DOCSLIB.ORG

The Emerging World of Deinking

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Emerging World of Deinking THE EMERGINGWORLD OF DEINKING ......................................... mether by floating, washing, or exploding, the technology to remove ink from wastepaper is$ourisbing in the US. s more and more waste paper is collected by U.S. A recycling programs, paper mills are having a hard time keeping pace. Despite many commitments acrossthe country to recycle paper with new deinking facilities, the demand for waste paperhas been unable to keep up withsup ply. That’s one of the main reasons prices for waste paper are dismal. This disparity in supply and demand has not come about because mills lack the technology to handle thewaste paper, howcver. Complete deinking technologies have devel- oped at arapid pace in recent years, and the paper industry promises 9.3 million tons of deinking capacity in North America by 1995. Processing that capacity will require some form of the two most common and pivotal deinking technologies at the heart of it all: flotation and washing. Steam explosion technologyand other methods for deink- ing are gaining momentum-with many pilot programs proving successful-but they have yet to be used in large- scale commercial productionof deinked pulp. .................... BY MICHAELMISNER 86 WASTE AGE JUNE 1992 .Deinkin~. Contd. .. Flotation deinking is self-describ- ing. Ink is literally floated off paper and out of a pulp slurry. But the flota- tion process is only one crucial ele- ment in a long seriesof measures. An extensive series of steps Bowater, a major newsprint pro- Bowater uses about eight broadsteps to deink 380 tpd of ONP and OMG. ducer in the southern U.S., brought a flotation deinking machine on-line in Calhoun, Tenn., last year. Black Claw- Current and Planned Newsprint DeinkingFacilities in North America son (Middletown, Ohio)built the bulk Capacity in fons of the equipment for Bowater’s $67- Company Metric Location Short million mill. The facility uses about Existing Recycled Newsprint Mills, 1991 eight broad steps to deink 380 of old tpd NewsprintAtlantic Co. OntarioWhitby, a5 94 newspapers (ONP) and old magazines Augusta Newsprint Co. Augusta,Georgia 352 3aa (OMG) to produceTennessee 300 Calhoun, tpd of cleanInc. Bowater, 733 aoa secondary fiber. CPFP Thunder Bay, Ontario 465 51 3 Mills recently began mixing in FletcherChallenge Canada Crofton, British Columbia 150 165 OMG because they found the clay con-Alsip, Corp.FSC Paper Illinois 132 146 tent helps in the flotation stage. Mag- GardenGarfield,StatePaperCo. JerseyNew 209 230 azine paper uses clay to help smooth InlandEmpirePaper Co. Millwood, Washington 72 79 the paper surface and create an opti- Manistique,ManistiqueMichigan Inc.Papers, 53 58 mum surface towhich glossy inks can MacMillan BloedelLtd. Port Alberni, British Columbia 150 165 Powell River, British Columbia adhere. Mills that use flotation but North PacificPaper Co. Longview,Washington 700 772 include no OMG add clay or other Quebec & OntarioPaperThorold, Ontario 31 3 345 fillers directly. The most common mix-Newsprint Smurfit CaliforniaPomana, 129 142 ture of ONP and OMG is a 70130% Newberg, Oregon 361 398 mix, although some millsvary the per- Oregon City, Oregon 21 9 241 centages based on what they want to SoutheastPaper Mfg. Co. Dublin,Georgia 406 448 accomplish. SpruceFallsPower & PaperKapuskasing, Ontario 31 4 346 At the Calhoun mill, clean ONP ContainersSnowflake,StoneCorp. Arizona 279 308 and OMG ride a conveyor to a drum Tolal 5,122 5,646 pulper or a hydropulper. Bowater’s Recycled Newsprint Mill Projects Under Way, 1992-1994 pulper, a rotating drum manufactured by CanadianPacific Forest Products Ltd. Gatineau,Quebec 440 485 Kamyr-Alstrom (Glens Falls, N.Y.), DaishowaForest Products Ltd. Quebec City,Quebec 300 331 throws a slushballof ONP, OMG, and AlabamaKimberly-ClarkPines, Coosa Corp. 31 0 342 water around forQuebec aboutBromptonville, 20 minutes. Inc. Kruger, 54 60 This action serves to break apart the Trois Rivieres, Quebec paper by slowly deteriorating all theSteilacoom, WashingtonCorp.Cascade Boise I 78 196 bonds holding the paper together. InternationalChampionHouston, Texas 450 496 Donahue, Inc. Clerrnont, QuebecClerrnont, Inc. Donahue, The unique rotating abilityof the 322 355 JamesMacLaren Industries Masson, Quebec 191 21 1 drum not only