L'arbre Banian De La Mondialisation

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L'arbre Banian De La Mondialisation ACTES DE LA RECHERCHE EN SCIENCES SOCIALES numéro 151-152 p.107-113 Marie-Laure Djelic NOTE DE RECHERCHE : McKinsey et l’ascension de l’industrie du conseil L’arbre banian de la mondialisation En 1934, le Glass Steagall Act interdit est avant tout d’asseoir et stabiliser une L’invention d’une industrie aux banquiers d’affaires américains industrie nouvelle, et de marquer la de «professionnels du manage- d’intervenir auprès des dirigeants des différence avec les pratiques de conseil ment stratégique» entreprises qu’ils financent. Marvin des banquiers d’affaires, discréditées Bower, un lawyer qui a rejoint le cabinet par le krach de 1929 et interdites par À la faveur du New Deal, le Congrès d’audit de James O’McKinsey, saisit cette le Glass Steagall Act. La professionna- américain s’attaque au pouvoir et à opportunité pour inventer une indus- lisation et la revendication d’une légiti- l’influence du «trust de l’argent» et du trie : McKinsey & Co. va devenir le mité scientifique sont les réponses qui secteur bancaire, rendu responsable du Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - 82.251.161.120 01/12/2017 19h07. © Le Seuil premier cabinet de conseil en stratégie émergent des choix initiaux de Marvin krach financier de 1929. Ainsi, le Glass qui, à la différence du conseil en Bower. Steagall Act de 1934 impose une sépara- management, s’adresse plus particuliè- Cet article s’attache à retracer les tion totale entre la banque d’affaires et rement aux directions générales des étapes principales de la montée en la banque de dépôts. Jusqu’alors, les entreprises clientes. Quinze ans plus puissance – américaine puis interna- grandes banques américaines avaient tard, Marvin Bower prend une autre tionale – de l’industrie du conseil en été très présentes dans les entreprises décision capitale, recruter les consul- stratégie : son émergence et sa consoli- et les secteurs qu’elles contrôlaient3. tants parmi l’élite du Master of Business dation sur le territoire américain, la Elles pesaient sur les choix et décisions Administration (MBA) de la Harvard première vague d’expansion interna- stratégiques, intervenaient même dans la Business School. tionale dans la foulée des multinatio- constitution des équipes de direction Les initiatives et les choix straté- nales américaines lors des années 1960 tout en imposant et diffusant des normes giques de Marvin Bower ont marqué et et 1970, puis la mondialisation des et des pratiques de gestion. Du jour au orienté la structuration et la stabilisa- deux dernières décennies. En parallèle, lendemain, ces rôles leur sont interdits tion de l’industrie du conseil aux États- il s’agit d’identifier les choix organisa- par le Glass Steagall Act4, créant un vide Unis1. Ils ont aussi contribué à redéfinir tionnels qui ont permis à cette industrie que Marvin Bower est l’un des premiers en profondeur le système de sélection de se structurer sur le modèle d’une à exploiter. Il table sur le «besoin d’une et de reproduction des élites écono- entreprise de «professionnels» et d’élar- firme professionnelle qui pourrait miques dans ce pays. À terme, ces gir son marché et sa clientèle, notam- donner des conseils en management de évolutions ont eu un effet ricochet à ment hors de ses frontières nationales2. manière tout à fait indépendante5 ». l’extérieur des frontières des États-Unis, L’étroite collaboration nouée avec les En décidant d’engager le cabinet et l’industrie du conseil américaine s’est business schools s’accompagne d’inves- d’audit de James O’McKinsey dans cette exportée – avec succès – à partir des tissements savants pour transformer le direction, Bower prend un pari risqué années 1960. Le problème de Marvin management en une science à portée et controversé, y compris à l’intérieur Bower, jusqu’à la fin des années 1950, universelle. de l’entreprise. À la mort de James 1. Curt Schleler, « Consulting Innovator Marwin Bower: His Vision made McKinsey & Co. A Pioneer », Investor’s Business Daily, 9 novembre 2000. 2. Sociologies pratiques, « Les consultants font-ils le monde ? », numéro spécial coordonné par Isabelle Berrebi-Hoffmann, Paris, 2002. 3. Vincent Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1987 ; Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan, New York, Atlantic Monthly, 1990. 4. Christopher McKenna, « The Origins of Modern Management Consulting », Business and Economic History, 24 (1), 1995, p. 51-58. 