Article

Komunitas: International Journal of From Popular to Partisan Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019): 119-128 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v11i1.17235 Public Sphere: © 2019 Semarang State University, p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 The Political Change of the http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas Coffee Shops in Kepulauan UNNES JOURNALS

Tri Samnuzulsari1, Edison2, Wayu Eko Yudiatmaja2

1Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji 2Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji

Received: August 30, 2018; Accepted: March 1, 2018; Published: March 30, 2019

Abstract The primary aim of this study is to investigate the political transformation of the coffee shops in Kepulauan Riau before the gubernatorial election of Kepulauan Riau 2015-2020. It is driven by the empirical facts that many coffee shops have transformed to be a supporter of one of the candidates of the governor. By using grounded theory and thematic analysis, this study answers the critical questions of why the coffee shops change and what the factors affecting the transformation. A series of the interview was conducted on a dozen of informants, consisted of political parties, campaign and successful teams of the candidates, Local General Elections Commission (KPUD) and Local Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) of Kepulauan Riau, the owners and the visitors of the coffee shop. Evidence of this study points out that the transformation of the coffee shops is the consequence of both political systems and political structure in Indonesia. The empirical findings of this study are not only worthwhile to the study of the public sphere in the context of Indonesian local political setting but also to the practitioners in designing the honest and fair local leaders election.

Keywords local leaders election; coffee shops; clientelism; Malay’s political culture

INTRODUCTION gues that coffee shops are not practically a value-free public sphere. Thus, it is critical The coffee shops are an essential part of to investigate, why the coffee shops change the Malay society because discussion in the and what the factors affecting the change? coffee shops has become a culture imple- This study is interesting to be atten- mented for a very long time. In the begin- tion due to four factors. First, historically ning, the coffee shops are only used to meet post New Order, the Indonesian political and discuss among the people. Yet, before Corresponding author the general election, coffee shops substitute Jl. Raya Dompak, Komplek Gedung FISIP UMRAH, to the political arena for the candidates in Senggarang, Tanjung Pinang, Kota Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau 29115 organizing their mass supporters (Samnu- Email zulsari & Yudiatmaja, 2018). This study ar- [email protected] 120 Tri Samnuzulsari et al, From Popular to Partisan Public Sphere: The Political Change of the Coffee... landscape has transformed from represen- discuss because the coffee shops are used as tative democracy to direct democracy and a political campaign by the candidates in Ke- from centralization to decentralization. De- pulauan Riau. It is used to introduce and so- mocracy influences the changing process cialize its vision and mission. It has become of political power centralized in . an electoral magnitude to gain the vote. As Through the four amendments of the In- a result, many coffee shops were breaking donesian constitution, the direct election the KPUD’s regulation because many coffee for president and local head governments shops deliver the campaign before the time. was introduced in 2004 (Rasyid, 2003). The Many scholars have recently emplo- transformation of power generates centripe- yed numerous studies about coffee shops in talism of power from central to local elites various perspectives (i.e., sociology, marke- (Choi, 2011; Hadiz, 2007, 2010). ting and management, psychology, commu- Second, in the perspective of the po- nication, and politics). For instance, in the litical economy, the local elections influen- context of sociology, Maguire & Hu (2013) ce political and economic circumstances in explored the perceptions and experiences of the area. It yields a contestation among the Chinese consumers in engaging with Star- elites in the region. As a result, local strong- bucks. They suggested that the engagement men are capturing political and financial is as a result of individual and collective resources. They control the process of policy identity formation of Chinese consumers. making both in the executive and legislative In line with the study, Sarmini, Ridwan, bodies. They also possess strategic resour- Basriani, & Nadiroh (2017) shed light on the ces in the region, for instance, natural en- functions of the coffee shop for Acehnese’s dowment. It is a new trend in decentralized teenager. As conclusion, they noted that in Indonesia where local strongmen or local the perspective of young people in , the bossism dominates the power (Agustino & coffee shop is not only the place to drink the Yusoff, 2010; Masaaki, 2004; Sidel, 2005), coffee but also the place to actualize them- political dynasty (Mietzner, 2009; Savirani, selves. 2016), informal governance (Hidayat, 2007, By using a marketing viewpoint, 2009). They have a political and cultural Nadi̇ri̇ & Gunay (2013) explored the impact basis so they can capture and distribute the of experiential marketing on young custo- resources in their circle. The phenomenon mers’ experiential value and respectively on is a political booms as theorized by White their satisfaction, word of mouth, and revi- (2009). sit intentions in Gloria Jean’s Coffee Shops Third, 269 regions were carrying out in North Cyprus. They found that the strate- direct local leaders election (pemilihan ke- gic experiential modules and service quality pala daerah, pilkada) in 2015, including 9 perceptions influence customer experiences provinces, 229 regencies, and 36 cities in positively. They also revealed that custo- Indonesia. In the Province of Kepulauan mers’ satisfaction could drive post-purchase Riau, there were 7 pilkada conducted at the behavior. Then, in the management context, same time: pilkada to select the governor, Nagarajan et al. (2017) drew the appropriate mayor of mayor, regent of Bintan, coffee shop by using SWOT (strength, weak- regent of Lingga, regent of Karimun, regent ness, opportunity, and threat) analysis. They of Kepulauan Anambas, and regent of Na- argued that the competitive coffee shop tuna. Pilkada followed by 20 candidates and should arrange the design plan, menu, staf- 2.279.566 voters (daftar pemilih tetap, DPT) fing and departmentation, and marketing. was successly performed. In the literature of psychology, Tuma- Fourth, empirically, the using of coffee nan & Lansangan (2012) examined the con- shops in pilkada is an interesting topic to text of physical, social, cultural and environ-

