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Haluoleo University, Kendari-Indonesia, 2012 Takdir Saili, La Ode Nafiu and Usman Rianse Haluoleo University, Kendari-Indonesia, 2012 Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 • Meat consumption – population growth - awareness to nutrient quality • Supply always lower than demand; • Possibility to produce meat from wild animal; • Some countries has been successful to domesticate deer Indonesia Deer: • Rusa Sambar (Cervus unicolor)- Kalimantan island; • Rusa Bawean (Axis kuhlii) - Bawean Island closed to Java Island; • Kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) - Sumatera, Java, Bali and Lombok islands; • Rusa Timorensis (Cervus timorensis) - Java and eastern Indonesian islands Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 Sub species of Cervus Timorensis: q Cervus timorensis russa (Mul.&Schi., 1844) – Java q Cervus timorensis florensis (Heude, 1896) - Lombok & Flores q Cervus timorensis molucensis (Q&G., 1896) – Maluku and Halmahera q Cervus timorensis macassaricus (Heude, 1896) Sulawesi q Cervus timorensis timorensis (Martens, 1936) – Timor q Cervus timorensis djonga (Bemmel, 1949) – Buton and Muna (Southeast Sulawesi) Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 Producon Parameter Units Reproduc'on Parameter Units Birth weight 4.5 kg Puberty 8.1 months Liveweight (male) 62.5 kg Estrus cycle 20 days Liveweight (female) 50-85 kg Estrus length 2 days Body length (female) 73 cm Mang season January Heap height (female) 72 cm Calving season September Girth (female) 78 cm Pregnancy length 8.3 months Sources: de Vos (1982), Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto (1994), Semiadi (1998), Saili (2012, unpublished data) Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 The growth rate of Rusa timorensis at different ages Age (days) Female Male 0 - 60 169 184 60 - 120 158 172 120 - 180 175 214 180 - 240 121 178 240 - 300 121 150 300 - 360 98 96 360 - 420 121 173 Sources: Woodford and Dunning (1990) in Semiadi et al. (2008) Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 Venison Characteristics Venison characteriscs Units Carcass composiIon 56-63% ProporIon venison to carcass 75.3% Cholesterol 0.07% Lipid 3.3% Protein 25% Calorie 159 k.cal/100gr Sources: Dryden (1997), Semiadi (1998) Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 q Southeast Sulawesi People: familiar with Cervus timorensis djonga q Called “Jonga” instead of “Rusa” q Salty dried venison q Poaching, hunting q Habitat loss q Viewpoint: protected areas were people’s resources q Government-National Park: conservation areas q Haluoleo University: committed to Jonga Conservation Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 Thank you Asia Regional Symposium on Promotion Underutilized Indigenous Food Resources for Food Security and Nutrition in Asia and Pacific, Khon Kaen-Thailand, May 31- June 2, 2012 Rusa timorensis (Cervus timorensis djonga, Bemmel, 1949) as a potential livestock in Southeast Sulawesi Takdir Saili*, La Ode Nafiu* and Usman Rianse* *Haluoleo University, Kendari-Indonesia The rise in public meat consumption in Southeast Sulawesi-Indonesia is corresponding to population growth and awareness of people to nutrient quality, especially protein intake for growth and health. In fact, meat supply is always lower than demand, so it is necessary to think the possibility of using meat produced from wild animal that has high possibility to be domesticated for increasing their production. One of this wild animal is deer which has been successfully domesticated and grown intensively in such countries (ie. New Zealand, Australia, Mauritius-Africa, Brazil, Thailand and Malaysia). Deer is the animal, a small ruminant, which can be found nearly in every country or continent in the world. In Indonesia, there are four species of deer existing in different islands of Indonesia namely: Rusa Sambar (Cervus unicolor) existed in Kalimantan island, Rusa Bawean (Axis kuhlii) existed in Bawean Island closed to Java Island, Kijang (Muntiacus muntjak) existed in Sumatera, Java, Bali and Lombok islands, and Rusa Timorensis (Cervus timorensis) existed in java and mostly in eastern Indonesian islands Cervus timorensis, male (Photo by Handarini, 2006) (Semiadi, 1998). Rusa timorensis has 6 sub species: 1). Cervus timorensis russa in Java island; 2). Cervus timorensis florensiesis in Flores and Lombok islands; 3). Cervus timorensis molluccensis in Maluku islands; 4). Cervus timorensis macassaricus