Creative Understanding Does Not Renounce Itself, Its Own Place and Time, Its Own Culture; and It Forgets Nothing. in Order to Un

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Creative Understanding Does Not Renounce Itself, Its Own Place and Time, Its Own Culture; and It Forgets Nothing. in Order to Un Creative understanding does not renounce itself, its own place and time, its own culture; and it forgets nothing. In order to understand, it is immensely important for the person who understands to be located outside the object of his/her creative understanding – in time, in space, in culture. In the realm of culture, outsideness is a most powerful factor in understanding … We raise new questions for a foreign culture, ones that it did not raise for itself; we seek answers to our own questions in it; and the foreign culture responds to us by revealing to us its new aspects and new semantic depths. Without one’s own questions one cannot creatively understand anything other or foreign. Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich Bakhtin INTRA MUROS: REPRÉSENTATIONS URBAINES DANS LE ROMAN FRANCOPHONE SUBSAHARIEN ET ANTILLAIS OUSMANE SEMBÈNE, CALIXTHE BEYALA, PATRICK CHAMOISEAU ET MARYSE CONDÉ. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Adriana Golumbeanu, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor John Conteh-Morgan, Advisor Professor Eugene W. Holland Professor Mihaela Marin Approved by ______________________________ Advisor French and Italian Graduate Program ABSTRACT This dissertation is predominantly an analysis of urban (and suburban or peripheral) representations in four francophone postcolonial fictional narratives: Xala (1973) by Ousmane Sembène, Texaco (1992) by Patrick Chamoiseau, Les honneurs perdus (1996) by Calixthe Beyala, and La Belle Créole (2001) by Maryse Condé. My intention is to show how Sembène, Chamoiseau, Beyala, and Condé recreate the postcolonial urban geography and its inhabitants, and which coordinates they follow in this process of recreation. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, the introduction, I present the bio- bibliographical resources I have used, as well as the objective of this dissertation, the texts and the authors. In the second chapter, I attempt to analyze the representation of the city as a space of fulfillment or disillusionment, a space of hope or a dystopia. My intention is to emphasize the literary strategies and images that highlight the representation of the urban aspects, as well as some of the external factors, economic, social, racial or cultural, that preside over a specific recreation of urban reality. In the third chapter, my goal is to identify the modes of representation of some urban structures and territorial networks in the selected literary texts, showing how this effect of ‘spatialization’ is obtained, and to what end, if other than purely esthetic. Another aspect I pursue is showing how the hierarchies and the interdependences of the urban spaces are represented in our novels. The fourth chapter emphasizes the place of women in the postcolonial francophone city, their relationship with ii urban spatiality, their vision of the city, as represented by the selected authors. This dissertation attempts to analyze the aforementioned aspects in their close relationship with the narrative substance. iii À ma fille et à mon époux iv REMERCIEMENTS Je souhaite remercier mon directeur de thèse, Dr. John Conteh-Morgan, pour ses suggestions excellentes et pour ses encouragements, qui ont assuré l’achèvement de cette thèse. Mes vifs remerciements vont également à Dr. Eugene W. Holland, pour ses conseils théoriques inestimables et son soutien intellectuel et spirituel. Je saisis également cette occasion afin d’exprimer ma gratitude envers Dr. Mihaela Marin, qui a accepté de joindre le jury de soutenance, même si ce travail était déjà entamé. Je voudrais aussi exprimer ma reconnaissance envers ceux qui m’ont offert leur soutien ou leur conseil, en particulier envers Dr. Karlis Racevskis et Dr. Dennis Minahen. Ce travail n’aurait pas été achevé sans leur apport. v VITA July, 11 1967 ………………. Born- Bucharest, Romania 1989 ………………………. B.A. and M.A., French and Romanian, University of Bucharest 2001-2006………………… G.T.A. Department of French and Italian, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: French and Italian vi TABLE DES MATIERES Résumé………………………………………………………………………………….....ii Dédicace…………………………………………………………………………………..iv Remerciements…………………………………………………………………………......v Vita………………………………………………………………………………………..vi Chapitres : 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1 2. La ville francophone: espace de (dés)espoir ……………………………………….. ….58 3. Réseaux et (inter)dépendances………………………………………………………….91 4. Femmes et ville………………………………………………………………………..170 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….....216 Bibliographie…………………………………………………………………………......221 vii CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION En dehors de la polis personne n’est vraiment humain. Aristote Quand Michel de Certeau écrivait les ‘ Marches de la ville,’ un des chapitres les plus connus de L’invention du quotidien, 1 il n’avait aucune idée que son observatoire, le World Trade Center, n’existerait plus à partir de septembre 2001. Ses visions presque poétiques restent aujourd’hui, en histoires photographiques, comme un des témoignages de la géographie narrative du New York d’avant. La ville, telle qu’il la contemple et la lit de sa tour d’élection, tantôt océan, tantôt texte, mouvante et incompréhensiblement belle, change d’aspect et de sens selon le désir de l’observateur. Il peut se la soumettre, car il n’appartient plus au labyrinthe des rues, à la foule, à la rumeur et au trafic nerveux de la métropole, mais aux espaces réservés aux dieux. La ville se déroule à ses pieds, en marées hautes et en marées basses, image et texte, sensation et création des sens. La ville, comme le texte de Michel de Certeau parmi tant d’autres le montre, a toujours exercé une fascination troublante sur l’homme, échappant à la tyrannie d’un présent unique2 avec sa diversité, son importance économique, sociale et culturelle. Comme 1 Michel de Certeau, L’invention du quotidien (Paris: Gallimard, 1994). 2 Lewis Mumford, ‘The Culture of Cities,’ Metropolis: Center and Symbol of Our Time, ed. Philip Kasinitz (New York: New York University Press, 1995) 22. 1 Cicéro commentait déjà dans le Rêve de Scipio, ‘rien n’est plus agréable aux yeux de ceux qui gouvernent l’univers que les sociétés d’hommes fondées sur le respect des lois, qu’on appelle cités.’ La cité ou la ville est la source des qualités comme la civilisation et la civilité, l‘urbanité, dérivés de civitas et urbis, qui se trouvent à la base d’une société fondée sur le respect des lois.3 L’espace urbain, construction et en même temps constructeur d’humanité, est imaginé comme un archétype où l’on joue le rapport entre esthétique et éthique,4 comme une métaphore de la condition humaine,5 le plus important des artefacts humains, et qui, vu sa complexité, ne peut être jamais appréhendé en sa totalité. En tant que telle, la ville a inspiré une littérature mondiale des plus diverses, de la poésie jusqu’au roman, l’imaginaire littéraire se ressentant du contact de l’écrivain avec le panorama urbain.6 Les créations représentant le milieu urbain envisagent celui-ci comme ‘une mosaïque d’identités et de territoires,’ 7 comme un espace centripète,8 qui attire un discours spécifique, devenu déjà traditionnel. Cette thèse se concentre, généralement parlant, sur l’analyse de la représentation de la ville dans le roman francophone de l’Afrique et des Antilles, que la critique littéraire n’a pas épuisée, comme je vais le montrer plus loin. Les romans choisis sont Xala (1973) d’Ousmane Sembène, Texaco (1992) de Patrick Chamoiseau, Les honneurs perdus (1996) de Calixthe Beyala, et La Belle Créole (2001) de Maryse Condé. Dans ce qui suit, je vais essayer de situer ces romans dans le contexte socio-historique et culturel dont ils sont, du moins en partie, le 3 Charles Molesworth, ‘Discourse and the City,’ City Images: Perspectives from Literature, Philosophy and Film, ed. Mary Ann Caws ( New York: Gordon and Breach, 1991) 13. 4 Chantal Tatu, ‘De l’esthétisme urbain à l’esthétisme dans Manhattan Transfer,’ Cités ou citadelles, ed. Yvette Marin (Paris : Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, 1995) 39. 5 Susan M. Squier, Women Writers and the City: Essays in Feminist Literary Criticism (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1984). 6 Françoise Lionnet, ‘Evading the subject: Narration and the City in Ananda Devi’s Rue la Poudrière, ‘ Postcolonial Representations (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1995) 49. 7 Yvette Marin, Cités ou citadelles ( Paris: Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, 1995) 10. 8 Gérard Baudin, ’Identités et territoires, ‘ Cités ou citadelles, ed. Yvette Marin (Paris: Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, 1995) 151. 2 produit. Je vais d’abord esquisser un bref historique à très grands traits de la littérature française sur la ville. Celle-ci met son empreinte, dans une certaine mesure, sur la représentation de l’espace urbain dans la littérature mondiale en général et dans la littérature francophone en particulier. Je vais montrer après pourquoi on voit le roman comme le genre littéraire le plus adéquat pour la représentation littéraire de la ville, car les ouvres choisies sont des romans. Il est aussi utile de connaître l’importance du thème de la ville dans la littérature africaine et antillaise, surtout que l’apparition de plus en plus fréquente de ce thème dans la littérature mentionnée est liée au développement poussé de l’espace urbain sur le continent africain, phénomène qui continue à un rythme
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