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019): 119-128 121

Table 1. Pilkada of 2015 in Kepulauan Riau Perolehan Amount of Regions The Candidates Suara (%) Voters The Province of Kepu- M.Sani-Nurdin Basirun 347.462 1.213.797 lauan Riau Soeryo Respationo-Ansar (53,2%) Ahmad 305.117 (46,7%)

The City of Batam M. Rudi-Amsakar Achmad 185.845 638.797 Ria Saptarika-Sulistyana (60,4%) 121.836 (39,6%)

Bintan Apri Sujadi-Dalmasri 40.386 (57,1%) 99.658 Khazalik-Indra Setiawan 30.299 (42,8%)

Lingga Regency M. Ikhsan Fansuri-Isnin 3.484 (6,7%) 69.552 Harlianto-Al Ghazali 17.701 (34,4%) Usman Taufiq-Siti Aisyah (8,9%) Alias Wello-M. Nizar 25.544 (49,7%)

Karimun Regency Aunur Rafiq-Anwar Hasyim 70.425 (78,4%) 175.098 Agusriono-Ahmad Darwis 5.062 (5,64%) Raja Usman Aziz-Zulkhainen 14.341 (15,9%)

Kepulauan Anambas Abdul Haris-Wan Zuhendra 15.269 (73,0%) 30.613 Regency Azhar dan Andik Mulya- 5.622 (26,9%) warman

Natuna Regency Rodhial Huda-Rusdi 2.054 (4,8%) 52.051 Ilyas Sabli-Wan Arismunandar 12.529 (29,4%) Imalko-Mustamin Bakri 8.578 (20,1%) A. Hamid Rizal-Ngesti Yuni S. 18.080 (42,4%) Dedi Yanto-M. Yunus 1.320 (3,1%) Source: Data processed from https://pilkada2015.kpu.go.id mental dimensions of place attachment of (2014) looked into the coffee shops in Be- Philippines’ customer of coffee shops. This litung island and its relation with political study concluded that the Filipinos view cof- resistance. Political resistance in the study fee not only as a product but also as an ex- is understood as the social activities of the perience. Employing communication rese- society to articulate their protest and de- arch, absolutely different with Sarmini et al. monstrate their aspiration in an informal (2017) findings, Syam, Muslem, & Usman’s media. In Belitung, as Erman argument, the (2017) survey pointed out that majority of coffee shops have become an arena -to ex the young people in Banda Aceh only used press the unsatisfaction of the public. The the coffee shops as the arena for worthless process of solidarity making involves many activities, mainly talking with their friend actors, such as non-government organiza- and gaming by using internet. tions (NGOs), cultural communities, and In the perspective of politics, Erman social organizations. The consciousness to