ensures agood tossing, Stone-Consolidated,Shawinigan,Quebec Inc. 200 220 but after time works the paper to one EvergreenPulp & PaperRedrock,Co. Arizona 300 331 end, where tiny slots wait to begin the first of many filtration steps. Pulpand Recycled Newsprint Mill Projects Approved But Indefinitely Delayed, 1992-1994 water drain through these one-mil-AlabamaClaiborne,Newsprint River Alabama 220 243 limeter holes, leaving behind large (Abitibi-Price/Parsons & Whittemore) Bowater E. Millinocket, Maine - 100 undesirables such as plastics, wire, ..........................................................Source: American Newspaper Publishers Association, with Some lnformatlon supplied by Arnerlcan Papermaker 88 WASTE AGE JUNE 1992 .Deinking. .. .Contd.. labels, and “stickies.” Stickies are any adhesive-type sub- ager of Betz PaperChem(Jacksonville, Fla.). “Hydrophobic stance found on waste paper, and they can be a big con- things attract other hydrophobic things. Most ink particles taminant in any recycled paper-making process. Stickies are naturally hydrophobic.” Clay particles coming off the and other contaminants are rejected out the far end of the OMG fibers also help to absorb more ink. drum pulper. Once on the surface of the slurry, the ink and ink- Smaller undesirables face more screens, as the pulp soaked clay is skimmed off the top and the slurry moves to mass moves toward the flotation cells. These holes, six- another stage. At Bowater,the slurry is put throughfive flota- one-thousandths ofan inch in width, stop plasticsand other tion cells, where ink is continuallyremoved in this manner. debris that madeit out of the drum pulper, as well as cap- In the last cell, the pH level of the water is changed fromalka- ture somelarger ink particles. As the pulp moveson toward line to acidic. This final pH shock helps loosen even more the flotation cells, only ink remainsas the last major unde- ink, says Sam Bittes, assistant project manager of engi- sirable targeted for elimination. neering for the Calhounmill. After flotation cells have thor- oughly worked the paper, centrifugal cleanersspin the pulp Captum’ng ink in the cell mass. Denserparticles, including larger inkparticles, are flung The barrage on the ink starts 10 feet before the flotation to the outsideof the vessel and removed. cell, where a section of wide pipe called a static mixer Finally, the pulp is cleaned across fabric washers. These injects air bubbles into the pulp slurry as it moves towardthe are actually fine sheets of 60-meshfabric, meaning they have cell. Full of air and water, the pulp is ready to be dumpedinto 60 holes per square inch. This washing stage is somewhat a long flotation cell. Bowater’s cell, manufactured by the similar to systemsthat use strictly washing to deink their pulp. Beloit Corp. (Dalton, Mass.), is 10 feet wide by 40 feet The principle is the same in that water is drained from the long. There, the forward movement is stopped and the mass pulp and more inkis cleaned off, leaving almost 100%pulp. of pulp nearly comes torest. As it sits there, the bubbles of The deinked pulp at Bowater is then dried and used as air slowly rise to the surface, capturing particles of ink feedstock for the production of newsprint at the Calhoun mill. along the way and dragging themto the surface of the mush. Bowater removes 98-99% of the ink or “all visible ink,” Ink particles hitch rides with the air bubbles because of according to Bittes. The mill adds virgin fiber to produce chemistry. “Air bubbles are hydrophobic, which means they 2,250 tpd of newsprint containing upto 40% recycled con- don’t like water,” explains Tom Woodward, marketing man- tent; on the average, sheetshave 1520% recycled content. ~ ~~~ How Newsarint Is Deinked lwashino Method) Slurry goes into a 3- stage washer where ink is suspended in water , and drained away to Steel Blades waste treatment plant. (Fiber slurry is \ formed into Source: Southeast Paper Manufacturing Co recycled papes) .................................................................................... 