Growth Characteristics and Starch Productivity of Folk Varieties of Sago Palm Around Lake Sentani Near Jayapura, Papua State, Indonesia
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Trop. Agr. Develop. 64（1）：23 － 33，2020 Growth Characteristics and Starch Productivity of Folk Varieties of Sago Palm around Lake Sentani near Jayapura, Papua State, Indonesia Yoshinori YAMAMOTO1, *, Isamu YANAGIDATE1, Akira MIYAZAKI1, Tetsushi YOSHIDA1, Albertus Fajar IRAWAN1, Yulius Barra PASOLON2, Foh Shoon JONG3, Hubertus MATANUBUN4, Aysyah Anas ARSY2, and Jermia LIMBONGAN5 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Haluoleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi 93232, Indonesia 3 P.T. National Timber and Forest Product, Selatpanjang, Riau 28753, Indonesia 4 Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Papua, Manokwari Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia 5 Institute for Assessment of Agricultural Technology, Papua, Sentani, P.O. Box 256, Papua, Indonesia Abstract The names of 21 folk varieties of sago palm (hereafter varieties) were mentioned by the sago palm growers around Lake Sentani near Jayapura, Papua State, Indonesia, which is included in the sago palm’s area of origin, based on the earliness of flowering, morphological differences, starch yield and quality, ecological characteristics, etc. Among these varieties, 8 major varieties focusing on starch productivity were selected, and 5 to 7 palms of each variety were sampled at the optimum harvest stage (flower bud formation to fruit-setting stage) to obtain and compare their growth characteristics and starch productivity. The early-flowering variety (one variety) had a short growth period of about 13 years, but both the trunk length and diameter were inferior to those of the late-flowering varieties (years to harvest: 19 to 21 years), and the starch productivity was also lower. In late- flowering varieties (7 varieties), differences in the trunk weight and volume were found due to differences in the trunk length and diameter. The varietal difference in starch percentage in the pith was small, so the starch content (yield) was determined by the pith dry weight, closely related to trunk weight and volume. The starch content was highest for the variety Para, which showed an average content of 674 kg, with a maximum content of 975 kg. The content of macronutrients in the pith tended to be higher in the order of K> N> Ca> Mg> P, and the content per plant was mainly determined by the pith dry weight. Key words: Folk variety, Growth characteristics, Harvest stage, Macronutrient, Starch productivity the accessions, such as: crown shape; young suckers— Introduction leaf color; spin—present or absent, length, density, har- The center of origin of the sago palm (Metroxylon diness, and shape; leaf stalk—color, presence of bands, sagu Rottb.) is estimated to be in the area from the island band pattern and color; trunk—length and diameter; of New Guinea to the Maluku Islands (Beccari, 1918; starch—productivity, color, and quality for papeda, a Flach and Schuiling, 1989; Takamura, 1990; Flach, 1997; traditional food made of sago starch. Takamura and Yamamoto, 2015). The center of origin is The authors have been conducting research on generally rich in genetic variation and considered to have growth characteristics of sago palm, starch productivity, many types that exhibit different characteristics with nutritional and physiological aspects in places such as respect to morphological, physiological, and ecological Sarawak and Johor Malaysia and Riau, Sulawesi, and characteristics. Ehara et al. (2003), Kjaer et al. (2004), Maluku Indonesia, which have been the main growing and Abbas et al. (2007) reported on the genetic variation areas of sago palms since 1989 (Yamamoto, 2015). Inves- of sago palm in the growing areas including their origin. tigations and research on the growth characteristics and In these reports, genetic variation was found geographi- starch productivity of the major types of sago palms in cally, but it was not in agreement with morphological addition to clarifying the types of sago palm were started variation. Widjono et al. (2000) collected 61 accessions in 2003 around Lake Sentani near Jayapura, Irian Jaya of sago palm in Papua Indonesia (including West Papua (Papua), Indonesia, which is considered to be included and Papua State). They recognized differences among in the sago palm’s center of origin. Widjono et al. (2000), mentioned above, collected 35 accessions of sago palm Communicated by Y. Nitta from around Lake Sentani, which is more than the 14 Received May 8, 2019 accessions collected from Wasior (Teluk Wondama), Accepted Aug. 29, 2019 the 9 accessions from Inanwatan (Sorong Selatan), * Corresponding author [email protected] and 3 accessions from Onggari (Merauke). In addition, 24 Trop. Agr. Develop. 