UNNES JOURNALS 122 Tri Samnuzulsari et al, From Popular to Partisan Public Sphere: The Political Change of the Coffee... express their interest occurs from the pro- three themes, namely the history of the cof- cess of dialogue and communication among fee shops, the reasons and determinants of them. The method generates a decision to change. Finally, our conclusion depicts the refuse several conditions disserving them. essential results of the study. Nevertheless, most studies give only limited consideration to the political METHODS economy of the coffee shops. Just a - litt le research has examined the issue. Hen- This study departed from empirical research ce, to redress this gap, our research seeks based on direct observation. It was emplo- the relationship of political aspects in the yed by using grounded theory research. The transformation of coffee shops before the locus of the study is the gubernatorial elec- local leaders election. The idea of political tion of Kepulauan Riau 2015-2020 because perspective constructed in the study is the it is a vast pilkada with the number of vo- coffee shops, not the static entity, but as ters. In-depth interview was conducted with founded by Erman (2014), they are complex the owners and visitors of the coffee shops body influenced by political effects. of the candidates of the governor of Kepu- From the literature review explain lauan Riau located in . The above, there is still a gap in the recent lite- discussion was also employed to the can- rature on the issue in the political and eco- didates of the governor of Kepulauan Riau, nomic standpoint. Obviously, there are es- political parties, campaigning and success- sential concepts to corroborate the political ful teams of the candidates, Local General and economic rationales of the transforma- Elections Commission (KPUD) of Kepu- tion of the coffee shops. Notably, the present lauan Riau, and Local Election Supervisory research contributes to the body of know- Agency (Bawaslu) of Kepulauan Riau. The ledge in several ways. First, our analysis ex- interview guidelines were arranged to find tends the study of coffee shops in the case of out the answer to the research questions. It Malay’s society of Kepulauan Riau by exami- has discussed by the researchers before con- ning the evidence of the gubernatorial elec- ducting the fieldwork. The data were analy- tion of Kepulauan Riau 2015-2020 because zed by using QSR Nvivo 12 plus software to of the little pay attention of the scholars reach a sufficient finding. We utilized basic to address the issue. Second, by using po- qualitative data analysis techniques, follows litical and economic points of view, we aim open coding, clustering, categorizing, and to broaden the findings of prior research, thematic analysis. The findings of the study especially Erman’s (2014) study using only are qualitatively presented in the light of the limited on political point of view in exami- results. ning Belitung’s coffee shops. Finally, we con- duct grounded research to understand the political change of the coffee shops rarely RESULTS AND DISCUSSION applied by previous scholars. This article is generally classified in The History and Development of the three sections. Firstly, we discuss the backg- Coffee Shops in Kepulauan Riau round of the study. It presents the rationale Kepulauan Riau is commonly known as of the focus of this study. Secondly, it con- the “Malay land” (tanah Melayu) because it tains the methods of the study. The piece is believed as the origins of Malays (Long, draws the approach of the study, method 2009; Milner, 2008; Wee, 1985). In the past of gathering the data, qualitative analyzing centuries, Kepulauan Riau is also famous as method and interpretation of the data. The the center of the Kingdom of Riau-Lingga third section is a description of the results located in , Lingga (Dahlan, 2014; Wee and discussion of the study classified into & Chou, 1997). All of the Malays are Islam,

