Akhaian Late Geometric and Archaic Pottery in South Italy and Sicily

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HESPERIA 70 (200I) MAG N A AC H A E A Pages373-46° AKHAIANLATE GEOMETRIC ANDARCHAIC POTTERY IN SOUTHITALY AND SICILY

In memoryofEmilyToionsend ABSTRACT Vermeule ImportedAkhaian and locallyproduced Akhaian-style pottery occurs in SouthItaly, Sicily, and beyond, found not only in the Akhaianapoikiai, but also in other settlements.The most characteristicAkhaian shape the kantharos is discussedwithinthe contextof its homeregion, including Elis. Examplesof ArchaicAkhaian pottery in theWest are assembled and the dis- tributionis comparedto thatof Akhaianand West Greek imports in the Late BronzeAge. A patternemerges that suggests a complexreality of interaction andmovement of people,commodities, and ideas between Greece and Italy in the pre- and protohistoricperiods, thus contributingto a betterunder- standingof the firstwestern Greeks.

AIMSAND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Thispaper emerged from a studyof thepottery from the site at Francavilla Marittima,the extramuralsanctuary of theAkhaian apoikia of Sybarison the siteof an earlierindigenous settlement (Fig. 1).1 In dealingwith the potteryfrom the sanctuaryon the Timponedella Motta (see below),I discovereda largenumber of plainbanded and monochrome kantharoi, manyof whichwere locally produced, either in the plainof Sybarisor elsewherein SouthItaly, while others were imported. These are not iso- latedexamples, but together form one of themost numerous categories of potteryafter Corinthian. In shapeand style, these kantharoi are closest to a seriesof vesselsfrom various sites in the northwestPeloponnese, par- ticularlyAkhaia. Despite the factthat Sybaris was traditionally founded by Akhaians,the Peloponnesiancharacter of thismaterial has not previ- ouslybeen recognized in studiesof Greekpottery in SouthItaly and Sic- ily.The relevantmaterial from Francavilla will be fullypublished elsewhere.Comparative material from other sites in SouthItaly and Sicily formsthe basisof this article,the aimof whichis to track,as faras is 1. ForFrancavilla see, most recently, currentlypossible, the distributionof Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery Maaskant-Kleibrink1993. in thecentral Mediterranean. Some of thematerial that I referto asAkhaian

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Figure1. Map ofthe Mediterranean. Ithake,or fromthe R.G. Finnerty orAkhaian-style may ultimately derive from Elis, oppositeAkhaia. As will regionon thenorth side of the CorinthianGulf, theyare presented as a becomeclear, the results of thisstudy are tentative; in mainlandGreece startingpoint for others more familiar with the material andthe West to buildon or to reassemble. potteryoccurs Threeinterrelated issues are addressed. First, Akhaian Akhaianizingpottery is commonlyat sitesin MagnaGraecia; Akhaian or confinedto the all overSouth Italy and parts of Sicily,and is not found theGreek colonialsphere. Second, in additionto theimports from Akhaian of sites, Akhaianpottery was copiedby pottersat a number mainland, givingrise to especiallythe Akhaian apoikiai of Sybarisand Metapontion, as"Akhaianizing" locallyproduced style of potterythat is bestdesignated a of acknowledg- or"Akhaian-style." Such an appellation has the advantage the terms"Italo- the pedigreeof the material,in the sameway that ing of Corinth. and"Etrusco-Corinthian" point to the influence Corinthian" Corinthianis to addthat my use of termssuch as Akhaianand I hasten styles.Pot- to the identificationof easilydistinguished ceramic confined of socialreali- by itselfcan be a misleadingand inadequate indicator tery preeminenceand ties;in particular,interpretations of social and economic 2. Graham1986; Papadopoulos of ceramicstyle alone.2 esp. ethnicityshould not be formulatedon the basis 1996,p. 158;Osborne 1998, in mind,since it is Papadopoulos1997a; The exampleof Corinthianpottery is worthbearing p. 258;see further potterythroughout the cf. the penetratingstudies of Hall 1997 clearthat the distributionof Corinthian-style movement;the sameis andJones 1997; see alsoMorgan 1991. Mediterraneanis not directly linked with colonial M A G N A A C H A E A 375

truefor Athenian, Lakonian, and other Greek pottery styles. Moreover, Corinthian-stylepottery in Italy,Sicily, and beyond need not havebeen carried-or produced-by Corinthians,and Catherine Morgan has inti- matedthat much of thepottery in theWest referred to asCorinthian may, in fact,be fromIthake or Korkyra.3 Finally,in thisarticle I seekto contextualizethe evidence of Akhaian materialremains not solelyagainst the backdrop of the literarytraditions of the foundationof coloniesin the EarlyIron Age, but within a broader frameworkthat recognizes other avenues of circulation,as well as similar patternsin the BronzeAge. In so doingI attemptto bridgethe systemic dividebetween prehistoric and classical archaeology in the studyof the LateBronze and Early Iron Age Mediterranean. The first western Greeks wereMycenaeans, and it is strikinghow very similar the Archaic Akhaian patternis to thatof theirBronze Age Akhaianforebears. In drawinga commonthread between the Akhaians of theMycenaean age and those of the historicperiod, my aim is not,however, to conflatethe very different worldsof heroicand historic Akhaians; nor is it myintention to confuse ethnic"Akhaian" with geographical or stylistic "Akhaian." As JonathanHall has argued,there are numerous tiers of identitythat were explored and exploited.4My aim,rather, is to movetoward eradicating the perceived gapbetween the "last Mycenaeans" and the "first western Greeks." Followinga historicalintroduction that sets out the parametersof Akhaianoverseas settlement and the materialevidence associated with it, an overviewis presentedof Akhaianpottery in its homeregion. This is followedby an annotatedlist of Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery, primarilykantharoi, found outside the northwestPeloponnese and adjacent regions.The purposeof the list,which forms the coreof this study,is to revealthe distributionof Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery in South Italyand Sicily. A synthesisis thenpresented that summarizes the main patternsin the distributionof Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery of the laterGeometric and Early Archaic periods and compares this distribution withthat of Mycenaeanpottery in theWest. In thefinal section I explore moregenerally the evidencefor Akhaians in SouthItaly. 3. Morgan1997; Morgan l999a; Anyaccount of the distributionof Akhaianpottery must necessarily see alsoMorris and Papadopoulos beginwith the mostcharacteristic shape in the Akhaianrepertoire: the 1998.As Morganhas further argued, distinctiveshape is foundall over Akhaia, parts of neigh- the perceivedneed to fleshout the kantharos.This Corinthiansequence by adducing boringElis, especially at Olympiaand Eleian Pylos, as wellas at various evidencefrom the Westto fill what siteson the northside of the CorinthianGulf. Such a distribution,par- were,until recently, gaps at Corinth ticularlyin the coastalareas of the westernCorinthian Gulf, raises the hascreated a falsepicture, conflating issueof whetherthese kantharoi are specifically Akhaian or, more generi- westernand Corinthian evidence in a cally,western Greek. Although it is clearthat many ofthe kantharoi found misleadingway. For filling in manyof the notedgaps in Corinthsee esp. in Elis,Phokis, Aitolia, and Akarnania were locally made, this is a ques- Williams1983; Williams 1986; Pfaff tion thatcannot be answeredconclusively at present.In somecases, the 1999;and, most recently, Isthmia VIII. claysof this greaterarea are too littleknown to providea moredetailed 4. Hall 1997. guideto preciseprovenance within the region.It maywell be thatwhat I 5. As Morgan(1991, p. 135) notes, referto as theAkhaian kantharos and generally as theAkhaian pottery the areaof ancientAkhaia essentially largerthan the modern prov- correspondsto thatof the modern style wasproduced in anarea considerably Greekadministrative district of the inceof Akhaia.5There exists, for example, a greatdeal of similarmaterial samename. in southernPhokis, Elis, Aitolia, southern Akarnania, and on Ithake.This 376 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS pottery,along with that from various sites in Akhaiaand Arkadia, is cur- rentlybeingstudied byvarious scholars working in theseregions, and much of it is eitherunpublished or hasappeared only in preliminaryreports. It is wellbeyond the scopeof thisarticle to providea comprehensive overviewof the potteryfrom these various regions or to anticipatethe resultsof morethorough analyses of individualcategories of pottery.New discoveriesin the Peloponneseand western Greece and the systematic publicationof material,such as WilliamCoulson's contributions on the EarlyIron Age potteryof Messeniaand Birgitta Eder's recent studies of Elis in the EarlyIron Age,6 are helping to definemore clearly the indi- vidualtraits of eachregion. It is worthstressing, however, that the very distinctionbetween Akhaia and Elis in the EarlyIron Age, for example, maybe moreapparent than real.7 The evidentlykoine style of pottery,par- ticularlyin Akhaiaand Elis, may well reflecta moreprofound cultural, economic,and political koine in thenorthwest Peloponnese. The extentto which"Akhaia" or"Elis" were meaningful terms in the Geometricperiod orreferred to clearlyprescribed geographical areas remains moot. A situationsimilar to thatof the potteryhas beenobserved in the regionalstyle of ArchaicDoric architecture of the Akhaian cities of South Italy.Barbara Barletta's thorough examination of the geographicaldistri- butionand chronology of variouselements of thisstyle has demonstrated its adoptionover a widespreadarea and she thus coined the term"Ionian Sea"style.8 Barletta also argued that this style appeared in theWest before it didin thePeloponnese. Certainly other aspects of theAkhaian material recordappear first in theWest, including coinage (see below), and a numberof scholarshave argued that various innovations essential to thenotion of the Greekcity-state started in the westerncities and from there were passedon to the homeland.9I have decided, however, to retainthe terms Akhaianand Akhaian-style in thisstudy in keepingwith the literary traditionof Akhaiancolonization, though bearing in mindthe problems associatedwith muchof the historicalevidence.l° Viewed from a slightly differentperspective, "Magna Elis" or"Magna Ithake" might seem rea- sonablealternatives, except that there is no literarytradition for Eleian or Ithakesiancolonization, nor is therea traditionof westernAkhaians mov- ingto thePeloponnese. Thus, in thetitle of thisarticle, MagnaAchaea is a rhetoricalconstruct, not the sameas, but not unlike,the verynotion of MagnaGraecia itself.ll

