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,3.l.£S x";, 22.<1 UNIVERSITY Of HAWAll UBWY PESEMA "Vl~IGA I LEATUA THE SACRED MUSIC OF THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH OF JESUS IN SAMOA ~o Le 'Ekale$ia Fa'apotopotoga a Usii i Samoa A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION~OF THE UNIVERSITY OFHAWAI'IJN fARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MUSIC August 2005 By Ku.ki M. Tuiasosopo Thesis Committee~ Jane Moulin, Chairperson FrederikLau John Mayer ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the assistance and the generosity ofcertain individuals. I would first like to acknowledge the assistance of Rev. Elder Maualaivao Sanerivi ofthe Congregational Church ofJesus in Samoa for allowing me to access unpublished and rare documents ofthe church. His willingness to spend his time with me and share his knowledge ofchurch history during my fieldwork helped me gather data needed to begin this thesis. I thank him for the opportunity, the encouragement, and the moral support he has given me throughout my education. Fa 'afetai Papa mo Talosaga. My father, Pulefa'asisina Palauni Tuiasosopo, inspired me in so many ways. His scholarly knowledge ofSamoan culture provided me with detailed information on the connection ofchurch history to the existing culture ofthe Samoan people and their way oflife. His knowledge ofSamoan music enabled me to comprehend the poetic aspect of song text and the expressions oflyrics in connection to the human soul. In addition, his countless support and endless love for me will forever cherished in my heart. 0 se Tama alofa ma Ie agalelei, e Ie fa 'agaloina i Ie olaga nei. 0 ona uiga tausa 'afia ma onafofoga fiafia, e mata'inapea e lanafanau, ma e manatuainapea e 0'0 i lefa'avavau. I would also like to acknowledge my informants for the countless hours I spend with them during interview sessions. I would like to acknowledge the Rev. Iopu Fale for the wonderful time I spend with him at his home during our interview session. I was able to get the additional information on the history ofthe church that I needed to complete the historical section ofthe Congregational Church ofJesus in Samoa. My heart felt gratitude to Dr. Paul Pouesi for providing me with the insights on Samoan composers of 111 church music. I thank Miss Flo Wendt for sharing with me her views and experiences as a musician ofthe church. Other individuals who I worked with that I would like to acknowledge include Aumua Mata'itusi, Rev. Fuamaila Soa, Rev. Frank Heather, Maria Maene, Agapapalagi Asalele, and Li Ta'ase. In addition, I would like to thank the Rev. Ned Ripley, chairman ofthe board of scholarships ofthe American Samoa Department ofEducation, for the scholarships that I received during my education at the University ofHawai'i at Manoa. I would also like to give specials thanks to the two ofthe most supportive people I have known throughout the years at the University ofHawai'i, Manoa campus. Their countless support, love, and caring is more than words can explain. Mahalo a nui loa to Aunty Naomi Losch, and Fa'afetai Tele to Luafata Simanu-Klutz. Thanks to my writing group Rochelle Fonoti, Yoko Kurokawa, Ken Lawrence, Kattie McClellen, and Kevin Olafsson. Thanks to Masamit Tsujita, Jennifer Radakovich, and the staffofthe Samoan and Pacific Studies Program at the American Samoa Community College for allowing me to borrow the necessary equipments for still photos, and recordings. Thanks to my colleagues Laura Fepulea'i, Sa'ili Duchess Steffany, Sa'ili Lilomaiava-Doktor, David Kammerer, Teri Skillman, Brian Diettrich, Last but not least, I thank my advisor, Dr. Jane Moulin for her insight on this project. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES. ................................................. .. vii PREFACE x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Traditional Samoan Music 2 Aesthetic Considerations in Appreciating Samoan Church Music 4 Western Musical Instruments in Samoan Church Music , 9 Statement ofPurpose ........................................... .. 