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019): 119-128 123 and they still conduct Islamic faith strictly provide coffee with high taste so they can so the culture of Malays is very influenced exist in a competitive business environment. by Islamic beliefs. The facts make Kepulau- an Riau to be the center of Malay civilizati- The Reasons and Determinants of on. Change The development of the coffee shops In the beginning, the coffee shops in Kepu- in Kepulauan Riau is possible because of the lauan Riau is a non-partisan public sphere. tradition of the Malays who prefer to go to The coffee shops are an exciting place to the coffee shops. They usually meet in the meet and socialize with others. Like many coffee shops to discuss various topics, such favorite places, coffee shops play a crucial as politics, economics, and daily life. The role as hospitality and pleasure for many coffee shops have become an essential arena people. The visitors of the coffee shop come for society to interact with each other and from various people, either old or young ge- develop social relations (Eng, 2010). As as- nerations, either poor or wealthy individu- serted by Bourdieu (1995), the coffee shops als, either non-educated or well-educated is the social capital of Kepulauan Riau so- people, and either ordinary citizens or pub- ciety. The tradition is still practiced by the lic officials. This fact shows the coffee shops society until now because it is a part of the as the familiar arena using by Kepulauan daily life of Kepulauan Riau society. Riau society to share their experience equal- The coffee shops evolve in line with ly (Habermas, 1991). The coffee shops are the development of social and economic also used as a transactional place in terms life of the society in Kepulauan Riau. Along of political, economic and social activities. with the development of information and Many deals have been achieved in this are- communication technologies, many coffee na. shops around the world provide wi-fi to fill The nature of the coffee shops as a the desire of the customer to be connected popular public sphere rapidly changes be- by the internet (Hampton & Gupta, 2008; fore the gubernatorial election of Kepulau- Sanusi & Palen, 2008), including the coffee an Riau 2015-2020. From the results of data shops in Kepulauan Riau. The development analysis, we find that two crucial factors are of the internet enables many coffee shops in affecting the transformation of the coffee Kepulauan Riau to apply wi-fi to attract their shops becomes political coffee shops, which customers. are political system and political structure. Currently, in Kepulauan Riau the con- In terms of political aspect, several dimen- cept of the coffee shop is not as a place deli- sions are contributing to the variable, which vering a cup of coffee only, but also all of the is the election system and party system. café. Moreover, the café offers not only all of These factors contribute to influence the the kinds of food but also all of the types of emerging political culture, clientelism, and drinking. Thus, besides coffee, the café also transactional politics (see Figure 1). provides a variety of foods. There are a num- The political system is overall of the ber of the coffee shops throughout Kepulau- political subsystems interacting each other an Riau always serving the customer every and influencing the performance of the sys- day. However, there is only a limited num- tem (Almond, 1965; Easton, 1957). In the In- ber of prominent coffee shops, for example, donesian case, pragmatism politics has been Kedai Kopi Hawai, Kedai Kopi Balang, and destroying the election system and party Kedai Kopi Aman. The coffee shops are dis- system both at the national level and local tinguished due to both their historical exis- level. Several contemporary studies confirm tence and quality factor. These coffee shops the circumstances, for instance, Hidayat are widely known because they have a long (2009) stated as informal governance, Win- history in serving their customers. They also ters (2013) called out as the oligarchy, Aspi-

UNNES JOURNALS 124 Tri Samnuzulsari et al, From Popular to Partisan Public Sphere: The Political Change of the Coffee... nall (2013) mentioned as patronage politics, tional regulation of local leaders election and Aspinall & Berenschot (2019) noted as which had not to regulate the coffee shops clientelism. The conditions have become a yet (interview, 04/11/2018).” significant factor in creating the political ac- The incomplete political system and tors to be opportunistic persons in political political structure yield the practice of clien- competition in Indonesia. They only pursue telism. Clientelism is closely related to the winning in general election without pay at- relationship of patron-client politics. Clien- tention to how they can win and how the telism concerns the exchange of such goods, process. For them, winning is more impor- social services, and resources from the pat- tant than the means they use to win. ron to the clients so the clients would like to Political structure involves the struc- vote the patron in general election (Kitschelt ture of institutions regulating the process of & Wilkinson, 2007; Piattoni, 2001; Stokes, general elections, for instance, law, regula- 2007). Because of clientelism the number tion, policy, and procedure. The concept of of the owner of the coffee shops interested political structure here is developed from to change their coffee shops as a supporter the idea of institutionalism. Institutiona- of one of the governor candidates. Many lism is a specified rule of conduct of the of the informants of this study admit that political process regulating the political sys- the practice of clientelism occurs in terms tems (Peters, 1999). Therefore, the institu- of donation of money, goods, and facilities tional structure here is not about the orga- both in the Sani-Nurdin’s coffee shop and nization or such a body, but it is the working Soeryo-Ansar’s coffee shop. Practically, not mechanism of the institutions. The critical only the owners but also the visitors had re- problem does not the formal regulation of ceived several benefits from the candidates. the involvement of the coffee shops in local For the visitors, the benefits are delivered leader elections so the Bawaslu of Kepulau- by the owners of the coffee shop. The goods an Riau cannot take action to the candida- usually given are clothes, basic food, meals, tes and their coffee shops. There has been a money, and cigarettes. gap utilizing by the candidates to maximize The change of the coffee shops also their support. One of the commissioners of occurs as a logical consequence of transac- KPUD of Kepulauan Riau consciously ack- tional politics conducted by the political nowledges the problem. actors, including the candidates, campaign “We had not a regulation yet related to the and success teams. The coffee shops have use of the coffee shops as a campaign me- been used as a transactional place. The dia. For this moment, we had only the na- candidates offer several benefits and pro-