6. NichoriaIII, esp.pp. 61-259; 8. Barletta1990, p. 45. Coulson1986; 1988; cf. Coulson1990; 9. See,among others, Leveque and Eder1998, pp. 141-197;1999; Eder Vidal-Naquet1964; Malkin 1987; andMitsopoulos-Leon 1999 (on Elis); 1994;de Polignac1995. For Akhaian see alsoMorgan 1990, pp. 235-247. coinagesee Papadopoulos,forthcom- The materialfrom Elis, with a ing. continuoussequence throughout the 10. Forthese problems, see EarlyIron Age, will be presentedin especiallyHall 1997. detailin a forthcomingstudy by Eder. 11. Earlysources (e.g., Pind. Pyth. This materialappears to be closely 1.146;Eur. Med. 439-440)use Mryah relatedto thatof westernAkhaia. EABagto referto the entireGreek 7. I amgrateful to JonathanHall for world,not specificallyto Italy.For the bringingthis to my attentionand for conceptof MegaleHellas in Italysee, fruitfuldiscussion on relatedthemes. mostrecently, Greco 1998. MAGNA ACHAEA 377

HI STO RI CAL INTRODUCTI ON TO AKHAIAN OVERSEAS TRAVEL AND SETTLEMENT

Duringthe last quarter of the 8thcentury B.C., accordingto conventional chronology,the firstand most famous of theAkhaian apoikiai in Magna Graeciawas founded on the riverKrathis, on a broadand fertile plain, at Sybaris(Fig. 2).12 The riveritself has the samename as the "never-failing Krathis,"which flows near Akhaian Aigai. According to tradition,the colo- nistswere led by Is of Helike,and a contingentof Troizeniansjoined the venture;the latter,on the testimonyof Aristotle(Pol. 1303a),were soon drivenout by the stronger Akhaians of thenew colony. In thecourse of the nexttwo centuries,Sybaris was to becomeone of the mostpowerful and prosperouspoleis of MagnaGraecia, its namesynonymous with luxurious living.13The historyof the city,and of the otherAkhaian settlements of SouthItaly, including Kroton, Kaulonia, and Metapontion,as well as Poseidonia(Paestum) and others, is wellknown.l4 Ironically, a fate similar to thatwhich befell the mother-city completeburial by natural causes- wasto befallthe colony, and both Sybaris and Helike were, for a verylong time,lost from view.15 The fameof thecolony, however, unlike that of the mother-city,had become proverbial a topoand the nameof Sybaris achieveda prominencein humanmemory that Helike did not share. Althoughthe presence of Akhaiansettlements in SouthItaly has long beenknown, evidence of Akhaianpottery or of anymaterial remains clearlyidentified as Akhaianoutside of the script has been curiously absent.l6Indeed, the Akhaian settlements of MagnaGraecia have tended to be seen as paradigmaticcases of the lackof materialinfluence on a colonyby the motherland.17 The problem is in partthe result of thelack of systematicexcavation and thorough publication of materialin Akhaiait- self.Morgan's overview of archaeologicalinvestigation in the regionhas shownit to be haphazard,with most of the materialderiving from rescue excavations,along with chance finds.18

12. Forthe earlyhistory of Sybaris, the exactorigin of the colonistsat these Marinatos1960; Katsonopoulou 1991; see Dunbabin1948, esp. pp.24-27, 75- sitesare many, and it is alsodifficult to 1998a;1998b; Morgan 1991, p.135; 83, 153-159;Callaway 1950, pp. 1-40; establishthe meanings whether Soterand Katsonopoulou 1998; see alsoGalli 1907; Guzzo in SibariII, ethnicor geographical-of"Akhaian" Pharaklas1998; Courakis 1998. pp. 15-23;Bullitt 1967; Osanna 1992, in the Peloponneseand the West, 16. See,for instance, the standard pp. 115-153;Morgan and Hall 1996, whichchange through time (see Hall overviewsof Blakeway1932-1933; pp.202-204;Guzzo 1998. For a useful 1997;and further below). Dunbabin1948; Ridgway 1992. overviewof the archaeologicalwork at 15. Sybaris,destroyed in 510 B.C. by 17. Morganl999a, p.243. the site,particularly the activitiesof the Akhaiansof Kroton,along with 18.Morgan 1986; 1988. Even PaolaZancani Montuoro, see Guzzo Thurii,the Classicalcity founded on historianshave tended to neglect 1992;Luppino 1998. the site of ArchaicSybaris, and Roman Akhaiaas a region,although the 1990s 13. RE IV.A.1,1931, cols. 1002- Copia,was deeply buried under the haveseen a numberof detailedstudies 1011,s.v. Sybaris (Philipp); Callaway alluviumof the riverKrathis. Helike, dealingwith the textualsources and 1950;see alsoJacobsthal1938. locatedon the coastof the Peloponnese historyof the region,as well as its 14. Dunbabin1948. For a useful eastof Aigion,along with Boura,was sanctuariesand cults. See, in particular, overview,with recent bibliography, see completelydestroyed by the devastat- Rizakis1995; also Rizakis 1991; Morganand Hall 1996,pp. 199-215; ing earthquakeof 373 B.C.: Anderson Morganand Hall 1996;Osanna 1996a; alsoOsanna 1992; Pugliese Carratelli 1954,p. 74;RE VII.2,1912, cols. Osanna1996b. Anderson 1954 remains 1996;Greco 1998. See alsothe various 2855-2862,s.v. Helike (Gundel). For usefulfor later historical commentary entriesin Nenciand Vallet 1977-1999. the modernsearch for Sybaris,see andfor references in the ancientliterary The problemsinherent in identifying Raineyand Lerici 1967; for Helike, see sources. 378 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

' Roma

PITHEKOUSSAIC38

Poseidion,

ERIKoUssA o a,PHOINIKOUSSA LIPARA o

HerakleiaI

legaraHyblaia SSyrakousai

Figure2. Map of South Italyand Recentarchaeological work in southernItaly has brought to lighta Sicilyshowing principal sites referred wealthof evidence,the full significanceof whichhas yet to be realized. to in the text. R. G. Finnerty Perhapsmore than anything else, the one aspectof Akhaianculture that left its markmost clearly on SouthItaly was the alphabet,evocatively illustratedin a numberof dedicatoryinscriptions, not least of whichis the MAGNA ACHAEA 379 well-knownKleom(b)rotos inscription from the Timpone della Motta at FrancavillaMarittima, the extramuralsanctuary of Sybaris.l9Neverthe- less,the quantity of ArchaicAkhaian inscriptions remains meager, and the situationremarked on by L. H.Jefferyin 1961has essentially not changed:

Althoughthe Achaian alphabet has left its marknot onlyin the Achaiancolonies of MagnaGraecia, but also along the trade-route whichled thitherthrough the IonianIslands, through lack of excavationvery few Archaic inscriptions have yet beenfound in Achaiaitself.20

Jefferywent on to listeight inscriptions from Akhaia in thelocal script as opposedto some35 inscriptionsfrom the settlementsin SouthItaly.21 In hisrevised edition ofJeffery's standard text, AlanJohnston reattributed one of Jeffery'sAkhaian inscriptions to Phokis;two fromOlympia were reassignedas colonialAkhaian rather than from the homeland,and an- otherwas assignedto Arkadia.22Consequently, Jeffery's original list of eightinscriptions has been trimmed to four.The quantityof inscriptions fromAkhaian settlements in SouthItaly, however, has been steadily growing,and an important addition has been the bronze plaque found at Olym- pia recordinga treatybetween Sybaris and the Serdaioi.23Indeed, it is interestingto notethat Akhaian script is characterizedlargely on thebasis of thewestern evidence, and most of thewestern examples likeBarletta's "IonianSea" style of architectureare earlier. Although this couldwell reflecta lackof excavations,as Jeffery suggested, the possibilitythat the scriptis largelya colonialconstruct should not be altogetheroverlooked.24 Similarly,the Akhaiancities of SouthItaly all produceddistinctive and earlycoinages, some as early as the middle of the6th century B.C., whereas theAkhaians of thehomeland produced very little before the 4th century B.c.25 In comparisonto the scriptand coinage,the Late Geometricand Archaicpottery of Akhaia remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, enough is knownto establishthe existenceof a thrivingwestern Greek ceramic tradition specificallya northwestPeloponnesian tradition. In partthis traditionwas open to influencesfrom neighboring regions, including Corinth,as well as moredistant ones, but in the mainit resultedin a