90 WASTE AGE JUNE 1992 .Deinking. .. Contd. .. Approximately 800 newspapers use Bowater’s recycled ditionally the only way paper was deinked. In the past five newsprint, including USA Today and the Washington Post. years things have changeddramatically. “Washing is relatively expensive compared to flota- Like laundry ina blender tion,” Bowater’sBines says. “It [washing] was theway it was Strictly washing systems use essentially thesame types done since wheneverdeinking began years ago until about of initial screens and cleaners as the flotation system five years ago. It’s the older, conventional way of doing described, but the core of the line is large washing vessels, it ...[and] it uses huge amounts of water.” Bowater saves or “giant kitchen blenders,” according to Southeast Paper water by primarily using the flotation process. Manufacturing (Dublin, Ga.). Southeast Paper’s washing Started in 1961, Garden State Paper’s Garfield, N.J., system deinks about 560,000 tons per year of ONP to pro- recycled newsprint mill uses only washingto remove the ink duce 100% recycled-content newsprint. from 780 tpd of ONP. “A lot of people are going the flota- Southeast’s process starts by mixing ONP with 20,000 tion route,” says Frank Lorey, senior vice president of Gar- gallons of water and special chemicals that help pull the ink den State Paper. “Essentially, when you go the flotation off the paper.This recipe is mixed inside Black Clawsoncon- route, you can’t use only newspapers; you must have mag- tinuous pulpers, which are 20 feet in diameter and chum the azines or fillers. You also need a way to wash those fillers mass with six-foot rotors. “The process lifts ink from paper off. Another problem with flotation it that it’s hard to float just like detergents lift grease and dirt from clothes in a finely dispersed inks such as flexographic inks, which come washing machine,” the company explains.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History and Treatment of Works in Iron Gall Ink September 10-14, 2001, 9:30-5:30 Daily Museum Support Center Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education
    2001 RELACT Series The History and Treatment of Works in Iron Gall Ink September 10-14, 2001, 9:30-5:30 daily Museum Support Center Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Instructors: Birgit Reibland, Han Neevel, Julie Biggs, Margaret Cowan Additional Lecturers: Jacque Olin, Elissa O'Loughlin, Rachel-Ray Cleveland, Linda Stiber Morenus, Heather Wanser, Abigail Quandt, Christine Smith, Maria Beydenski, Season Tse, Elmer Eusman, Scott Homolka This 3-day course (offered twice in one week for 2 separate groups of participants) focuses on one of the most corrosive media problems found on documents and works of art on paper. The 2-day workshop and 1 interim day of lectures cover the production of inks from historic recipes; historic drawing and writing techniques; identification, examination and classification of deterioration; and the execution of treatment options, including the use of calcium phytate solution. The interim day of lectures will feature local and international conservators' research into the history and treatment of works with iron gall ink. The course represents the first time iron gall ink has been the primary focus of an international gathering in the United States. Registration deadline for the full course is July 1 or until the course is filled with qualified applicants; for the interim day of lectures only, participants have until August 29 to register. Limit for Interim Day of Lectures: 30 Lunch and handouts provided Cost: $ 75.00 Registration deadline August 29 The 3-day course is fully enrolled. Places still remain for the Interim Day of Lectures. Please contact Mary Studt, [email protected] or 301-238-3700 x149 for further information and application materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Preserving Your Memories Enjoy Your Favourite Photos Every Day with These Three Crafty Framing Projects
    Handmade Preserving your memories Enjoy your favourite photos every day with these three crafty framing projects. Words and styling Sarah Heeringa. Photography Amanda Reelick Photographs top left, centre and bottom middle by Sarah Heeringa Opposite page: Project #1: Hanging photo wall A simple and cost-effective photo display, ideal for when you cannot make multiple holes in the walls. This page, bottom left: Attach your hanging photo wall strings using a large, flat surface. Clockwise from middle right: Project #3: Photo gallery Use accent colours on selected frames; use paper templates when hanging photos; seal frames using picture framing tape. Top left, middle and main image: Project #2: Upcycle an old frame Dissasemble old frames to paint and re-assemble. 