5. C. Schleler, op. cit. 107 Marvin Bower Né en 1903, Marvin Bower grandit à Cleveland. Après À l’âge de 60 ans, il revend ses actions McKinsey des études d’économie et de psychologie à Brown à la firme à leur valeur comptable. Il aurait pu gagner University, il entre à la Harvard Law School en 1925, beaucoup plus d’argent en les revendant à leur valeur dont il obtient le diplôme en 1930, en même temps de marché, mais ce faisant il montre l’exemple et qu’un MBA à la Business School. Il retourne alors à crée un précédent – la firme devait passer avant les Cleveland pour intégrer le cabinet d’avocats Jones, intérêts financiers de ses composantes individuelles. Day. Trois ans plus tard, il quitte une carrière assurée Dans la seconde moitié des années 1990, Marvin pour rejoindre McKinsey & Co. – une entreprise d’audit Bower se demande avec inquiétude : « Ne pensons jugée un peu « poussiéreuse », qu’il transforme en nous pas trop à l’argent ? Lorsque l’on se met à profondeur en ouvrant la voie à l’industrie du conseil gagner trop d’argent, on envisage d’acheter une en stratégie. Marvin Bower est directeur général de quatrième maison ou bien un yacht de luxe… Mais si McKinsey de 1950 à 1967, période pendant laquelle un consultant doit prendre une décision profession- les bénéfices de la firme passent de 2 millions de nelle rapide alors qu’il a par ailleurs trop d’obligations dollars à 20 millions de dollars. Après 1967, Marvin et d’engagements, j’ai peur qu’il n’en arrive à prendre Bower reste extrêmement impliqué dans l’entreprise, la décision d’accepter ou d’attirer un client qu’il n’aurait jouant en particulier le rôle de «gardien des valeurs»: jamais dû accepter ou attirer1.» très présent dans les programmes de formation interne, en particulier des futurs partners et directeurs, il rappelle les devoirs et contraintes d’un 1. In Curt Schleler, « Consulting Innovator Marvin Bower: His consultant professionnel – « excellence, rigueur, Vision made McKinsey & Co. A Pioneer», Investor’s Business indépendance, intégrité, courage, disponibilité totale». Daily, 9 novembre 2000. Les concurrents de McKinsey Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - 82.251.161.120 01/12/2017 19h07. © Le Seuil Sur le créneau « haut de gamme » du conseil en tard, en 1965. En 1973, Bill Bain, un partenaire stratégie qui vise essentiellement le marché des transfuge du BCG, emmène avec lui une partie de directions générales d’entreprises, on trouve six l’équipe pour créer Bain & Company. Au départ, le acteurs principaux:McKinsey, A. T. Kearney, Booz positionnement de cette entreprise est d’offrir à ses Allen and Hamilton, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), clients une relation privilégiée en instaurant le «parte- Bain & Company et Monitor. A. T. Kearney est le pro- nariat exclusif réciproque», mais cette spécificité duit de la scission de McKinsey en 1937. C’est le disparaît au fil du temps. Les origines de Monitor sont bureau original, celui de Chicago, qui change de un peu différentes. Les fondateurs sont des pro- nom et réaffirme alors son identité de firme d’audit. fesseurs de la Harvard Business School qui créent, Pourtant, très vite, A. T. Kearney se réoriente vers le dans les années 1980, leur propre officine de conseil en stratégie, organisation et management, stratégie haut de gamme, et entrent très vite dans le pour suivre la voie ouverte par le bureau McKinsey cercle très fermé des firmes globales de conseil. Dans de New York. Booz Allen and Hamilton trouve ses les années 1990, les grandes entreprises d’audit origines dans l’entreprise d’analyses et enquêtes sta- (les «big 5», aujourd’hui les «4 ever» depuis la dis- tistiques créée par Ed Booz en 1914. La réorienta- parition d’Arthur Andersen) tentent de concurrencer tion vers le conseil en stratégie, organisation et ces cabinets de conseil en stratégie. Depuis la pro- management se fait à partir du milieu des années mulgation de la loi Sabarnes-Oxley, qui interdit, à la 1930. Jim Allen et Carl Hamilton avaient alors rejoint suite des scandales financiers des années 2000, le l’entreprise, qui s’inspirait de la démarche pionnière cumul des activités de conseil et d’audit au sein de McKinsey. Les trois autres concurrents directs d’une même structure capitalistique, la concurrence – BCG, Bain et Monitor – sont des entreprises beau- se fait cependant moins pressante pour McKinsey et coup plus jeunes. Le BCG est fondé en 1963 par les autres grands cabinets de conseil en stratégie1. Bruce Henderson, lui aussi diplômé de la Harvard Business School. Au départ, c’est un cabinet de con- seil étroitement lié à une banque bostonienne. Le 1. Catherine Sauviat, «Deux professions dans la tourmente. choix d’un positionnement haut de gamme, autour du L’audit et l’analyse financière», Actes de la recherche en sciences conseil en business strategy, est fait deux ans plus sociales, 146-147, mars 2003, p.21-41. 108 O’McKinsey en 1937, l’entreprise se disponibilité totale) sont des adaptations qui vise désormais les décideurs. sépare en deux. Le bureau de Chicago plus ou moins directes du modèle de la Le management doit devenir la science change de nom et devient A. T. Kearney, law firm américaine. des décisions stratégiques12. tout en restant un cabinet d’audit.
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