64（1）2020 the number from around Lake Sentani is larger than and Ariau) that are scattered around Lake Sentani and the numbers of local varieties reported by Matanubun that have been active in the use and cultivation of sago (2015), including 4–5 in Waropen, 2 in Agats, 10 in palms. The surveys took place in November of 2003 and Salawati Island (Sorong), 17 in Biak Island, 1 in Timika, in August and/or September for the other years. Table 1 11 in Kaureh (Jayapura), and 5 in Kais (Sorong Selatan) shows the sampled varieties and the number of individu- (Fig. 1). These accessions and/or local varieties may als for each variety. Soils in the surveyed villages were be referred to by different Papuan ethnic groups, and all clay loam, and there was no flooding or water pooling it is necessary to consider whether the variety fits in at the times of the surveys. the taxonomic classification unit. Therefore, following the proposal of the 8th International Sago Symposium Interview survey regarding the varieties of sago (Ehara, 2005), the term “folk variety” is used for these palms sago palm types, which will be referred to as variety In 2003, interviews mainly asked sago palm growers below. in the 6 surveyed villages about the sago palm varieties In this paper, we report the growth characteristics growing there, the cultivation methods, and the utiliza- and starch productivity at harvest stage for 8 major vari- tion of starch. In other survey years, interviews were eties among the 21 varieties named by the sago growers conducted as appropriate with the sago palm growers in interviewed. Clarifying the range of variation in starch the villages regarding the varieties grown. productivity as well as the morphological, physiological, and ecological variations in sago palm varieties proves Sampling research basic knowledge regarding the selection of outstanding Based on the interview results, 5 to 7 individuals varieties based upon the cultivation purpose for develop- of each 8 varieties recognized as high-yielding varieties ing sago palm plantations. Moreover, information on the by the sago palm growers—Rondo, Para, Panne, Yepha, sago palm varieties will be an important data base for a Ruruna, Osukulu, Follo, and Wanny—were sampled (49 future breeding program of new varieties. palms in total) at harvest stages (flower bud formation to fruit-setting stage). Some of the growth and morphologi- Materials and Methods cal traits of these varieties are shown in Table 1. Growth Research site characteristics such as palm length, trunk length, num- As the research s ite, we selected around Lake Sen- ber of leaves, and number of leaf scars were investigated tani near Jayapura, wh ich is rich in sago palm varieties for the sampled palms. The plant length was measured in Papua State, Indonesia (Fig. 1). The surveys were con- as the length from the sampled trunk base to the tip of ducted from 2003–200 7 and 2011–2012 in a total of six the leaf. The trunk was cut at the node of the lowest villages (Ifar Besar, K leublouw, Yahim, Hawai, Yabaso, surviving leaf, and the trunk length was measured from 5 (West Papua State) 0°S Manokwari Sorong Biak Is. Salawati Is. Yapen Is. Kais Lake Sentani Inanwatan Wasior Jayapura Waropen Kaureh Timika (Papua State) 10 5°S Agats (PNG) Onggari Merauke 15 10°S Fig. 1. Map of Papua (Irian Jaya). Fig. 1. Map of Papua (Irian Jaya). 20 25 22 Yamamoto et al.: Starch productivity of sago palms around Lake Sentani 25 Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the cultivated sago palm varieties grown around Lake Sentani near Jayapura, Papua State, Indonesia. Earliness Spine Band on petiole and Variety Other remarks of flowering type density length angle rachis Para (7)* late + high long horizontal - Panne (6) late - - - - white band Ruruna (6) late + high short downward - Yepha (7) late - - - - no band light green leaf color Wanny (5) late - - - - brown band dense green leaf color Osukulu (6) late - - - - grayish to brown band droop at end of leaf green band with wavy Follo (6) late - - - - droop at end of leaf pattern to white band Rondo (6) early + high short horizontal - high suckering ability *Numerals in the parenthesis indicate the number of sampled plants. the base to the node. The trunk was divided into four pith dry weight basis, and the mean value of the whole equal parts, and the diameter was measured at 5 cutting pith was expressed as the mean value of the pith samples positions, including the base and top of the trunk. The collected at 5 positions of trunk. The content per plant trunk diameter was represented by the mean value of of each macronutrient was calculated by the content of the trunk diameter at these five positions. Then, the each macronutrient and the pith dry weight. trunk was cut to a certain length (log: around 30–50 cm), and the weights of all logs were measured using a 100-kg Total sugar and starch balance. Discs 2–3 cm thick were taken from the trunk Total sugar and starch were analyzed following the positions at which the diameters were measured, and methods of Murayama et al. (1955), in which sugars pith samples of about 50 g were radially taken from the were extracted from a ground sample (0.2 g) using 80% center of the pith.