87. 36. Ibid., p. 88 (my emphasis). 37. Ibid., p. 89. 38. Ibid., p. 97. 39. Kedourie, Nationalism, p. 54. 40. Hans Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1965) p. 9. 41. Fascism haunts the studies of Kohn, Kedourie and Hayes especially. 42. According to Eric Hobsbawm, for example, 'The evidence is overwhelming that at this stage [in the nineteenth century] the crux of nationalist movements was not so much state independence as such, but rather the construction of 'viable' states [with the intention of creating] the internal conditions (e.g. a "national-market") and the external conditions for the development of "national economy" through state organization and action. 'Some Reflections on "The Break-up of Britain"', New Left Review, vol. 105 (September-October 1977) pp. 3-23. On the contrary, he continues, 'the characteristic nationalist movement of our time is separatist, aiming at the break-up of existing states'. Hobsbawm might have added: not only states, but empires. 43. Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History, p. 89. 170 Notes 44. Ibid., p. 11. 45. Ibid., p. 12. 46. Many Voices, One World (the Macbride Commission Report) (London: Kogan Page; New York and Paris: UNESCO, 1980). 47. Herbert Schiller, National Sovereignty and International Communications (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers, 1979) p. 1. 48. Edward Said, 'The Mind of Winter: Reflections on Life in Exile', Harpers Magazine, vol. 269 (September 1984) p. 50. 49. Harlow, Resistance Literature, p. 14. 50. Jeffrey Meyers, Fiction and the Colonial Experience (Ipswich, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1973) p. vii. 51. Terry Eagleton, Exiles and Emigres: Studies in Modern Literature (London: Chatto and Windus, 1970) pp. 9-10. 52. Ibid., p. 18. 53. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1968) pp. 247-8. 54. Ahmad, 'Jameson's Rhetoric of Otherness', p. 22. 55. For a brief account of this counter-hegemonic aesthetics, see Timothy Brennan, 'Fantasy, Individuality, and the Politics of Liberation', Polygraph, vol. 1 (Winter 1987) pp. 89-100. For a longer treatment and overview of many who currently practice it, see Harlow, Resistance Literature. 56. Ernesto Gonzalez Bermejo (interviewer), Cosas de escritores: Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Mario Vargas Llosa y Julio Corttizar (Montevideo, Uruguay: Biblioteca de marcha, Colecci6n testimonio/9, 1971) p. 58. Translation my own. 57. Mario Vargas Llosa, The War of the End of the World (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984) p. 248. Notes to Chapter 2: Anti-Colonial Liberalism 1. Jose Carlos Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Austen, Tx.: University of Texas Press, 1971) p. 226. 2. Tomas Borge Martinez, 'El arte como herejia, in Hacia una polftica cultural (Managua, Nicaragua: Ministerio de Cultura, 1982). 3. Jean Franco, The Modern Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1967). 4. Bharati Mukherjee, Darkness (Markham, Ontario: Penguin Books, Canada, 1985) p. 3. 5. Bharati Mukherjee, 'Immigrant Writing: Give Us Your Maximalists', New York Times Book Review, 28 August 1988, p.
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