74 75 Handmade PROJECT #1 PROJECT #2 PROJECT #3 Hanging Upcycling Composing a photo wall an old frame photo gallery You need: You need: You need: · up to 20 square photographs (all 10cm x · a photograph · a second-hand picture frame · coordinated photo frames · dark thread 10cm) · white card, medium thickness, cut that includes an outer frame, firm backing · Blu-Tack · spirit level · roll of newsprint, into squares (8cm x 8cm) · white string · board and a mat or mounting board · glazier brown paper or newspaper · hammer and spray adhesive or glue stick · scissors and points or tiny nails · masking tape · wide nails · picture hanging hooks or adhesive ruler · A branch or length of bamboo brown picture framing tape · small pliers hanging strips · step-ladder or stool (paint white if you wish) · 1 metre of nylon line · hammer · nylon line · D-ring or small screws · small stones (optional) · Blu-Tack · small paintbrush · dropcloth · Resene Step 1: Pick photos Summer is great for Enamacryl enamel for the frame (I used taking photos, but how many of our images Step 1: Prepare and print images Resene Breathless) and Resene SpaceCote from this season or years past lie dormant on Adjust the photographs before printing to Flat for the mat (I used Resene Black White).
    [Show full text]
  • Matting and Framing
    Matting and Framing Ford Conservation Center 2017 Basics of Matting and Framing Matting and framing is used to display, store, and safeguard works of art of pa- per, archives, and family documents. Proper matting and framing can help to protect these items from deterioration due to changing relative humidity, light exposure, handling, and other sources of damage. The following information is intended to explain the basics of mat- ting, framing, and hanging art or other paper-based items. Consult a conserva- tor for specific questions. See a framer you trust for help with your matting and framing needs. Inside this issue: M a t t i n g Matting 1 Matting, matboard, or mat (all used window mat held together with a Hinging 2 interchangeably) is flat, paper- strip of linen tape. The object is at- based material used to separate art tached to the back mat with hinges Adhesives 2 from a frame. Matboard is used to made of special Japanese tissue securely house works on paper. paper. Hinging is preferred over Framing 3 Matboard comes in various sizes, commercial tapes because it allows colors, weights and types of materi- for easy removal of the object with Hanging 4 al. minimal use of adhesive. The win- dow mat construction allows the A mat for an object is a series of Consulting a Conser- 5 object to be seen while protecting vator pieces constructed to protect the it from handling while the back Additional Resources 5 object. It includes a back mat and mat provides structural support for Matting and Framing the object.
    [Show full text]
  • Sizes and Specifications
    Sizes and Specifications Newsprint display sizes & specs ................................2 Newsprint reproduction tips ......................................3 Book of Lists sizes & specs ........................................5 How to submit print ads .............................................6 Online and email advertising ......................................7 Questions? Contact [email protected] Newsprint display advertising sizes Pacific Business News is an untrimmed, cold-set, tabloid newspaper on newsprint that measures approximately 10.5 inches wide x 14 inches tall. 1/2 Vertical 4.5 x 12.5 2 Page Spread Full Island 3/8 Horizontal 3/8 Vertical 19.75 x 12.5 9.25 x 12.5 6.875 x 12.5 6.875 x 6.125 4.5 x 9.325 1/2 Horizontal 9.25 x 6.125 L or Reverse L Triangle Triangle Centerpiece Towers: 2.125 x 11.85 Middle Right 1/4 Vertical 1/4 Strip U-Shape Bottom Strip: 9.25 x 0.85 9.25 x 6.125 6.875 x 8.5 2.125 x 12.5 9.25 x 2.9375 Towers: 2.125 x 11.85 Bottom Strip: 19.75 x 0.85 1/8 Horizontal 1/8 Vertical Centerpiece Towers 4.5 x 2.9375 2.125 x 6.125 2.125 x 11.85 Centerstrip 1/4 Square 1/8 Strip 19.75 x 2.9375 4.5 x 6.125 9.25 x 1.35 PAGE 2 OF 7 PACIFIC BUSINESS NEWS » 2017 SIZES AND SPECIFICATIONS Requirements for newsprint display ads Specifications for submitting your documents for print Camera-ready files • Ads must be submitted as PDF/X-1a files • Files must be prepared in a layout program such as InDesign.
