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Respuesta De La Salud Pública a Las Armas

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Respuesta De La Salud Pública a Las Armas BioterrorismoCover 12/22/03 3:19 PM Page 1 Respuesta de la salud pública a las armas biológicas y químicas incluye infor- R mación para guiar la preparación y la respuesta al uso deliberado de espuesta de la salud pública a las ar armas biológicas y químicas. Aunque se reconoce que la probabilidad de un ataque con tales armas puede ser baja, la guía destaca la magnitud del Respuesta de la impacto potencial sobre la población civil y la correspondiente necesidad de que las autoridades de salud pública, en estrecha colaboración con otras instituciones gubernamentales, desarrollen planes de contingencia. salud pública a las armas Las recomendaciones y los consejos son el resultado de la experiencia de muchos especialistas de todo el mundo. biológicas y químicas La guía tiene cinco capítulos principales. A los consejos para evaluar la amenaza a la salud pública que representan las armas biológicas y quími- cas les sigue la revisión de las características de estas armas que influyen GUÍA DE LA OMS - SEGUNDA EDICION en los patrones de diseminación y ayudan a predecir las consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Se cubren los dos tipos de armas, las diseñadas para alcanzar objetivos de guerra y las usadas con fines terroristas. El capítu- lo más extenso, sobre la preparación en salud pública, establece los prin- cipios para la planeación mediante pasos sucesivos desde la identificación y la evaluación del riesgo, por medio de la introducción de estrategias para la reducción del mismo, hasta las muchas acciones específicas que se mas biológicas y q requieren para una respuesta apropiada y adecuada. En la guía también se explica porqué los planes de respuesta se deben de- sarrollar como una parte integral de los planes nacionales existentes de emergencia, y se discute la necesidad de la existencia de sistemas sólidos de vigilancia epidemiológica de enfermedades que detecten brotes natura- les e intencionales. Se incluyen consejos para distinguir entre los ataques biológicos y químicos, y se recomienda un proceso gradual para la comu- VHA nicación con el público. Otros capítulos cubren el marco preventivo legal uímicas provisto por los tratados y describen las fuentes internacionales de ayuda. Se incluye un perfil de las características de cada uno de los 11 agentes biológicos que podrían ser utilizados en un ataque, que le pueden ayudar a los gobiernos para desarrollar planes para la detección temprana y la respuesta apropiada y se brinda información similar para los grupos representativos de toxinas y agentes químicos. La presente edición en español es una contribución de la OPS para sus GUÍA DE LA OMS - SEGUND estados miembros de habla hispana, que pretende el fortalecimiento de su capacidad para enfrentar las consecuencias a la salud pública del uso deliberado de armas químicas y biológicas. El libro puede ser consultado en Internet en la dirección: www.paho.org/desastres A EDICION Organización Organización Mundial de la Salud Mundial de la Salud Respuesta de la salud pública a las armas biológicas y químicas Guía de la OMS SEGUNDA EDICIÓN Segunda edición de Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons: report of a WHO Group of Consultants, Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1970 Traducción realizada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2003 Organización Mundial de la Salud Versión original en inglés de la segunda edición: Public health response to biological and chemical weapons, Geneva, World Health Organization. Biblioteca Sede OPS - Catalogación en la fuente Organización Mundial de la Salud Respuesta de la salud pública a las armas biológicas y químicas: guía de la OMS. 2ª ed. Washington, D.C.: OPS, © 2003. ISBN 92 75 32485 9 I. Título II. Organización Mundial de la Salud 1. DESASTRE BIOLÓGICO 2. AGENTES PARA GUERRA QUÍMICA 3. TERRORISMO 4. COMPUESTOS QUÍMICOS NLM QW300.O68r 2003 Es © De la versión en español, Organización Panamericana de la Salud – OPS/OMS, 2004 Traducción al español: Dr. Carlos Arturo Hernández, Colombia Revisión de la Traducción: Dra. Martha Renza, Colombia Una publicación del Área de Preparativos para Situaciones de Emergencia y Socorro en Casos de Desastre, de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las opiniones expresadas, recomendaciones formuladas y denominaciones empleadas en esta publicación no reflejan necesariamente los criterios ni la política de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud ni de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los términos empleados y la presentación del material en esta publicación no implican la expresión de ninguna opinión en absoluto por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud o la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, relacionada con el estado legal de cualquier país, territorio, ciudad o área o de sus autoridades, o que concierna con la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. La mención de compañías específicas o de ciertos productos de un fabricante no implica que la Organización Mundial de la Salud o la Organización Panamericana de la Salud las endosan o recomiendan en preferencia a otras de naturaleza similar que no se mencionan. Con la excepción de los errores y omisiones, los nombres de los productos de propietarios se distinguen porque las letras iniciales están en mayúscula. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud dará consideración favorable a las solicitudes de autorización para reproducir o traducir, total o parcialmente, esta publicación, siempre que no sea con fines de lucro. Las solicitudes pueden dirigirse al Área de Preparativos para Situaciones de Emergencia y Socorro en Casos de Desastre, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 525 Twenty – third Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, EE.UU.; fax (202) 775-4578; correo electrónico: [email protected] Diagramación: Juan Pablo Salamanca Impresión: Panamericana / Formas e Impresos S.A. Contenido Prefacio a la edición en español ...............................................................................................................................vii Prólogo ......................................................................................................................................................................ix Agradecimientos ........................................................................................................................................................xi Resumen ejecutivo ...................................................................................................................................................xiii Abreviaturas y acrónimos .........................................................................................................................................xv Lista de colaboradores ...........................................................................................................................................xvii 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 AVANCES DESDE LA PRIMERA EDICIÓN .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 ORIGEN Y PROPÓSITO DEL PRESENTE INFORME ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 ALGUNAS DEFINICIONES DE TRABAJO ................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 ESTRUCTURA ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. EVALUACIÓN DE LA AMENAZA A LA SALUD PÚBLICA .................................................................... 7 2.1 ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 AVANCES TÉCNOLÓGICOS .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 AVANCES CIENTÍFICOS ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 EVALUACIÓN PRELIMINAR DE LA AMENAZA ......................................................................................................... 13 3. AGENTES BIOLÓGICOS Y QUÍMICOS ..................................................................................................... 19 3.1 GRUPO REPRESENTATIVO DE AGENTES ................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.1 ALCANCE DE LOS TRATADOS INTERNACIONALES .............................................................................................. 20 3.1.2 EXPERIENCIA HISTÓRICA ............................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 DISEMINACIÓN DE LOS AGENTES BIOLÓGICOS Y QUÍMICOS .................................................................................... 27 3.3 VÍAS DE EXPOSICIÓN ......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.3.1 SISTEMA RESPIRATORIO .............................................................................................................................. 28 3.3.2 PIEL .......................................................................................................................................................
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