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The Challenge of Tribal Relations in Chad: Impacts on Socioeconomic Development

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The Challenge of Tribal Relations in Chad: Impacts on Socioeconomic Development THE CHALLENGE OF TRIBAL RELATIONS IN CHAD: IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School of Leadership & Change Antioch University In partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Adoum K Ey Moussa ORCID Scholar No. 0000-0003-0824-5064 December 2020 THE CHALLENGE OF TRIBAL RELATIONS IN CHAD: IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT This dissertation, by Adoum K Ey Moussa, has been approved by the committee members signed below who recommend that it be accepted by the faculty of the Graduate School in Leadership & Change Antioch University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dissertation Committee: Aqeel Tirmizi, PhD, Chairperson Carol Baron, PhD, Committee Member Simplice Asongu, PhD, Committee Member ii Copyright © 2020 by Adoum K Ey Moussa All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT THE CHALLENGE OF TRIBAL RELATIONS IN CHAD: IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Adoum K Ey Moussa Graduate School of Leadership & Change Antioch University Yellow Springs, Ohio The multitude of different tribes in Africa is what makes the continent rich and diverse. At the same time, this diversity, when combined with self-centered and exclusive behaviors, can yield detrimental impact on the economy and society. This dissertation examined tribalism, defined as favoritism based on kinship, and its impacts on socioeconomic development on the Republic of Chad. Specially, this research investigated tribalism and its direct and indirect influence on corruption, human capital potential, social justice, and socioeconomic development in Chad. This mixed-methods study comprised a two-phase design. The first phase was mainly a quantitative survey that was administered to 161 participants, followed by a qualitative approach comprised of semi-structured interviews. Finally, an integrated analysis, synthesizing findings from the two phases, provided a comprehensive view on tribalism and its impact on socioeconomic development in Chad. Findings from this study demonstrated that while tangible progress has been made on many fronts in Chad, participants’ perception about tribalism, corruption, human capital potential, social justice, and socioeconomic development indicated that more work remains to be done. The study also highlighted the existence of multiple linkages among tribalism, corruption, human capital potential, social justice, and socioeconomic development. The findings further indicated that in addition to direct linkages with socioeconomic development, tribalism indirectly influenced development goals through corruption, human capital potential, and social justice. Finally, the results and insights informed iv the creation of an emergent model on tribalism and its impacts on socioeconomic development. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/, and OhioLINK ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu/. Keywords: Africa, Republic of Chad, socioeconomic development, tribalism, corruption, human capital, social justice v Acknowledgements Absolutely first, I want to thank the Almighty for His guidance throughout my journey thus far. I am eternally and unconditionally grateful for all His blessings bestowed on me. I would like to personally thank each of my committee members who provided the mentorship, support, encouragement, and high standards that enlightened me through my academic journey. I am thankful for the brilliant guidance by Dr Aqeel Tirmizi as Chair, the coaching and the rigor taught by Dr. Carol Baron as Methodologist, and the objective and savvy insights provided by Dr. Simplice Asongu as Subject Expert. This doctoral journey was certainly not traveled alone. I need to thank my family and friends who persevered alongside these past seven years, since the beginning of my doctoral journey. I know this took away from precious time together and in reflection, I cherish you more than ever for your patience. I want to thank my beloved wife and partner, and my children for their unconditional love and support. I would like to thank my mom, my dad, my sisters and brothers, and my cousins who encouraged me to continue my education as they offered critical support and inquiry into my interests. The pride that all my family show for me is a feeling that I will always hold near to my heart. Last and certainly not least, I send unending gratitude to the participants in my research study and all the family and friends who helped me collect data and get closer to the research participants. The study would have meant little without the generosity of the research participants who gave of their time to share personal experiences, perspectives, and opinions. vi Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my exceptional late sister, Haoua, who is my inspiration. We shall all be joining you. vii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 2 Purpose and Significance ............................................................................................................ 3 Gaps in the Literature .................................................................................................................. 6 Epistemology ............................................................................................................................... 8 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 11 Research Design and Scope ...................................................................................................... 11 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 13 Positionality of the Researcher .................................................................................................. 14 Overview of Chapters ................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter II: A Review of the Literature ......................................................................................... 17 Searching the Literature: Means & Strategies ........................................................................... 17 Factors Influencing Socioeconomic Development in Africa .................................................... 18 External Factors Influencing Socioeconomic Development ................................................. 19 Internal Factors Influencing Socioeconomic Development .................................................. 23 Tribalism, a Salient Factor Affecting Socioeconomic Development ........................................ 30 Tribalism—Theoretical Framework. ..................................................................................... 30 Tribalism—Definition ........................................................................................................... 31 Tribalism—Role in Government Leadership ........................................................................ 33 viii Tribalism’s Influence on Social Justice ................................................................................. 35 Tribalism’s Influence on Human Capital .............................................................................. 38 Tribalism—Relation to Egocentrism and Corruption ........................................................... 41 The Need for Further Research ................................................................................................. 45 Chapter III: Research Methodology & Design ............................................................................. 48 Foundation of This Research ..................................................................................................... 48 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 49 Research Methodology .............................................................................................................. 52 Mixed-Methods Research Design ............................................................................................. 52 Definition and Philosophical
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