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Phylogenetic Analysis and Evolution of Morphological Characters in the Genus Jasminum L

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Phylogenetic Analysis and Evolution of Morphological Characters in the Genus Jasminum L Journal of Genetics, Vol. 97, No. 5, December 2018, pp. 1225–1239 © Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-018-1019-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of morphological characters in the genus Jasminum L. (Oleaceae) in India J. NIRMALA JEYARANI1, REGY YOHANNAN2, DEVIPRIYA VIJAYAVALLI3,MAYANKD.DWIVEDI4 andARUNK.PANDEY4∗ 1Department of Botany, Fatima Mata National College (Autonomous), Kollam 691 001, India 2Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Kollam 691 001, India 3Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Chempazhanthy, Thiruvananthapuram 695 587, India 4Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India *For correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]. Received 9 August 2017; revised 26 April 2018; accepted 3 May 2018; published online 21 November 2018 Abstract. Jasminum L. (Oleaceae) consists of ∼200 species that are distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. In India, this genus is represented by ca 47 species of which 16 are endemic. Based on the nuclear (internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nrDNA and chloroplast markers (matK, trnL-F and trnH-psbA), phylogenetic relationships in 22 species including one variety of Jasminum in India have been assessed. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses from individual markers, as well as from combined dataset, reveal that the group is monophyletic if Menodora spp. are excluded from the analyses. Our analyses recovered three strongly supported clades. Ancestral character state reconstruction of taxonomically useful characters (leaf forms, leaf arrangement and flower colour) which were used to demarcate sections within the genus reveals homoplasy. Our study suggests that after split from the last common ancestor, there have been at least four reversals to unifoliolate condition. Pinnately compound leaf form evolved at least twice and trifoliolate condition evolved one time only. Alternate leaf form evolved at least twice, once in clade 1 and once in clade 3 and all the time from ancestors having opposite leaf forms. Flower colour evolution clearly depicts that clade 1 is yellow-flowered and clades 2 and 3 have admixture of white and yellow-flowered Jasminum species. Our study suggests that yellow-flowered condition evolved from the white-flowered ancestor. The present study is first to estimate the evolutionary history of Indian Jasmines. Keywords. Jasminum; phylogeny; evolutionary relationships; character reconstruction; leaf and flower colour evolution. Introduction Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Srivastava 2002; Green 2003). The members are mostly climbers, shrubs or woody Jasminum is the largest genus of the olive family Oleaceae twiners (figure 1). with ∼ 200 species (Green 2004; Green and Miller 2009). Economically this genus is much valued for its fragrant The genus is considered to be native of tropical and warm flowers which form the backbone of the garland industry, temperate regions of the old world, with distribution from to adorn the hair of Indian women and are used for reli- Portugal to Canary Islands across southern Europe and gious purposes. It is commercially cultivated in Andhra whole of Africa as far as Formosa, Tahiti and Australia Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Rao and Rout (Green 1969). In India, this genus is represented by ca 47 2003). It is also exploited for the extract (concentrate) of species, three subspecies and four varieties of which 16 are the essential oil which is used in perfume industry (Murthy endemic. The endemic species are mostly reported from and Khanna 1971) and for the production of attars and eastern and western Himalayas, Deccan Peninsula, and hair oils (Hanelt 2001). The species like Jasminum sambac, Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-018-1019-4) contains supplemen- tary material, which is available to authorized users. 1225 1226 J. Nirmala Jeyarani et al. Figure 1. Flowering twigs of some of the investigated species of Jasminum.(a)J. flexile Vahl (trifoliolate and opposite leaves); (b) J. malabaricum Wight (simple and opposite leaves); (c) J. trichotomum Heyne; (d) J. grandiflorum L. (pinnate and opposite leaves); (e) J. coarctatum Roxb. (simple, opposite, pubescent leaves and foliaceous bracts); (f) J. mesnyi Hance (opposite leaves and yellow flowers); (g) J. bignoniaceum Wall. & G. Don (pinnate, alternate leaves and yellow flowers); (h) J. ritchiei Clarke (narrow and twisted corolla lobes). Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of morphological characters in Jasminum 1227 Table 1. Sections of the genus Jasminum with key characters and taxa selected for the present study. Section Taxon Important morphological characters Jasminum P.S. Green (Sect. Pinnatifolia DC.) J. grandiflorum L. Pinnately compound, opposite J. officinale L. leaves, white flowers J. polyanthum Franch. Unifoliolata DC. J. sambac (L.) Aiton Unifoliolate, opposite leaves, J. angustifolium (L.) Willd. white flower J. angustifolium var. sessiliflorum (Vahl) P.S. Green J. coarctatum Roxb. J. cordifolium Wall. & G. Don J. cuspidatum Rottl. & Willd. J. laurifolium Roxb. ex Hornem. J. malabaricum Wight J. multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews J. multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews J. nitidum Skan J. ritchiei C. B. Clarke J. trichotomum B. Heyne ex Roth Trifoliolata DC. J. flexile Vahl Three-foliate, opposite leaves, J. affine Wight white flower J. agastyamalayanum Sabeena et al. J. auriculatum Vahl J. azoricum L. J. brevilobum DC. J. calophyllum Wall. & G. Don J. caudatum Wall. ex Lindl. J. fluminense Vell. J. sinense Hemsl. Alternifolia DC. J. bignoniaceum Wall. & G. Compound, alternate leaves, Don yellow flowers J. odoratissimum J. humile L. Primulina P.S. Green J. mesnyi Hance Three-foliate leaves, yellow J. nudiflorum Lindl. flowers J. auriculatum, J. flexile and J. grandiflorum are cultivated based on the leaf arrangement and the leaflet number (De for commercial purposes. Candolle 1844). However, several systematic studies have The Oleaceae are divided into two subfamilies namely revealed that most of these sections are artificial (Rohwer ‘Jasminoideae’ characterized by one to several erect ovules 1994, 1995; Green 1997, 2001)(table1). per locule and four to 12 petals, and ‘Oleoideae’ char- Based on the cladistic analysis of the Oleaceae using acterized by two pendulous ovules per locule and four two noncoding chloroplast regions (rps-16 and trnL-F), petals. Although the family Oleaceae is monophyletic, Wallander and Albert (2000) opined that the family was the ‘Jasminoideae’ are morphologically heterogeneous and monophyletic and can easily be circumscribed. But they paraphyletic (Kim and Jansen 1998). The members of the stated that the subfamily Jasminoideae is paraphyletic Oleoideae apparently form a monophyletic group with and abandoned the long-standing scheme of subfamil- x = 23 and are thought to be of allopolyploid origin ial classification. Instead they recognized five tribes with (Taylor 1945). In contrast, the Jasminoideae are a hetero- 25 genera and 600 species. Wallander and Albert (2000) geneous assemblage of those genera that do not fit in the retained the tribe Oleeae with four subtribes (Ligustrinae Oleoideae. with Syringia and Ligustrum, Schreberinae with Schre- bera and Comoranthus, Fraxininae with Fraxinus and Jasminum is traditionally classified into four sections Oleinae with the remaining 12 drupaceous genera). They (Alternifolia, Unifoliolata, Pinnatifolia and Trifoliolata) opined that the paraphyletic ‘Jasminoideae’ cannot be 1228 J. Nirmala Jeyarani et al. considered a stable group. Hence, the ‘Jasminoideae’ of extension at 72◦C followed by a last cycle of final was split into four tribes namely Myxopyreae (Myxopy- extension for 5 min at 72◦C). PCR products were checked rum, Nyctanthes and Dimetra), Fontanesieae (Fontanesia), for the presence of appropriate bands on a 0.8% agarose Forsythieae (Abeliophyllum and Forsythia) and Jasmineae. gel, purified and sequenced at AgriGenome, Kochi, Ker- The tribe Jasmineae, considered to be monophyletic, has ala. The sequences of ITS region comprised of ITS1, 5.8S species of Jasminum nested in it along with a few species and ITS2 regions. Forward and reverse sequences retrieved of Menodora, often considered to be the New World coun- from respective regions were edited and assembled using terpart of Jasminum. Based on the fruit anatomy, the tribe the computer program Geneious 10.2.2 (Drummond et al. Jasmineae is unique in having bilobed fruits (Wallander 2010). Multiple sequence alignment of all the regions auto- and Albert 2000). Jasminum has a bilobed berry with one mated and manual adjustments (wherever necessary) as or two seeds per locule (one lobe frequently aborted), while well as concatenation of the matrices were performed using Menodora has a bilobed circumscissile capsule. Geneious 10.2.2 with default settings. All sequences have The objectives of the present study were to: (i) been deposited in the GenBank (table 2). All experimental analyse the phylogenetic relationships of species in India, work was conducted in the Plant Systematics Laboratory, (ii) test monophyly of the sections raised on the basis Department of Botany, University of Delhi. of morphology and (iii) infer evolutionary relationships based on taxonomically important morphological charac- ters and molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic analyses were performed after selecting the Materials and methods best-fit partitioning scheme and models for evolution for different concatenated barcode regions
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