Creole Identity in the French Caribbean Novel Copyright 2001
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Creole Identity in the French Caribbean Novel Copyright 2001 by H. Adlai Murdoch. This work is licensed under a modified Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No De- rivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You are free to electronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. However, all printing rights are reserved by the University Press of Florida (http://www.upf.com). Please contact UPF for infor- mation about how to obtain copies of the work for print distribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above condi- tions can be waived if you get permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola Creole Identity in the French Caribbean Novel ¼ H. Adlai Murdoch University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Copyright 2001 by H. Adlai Murdoch. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 06 05 04 03 02 01 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murdoch, H. Adlai. Creole identity in the French Caribbean novel / H. Adlai Murdoch. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8130-1835-8 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Caribbean fiction (French)–History and criticism. 2. Creoles in literature. I. Title. pq3944.m87 2001 843.009'9729–dc21 00-064908 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com To my parents To my wife, Judy And to the people of the Caribbean Know yourself, before they tell you who you are. —African proverb Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction. Conceptualizing Creoleness: French Caribbean “Postcolonial” Discourse 1 1. La Lézarde: Alienation and the Poetics of Antillanité 19 2. En attendant le bonheur: Creole Conjunctions and Cultural Survival 62 3. L’Isolé Soleil/Soufrières: Textual Creolization and Cultural Identity 101 4. L’Autre qui danse: The Modalities and Multiplicities of Métissage 142 5. Solibo Magnifique: Carnival, Opposition, and the Narration of the Caribbean Maroon 197 Conclusion. Creolizing the Colonial Encounter 267 Notes 271 Selected Bibliography 277 Index 286 Acknowledgments While it has long been a commonplace in projects such as these to point out that those to be thanked are legion, in this case the axiom is literally an accu- rate one. I would like to begin by thanking my dissertation committee at Cornell University—Nelly Furman, Jonathan Culler, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and N. Gregson Davis—who taught me the practice and value of close reading and interpretation. At Wellesley College, I’d like to thank Margaret Cezair- Thompson, Selwyn Cudjoe, Venita Datta, Salem Mekuria, Jean Stanley, AmyNoel Wyman, and the late Michel Grimaud for stalwart company along the way. Friends and colleagues, including Françoise Lionnet, Kwame An- thony Appiah, Michael Dash, Josephine Diamond, Anne Donadey, Tony Hurley, Biodun Jeyifo, Renée Larrier, Edris Makward, Mireille Rosello, Dom- inic Thomas, Keith Warner, Pascale DeSouza, and Claire Andrade-Watkins have provided critical moments of support, encouragement, and intellectual exchange over the years. My participation in the summer seminar at the School of Criticism and Theory in 1993 and my intersections with Homi Bhabha and my fellow participants proved a momentous turning point in the gestation and development of this project. The French Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has since 1996 provided me with a safe and supportive home base from which to complete this project, and in this regard I’d like to thank Evelyne Accad, Doug Kibbee, Emile Talbot, and Yvette-M. Smith for critical help and guid- ance. The secretarial staff, especially Barb Oehlschlaeger-Garvey and Ann Preisel, as well as Mustapha Hamil, Jane Kuntz, Elizabeth Zahnd, and other members of my graduate seminars, played key roles in helping the book itself, as well as the ideas in it, to see the light of day. Friends and colleagues in other departments, particularly Kwaku Korang, Robert Dale Parker, and Zohreh Sullivan of the English Department, know only too well the ways in which their generosity of time and spirit helped shape the manuscript. I’d also like to thank the Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities for the semester’s x / Acknowledgments leave that afforded me valuable writing time and space at a critical juncture. My exchanges with the other IPRH Fellows served to hone a number of ideas and concepts. Also, the