19. Stoopand Pugliese Carratelli The inscriptionis illustratedand most 1965-1966;Pugliese Carratelli 1965- recentlydiscussed in Papadopoulos, 1966;Jeffery 1990, p. 456, pl. 77, no. forthcoming,fig.2:b. la; Papadopoulos,forthcoming, fig.2:a. 24. SeeMorgan and Hall 1996. 20.Jeffery 1990, p.221. 25. Papadopoulos,forthcoming. See 21. Jeffery1990, pp.224,259-262. Kraay1976, pp. 162-170,for a useful 22. Johnston,in Jeffery1990, p. 451. overviewof the Akhaiancoinage of 23.Jeffery1990, p.456, pl. 77, no. SouthItaly; for the coinageof Akhaia, l:b; for Sybaritededications at see Head1911, pp. 412-419; Kraay Olympia,see furtherKunze 1961. For 1976,p. 95. Forthe traditionalper- the historicalramifications of this spectiveof acolonyand mother city," document,see Greco1990; 1998. see Graham1964. 380 J O H N K . P A P A D O P O U L O S highlydistinctive style, very different from that of Corinth.26The salient Figure3 (opposite). Mapof partof linesin thedevelopment of AkhaianGeometric pottery have been mapped centraland southern Greece showing outby NicolasColdstream, and Iphigeneia Dekoulakou has done a great principalsites referred to in thetext. dealto fill in manygaps and clarify our understanding of AkhaianLate R. G. Finnerty Geometric,Subgeometric, and Archaic pottery.27 Their contributions build on the earlierreports of NikolaosZapheiropoulos, Euthymeios Mastro- kostas,and others responsible for excavations in Akhaia.28The absence, however,of a full-fledgedAkhaian figured style of vase-painting,such as contemporaryAttic, Corinthian, Lakonian, and East Greek, has led to the generalneglect of Akhaianpottery by studentsof Greekceramics, and thisneglect has extended to theimported pottery of Akhaiain SouthItaly andSicily. It is, therefore,all the morea creditto the pioneeringwork of scholarssuch as Felice Gino Lo PortoandJuliette de la Geniere,who were amongthe first to groupa numberof AkhaianandAkhaianizingvessels in SouthItaly. The formerassigned vessels to the category"ceramica di tipo Itaca,"29while the latterincluded a fewunder the generalheading "vases importesnon attiques."30 Lo Porto'sand de la Geniere'slead was followed by Coldstream, who singledout a fewAkhaian pieces in MagnaGraecia and correctly identi- fiedtheir origin. In an articlepublished in 1998,Coldstream assembled a handfulof Akhaiankantharoi from several sites in SouthItaly.3l These includedone possibleexample from Sybaris, a completeprofile from Leporano(ancient Satyrion near Taranto), and several other pieces re- portedby de la Genierefrom Amendolara and SalaConsilina (see below).32In somecases this pottery is referredto in theoriginal publications as "ceramicadi tipo Itaca,"33but moreoften than not potterysimilar to thisis wronglyclassified as "coppeioniche" (or "di tipo ionico") or more generallydesignated as locallyproduced "coppe a filetti"or "dipinti coloniale."34Indeed, a greatnumber of problempieces have been relegated to, or subsumedby, nebulous categories such as these.The inadequacyof suchterms is well reflectedin the publicationof threerelated kantharoi fromIncoronata, which were published in a recentvolume on the Basento. Onekantharos, fired red (oxidized), is listedunder the heading"ceramica

26. This is a pointwell madeby Note the recentcomments in Kolonas 1956;and Mastrokostas 1968. Morgan(1988, p. 324).For Corinthian 1996-1997;see alsoKolonas 1990; 29. Lo Porto1964, pp. 226-227. importsin the regionof Aigion,see Deger-Jalkotzy1991; Papadopoulos 30. See de la Geniere1968, p. 189. Bosana-Kourou1980; and most recently, 1991;for imported pottery in the Otherscholars who havediscussed this Morgan1998 for a goodoverview, Mycenaeantombs of Patras,see categoryof pottery,particularly the includingreferences to the materialfrom Papazoglou-Manioudaki1993. See distinctivekantharos, include Canosa Ano Mazaraki.In a similarvein, the furtherPapadopoulos and Jones 1980, (1986,pp. 175,181) andStea (1991, Mycenaeanpottery of Akhaia,well andthe earliercomments in Astrom pp.419-424), as well asvarious authors knownfrom the seminalstudies of 1965.For a fullerbibliography and dis- (e.g.,Davide Ciafaloni and Elizabeth Vermeule(1960), Papadopoulos (1976; cussionof AkhaianMycenaean pottery Franchi)in Basento. 1978-1979),and, most recently, andthe West, see Fisher1988; Benzi 31. Coldstream1998a, pp. 328-330. Mountjoy(1999), is easilydistinguished andGraziadio 1996; Vagnetti 1999. 32. See SibariI, p. 86, fig. 76, fromthe productsof otherMycenaean 27. Coldstream1968, pp.220-232, no.216a(= p. 95, fig. 82, no.216a-b); workshopsin the Peloponnese,particu- pls.48-50; 1977,pp.177-190; 1998a; Lo Porto1964, p.227, fig. 48.1. larlyduring the LateHelladic IIIC Dekoulakou1973; 1984. 33. E.g.,Lo Porto1964, p.227; period.See Fisher1988; for regional 28. Of the numerousannual reports Maruggi1996, pp. 262,265, no. 226. Mycenaeanpottery in general,including publishedin ArchDeltand Prakt, see, 34. E.g.,Tomay, Munzi, and Akhaian,see Mountjoy1990; 1999. in particular,Zapheiropoulos 1952; Gentile1996, p. 218. MAGNA ACHAEA 38I

di produzionecoloniale," whereas another is presentedunder the heading "ceramicabuccheroide," along with similar kantharoi fired gray (reduced); a bandedkantharos of exactlythe sameshape is publishedas a Greek import.35AS1 three vessels share a commonPeloponnesian pedigree. The distributionof Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery in manyparts of SouthItaly and Sicily, as well as in Ithake,Epeiros, and other parts of 35. SeeBasento, p. 132,fig. 71; p. 158,no. 107;pp. 172-173,nos. 135- the Greekmainland (Fig. 3), andperhaps as farafield as Melita(Malta) 137;these are discussed more fully andNorth Africa (see below), points to a morecomplex reality than one in belowunder Incoronata. whichcolonists carry with them domestic chattels from their homeland. 382 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Indeed,a numberof scholarshave recently attempted to explainsuch movementsof commoditiesand peopleby lookingbeyond traditional motivessuch as the "spectres of over-population,land shortage, and states withcommercial policies."36 Alternative models stress "private enterprise," activeintervention and response against the backdrop of a growingworld- system,and many more subtle and fluid avenues, allowing for mobility of peopleand ideas, not just commodities.37 In the historicperiod the phenomenonof Greekstraveling and set- tlingoverseas is not a unifiedmovement that can be reducedto simple factors.38The storyis complexand fascinating, one of multiplediasporas in theMediterranean and Black Seas that should not be seensolely in the lightof othercolonizations, particularly European colonizations from the 16ththrough 20th centuries A.C.39 In recentyears the process of thefoun- dationof anyGreek foreign settlement has increasingly come to be seen not as a "foundationd'une colonie," but rathera "formationd'une polis d'outre-mer."40At the sametime it is importantto stressthat the pattern seenin SouthItaly and Sicily is not solelythe result of the questfor land. Resourceexploitation as opposedto territorialexpansion leaves a notably differentimprint on thelandscape and on thematerial record. Its effectis moreelusive, particularly when the resource driving colonization frequently doesnot survivein the archaeologicalrecord. In additionto humanbod- ies,such commodities include some ofthe most critical economic resources: textiles,livestock and pelts, metal ores, timber, grain, oil, alcohol "soft things,"as Robin Osborne calls them.4l Perhaps the most radical response 36. Osborne1998, p. 268. 37. See,among others, Osborne to the modelof"colonization" has come from Osborne, who has argued 1998,pp. 267-268; Sherratt and thatthe veryterm is unsuitablefor Greeksettlement in the Westin the Sherratt1993, esp. pp. 374-375. See 8thand 7th centuriess.c.42 He states: furtherBurkert 1984; Purcell 1990; Morris1992a; 1992b, pp. xvii-xviii. Talkof whetheror not therewas "trade before the flag"is inappro- 38. Boardman1994, p. 147. 39. Purcell1997; see further priate,not becausetalk of tradeis anachronistic,but because there Hordenand Purcell 2000; Lyons and wasno flag.A properunderstanding of Archaic Greek history can Papadopoulos2002. onlycome when chapters on "Colonization"are eradicated from 40. Luraghi1996. bookson earlyGreece.43 41. Osborne1998; see furtherLyons andPapadopoulos 2002. 42. Osborne1998, pp. 267-268. apoikia, Whateverthe reasonsbehind the formationof anyGreek as 43. Osborne1998, pp. 268-269. PeregrineHorden and Nicholas Purcell have stressed, there is noreason to A relatedissue is raisedby Niemeyer seekspecial (and, still less, apologetic) explanations for the overseas settle- (1990a,p. 50), who arguesthat the mentof so manyGreeks in theArchaic period, any more than for Athe- historyof the firstGreeks in the Far niancleruchies, Roman coloniae, or Venetianand Genoese settlements in Westhas been obscured by later thelater Middle Ages: "The establishment of cash-cropproduction in the Greeks,who couldnot conceiveof Greekpresence anywhere but in the landscapeof the Hellenicoverseas settlement is one of the moreradical termsthat were established in their andintrusive dislocations in Mediterraneanagrarian history."44 Moreover, owntime (i.e., polis and apoikia). sucha dislocationin the Mediterraneanis perhaps most visible archaeo- 44. Hordenand Purcell 2000, logicallyat Metapontionand, in the contextof Greekliterary tradition, p. 286. bestencapsulated in thefabulous stories of agriculturalsuccess at Sybaris, 45. Hordenand Purcell 2000, p. 286. Forthe choraof Metapontosee, bothAkhaian apoikiai.45 It is againstthis broaderperspective of Greek mostrecently, Carter 1994; 1998. For overseastravel and settlement bothreal and imagined, historic and pre- Sybarisand the literarytradition see historic thatone aspect of the materialrecord is exploredhere. Callaway1950. \ ,, ,, \ \ t ^ , , \ , ,,

MAGNA ACHAEA 383

THE AKHAIAN KANTHAROS IN ITS HOME REGION46

Akhaiain Herodotos'sday was a regionthat had twelve divisions and cities (Fig.3). The relevantpassage in Herodotosis worthquoting in filll:

Cnvn ev ys sto@mstoos txvxvos, ZETa8e A'cyepa xat Atyat, ev q Ktoa0tc,soxaZoc, astvaoc, scct, as' oxcv o ev 'ITaRtnsoxaZoc,

To ouvoZa soXe, xat rovtoa xax etTXN, sc, rrv xaxeguyov Ixwec, vzo'Axaxxv,uag scece0evxeg,xat A'cytovxat'Pv=ec, xat Haxtosec,

xat 4?atosec,xax"QXevoc,, ev xx IlextoogsoxaZoc, Zeyac, soTt, xat lvv,uNxat TtosaCec,, o' ,uouvotTovxxv Cooyaxot oXgoucex.TavTa , , , . , \ \ , . . . dv8Cxa Ctosa vvv AxaLXv CoTCXat Toe ys Ixvxv Nv.