Figure 1. Logical Framework of the Transformation of the Coffee Shops

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 11(1) (2019): 119-128 125 mise to the owners of the coffee shops if lation. In this study, we also find that the cof- they are elected as governor of Kepulauan fee shops have changed as a political tool to Riau. Transactional politics is not similar collect the votes. The difference is if Erman’s to clientelism. In transactional politics, the works show the coffee shops as a useful ac- exchange process involves trust and mostly tivities to develop citizenship. At the same non-physical goods. Meanwhile, clientelism time, our findings indicate the negative fun- is manifested in the exchange of physical ction of the coffee shops by the owners. The entities, such as goods, money, and meals to coffee shops have utilized as a political are- obtain a vote directly. Regarding the issue of na to conduct the practice of clientelism and transactional politics, one of the owners of transactional politics. the coffee shops expressed that: Our findings are also similar to Samnu- zulsari & Yudiatmaja’s (2018) evidence. They “I recognized Nurdin (Nurdin Basirun, showed that the coffee shops had transfor- read) as a sailor colleague. My coffee shop was opened before the local lea- med to be partisan coffee shops before the ders election. It was specially opened Bintan regent election and gubernatorial only for the winning of Nurdin. If Nurdin election of Kepulauan Riau 2015-2020. Un- wins the elections, he promised to strive fortunately, because of their research only the interest of Kepri’s sailor (interview, focussed on the use of Kartu Bintan Sejah- 04/20/2018).” tera (Bintan welfare cards) as a clientelism and vote buying practices conducted by the The political culture of the Malays still candidates of Bintan regent and candidates respects the older and seniority. As asserted of Kepulauan Riau governor, they study had by Maier (1997), it exists with the concept, not yet shed light on the logic of the issue ‘we are playing relative’. It contains a philo- of the transformation of the coffee shops sophy of brotherhood for the Malays. Ma- sincerely. On the other hand, we concern to lays are still consistent with keeping their explore the problem as we explain in the fin- philosophical life, including in the political dings of our study. world. Our findings point out that the exis- We consider several implications of tence of the coffee shop of Muhammad Sani- this study. In terms of theoretical debates, Nurdin Basirun is possible as the impact of this study adds the theory of the public brotherhood politics. A number of the ow- sphere developed by Habermas (1991). The ners of the coffee shop will to change their findings of this study contribute to the re- coffee shops as the supporter of Muhammad search of the public sphere by proposing se- Sani and Nurdin Basirun because many of veral factors affecting the transformational them regard Muhammad Sani as the senior process of the coffee shops. In practice, this figure in Kepulauan Riau. In Soeryo Respati- study has implied to the process of general ono-Ansar Ahmad side, for the owner of the election in Indonesia, in particular, local coffee shop, it is more about ethnic reason as leaders election. One of our findings shows Javanese because Soeryo Respationo is a Ja- that the KPUD of Kepulauan Riau has not vanese. Hence, in the case of Soeryo’s coffee regulated the issue of the use of coffee shops shop, the political culture is dominated by as campaign media. As a consequence, many the factor of ethnic similarity. candidates and their supporters have utili- The results of this study are in line zed the coffee shops as a necessary vote-get- with the findings of Erman (2014) revealing ter in competing at the political contestati- that the coffee shops are used as political on. Many candidates have broken down the goals. In her research in Pulau Belitung, regulation by conducting the campaign be- Erman also explained that the coffee shops fore the time. Thus, the KPUD of Kepulauan were an outstanding place to articulate the Riau should arrange the issue to address the interests and develop the movement by the unfair behavior of the candidates. actors marginalized from the policy formu-