conversations I held with Suzanne Dracius during her visit to the campus in April 1998 were of inestimable help in shaping my read- ing of her work. I also offer my sincere thanks to Susan Fernandez and Deidre Bryan of the University Press of Florida, who carefully shepherded the manu- script through the different stages of production and demonstrated great pa- tience and understanding with a first-time author. Portions of chapter 1 originally appeared as “(Re)Figuring Colonialism: Narratological and Ideological Resistance in the Work of Edouard Glissant,” Callaloo 15, 1 (Winter 1992):2–11, copyright 1992 by Charles H. Rowell, re- printed by permission of the Johns Hopkins University Press. Portions of chapter 2 originally appeared as “Divided Desire: Biculturality and the Representation of Identity in En attendant le bonheur,” Callaloo 18, 3 (Summer 1995):579–92, copyright 1995 by Charles H. Rowell, reprinted by permission of the Johns Hopkins University Press. Portions of chapter 3 originally appeared as “(Dis)Placing Marginality: Cultural Identity and Creole Resistance in Glissant and Maximin,” Research in African Literatures 25, 2 (1994):81–101, reprinted by permission of Indiana University Press. Portions of chapters 3 and 4 originally appeared as “Exploring the Margin: Models of Cultural Identity in the Postcolonial French Caribbean,” Journal of Commonwealth and Postcolonial Studies 6, 1 (Spring 1999), reprinted by per- mission of the journal. Portions of chapter 5 originally appeared as “Re-Siting Resistance: Cha- moiseau’s Articulation of Creole Identity,” Sites 3, 2 (Fall 1999), 315–21. I am grateful to the publishers, Gordon and Breach, for permission to reprint. Portions of chapter 5 also appeared as “Inscribing Caribbean Oraliture: The Polysemic Discourse of Patrick Chamoiseau,” in Multiculturalism and Hy- bridity in African Literatures, edited by Hal Wylie and Bernth Lindfors, copy- right African Literature Association, 2000. Permission to reprint has been granted by the publisher, Africa World Press. Portions of chapters 1 and 5 also appeared as “Narrating Creole Culture: Strategies of Selfhood in the Francophone Caribbean Novel,” in Migrating Words and Worlds: Pan-Africanism Updated, edited by E. Anthony Hurley, Renée Larrier, and Joseph McLaren, copyright African Literature Association Acknowledgments / xi 1999. Permission to reprint has been granted by the publisher, Africa World Press. The translations used in this book are taken from the following editions: Edouard Glissant, The Ripening, translated by J. Michael Dash, reprinted by permission of Heinemann Educational Publishers, a division of Reed Edu- cational and Professional Publishing Ltd. Maryse Condé, Hérémakhonon, translated by Richard Philcox, reprinted by permission of Lynne Rienner Publishers Ltd. Daniel Maximin, Lone Sun, translated by Clarisse Zimra, reprinted by per- mission of the University Press of Virginia. Patrick Chamoiseau, Solibo Magnificent, translation copyright 1997 by Rose-Myriam Réjouis and Val Vinokurov. Afterword copyright 1997 by Rose- Myriam Réjouis. Reprinted by permission of Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc. All other translations are the work of John Garvey. Where double page cita- tions appear in parentheses, the first number refers to the English translation and the second to the French edition. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my parents, Hilson and Sylvia Murdoch, for the pride in West Indian culture and history and the devo- tion to intellectual endeavor that they instilled in me so long ago in our native Antigua. This book is in large part a product of their early encouragement. To my wife, Judy, who lived with the ups, downs, and periodic small triumphs that ultimately produced this volume, I owe more than I can ever say or show. Introduction Conceptualizing Creoleness French Caribbean “Postcolonial” Discourse I have Dutch, nigger, and English in me, and either I’m nobody, or I’m a nation Derek Walcott, “The Schooner Flight” In The Conquest of America, Tzvetan Todorov proposes Christopher Colum- bus’s arrival in the New World as the political and temporal site establishing the modernity of our contemporary identities: “Even if every date that permits us to separate any two periods is arbitrary, none is more suitable, in order to mark the beginning of the modern era, than the year 1492. We are all the direct descendants of Columbus, it is with him that our genealogy begins, insofar as the word beginning has a meaning” (5).