    [Show full text]
  • Augusta Newsprint: Paper Mill Pursues Five Projects Following Plant-Wide Energy Efficiency Assessment
    Forest Products BestPractices Plant-Wide Assessment Case Study Industrial Technologies Program—Boosting the productivity and competitiveness of U.S. industry through improvements in energy and environmental performance Augusta Newsprint: Paper Mill Pursues Five Projects Following Plant-Wide Energy Efficiency Assessment BENEFITS Summary • Saves an estimated 11,000 MWh of Augusta Newsprint undertook a plant-wide energy efficiency assessment of its Augusta, electricity annually Georgia, plant in the spring and summer of 2001. The objectives of the assessment were to • Saves an estimated $1.6 million identify systems and operations that were good candidates for energy-efficiency improvements, annually from energy reduction and then ascertain specific energy saving projects. The assessment team identified the thermo- other improvements mechanical pulp (TMP) mill, the recycled newsprint plant (RNP), and the No. 1 and No. 2 • Improves system efficiency and paper machines area as the systems and operations on which to focus. The project evaluation reliability process was unique for two reasons, (1) much of the steam is a by-product of the TMP process and, because it is essentially “free,” it precludes opportunities for steam conservation • Produces a more consistent product initiatives; and (2) the company is reportedly Georgia’s largest electricity customer and • Project paybacks range from consequently has very favorable rates. 4.3 to 21.4 months Despite these perceived disincentives, the company found strong economic justification for five projects that would reduce electricity consumption. Four of the five projects, when complete, will save the company 11,000 MWh of electrical energy each year ($369,000 per year). The APPLICATION remaining project will produce more than $300,000 each year in the sale of a process The Augusta Newsprint plant-wide byproduct (turpentine).
    [Show full text]
  • Deinking of Newsprint by Flotation Method
    DEINKING OF NEWSPRINT BY FLOTATION METHOD Bimo Ariadi, B.Sc. (Hons.) , A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Tasmania Department of Chemistry University of Tasmania July, 1995 1 - 3 Rotation removes particles that are too small to be removed by screens and cleaners and yet are too big to be removed by washing. Washing is most efficient at removing the smallest particles of ink. The optimum size range for the different techniques is illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1. Optimum particle-size range for the various techniques in ink separation (after Shrinath et. al. [9]) 1.2.2.1. Washing and flotation In contrast to screening and cleaning, which are merely physical separation processes, washing and flotation operations require chemicals to help them perform efficiently. Although washing and flotation are both carried out to remove ink particles, their operating principles are entirely different. Washing systems are most efficient at removing ink particles smaller than 104m, while flotation works best at removing particles in the 10-1004m range. Furthermore, the washing process requires ink particles to remain in the aqueous phase so that they can be removed along with the Deinking of Newsprint: An Overview DEINKING OF NEWSPRINT BY FLOTATION METHOD Bimo Ariadi, B.Sc. (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Tasmania Department of Chemistry University of Tasmania July, 1995 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree in any tertiary institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Preservation Technologies (Part 3 Of
    Introduction PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY Millions of books at the Library of Congress and other libraries around the world are deteriorating. What Is The Library of Congress? Many books published since the mid- 1800s are cur- ● The largest center for information storage in the rently, or will soon become, too fragile to handle. world. The paper these books are written on becomes brittle ● Collections include 19 million volumes and 58 over time and crumbles. The primary cause of this million pieces of stored data on phonograph deterioration is acid. Chemicals used in the manu- records, motion picture reels, computer tapes, facture of paper from wood pulp, which stay in the manuscripts, maps, prints, and photographs. paper, convert to a variety of acids and slowly de- ● Three Canons of Selection established in the stroy the strength of the paper’s fibers over time. 1940s to define the collections: —materials necessary to the Congress and to Other factors such as oxidation, varying or extreme the U.S. Government officers in performance temperature and humidity, exposure to light, air of their duties; pollutants in storage areas, and the amount of use —materials that express and record the life and also contribute to the destruction of the books. achievements of the people of the United States; and The Library of Congress has been working to —records of other societies and peoples, espe- solve the problem of acid paper in books since the cially those of most immediate concern to the early 1970s, developing a mass deacidification proc- people of the United States. ess that would inhibit the deterioration of book pa- ● Less than 25 percent of the collection is in per.