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This study has several limitations dec- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS lared here. First, this study only focusses The research reported here was initially car- on the determinant factors influencing the ried out on our research funded by the Di- transformation of the coffee shops without rectorate of Research and Community Ser- any effort to explore the dynamics of the vice (DRPM) of the Ministry of Research, conversion. As the explanation above, the Technology, and Higher Education of the change involve various actors, interest, and Republic of Indonesia based on the Cont- system and structural complexity. Thus, fu- ract No. 010/UN53.01.1/PG.02-PDM/2018. ture research can investigate the dynamics Hence, we would like to thank the DRPM. of the transformation of the coffee shops. We are also deeply indebted to the Board of Second, this study only captures Tanjungpi- Research, Community Service, and Quality nang as the subject of the investigation. Our Assurance (LP3M) of Universitas Maritim choice to analyze the coffee shops in Tan- Raja Ali Haji encouraging and facilitating jungpinang not represent the circumstances this project. in Kepulauan Riau on the whole because of it only one of the cities in Kepulauan Riau REFERENCES (Long & Godfrey, 2004). The next research should consider to explore the case study in Agustino, L., & Yusoff, M. S. (2010). Pilkada dan peme- karan daerah dalam demokrasi lokal di Indo- other regions in Kepulauan Riau, for instan- nesia: Local strongmen dan roving bandits. ce, Karimun, Bintan, Lingga, Natuna, etc. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics, & to catch the diversity of the society. Finally, Strategic Studies, 37, 86–104. Almond, G. A. (1965). A developmental approach to the methods of this study still use a single political systems. World Politics, 17(2), 183–214. way, which is grounded research. Groun- Aspinall, E. (2013). A nation in fragments: Patronage ded analysis can understand the evidence and neoliberalism in contemporary Indonesia. deeply. On the other hand, the methods can Critical Asian Studies, 45(1), 27–54. Aspinall, E., & Berenschot, W. (2019). Democracy for not portray the dynamics and complexity of sale: Elections, clientelism, and the state in In- the change of the coffee shops (Parry, 2012). donesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Hence, in the future, the strategy can be en- Bourdieu, P. (1995). Outline of a theory of practice hanced by applying multi-methods. (Reprinted). Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Choi, N. (2011). Local politics in Indonesia: Pathways to power. London: Routledge. CONCLUSION Dahlan, A. (2014). Sejarah Melayu [The history of Ma- In this study, we would like to illuminate lays]. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. Easton, D. (1957). An approach to the analysis of po- why the coffee shops transform to be the po- litical systems. World Politics, 9(3), 383–400. litical entity specifically before the local lea- Eng, L. A. (2010). The Kopitiam in : An evolv- der election. Drawing from the case of the ing story about migration and cultural diver- gubernatorial election of Kepulauan Riau sity (Asia Research Institute Paper Series No. 132). Asia Research Institute Working Paper. 2015-2020, we exhibit that political culture, Singapore. clientelism, and transactional politics are Erman, E. (2014). Dinamika komunitas warung kopi significant factors as a consequence of the dan politik resistensi di pulau Belitung [The dynamics of the coffee shops and political re- structural factors influencing the transfor- sistance in Belitung Island]. Masyarakat Indo- mation of the coffee shops. The fundamen- nesia, 40(1), 89–107. tal elements are political system and politi- Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of cal structure. These factors are the national the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: The MIT problem faced by contemporary Indonesian Press. politics undermining the coffee shops. Hadiz, V. R. (2007). The localization of power in

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