Pellenenearest to Sikyon,then Aigeira and Aigai, where the never- failingriver Krathis flows, and from which the riverin Italytook its name;Boura and Helike, where the Ioniansfled when they were defeatedin battleby theAkhaians; Aigion, Rhypes, Patrai and Pharai,and Olenos, where is the greatriver Peiros; Dyme and Tritaia,the onlyinland city of allthese; these were the twelve divisionsof the Ionians,as theyare now of theAkhaians.47

As alreadystressed, one of the mostcritical problems facing the study of Akhaianpottery, its production,distribution, and circulation within its homeregion, in Greecegenerally, as well as in the West,is the lackof systematicexcavations and thoroughpublication of materialfrom sites in the northwestPeloponnese. Until the Late Geometricand Archaic levelsof the majorAkhaian city-states are explored, particularly Helike,48 thetraditional "motherland" of Sybaris, our understanding of the material cultureof the regionmust remain incomplete. Moreover, Herodotos's accountof the twelveAkhaian cities raises the possibilitythat whatI referto as Akhaianpottery may have been produced at morethan one center.

46. The potterydrawings presented Earlier,however, in Polybios2.41.7, in this sectionand in the annotatedlist Aigai,Rhypes, Helike, and Olenos thatfollows derive from different haddisappeared. For a morerecent sourcesand, as such,are not consistent overviewof the topographyof Aigia- in the mannerof illustration.For leia,see the commentsin Katsono- furtherinformation on the pottery poulou1998a. For a discussionof illustratedin this study,the readeris localizedvariations, see Morganand referredto the originalpublications. Hall 1996. 47. Hdt. 1.145;in listingthe 48. Forthe mostrecent account Akhaiancities, I havefollowed closely of the firstexcavation at Helike,see the textof Herodotos;cf. the slightly Katsonopoulou1998b. For the geo- differentorder of divisionsgiven in logicaland related studies that led to Anderson1954, p. 73.The list is the locationof the site,see Soterand repeatedin exactlythe sameorder, be- Katsonopoulou1998, and other spe- ginningwith Pelleneand ending with cialistcontributions in Katsonopoulou, Tritaia,in Strab.8.385-386 (8.7.4). Soter,and Schilardi 1998. 384 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Untilrecently, systematic excavations of EarlyIron Age sites in Akhaia wererare, although those at Aigeiraand Ano Mazaraki(Rakita) are im- portantexceptions.49 Alongside these excavations are the considerable sal- vagefinds from Aigion, and the resultsof the surveyconducted by the Centerfor Greek and Roman Antiquity of the NationalResearch Foun- dation(KERA) and the Ephoreiaof Prehistoricand Classical Antiquities of Patras(EPKA).50 This important fieldwork will go a longway in filling a gapin ourknowledge of earlyGreece, particularly of early colonization, andhas the potentialto shedlight on the historyof Sybarisand other citiesin SouthItaly. Despite recent advances, the quantityof Geometric andArchaic material from the regionis not great.Michalis Petropoulos andA. D. Rizakisremarked as recentlyas 1994in referenceto the survey of the coastalarea of Patrasthat "unlike the Mycenaean,the Geometric periodis almostunknown, there being a scarcityof archaeologicalfinds.... It is paradoxicalyet perhaps true that Archaic sites are less numerous than the Geometric.''51 Therelative dearth of physicalevidence impedes a moredetailed analysis of the Geometricand Archaic pottery of Akhaia,particularly in terms of the diachronicdevelopment of the ceramicrepertoire on the basisof stratigraphy,aswell as the fimdamental issue of isolatingindividual work- shopswithin the region. The studyof claysources and the visual, as well as scientific,determination of potteryfabrics in Akhaia,Elis, parts of north- ernArkadia, as well as in Aitolia,Akarnania, and parts of neighboring Phokisand Lokris, are still in theirinfancy. The natureof the materialis suchthat it imposeslimits on what can be saidwith certainty, and many of thestatements made in thefollowing pages will require amendment, if not completerevision, as newevidence comes to light. Thefollowing section is intendedto summarize,albeit selectively, what canbe saidabout the pottery from Akhaia and adjacent lands on thebasis of excavatedfinds. As with manyother regions of the Greekworld, the Akhaianceramic repertoire is richand varied. Many different shapes were producedand some exported. These include jugs and other closed vessel forms,kraters, and even an idiosyncratic tall stamnos, referred to asa"pithos" (seebelow),52 but these are generally more difficult to identifyoutside the northwestPeloponnese and the adjacentarea on the northside of the CorinthianGulf, especially when fragmentary. The most distinctive shape

49. Morgan1991, pp.135-141, esp. excavationsat Ano Mazaraki,see 1992;Petropoulos and Rizakis 1994; 136;see alsoMorgan 1986; 1988; Petropoulos1987-1988; 1992-1993; alsoPapagiannopoulos 1990. For the Morganand Hall 1996.For an 1996-1997;see alsothe preliminary choraof Patrassee esp.Petropoulos importantoverview of archaeological reporton the bronzeand iron weapons 1991.This surveyhas produced a range workin the region,see Petropoulos in Gadolou1996-1997. The pottery of monochromewares that bear some 1990;for a summaryof"rural" cult sites fromAno Mazarakiis beingstudied by similaritywith Eleian,for which see in Akhaiaand Aitolia, see Houby- AnastasiaGadolou. below. Nielsen2001. For Aigeira see refer- 50. Fora usefulsummary of the 51. Petropoulosand Rizakis 1994, encesin Morgan1991, pp. 152-155, rescueexcavations at Aigion,see pp. 195, 197. 157,ns.24,33, 43, 44,64; see esp. Katsonopoulou1998a, pp. 31-38; the 52. See Robertson1948, pp. 72-74, Alzingeret al. 1985;Alzinger, Gogos, overviewin Papakosta1991 is funda- pl.27, no. 401;Benton 1953, p.302, andTrummer 1986; Alzinger, Lan- mental.Note alsoannual reports in pl.52, no. 859;for the variousnames schutzer,Neeb, and Trummer 1986; ArchDelt,esp. Petsas 1974; Papazoglou- givento this distinctiveshape, which Gogos1986-1987; note also the Manioudaki1989; Papakosta 1990. For is mostcommon in Crete,see Papa- commentsin Bammer1998. For the the KERA/EPKAsurvey see Rizakis dopoulos1998. MAGNA AC HAEA 385

in theAkhaian potters' repertoire is thevertical-handled kantharos and it is this shapethat is mostuseful for tracking the distributionof Akhaian exports.There are two broadvarieties of what I referto as Akhaian kantharoi,the bandedand the plainmonochrome. Far more problematic is the questionof Akhaianskyphoi, or horizontal-handleddrinking vessels,especiallysince this involves the contentious provenance oftheThapsos class,and in manyways I do notwant to confusethe issue by revisiting the debateover the provenance(s) of the Thapsos class.53 Consequently, horizontal-handledpots skyphoiand cups arenot included in the present study,even though some may prove to beAkhaian or influenced by Akhaian vessels.54 In the piecesthat I haveseen from Akhaia, as well as thosevessels foundin Italythat I presumeto be Akhaianimports, the standardclay employedis fine,fairly well levigated, and with few visible impurities; oc- casionallythere are small white inclusions, especially on larger,thicker- walledvessels. There is no micato speakof, thoughin somecases the odd speckof surfacemica might be observed.The colorof the claybody and reservedsurfaces can vary according to the conditionsof firing,but it is characteristicallybrown. It is, mostcommonly, in therange of lightbrown (7.5YR6/4), sometimescloser to reddishyellow (7.5YR 6/6) or,in paler examples,approaching 7.5YR 7/6 on theMunsell scale. The paintis usu- allyof good quality,often lustrous, and sometimeswith a pronounced metallicsheen, though a mattsurface can occur. The metallicquality of thepaint was remarked on fiftyyears ago by Robertsonin his description of someprobable Akhaian imports to Ithake(see below).55 The paintcan firea goodblack, thinning to variousshades of brownwhere more dilute; occasionallya two-tone black and brown combination is found.In some casesthe colorof the paintcan be a reddishbrown, usually dark, some-