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Print Paper During the 19Th Century
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Charleston Library Conference Changes in Print Paper During the 19th Century AJ Valente Paper Antiquities, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/charleston An indexed, print copy of the Proceedings is also available for purchase at: http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/charleston. You may also be interested in the new series, Charleston Insights in Library, Archival, and Information Sciences. Find out more at: http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/charleston-insights-library-archival- and-information-sciences. AJ Valente, "Changes in Print Paper During the 19th Century" (2010). Proceedings of the Charleston Library Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314836 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. CHANGES IN PRINT PAPER DURING THE 19TH CENTURY AJ Valente, ([email protected]), President, Paper Antiquities When the first paper mill in America, the Rittenhouse Mill, was built, Western European nations and city-states had been making paper from linen rags for nearly five hundred years. In a poem written about the Rittenhouse Mill in 1696 by John Holme it is said, “Kind friend, when they old shift is rent, Let it to the paper mill be sent.” Today we look back and can’t remember a time when paper wasn’t made from wood-pulp. Seems that somewhere along the way everything changed, and in that respect the 19th Century holds a unique place in history. The basic kinds of paper made during the 1800s were rag, straw, manila, and wood pulp.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulp, Paper, and Packaging in the Next Decade: Transformational Change
    Paper & Forest Products Practice Pulp, paper, and packaging in the next decade: Transformational change If you thought the paper industry was going to disappear, think again. Graphic papers are being squeezed by digitization, but the paper and forest-products industry overall has major changes in store and exciting prospects for new growth. by Peter Berg and Oskar Lingqvist © VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/Getty Images August 2019 From what you read in the press and hear on the and pulp for hygiene products. Although a relatively street, you might be excused for believing the small market as yet, pulp for textile applications is paper and forest-products industry is disappearing growing. And a broad search for new applications fast in the wake of digitization. The year 2015 saw and uses for wood and its components is taking worldwide demand for graphic paper decline for place in numerous labs and development centers. the first time ever, and the fall in demand for these The paper and forest-products industry is not products in North America and Europe over the past disappearing—far from it. But it is changing, five years has been more pronounced than even the morphing, and developing. We would argue that most pessimistic forecasts. the industry is going through the most substantial transformation it has seen in many decades. But the paper and forest-products industry as a whole is growing, albeit at a slower pace than before, as In this article, we outline the changes we see Insights 2019 other products are filling the gap left by the shrinking happening across the industry and identify the 1 Pulp, paper, and packaginggraphic-paper in market the next (Exhibit decade: 1).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Preserve Acidic Wood Pulp Paper