11 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF THE SAMOAN MISSION 13 Background and the Development ofthe London Missionary Society ..... .. 13 Christianity and its Inception by the Samoan People 15 John Williams 19 Native Agency. ............................................... .. 27 European Missionaries in Samoa. ................................. .. 29 The Printing Press 32 Hymnody 39 Learning the Language ofthe Natives 40 Early Development ofSamoan Hymnody .41 Early Samoan Hymns as Primary Sources for the Written Language .42 Hymn Singing 48 CHAPTER 3:ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE 50 LMS Church 50 Nu'u .. " , 52 pulega 53 Matagaluega .................................................. .. 54 Fono Tele 54 Politics in the LMS Church Administration. ......................... .. 54 Church Independence 59 The Socio-Political Structure ofa Samoan Village Society. ............. .. 62 'Aiga 63 The Matai System. ............................................. .. 64 The Village Organization 70 The Faife 'au and the Village 72 The Congregational Church ofJesus in Samoa 74 v The Separation ofVillage Church Members from the LMS Church 75 The First Convention 80 Organizational Structure ofCCJS 81 The Current State ofthe CCJS .................................... .. 84 CHAPTER IV: PESE MA Vl'IGA I LE ATUA The Sacred Music ofthe Congregational Church ofJesus in Samoa ... 87 Part I: INTRODUCTION. ............................................. .. 87 Composers 90 Performance Practice and Church Hymns 92 Part II: Musical Transcriptions and Analyses 96 CCJS Hymns " 97 LMS Hymns 158 Part III: Summary ofthe Analyses 208 CCJS Hymns 208 LMS Hymns. ................................................ .. 209 Similarities. ................................................. .. 209 Differences .................................................. .. 210 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 212 Contributions 217 Further Study 218 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF SAMOAN TERMS 220 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The alto section ofthe CCJS Naumati Choir 5 2. Pulefa'asisina Palauni Tuiasosopo conducts the American Samoa Arts Council Choir 7 3. Pulefa'asisina Palauni Tuiasosopo conducts the American Samoa Community College Choir at the 2004 Fall Commencement Exercise 8 4. A 1988 Yamaha electric organ 9 5. A synthesizer keyboard (Plano La'itiiti) 10 6. Front cover photo ofthe second edition ofthe CCJS hymnal 12 7. A view ofLeone Village and Bay from Amalu'ia Village 22 8. A monumental Satue ofRev. John Williams in Leone Village 25 9. The Leone chapel Siona ofthe Congregational Christian Church ofAmerican Samoa 26 10. The front cover ofthe first Samoan hymnbook printed in Huahine in 1836 32 11. The second edition ofthe Samoan hymnal printed at the LMS printing press in Falelatai, Samoa in 1841 34 12. The third edition ofthe Saoan hymnal printed in 1844 35 13. The fourth edition ofthe Samoan hymnal entitled Pese rna Vl'iga printed in 1852 36 14. The fifth edition ofthe Samoan hymnal '0 Pese rna Vl'iga i Ie Atua printed by the Malua Printing Press in 1909 37 15. The sixth and current edition ofthe Samoan hymnal Ina Pepese Ia printed by the Malua Printing Press in 1993 38 16. Hymn I (Imene I) as it appears on the first page ofthe 1836 edition ofthe LMS hymnal 44 Vll Figure Page 17. Hymn II (Imene II), Hymn III (Imene III), and Hymn IV (Imene IV) in the first edition (1836) ofthe LMS hymnal 44 18. Hymns XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV, and XXXV as they appear on pages 10 and 11 ofthe second edition (1841) ofthe LMS hymnal 45 19. Part ofthe index ofhymn titles with page numbers arrange in alphabetical order as appears in the 2nd Edition ofthe LMS hymnal printed in 1841. 46 20. Lists oftune names with the abbreviation ofmusical meter (P.M.lS.M.lC.M.) and hymn numbers in Arabic numerals 47 21. Oragnizational Structure ofthe LMS church 51 22. A Falesii (chapel) ofthe Congregational Christian Church ofAmerican Samoa in the village ofFagatogo 53 23. An 'ava (kava) ceremony during the saofa'i ofPulefa' asisina 66 24. A presentation ofan 'ie toga (fine mat) at a saofa 'i 67 25. The saofa'i ofHigh chiefPulefa'asisina Palauni Mariota Tuiasosopo in 1988 69 26. Village chiefs assemble during the saofa 'i ofPulefa'asisina 69 27. A village Taupou accompany by two orators during the saofa'i ofPulefa' asisina 71 28. Reverend Elder Maualaivao Sanerivi ofthe Congregational Church ofJesus in Samoa, Fagatogo Parish with members ofhis congregation who are also village chiefs. 