53. AlthoughI firmlybelieve that mostrecent publication of Geometric scrutinyof fabric.So numerousis this Corinthcreated and produced potteryfrom Corinth, the rarityof class,however, particularly in theWest, Thapsos-classvessels, I do not believe Thapsos-classpottery continues to be a thatit requiresits ownstudy, which is thatall Thapsos-class pottery is strikingfeature; see Pfaff1999, p.59, wellbeyond the aimsof thispaper. A1- Corinthian,and too littleis knownof n. 7, pp.64,99, fig.31 (a solitary thoughit is impossibleto presenthere a Akhaianpottery to dismissAkhaia as a fragment);see furtherWilliams 1983, completelist of problematicpieces in possiblesource for someof these p. 144.There are only five fragments of Italy,some of the skyphoifrom Sybaris skyphoi.For discussion see Coldstream Thapsos-classpottery at nearby andKroton, both of whichare Akhaian 1968,pp.102-104; 1998a, p. 327; Isthmia;see IsthmiaVIII, pp. 131,272- colonies,as well as thosefrom nearby Bosana-Kourou1980; 1984; Dehl 277. ForThapsos-classvessels in Italy LokroiEpizephyrioi and its vicinity, 1984,pp.44-48 (Thapsos-class andSicily see, e.g., d'Agostino 1979, cannotall be Corinthian.See espe- skyphoi),pp.58-63 (Thapsos-class pp.63-64, fig.36, nos.2-3; Byvanck ciallySabbione 1984, various examples kraters).See alsoDehl 1983;Benson 1959,p. 70, fig. 1;Vallet and Villard illustratedon pp.253-258 (classifiedas 1989,esp. pp. 16-17;and, most 1952,pp.334,336,338, figs.8-11. For Thapsosand Corinthian, from Kroton), recently,Morgan 1997, pp.325-326; the original"Thapsos skyphos" from 260-265 (Kroton,locally produced IsthmiaVIII, pp.272-275. Neeft's Thapsos,see Orsi1895a, esp. cols.103- skyphoi,including wasters),286,290, suggestionthat Thapsos-class 104,pl.4, no.16. fig.36, pp.292-293 (variousskyphoi skyphoi or at leastsome of them- 54. It is clearthat not all of the fromSanto Stefano di Grotteria).In wereproduced somewhere west of slyphoiin MagnaGraecia classified as additionto the numerousThapsos and Corinth,still has much to commendit; belongingto the "Thapsosclass" are relatedskyphos types that are published see Neeft 1981.For elemental analysis Corinthian.Many have been desig- in SibariI-IV, see Guzzo1984, various of Thapsos-classskyphoi, see Grimanis nated,whether rightly or wrongly,as exampleson p.244, fig.9, p.245, et al. 1980a;1980b; also Deriu, localproducts, often on the basisof fig. ll,n.55. Buchner,and Ridgway 1986. In the shapeand decoration, without closer 55. Robertson1948, pp.105, 109. !@>s2e> | @,

386 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

a b Figure4 Olympia,bronze timeswith a maroontinge. The paintnormally adheres well, although Kantnarol. bcale 1:y. M. Plnnerty, atter OlympivIV, pL 35:67>671 brushmarks can be seenon somevessels, especially on the interior. Slightly morevariation occurs in the firedcolor of the clayand paint among the plainer,monochrome vessels, with a widerrange of reddishbrown and red thanis commonon thebanded vessels. The kantharosis a standardvessel shape in westernGreece generally, sufficientlydifferent from Corinthian versions to avoidconfusion in the majorityof cases.56Universally popular as a dedicationin sanctuariesor as anoffering to thedead, the kantharos enjoys a longhistory in theregion.57 Nowhereis this moreclear than in the discovery,some time ago, of two bronzekantharoi in the sanctuaryat Olympia(Fig. 4);58 one of theseis engravedwith horizontal bands on thebody and rim (Fig. 4:a), while the handlesof the other(Fig. 4:b) are surmounted by three-dimensionalfig- uresof horses,dated by Adolf Furtwangler as no earlierthan the 6thcen- turys.c.59 Their shape, however, is thatof the LateGeometric and Early Archaicclay kantharoi, especially those of the 7th centurys.c. Althoughit couldbe arguedthat the bronze vessels provide an imme- diatemetallic model for the kantharoi in clay,it is importantto remember thatthe kantharosenjoys a longhistory in terracottain Mycenaeanand ProtogeometricAkhaia,60 as do othervertical-handled Bronze Age vessel

56. See the discussionof the Early PartI of the publicationof bronze Helladickantharoi), and esp. the so- Proto corinthian kantharo s in Cold- vesselsfrom Olympia (OlForsch XX); called"deep bowls with vertical han- stream1968, p.107 (withn.9); the ves- the horses(or animals)on the handles dles,"such as p. 154,fig. 178:c-d; sel is comparativelyrare, always illy of OlympiaIV, pl. 35, no. 671,were also p. 243, fig.267:c (with full discussion glazed,and usually on the smallside. not includedin Zimmermann's(1989) in vol. 1, p. 115).The latterare not 57. Coldstream1968, pp.221-232; definitivestudy of Geometricbronze common,and are represented in Myce- Coldstream1977, pp.180-184. horses. naeanAkhaia by onlytwo examples: 58. OlympiaIV, pl.35, nos.670 and 60. Forthe Mycenaeanform gen- one fromTeichos Dymaion (the habit- 671. erally,see Furumark1972, p. 60, fig. 16, ationsite at Paralimni),the othersaid 59. OlympiaIV, p. 96; see further variousexamples; for Mycenaean ver- to comefrom Kangadi; see Papado- OlForschVIII, p.165, n.94. The horses sionsin Akhaiasee Papadopoulos poulos1978-1979, vol. 1, p. 115, certainlylook post-Geometric in style. 1978-1979,vol. 2, pp.28-29, figs 48:b- ns. 58-64; notealso the vertical- Bronzekantharoi were not includedin e, 49:a-b(for Early and Middle handledkrater, p. 150,fig. 174:d, MAGNA AC HAEA 387

forms,such as the stemmedkylix.6l Related clay kantharoi of theArchaic periodare commonelsewhere in the Peloponnese,particularly in the Argolid,as wellas in Lakonia,Messenia, and other areas,62 while related miniatureunglazed kantharoi are commonly found in a varietyof votive contextsin Greece,South Italy, and Sicily.63 Of all of these,the Argive kantharoiare perhaps closest in shapeto thoseof Akhaia,but their rims areusually taller and the decorationand fabric quite different.64 Elis, as wellas coastalareas on the northside of the CorinthianGulf, including Aitolia,parts of Akarnania,and coastal Phokis and Lokris, has yielded kantharoiand other vessel forms identical or very similar to thoseof Akhaia proper.65Judging by minor differences of shape,paint, and fabric, many of theseare locally made, but others may be imported.As notedabove, it is impossibleto statewith certainty whether these vessels were produced in a p.240, fig.264:c.Vertical-handled Heraion);Cook 1953, pp. 42-45, p. 412, pl. 71, no. 4802 (withfurther bowls(kantharoi) and kraters are figs. 17-18, pl. 19, esp.nos. B4 andB6 references). extremelycommon in Mycenaean (Mycenae,the Agamemnoneion); 64.This connectionbetween Kephallenia;see Marinatos 1932, TirynsI, p. 102,fig.38,no.204 Akhaiaand the Argolidmay well pls.4-5,nos. 1,3,6,8,9,17-18;pls.9- (Tiryns);Kosmetatou 1996, p. 119, representan IronAge remnantof the 11, nos. 138-139,141,149,151,153, fig.5 (Midea);Wells, Ekroth, and BronzeAge driveof the Argive 157,165;Marinatos 1933, p.82, fig.26, Holmgren1996, pp. 196-200,figs. 8-9, Akhaiansto the westthat Vermeule no.A3; p. 83, fig.29 (right).For more 12, nos.3, 5-6, 14-15 (Berbativalley). (1960,p. 20) cogentlydescribes. recentbibliography on Mycenaean ForLakonia see, e.g., Wace and 65.The kantharoifrom Elis, potteryfrom Akhaia, see above,n.26. Hasluck1904-1905, p. 83, figs.2-3; includingOlympia and Eleian Pylos, ForAkhaian Protogeometric, see p. 85, fig. 6 (variousexamples, top row); arediscussed more fillly below. A full Coldstream1968, pp.220-223, pl. 48 Droop1929, p. 57, fig. 31:h.For list of relatedvessels from Aitolia, (fromDerveni), and other examples Messeniasee, e.g., Valmin 1938, partsof Akarnania,as well as coastal discussedbelow. In Desborough's pp.456-458, fig. 93, nos.4-18, cf. Phokisand Lokris, is beyondthe scope seminalstudy of Protogeometric nos. 19-21, pl. 37:c,e-g. At least40 of the presentstudy. For published pottery,there were no examplesof moreor less completeexamples were examplessee, e.g., Mastrokostas 1963, AkhaianEarly Iron Age potteryknown foundat theTemple of Pamisosat p. 184,pl. 212:a(Palaiomanina); Ben- to him;see Desborough1952 AgiosFloros, with fragments from at ton 1931-1932,p. 239, fig. 20, nos. 1, (Zapheiropoulos'sfirst preliminary leasttwice as many.The kantharoiare 2, 4 (Kryoneri);see thesereferences publicationof Akhaianpottery all miniatureor small,ranging in height alsofor Aitolia and Akarnania (for a appearedin the sameyear as from0.028 to 0.086 m, andalmost all generaloverview, with bibliography, of Desborough'smonograph). hadtraces of blackpaint. For other Aitoliaand Akarnania from the 61. Coldstream1998a, p.323, regions,such as Elis,see below.Cf. the Palaeolithicto the Geometricperiods, considersthe Mycenaeanstemmed relatedmonochrome kantharos of the see Berktold1996). For Phokis and kylixas the immediatepredecessor of Archaicperiod, in localgray fabric, Lokris,seeFdDV.l,p. 136,fig.512 the EarlyIron Age kantharos;for the fromthe cemeteryat AgiaParaskevi (Delphi),and, for related jugs: Lerat kylixin MycenaeanAkhaia, see (Thessalonike);Vokotopoulou 1985, 1938,p. 216, fig. 13, no. 6 (bottom Papadopoulos1978-1979, vol. l, p. 156,pl. 14:1(middle). row,middle); cf. alsothe jug FdD V.1, pp.117-ll9;vol.2,p.155,fig.179: 63. Forthe ubiquitousminiature p. 137,fig. 527; Vatin 1969, p. 70, c-i, p.245, fig.269.The Mycenaean type,see, e.g., Droop 1929, p. 107, fig. 76, no. B 2 (=Themelis 1984, stemmedkylix is alsovery common in fig. 82:f-h;also, some kantharoi lp. 218, fig. 4 [bottom])from Medeon; Kephallenia;see Marinatos1932, pls.6, illustratedby Valmin1938, esp. the Themelis1984, p. 235, fig.30 (left), 12 (numerousexamples); Marinatos smallerexamples, such as p. 457, fromGalaxeidi; also three related 1933,p. 79, fig.21 (left);p.80, fig.23; fig. 93, nos.9, 15, 18, pl. 37:c,e (with bandedjugs: Themelis 1984, p. 235, p.82,fig.26,nos.A6,A9;p. 85,fig.32, additionalparallels listed on p. 458); figs.30 (right),31. Forfurther dis- nos.r3, r8. PerachoraII, p. 321, pl. 124,nos. 3354, cussionof the cemeteryat Galaxeidi 62. Forthe Argolidsee, e.g., Papa- 3355;Orsi 1933, p. 123,fig. 88 (various andthe potteryfrom the tombs,see christodoulou1969, p. 132,pl. 76 examples);Lo Porto1981, pp. 312- Morgan1990, pp. 254-256. Note also (Argos,Kourtaki); Caskey and 314, fig. 23, nos.3, 7, 17-20;see also the kraterfrom Antilyra (Themelis Amandry1952, p.196, pl.53, no. l99; p. 315, fig.24, no.2; Spadea1996, 1984,pp. 221-222, fig. 8, pl. l:a), cf. alsop. 195,pl.53, no. 194 (Argive p. 124,nos. 132-147;Dehl 1995, discussedin moredetail below. 388 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