    ConserveO Gram --------------------- June 2001 Number 19/24 How To Preserve Acidic Wood Pulp Paper Background Types of Wood Pulp Paper Early American papermakers used cotton and • Groundwood Pulp Paper. Also known as linen rags with relatively few additives to produce mechanical wood pulp, it was first developed small quantities of strong and durable papers. in the early 1800s and is used today for Animal glue and gelatin sizing or coatings were newsprint and pulp novels. Wood is added to help these long-fibered papers accept ink mechanically ground to produce fibers for without bleeding. paper pulp. Grinding creates very short paper fibers, which are also highly acidic due to the This early American hand-made paper has long retention of the wood’s lignin. cellulose fibers and little grain, making it unusually strong. The sheet may have a feathered Lignin is a naturally occurring substance in or deckled edge and/or a watermark. wood that darkens and breaks down into acidic byproducts as it ages. Ground wood pulp Increased demand for paper led to the paper is born acidic and rapidly becomes development of more efficient manufacturing brittle. Therefore ground wood pulp paper has processes. In 1806 a new sizing process was a relatively short life expectancy. developed using alum to precipitate rosin on the paper fibers. Alum is acidic and removes calcium • Chemical Wood Pulp Paper. Also called carbonate left from the washing process. The soda, sulfite, sulfate or Kraft paper (depending result was decreased permanence of the paper. upon how it is processed), chemical wood The use of mechanical papermaking equipment pulp paper was first developed in the mid- during the Industrial Revolution led to less durable 1800s.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrugated Cardboard Magazines
    Most of us use a paper product every day. That's because paper products make up about 71 million tons (or 29 percent) of the municipal waste stream, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The good news is that more and more Americans are recycling paper. In fact, upwards of 63 percent (45 million tons) is recycled annually. When you break that number down by population, roughly 334 pounds of paper is recycled for every person in the United States. Corrugated Cardboard Currently, about 70 percent of cardboard-boxes shipped commercially are recovered for recycling. Many of the boxes are themselves made of recycled materials or lumber industry byproducts like sawdust and wood chips. When recycled, cardboard is used to make chipboard like cereal boxes, paperboard, paper towels, tissues and printing or writing paper. It's also made into more corrugated cardboard. How It's Recycled: 1. The cardboard is re-pulped and the fibers are separated and bleached. This is a chemical process involving hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, and sodium hydroxide. 2. The fibers are screened and cleaned to eliminate contaminants. 3. The fibers are washed to remove leftover ink. 4. Fibers are pressed and rolled into paper. 5. he rolls of paper are then converted into boxes or made into new products. Magazines Magazines are made from paper that's been buffed and coated to achieve a glossy appearance. Next, the paper is covered with a white clay that makes color photographs look more brilliant. The shiny appearance does not contaminate the paper at all. About 45 percent of sub-content-3 are being recycled today.
    [Show full text]
  • Brittle Paper
    2/2/2016 preservationhistory ­ Brittle Paper Brittle Paper (/Brittle+Paper) Edit 0 (/Brittle+Paper#discussion) 11 (/page/history/Brittle+Paper) … (/page/menu/Brittle+Paper) Brittle Books, Bad Paper The “brittle book” phenomenon has been one of the main preoccupations of preservationists and conservationists since the 1930s, but it has roots far deeper. Resulting from changes in papermaking that developed in the modern era, papers containing the (acidic) cause of their own early demise worried librarians and book lovers alike. Many of the preservation trends of the 20th century have emerged in response to the “inherent vice” of papers produced from the 1850s through the 1950s Why this paper crisis developed and how the library community has attempted to deal with the consequences of acidic paper is the subject of this section. Papermaking and the Creation of Acidic Paper In order to understand why brittle paper became such an issue of concern to preservationists, it is essential to learn a few basics about the papermaking process and how it has changed over time. Certain kinds of paper do not present serious or specific conservation issues because the processes used to produce them have created a relatively stable paper. The major concerns of preservation­minded librarians developed out of paper produced beginning in the 1850s (approximately), which were created using chemicals and processes that contain the seeds of embrittlement and can greatly shorten the life of documents printed on them. The cellulose content of paper and the chemicals used to process it have much to do with how well the paper ages and how long it remains in good, usable condition.
    [Show full text]