73 29. The chapel ofthe CClS Fagatogo parish 82 30. The chapel ofthe CClS Pago Pago parish 83 31. The chapel ofthe CClS Apia parish 83 32. Members ofthe CClS Fagatogo Youth rehearse a biblical drama 85 33. Pulefa'asisina Tuiasosopo conducts the choir ofthe CClS Fagatogo during a Christmas Choral Concert in 1995 94 Vlll 34. CCJS Fagatogo choir during a Christmas Choral Concer in 1995 95 35. Mrs. Julia Fo'ifua and Ms. Flo Wendt doing vocal trainings and warm up the CCJS Fagatogo Choir during choir rehearsal 95 36. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #41 0 Iesi1 Ua Fetalai Mai 100 37. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #3 Inii Tiitou Siiuni Atu Nei 105 38. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #6 Le Tupu 'Oe 0 Tupu 110 39. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #45 Afio Mai 'Oe Le Agaga Pa 'ia 116 40. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #8 Vivi 'i Atu ia i 10 Tiitou Nei Tamii 122 41. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #1 Ia Alalaga Iii Ieova I Tiitou Uma Nei 128 42. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #7 Le Tupu Silisili 0 Afio I Le Nofoali'i 136 43. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #66 Le Fili Siiuii Ua Ita Tele Mai 142 44. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #97 Le 'Ekiilesia e, i Siimoa 148 45. A transcription ofthe CCJS hymn #91 Inii Fa'aea Ia I Luga 145 46. A transcription ofthe LMS hymn #115 Pei 0 Ie Ua E Susi1 Ai 159 47. A transcription ofthe LMS hymn #91 Ia Alalaga I Ie Atua 164 48. A transcription ofthe LMS hymn #43 Agaga Sii e, Afio Mai 168 49. A transcription ofthe LMS hymn #44 Iesi1 e, 0 Lou Toto 173 50.
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  • Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands Part 4

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    Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands Part 4. Submarine Topography and Shoal- Water Ecology GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 280-K Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands Part 4. Submarine Topography and Shoal- Water Ecology By PRESTON E. CLOUD, Jr. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 280-K Description and interpretation of the submarine topography and of the sediments^ biotas^ and morphology of the reef complex adjacent to a geologically diverse tropical island UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. S EATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 280 Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands Part 1. General Geology A. General Geology By PRESTON E. CLOUD, Jr., ROBERT GEORGE SCHMIDT, and HAROLD W. BURKE Part 2. Petrology and Soils B. Petrology of the Volcanic Rocks By ROBERT GEORGE SCHMIDT C. Petrography of the Limestones By J. HARLAN JOHNSON D. Soils By RALPH J. McCRACKEN Part 3. Paleontology E. Calcareous Algae By J. HARLAN JOHNSON F. Difcoaster and Some Related Microfossils By M. N. BRAMLETTE G. Eocene Radiolaria By WILLIAM RIEDEL H. Smaller Foraminifera By RUTH TODD I. Larger Foraminifera By W. STORRS COLE J. Echinoids By C. WYTHE COOKE Part 4. Submarine Topography and Shoal-Water Ecology K. Submarine Topography and Shoal-Water Ecology By PRESTON E. CLOUD, Jr. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_________________________________________ 361 Shoal-water and shoreline ecology and sediments—Con. Introduction. ______________________________________ 362 Habitat descriptions—Con. Purpose and scope of the work_____________________ 362 Organic reefs and reef benches______________ 383 Field methods and acknowledgments-_______________ 362 Minor reef structures______________________ 384 Systematic identifications and other research aid____ 363 Biotope X.