workshop,or workshops, in Akhaiaand from there distributed over neigh- boringareas, or whether the stylisticsimilarity indicates the existence of a ceramickoine.66 It is evenpossible that the similarityin potterystyle was theresult of itinerantpotters moving across the region, or potters relocat- ing on a morepermanent basis.67 I know of no publishedkiln sites of the period,nor of anycomprehensive program of elementalanalyses of the claysof the region. Despitethe lack of comprehensivelypublished material from systematicexcavations in Akhaia,enough material has been published to define themain characteristics of the kantharos and trace its chronologicaldevelopment.68In orderto illustratethe generalform, I assembleand discuss belowa few typicalexamples of publishedkantharoi, particularly of the late8th and7th centuriesB.C., manyof whichhave been previously dealt withby Coldstream and others. The account that follows does not pretend to be a comprehensiveoverview. Rather it summarizes,in a highlyselec- tivemanner, a few well-knownfinds in mainlandGreece as a necessary introductionto thematerial from South Italythat is thefocus ofthis study. Figures5 and6 shownot onlythe similarity of kantharoifrom Greece and SouthItaly, but demonstrate that many are virtually indistinguishable. The kantharosillustrated in Figure5, which is typicalof Akhaianand Akhaian- stylein Greece,was found in thePeloponnese; the fragments assembled in Figure6, somewith added white (see below), are from Francavilla Marittima in SouthItaly. The kantharoiin Figures5 and6 canbe assignedto the7th centuryB.C. All sharethe same shape, painted details, and withoutaid of elementalanalysis appearto be of a similarfabric. The LateGeometric and Archaic examples of the kantharoifollow directlyfrom the earlier, so-called Protogeometric kantharoi of theregion, especiallythose from Derveni (ancient Keryneia?) in Akhaia,Pleuron in Aitolia,and from the regionof Agrinionin Akarnania,discussed in de- tail, respectively,by Coldstream,Dekoulakou, and the late IouliaVo- kotopoulou.69There is also some relatedearly materialfrom Elis, includinga Protogeometrickantharos from a pithosburial at Salmone.70

66. Sucha ksine neednot be con- phaseof AkhaianGeometric is to a nopoulou1998a, pp. 38-41. ForPleu- finedto the politicalterritory of any largeextent based on the materialfrom ron,see Dekoulakou1984, pp. 220-224, givenregion. Defining"Akhaia" as a the excavationsconducted by Zapheir- figs. 1-12; see alsoDekoulakou 1975, politicalor evenethnic entity is not opoulos(1952; 1956). More recent pls.302-303. See furtherStavropoulou- straightforward;Morgan and Hall findsare presented in Dekoulakou Gatsi1986, esp. the kantharoi:p. 115, (1996),who haveadmirably collected the 1984. fig. 8, pl. 38:yand pp. 119-120, pl. 38:ax. literaryevidence on the poleisof Archaic 69. ForDerveni, see Coldstream The potterysaid to be fromthe "region andClassical Akhaia, stress the geo- 1968,pp.221-223, pl. 48 (= Vermeule of Agrinion"is in the collectionof graphicaland cultural heterogeneity of 1960,16-17, pl.5, figs.38-40);see also M. I. Oikonomouand was published in the regionthat later formed the Akhaian Desborough1972, pp.248-250, pl.58. Vokotopoulou1971, pp. 74-76 (kan- ethnos.See alsoOsanna 1996a. Cf. alsothe "gravegroup," said to be tharoi);note also the vertical-handled 67. See Papadopoulos1997b; also fromthe northernPeloponnese, now in amphoriskoiwith handles from shoulder Denoyelle1996. Mainz,published in Hampeand Simon to lip. See alsoDesborough's overview of 68. Seeesp. Coldstream 1968, 1959,pp. 12-15, figs.1-10, pl.3; the this materialin Desborough1972, pp.22s232, who listsand discusses groupis furthernoted in Desborough pp.248-250. significantgroups of WestGreek 1964,p. 265. Forthe locationof 70.The Salmonegrave is discussedin Protogeometric,Late Geometric I, and ancientKeryneia, see Anderson 1953, Morgan1990, p. 238 (withreferences); LateGeometric II. Coldstream'slater esp.p. 154 (withreferences); Katso- see alsoDesborough 1972, p. 250. MAGNA ACHAEA 389

Figure5 (left). Akhaianbanded kantharosfrom the northwest The dateof the westernGreek "Protogeometric" continues to be prob- Peloponnese,Athens, National lematic,but the general style appears to beperhaps as late as ca. 750 B.C. or Museum,inv. 26249. Photo author so, accordingto the conventionalchronology.71 Similarly problematic are theearlier stages of theLate Geometric period. By 1968,Coldstream was Figure6 (righf).Francavilla unableto listeven a singlesignificant Late Geometric I group from Akhaia, Marittima,fragments of banded althoughhe did discussseveral deposits of the periodfrom Volimedia in kantharoi,some with addedwhite Messenia,Aetos in Ithake,and Palaiomanina in Akarnania.72 decoration.Photo author Morerecently, Dekoulakou has attempted to fill the gapbetween a notional"Protogeometric" style and the Late Geometric period by assigning a numberof vesselsfrom different tombs in Akhaiato an Earlyand MiddleGeometric phase.73 Thus, the materialfrom a pithostomb from Aigion,including a monochromekantharos (Fig. 7) andtwo jugs,was assignedto the EarlyGeometric period.74 Dekoulakou also assigned ves- selssuch as the decoratedkantharos from Pithos Tomb 2 at Drepanon,a kantharoswith a tremulousline approachinga zigzag on the rimfrom Valmantouranear Pharai (Fig. 8), and a monochromekantharos from Priolithosnear Kalavryta to a periodshe refers to as the endof the Early Geometricstyle in Akhaia.7sHer dating of thesevessels to the middleof the 9th centuryB.C., however,seems too high.76Whatever their precise date,these pots, taken together, define some of the salientfeatures of AkhaianGeometric. They also establishthe existenceof the banded and monochromekantharos, alongside kantharoi with morecomplex

