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Transport in Plants BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Transport in Plants In plants, materials such as gases, minerals, water, hormones and organic solutes need to be transported over short and long distances. Short distance transport occurs through through diffusion and cytoplasmic streaming accompanied by active transport. Long distance transport occurs through the xylem and phloem. This transport is called translocation. Means of Transport Facilitated Active Diffusion Diffusion Transport Diffusion The movement of molecules or ions from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration, until the molecules are evenly distributed throughout the available space is known as diffusion. The rate of diffusion gets affected by temperature, density of diffusing substances, medium in which diffusion is taking place, diffusion pressure gradient. Characteristics of Diffusion The diffusing molecules move randomly along the concentration gradient. The direction of diffusion of one substance is independent of the movement of the other substance. www.topperlearning.com 2 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS There is no energy expenditure. Importance of Diffusion in Plants Diffusion helps in CO2 intake and O2 output in photosynthesis and CO2 output and O2 intake in respiration. It is an effective means of transport of substances over very short distance. Facilitated Diffusion The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane mediated by specific transmembrane carrier proteins without spending metabolic energy is called facilitated diffusion. Water soluble substances such as glucose, sodium ions and chloride ions are transported by this method. Action of Transport of Proteins The carrier protein acts as selective channels through which the molecules are transported across the membrane. Large transporter proteins create huge pores in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria and bacteria through which variety of molecules are passed. These transporter proteins are called porins. Aquaporins are the water channels through which massive amount of water diffuse into the cell. Types of Facilitated Diffusion Uniport: When a particular type of molecule moves across a membrane independent of the other molecule, the diffusion is called uniport. Symport: When the two types of molecules move in the same direction at the same time, it is called symport. Antiport: When the two types of molecules move in the opposite direction at the same time, it is called antiport. www.topperlearning.com 3 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Active Transport The process of transport of materials across the biological membrane with the help of a mobile carrier protein involving expenditure of energy in the form of ATP is called active transport. It is a kind of uphill transport against the concentration gradient and is faster than passive transport. Carrier proteins on the cell membrane act as pumps to transport substances across the membrane. Comparison of Different Transport Mechanisms Property Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport 1. Requires special No Yes Yes membrane proteins 2. Uphill transport No No Yes 3. Requires ATP energy No No Yes 4. Movement of transport No No Yes proteins Plant — Water Relations Water is an important constituent in living systems. Water is essential to maintain the turgidity of cells, functioning of the protoplasm and regulation of constant body temperature. Because water is important for all physiological activities of plants, it is important to understand plant– water relations concerned with some physiological processes in plants. www.topperlearning.com 4 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Water Potential The difference between the free energy of water molecules in pure water and the energy of water in any other system is termed water potential. Water potential is denoted by the symbol psi ѱ/ ѱw. The water potential is expressed in pressure units such as pascals (Pa), bars or atmospheres. Chemical potential of pure water at normal temperature and pressure is taken as zero. Chemical potential of water in any other system such as a solution or in a cell will be less than zero, i.e. negative. If there is a difference in the water potential between two regions, then the spontaneous movement of water will take place. The amount by which the water potential is reduced as a result of the presence of solute is called the solute potential or osmotic potential (ѱs). The value of the solute potential is always negative. More the solute particles, the solute potential will be more negative ѱs. Pressure potential (ѱp) is the positive pressure developed in a system because of osmotic entry of water into it. For a solution at atmospheric pressure, ѱw is equal to ѱs. Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of solvent molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the passage of pure water into an aqueous solution through a semi-permeable membrane, thereby preventing an increase in the volume of the solution. Osmotic pressure is usually measured in pascals, Pa. www.topperlearning.com 5 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS During osmosis, water or solvent molecules move as follows: From the region of To the region of Pure solvent Solution Dilute solution Concentrated solution High free energy of water molecules Low free energy of water molecules Higher water potential Lower water potential Higher diffusion pressure of water Lower diffusion pressure of water A solution whose concentration is more than that of the cell sap is known as a hypertonic solution. A solution whose concentration is less than that of the cell sap is known as a hypotonic solution. A solution whose concentration is equal to that of the cell sap is known as an isotonic solution. Turgor pressure (TP) is the pressure developed in an osmotic system because of the entry of water which causes swelling of the system. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will enter the cell as the cell sap is more concentrated than the surrounding solution. This makes the cell turgid. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will diffuse out of the cell as the cell sap is less concentrated than the surrounding solution. This makes the cell flaccid i.e. the protoplast of the cell shrinks. As the cell wall is rigid and less elastic, it cannot keep pace with the contraction of the plasma membrane. The protoplast separates from the cell wall and assumes a spherical shape. This condition is called plasmolysis. Plasmolysis is the withdrawal of protoplast of a plant cell from its cell wall because of excessive loss of water from the cell. www.topperlearning.com 6 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Importance of Osmosis Plants absorb water by osmosis. Movement and distribution of water across cells occur through osmosis. Rigidity of plant organs is maintained through osmosis. Leaves become turgid and expand because of their osmotic pressure. Opening and closing of stomata is affected by osmosis. Imbibition Imbibition is the phenomenon of adsorption of water or any other liquid by solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. The solid particles which adsorb water or any other liquid are called imbibants. The liquid which is imbibed is known as imbibate. The molecules of the imbibate are held in between or over the surface of solid substances through capillarity or by the force of adsorption. Examples of Imbibition A dry piece of wood placed in water swells and increases in volume. Wooden doors and windows adsorb water in the rainy season and increase in their volume hence they are hard to open or close. Importance of Imbibition to Plants Imbibition causes swelling of seeds and results in breaking of the testa. Imbibition is dominant in the initial stage of water absorption by roots. Water enters the ovules which are ripening into seeds by the process of imbibition. Imbibition pressure generated during the germination of seeds and spores is so enormous that it can break asphalt roads and concrete pavements. www.topperlearning.com 7 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Transport of Water and Soil Water Relations Bulk Flow System Bulk flow system is a long distance transport system to move distances at faster rates. Water, minerals and food are generally moved by a mass/bulk flow system. A mass flow or bulk flow system is responsible for the movement of substances in bulk or en mass from the sites of production or adsorption to the sites of storage or consumption as a result of pressure differences between the two sites. Bulk flow can be achieved through either a positive hydrostatic pressure gradient or a negative hydrostatic pressure gradient. The bulk movement of substances through the conducting or vascular tissues of plants is called translocation. Xylem is associated with the translocation of mainly water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen and hormones, from the roots to the aerial parts of plants. The phloem translocates a variety of organic and inorganic solutes, mainly from the leaves to the other parts of plants. www.topperlearning.com 8 BIOLOGY TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Mechanism of Water Absorption The water-absorbing structure of the plant is the root hair zone. A root hair is a unicellular tubular propagation of the outer wall of the epiblema. When water is absorbed by the root hair and other epidermal cells, it moves centripetally across the cortex, endodermis, pericycle and finally enters the xylem. Water moves from cell to cell along the concentration gradient. Two possible pathways for the movement of water along the roots are the apoplast pathway and the symplast pathway. Apoplast Pathway The apoplast system includes interconnecting cell walls, intercellular spaces, cell walls of endodermis excluding Casparian strips, xylem tracheids and vessels. In this pathway, water moves from the root hair to the xylem through the walls of intervening cells without crossing any membrane or cytoplasm.
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