in Sulawesi island; 5). Cervus timorensis timorensis in Timor island; and 6). Cervus timorensis djonga in Buton and Muna islands-Southeast Sulawesi (Semiadi, 2002 in www.rusaindonesia.blogspot.com, 2012). Cervus timorensis djonga, female (Photo by Saili, 2012) Semiadi (1998, 2008) reported that Rusa Timorensis has some potencies for being a domesticated animal in Indonesia because they are good in production and reproduction aspects (Table 1.), carcass composition (56-63%) and high proporsion of venison to carcass (75.3%), venison flavour, and phisical-chemical composition of venison. Moreover, the venison contains low cholesterol and calorie, while the anthler can be used for medical purposes, even some researcher has developed some food supplement or functional food from anthler. Whereas, Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto (1994) stated that there were 3 supporting factors for domesticating Rusa Timorensis in Indonesia, namely: 1). Rusa Timorensis origin from Indonesia; 2). Rusa Timorensis can survive in tropical area; and 3). Rusa Timorensis has high adaptation to different environments. Table 1. Production and Reproduction Aspects of Rusa Timorensis Production Parameter Units Reproduction Parameter Units Birth weight 4.5 kg Puberty 8.1 months Liveweight (male) 62.5 kg Estrus cycle 20 days Liveweight (female) 50-85 kg Estrus length 2 days Body length (female) 73 cm Mating season January Heap height (female) 72 cm Calving season September Girth (female) 78 cm Pregnancy length 8.3 months Sources: de Vos (1982), Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto (1994), Semiadi (1998), Saili (2012, unpublished data). Table 2. The Growth Rate of Rusa Timorensis at Different Ages (gram/day) Age (days) Female Male 0 – 60 169 184 60 – 120 158 172 120 – 180 175 214 180 – 240 121 178 240 – 300 121 150 300 – 360 98 96 360 – 420 121 173 Sources: Woodford and Dunning (1990) in Semiadi et al. (2008). Table 3. Venison Characteristics Venison characteristics Units Carcass composition 56-63% Proportion venison to carcass 75.3% Cholesterol 0.07% Lipid 3.3% Protein 25% Calorie 159 k.cal/100gr Sources: Dryden (1997) and Semiadi (1998). Most of the people in Southeast Sulawesi have been familiar with Cervus timorensis djonga and they called “Jonga” instead of “rusa” for this sub species. Jonga was used for several purposes such as source of nutrient, souvenir, medicine and pet. Dried venison called “dendeng jonga/rusa” was the popular salty dried meat produced from venison and traded freely in certain traditional market in Southeast Sulawesi. However, it is currently very difficult to find dried venison in the market because most of people prefer to consume fresh venison to dried one. Moreover, population of Jonga has been decline for over decades because of pouching and habitat loss. This condition is going to be more imperfect because there is currently no management plan of Jonga populations at a significant level by government, except several marginal local initiatives. Before reformation era in 1997/1998 where guns were tightly controlled and the military and policy were respected, hunting and poaching were relatively under control which made the populations of Jonga in Southeast Sulawesi were stable. However, since reformation era took place in 1997/1998 where the respect for policy and military had declined and the rise of a viewpoint that protected areas were people’s resources and would therefore benefit from decentralization management, many activities led to habitat destruction, hunting and poaching increased. The Southeast Sulawesi government actually through Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Division Management has made a small range for Jonga conservation, but the system could not support the growth of Jonga population. The population of Jonga in that small range is only 9 heads while the population of Jonga in conservation area is currently estimated less than 100 heads. Based on this condition, since 2010 Faculty of Animal Science, Haluoleo University-Indonesia has tried to domesticate a couple of Jongas in experimental field of Animal Science Laboratory located in campus of Haluoleo University. Some data related to grazing trait, kind of grass and leaves consumed, health and reproduction aspects (birth weight and liveweight) have been recorded for preliminary data and information. Haluoleo University has committed to establish a range for Jonga conservation
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