Protogeometricmaterial elsewhere in pl. 212:a;the materialfrom Volimedia 1984,pp. 226-228, fig. 18.The Prio- Elis hasbeen recorded from ancient is publishedin detailin Coulson1988. lithoskantharos was found in the same Elis andAgios Andreas (Pherai); see 73. Dekoulakou1984, pp. 224-228. tombwith a Geometriclekythos- Morgan1990, pp. 235-239. See also 74. Dekoulakou1984, pp. 227-228, oinochoe:Mastrokostas 1968, pl. 156:8; the so-calledSubmycenaean pottery figs.15-17; the dateis discussedon Dekoulakou1984, p. 227. fromPherai: Morgan 1990, p. 238; pp.224-225. A verysimilar mono- 76. An 8th-centuryB.C. datefor Gialouris1957, p. 38, fig.4. The fullest chromekantharos from a tombin the thismaterial seems more reasonable. In accountsare now Eder and Mitso- townof Eliswas recently published and dealingwith this chronology,Morgan poulos-Leon1999; Eder 1999. discussedin Ederand Mitsopoulos- cogentlyargued that the notional"gaps" 71. See the chronologicalchart in Leon 1999,cols. 9-10, fig. 3. in the sequencehave more to do with Coldstream1968, p. 330;1977, p. 385, 75. Forthe Drepanonkantharos see the inapplicabilityof a terminology andassociated discussion. Dekoulakou1973, pp. 16, 19-20, fig. 1 thatwas created largely on the basisof 72. Coldstream1968, p. 223;1977, (topright), pl. IA:my;Dekoulakou Attic andother sequences. See various p. 185;for Palaiomaninasee further 1984,pp. 225-227; for the Valman- discussionsin Morgan1986; 1988; Mastrokostas1963, pp. 184-185, tourakantharos see Dekoulakou 1991. 39o JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure7. Aigion,monochrome kantharos.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after Dekoulakou1984, p. 228, fig. 17 decoration,in Akhaiaat a timebefore the traditionaldate of the foundation of the westernGreek colonies. More than this, these vessels collec- tivelyshow virtually no influencefrom Corinth at this early stage. Indeed, thevery rarity of thekantharos in contemporaryCorinth suggests that any influencemay have been in theopposite direction: from Akhaia perhaps evenfrom Ithake to Corinth.77 By the laterstages of the LateGeometric period whatColdstream refersto asWest Greek Late Geometric II78 thebanded and monochrome kantharosis ubiquitous in Akhaiaand Aitolia. Figure 9 illustratesa banded kantharosfrom Pharai Grave a (A7);79a related kantharos was found in PharaiGrave ,3 (B4).8° In additionto these,Pharai Grave y containeda bandedkantharos (r3) andanother decorated in a morecomplex manner (rl), aswell as a proportionatelybroader and more squat kantharos decoratedwith Ss andwhirligigs between horizontal bands (r2).8l The tomb alsocontained three jugs of differentshapes (r4-r6) theirnecks and shoul- dersdecorated with a varietyof motifs,their bodies banded.82 A similar jug,along with a skyphosand two kantharoi one slenderand propor- tionatelytaller, the otherbroader and less deep werefound together in a tombat Phteriin Akhaia.83In describingthese vessels, Zapheiropoulos wasthe first to referto thetaller and more slender of thetwo kantharoi as "Akhaiantype" (xavEapog "axacxov" Tvsov).84 A morerounded jug, a kantharoidkrater, and two other kantharoi of"Akhaian type" were found

77. As Coldstream(1968, p. 102) figs.27-29) aswell as a bronzering by Zapheiropoulosto the secondhalf notes,all of the "Corinthian" andmany fragmentary iron obeloi. For of the 5th centuryB.C. (Zapheiro- kantharoi andmost of the skyphoi- thismaterial see Zapheiropoulos1952, poulos1952, p. 404);the remaining of the LateGeometric period belong to pp.401-403, figs. 8-12; two of the pyxis,associated with the kantharoi, theThapsos class. For further discus- decoratedkantharoi are more clearly is perhapsbetter accommodated in sionsee Dekoulakou1984; and above, illustratedin Coldstream1968, the 7th ratherthan the 8th centuryB.C. n.53. pl.50:c-d. 81. Zapheiropoulos1952, pp. 404- 78. Coldstream1968, pp. 228-232. 80. Zapheiropoulos1952, pp. 404- 407, figs.19-25. The broaderkantharos 79. Zapheiropoulos1952, pp.402, 405, fig.17 (= Coldstream1968, r2 is alsoillustrated in Coldstream 408, figs.10,26 (= Coldstream1968, p.228).The bandedkantharos from 1968,pl.50:e. pl.50:f). In additionto the illustrated Gravep (B4)was found in association 82.Two of thejugs are more clearly kantharos,Grave a containeda small, withtwo pyxidesand a pyxislid, as illustratedin Coldstream1968, flat-bottomedjug (A1),two banded well as two bandedkantharoi, one of pl.50:g-h;there were also a coupleof kantharoi(A2, A3), andthree other whichmay have been a one-handled associatedbronze rings. kantharoi(including the talland deep cup;see Zapheiropoulos1952, pp.403- 83. Zapheiropoulos1956, pp.196- kantharos,A4) decoratedwith a variety 404, figs.13:2, 14-16, p. 405, figs.17- 197,pls. 90:, 91:a (mentionedin of motifs manyof which,including 18. One of the pyxidesand the pyxis Coldstream1968, p.228). figuresof fish (sharks?),were assembled lid areclearly later than the other 84. Zapheiropoulos1956, p. 196. by Zapheiropoulos(1952, pp. 409-410, vesselsin the tomb,and are dated MAGNA ACHAEA 39I

Figure8. Valmantoura,banded kantharos.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after Dekoulakou1984, p. 228, fig. 18

togetherby Zapheiropoulosin a tombsome 28 krnfrom Patras.85 Two similarkantharoi, both decorated with various motifs (Ss, whirligigs, tri- angles,Xs, horizontalbands), were found together with two jugs, a bowl with fenestratedstand, a Iyathos,and a horizontal-handledvessel in a builttomb, containing more than one burial,at the site of Troumbetis Chalandritsis.86Three other vessels-a bandedjug, a bowlwith ribbon handles(lekane), and a kraterwith reflex(combination horizontal and vertical)handles-from the same tomb were published earlier by Nikolaos Kyparissis.87In addition to allof thispottery from tombs, numerous fragmentsof bandedand monochrome kantharoi were discovered in a settle- mentcontext by Zapheiropoulosat Agios Georgios, near Pharai.88 Othervessels from Akhaia that are contemporary or nearlycontem- porarywithPharai Graves ay includeseveral base fragments oftall-footed kratersfrom Aigeira and a bandedjug from a pithosburial at Ano Kastritsi in Akhaia,similar in shapeand decoration to the twojugs from Aigion alreadynoted.89 The jug is filrthercompared to similarvessels from Eleian Pylos,Delphi, and Ithake.90 Also datingto the late 8th andearlier 7th centuriesB.C. area numberof othervessel forms, such as a pyxisfrom Aigionwith impressed decoration,9l and from Manesi, west of Kalavryta, a groupof vesselsincluding a lekanewith ribbon handles, with close parallelsfrom Sparta and Eleian Pylos; a hemisphericalbowl, similar to two

85. Zapheiropoulos1956, pp.197- top right-handcorner (three examples), burialas theThapsos-class skyphos, 198,pl.92:a-p (mentionedin Cold- whilea monochromekantharos is p. 230, figs.22-23. Fora similar stream1968, p.228). illustratedin the top row,second from pyxisfound at Delphi,see Amandry 86. Zapheiropoulos1956, pp.198- the left. 1944-1945, p.37, fig.3; forother 201, pls.93-94 (the kantharoiare 89. SeeAlzinger, Lanschutzer, vesselswith impressed decoration, illustratedon pls.94:oc2and 94:C; Neeb,and Trummer 1986, pp.327- see Papapostolou1982, pl.125: mentionedin Coldstream1968, 329, figs.118-119, nos. 1-2; Dekou- (fromRakita in Akhaia);Petro- p.228). lakou1984, pp.228-229, fig. 19. poulos 1987-1988, pl. I, figs.6-7; 87. Kyparissis1932, pp.83-85, 90. Forthese see Themelis 1967, Petropoulos1996-1997, esp.p. 192, figs.5-9. pl.251:oc-p;Lerat 1938, p.216, fig. 13, fig.20 (right).Similar pottery with 88. Zapheiropoulos1956, pp.195- no.6 (bottomrow, middle); Dekou- impresseddecoration is alsocommon 196,pl.89:D; banded kantharoi, lakou1984, p.228, ns.34-36. at the Archaicsanctuary of Artemisat identicalto manyfragmentary exam- 91. Dekoulakou1984, pp.228-230, Lousoi;see Schauer1996-1997, p.268, plesin SouthItaly, can be seenin the figs.20-21, foundin the samepithos figs.19-21. W-l

392 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS Ci-W)

Figure9 (lefi).Pharai, banded kantharos.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after in clayand one in bronzefrom Drepanon; a lentoid flask following eastern Zapheiropoulos1952, pp. 402, 408, figs. 10, Mediterraneanprototypes; and a cylindricalunguent bottle in localfabric 26,no.A7 but suggestiveof the Kreis-und Wellenbandstilcurved flasks of the east Aegean.92These vessels, along with various Corinthian imports, published Figure10 (right).Asani, banded andunpublished, provide a glimpseof foreignceramic merchandise and kantharos.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after influencescurrent in Akhaiaat this time, but the pattern is aneclectic one, Dekoulakou1984, p. 233, fig.30:ot- withno dominantstrand.93 A similarblend of indigenousand foreign influences can be seenin the potteryfrom a pithosburial at Asani,in ArkadianAzania, a region borderingAkhaia and indistinguishable from it on the basisof material culture.94The burial is contemporarywith, or slightly later than, the Manesi group,and is datedby Dekoulakouto the early7th centuryB.C. on the evidenceof an importedProtocorinthian aryballos found in the tomb.95 The northwestPeloponnesian character of the slenderbanded kantharos (Fig.10) is clearenough;96 this vessel, alongwith the kantharos from Pharai (Fig.9), mayserve as the diagnostictype for the AkhaianSubgeometric kantharoiin SouthItaly and Sicily. A cylindricalkantharos, decorated with manyof the motifs found on some of the Pharaikantharoi already discussed,reflects the strongholdof the kantharosshape in the local

92. Manesi,like Asani and Phlam- lentoidflask in EarlyIron Age Cyprus, morerecently, Morgan 1988. A fuller boura(Flaboura), now in the modern see Pieridou1973, p.105, shape15, understandingof suchinfluences more provinceof Akhaia,was in antiquity pl. 13:5-9;cf. p.103, shape10, pls.8:10, generallywill onlybe possibleonce the locatedin ArkadianAzania; see Petro- 9:1-2.The cylindricalbottle (Dekou- evidenceof ceramicsis consideredin the poulos1985; Morgan l999b; Dekoula- lakou1984, pp.230-231, figs.26,29, contextof otherimports, such as the metal- kou 1984,pp. 229-232, figs. 24-29. The bottomleft), the top of whichis not workfrom the shrineat Ano Mazaraki lekaneis comparedto thatin Cold- preserved,recalls the characteristicflasks (seeGadolou 1996-1997 for preliminary stream1968, pl. 46:h(= Droop1929, of the eastAegean, for which see Friis remarks)or the fibulaefrom Aigion (noted p. 61, fig. 34), fromthe sanctuaryof Johansen1958, p. l9, figs.22-23, in Morgan1998, with references).This is ArtemisOrthia; for related lekanai from pp.155-161;see furtherPithekoussai I, beyondthe scopeof the presentstudy. EleianPylos, see Coleman1986, pp. 40- p.25, nos.651-3, Sp. 11/2 (bothclassi- 94. Petropoulos1985; Morgan 43, ill. 7, pl. 27; for the Drepanonhemis- fiedas imports),and 271-10 (saidto be l999b, pp.419,453, n.258. phericalbowls, see Dekoulakou1973, a localimitation); Papadopoulos, 95. Dekoulakou1984, pp.232- p. 16, fig. 1, 4-III,6-IV, and for the Vedder,and Schreiber 1998, pp.525- 234, figs.30-34;the Protocorinthian bronzebowl, p. 17, fig. 2, 17-II.For 526, n.96. aryballosis illustratedin fig.34. Phoenicianlentoid and "pilgrim" flasks, 93. ForCorinthian imports see 96. Dekoulakou1984, p.233, see Culican1982, pp. 50-51; for the Dekoulakou1984, pp.228-231; and, fig.30:oc-D. MAGNA ACHAEA 393

Figure11. Phlamboura, banded kantharoswith decoration in added white.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after Mastro- kostas1968, pl. 155:p;Dekoulakou 1984, p. 234, fig. 35

repertoire.97Equally interesting is an oinochoewith tall slopingneck.98 Althoughit is of the samelocal fabric as the cylindricalkantharos, and shareswith it manyofthe same motifs, this vessel is based on the Phoenician metallicprototype of thetrefoil jug with tall and narrow sloping neck and a palmetteat the lowerhandle attachment, as Coldstreamsuggested.99 Relatedoinochoai, referred to asGiraJfenhalsAdnnchen, areknown at Olym- pia.l°°Vessels such as these,which display Phoenician influence and are fromthe mountainousinterior of the northernPeloponnese, provide a fleetingglimpse of the potentialimportance of citiessuch as Helike,lo- catedalong the CorinthianGulf, in thecultural exchange of commodities andideas within the region. Finally,special mention should be madeof a bandedkantharos, found in a pithostomb at Velvinikon,near the villageof Phlamboura,in the regionof Kalavryta(Fig. 11).1°l First published by Mastrokostas, the vessel representsa classicexample of the ArchaicAkhaian kantharos, best accommodatedin the later 7th century B.C. Thebody is largerand proportionatelybroader than the slenderbanded kantharos from Asani, and the vesselstands on a lowconical foot; its overallform is notunlike the earlier kantharosfrom Valmantoura mentioned above (Fig. 8). The kantharos fromPhlamboura is of furtherinterest as it preserves,on its upperbody andcentrally placed between the handles,a floralmotif in addedwhite

97. Dekoulakou1984, p.233, esp.pp. 331, 334, figs.1, 4. Forthe Coleman1986, pp.50-52, pl.34, fig.31:oc-p. Phoenicianclay jug withtrefoil rim, see no. C84.Among other eastern finds in 98. Dekoulakou1984, p.233, Moscati1988, p. 496 (fromAmathus, Akhaia,note the scarabfrom Rakita: figs.32-33. Tomb302), p. 712, nos.761-762. Cf. Papapostolou1982, p. 188,fig. 1. 99. See Coldstream1998a, pp.326- alsothe well-knownGreek Geometric 100. OlForschVIII, pp. llO-112, 327. Characteristicexamples in silver clayvessel from the "Warrior'sGrave" pl. 13, esp.nos. 1-3, mostnotably andbronze are published in Culican atTarquinia:Randall-MacIver 1924, no.3. 1976,pp. 83-84, figs.1-2, with full pp. 158-162,pl. 30:1;Blakeway 1932- 101.Mastrokostas 1968, pp.215- referencesin ns. 1-7; see alsoCulican 1933,p. 197,pl. 32, no. 78 (= Blakeway 216, pl.155:, inv.883;Dekoulakou 1968for further discussion of the type, 1935,pl. 21, no.A5). Forrelated 1984,pp.234-235, fig.35. ForPhlam- includingexamples in bronze,ivory, terracottajugs in Elis,see OlForsch bourasee furtherMorgan l999b, andclay; see furtherPrayon 1998, VIII,pl. 13, nos.1-3, cf. nos.4-5; pp.419,453, n.258. 394 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure12 (lefF,fop). Olympia, two paint;102very similar motifs in addedwhite appear on twokantharos frag- rim fragmentsof bandedkantharoi, mentsfrom Olympia (Fig. 12).1°3 Indeed, the useof addedcolor, includ- with decorationin addedwhite, inv. ing white andred, is particularlycommon in Elis, especiallyat Eleian K1344and K2907.Scale 1:2. P. Fin- Pylos.104Virtually identical motifs to thePhlamboura kantharos in added nerty,after Morgan 1990, p. 245, fig.23 whiteare found on a numberof fragmentarykantharoi at Megara Hyblaia (Fig.13) andat FrancavillaMarittima (Fig. 14) thatare imports (see be- Figure13 (lefF,boftom). Megara low). Hyblaia,rim fragment,banded kantharoswith decorationin added In Aitoliaand Akarnania, during the so-calledWest GreekProto- white. Scale1:2. P. Finnerty, after geometric,the publishedfinds mirror developments in Akhaia,particu- MegaraHyblaea II, pl. 160:4 larlyin the materialfrom Derveni, but there are also important idiosyn- craticdifferences. There is, however,very little published material to rely Figure14 (righf).Francavilla on, andthe informationthat can be drawnfrom this evidencehas been Marittima,body and rim fragments, summarizedby Coldstream.105The situationfor the LateGeometric and bandedkantharoi with decorationin EarlyArchaic periods is alsopoorly understood on thebasis of published addedwhite. CourtesyMuseo Archeo- finds,and it is idle to speculateuntil more material from this region,of logicodella Sibaritide, Sibari, photo author whichthere is no shortage,is published. To the east,in westernLokris and Phokis, the situationis somewhat different,and here the influence of Corinthis morereadily seen. The materialfrom sites such as Medeon, Antikyra, the Korykeion cave, Krisa, and Souvala(Polydroso) in Phokis,along with Amphissaand Galaxeidiin Lokris,as well as Delphi, tells a similarstory.l06 Alongside the locally pro- ducedplain pottery, much of whichis handmadeand has strong affinities withother regions of mainlandGreece, including Thessaly, as doesmuch

102.Mastrokostas 1968, pp. 215- pl. 61, no. 13. Mastrokostas1969, p. 320,pl. 228:r. 216,where the motifis describedas 104.Coleman 1986, pp.37, 41,51, See furtherDesborough 1972, pp. 247- follows:"'E(p' sxaxrtoaq xxv 6Qv 55, ills.6-7,10, 12, pl.25, C2, pl.28, 248. agovxov8Laxoo,uXxov 0r,ua Arvx6v, C48-C50,pl.29 (variousexamples), 106.Coldstream 1977, pp. 177-179; ouvaxa,urvovrx ,BaLv6vvr7rL rv0rLaq pl.31, C76-C79,pl.32, C110-112, the mostrecent and thorough over- CroyovS7rrt0Lyryt0a,u,urvxv (pvExv C118-C125. viewsof the regionremain Themelis zxaMrvxv spOg xa gx, rxagv xxv 105.Coldstream 1968, pp.220- 1984;Morgan 1990, pp. 248-253. For o7rov wap,BaBovxaL gvEapLa N 223; 1977,pp. 180-185.For the Late Mycenae an , Protogeo metric , 7rxaBa,'axS, ELrrBa." "Protogeometric"kantharos from Geometric,and Early Archaic Delphi 103.Morgan1990,p.245,fig.23, Kalydon,see Mastrokostas 1963, see,most recently, Maass 1996, nos.K2907 and K1344; OlBerX;I, p. 183,pl. 212:a,no. 1. Forthe "Proto- pp. 136-146,152-172. pl. 62, nos.1-2. Cf. alsoOlForsch V, geometric"krater from Pylene, see -w=

MAGNA ACHAEA 395

tb@- - 1 n

l -

- V

a b Figure15. a) Antilyra (Phokis), krater;b) Bitalemi(extramural of the metalwork,the vastmajority of the paintedwheelmade pottery is sanctuaryof Gela, Sicily),fragmen- Corinthianor Corinthian-inspired.There are, however, a growingnum- tarykrater. Scale 1:6. P. Finnerty, after berof whatappear to beAkhaian ornorthwest Peloponnesian imports (a)Themelis 1984, p. 221,fig. 8, pl. I:a; to theregion, especially at Medeon (b)Fiorentini and de Miro1984, p. 91, andGalaxeidi, or else material of simi- fig.81 larstyle made locally.l07 Specialmention must be made of a distinctivekrater found at Antilyra in Phokis(Fig. 15:a).l°8 In describingthe vessel,Petros Themelis noted thatdespite a certainCorinthian influence, the fabricand decoration are local.l09Thebands at the lower handle attachment, the lower wall painted solid,and the reservedface of the foot areall features shared by Akhaian bandedkantharoi. Similarly, the Ssarranged in groupson the upperbody area characteristicfound on manyLate Geometricand EarlyArchaic decoratedAkhaian vases. Also distinctive is themanner in which the deco- rativezone on theupper body is framedby"sausage" motifs; such motifs, whethercontinuous or opposed, are a standardfeature on pottery from the northwestPeloponnese and western Greece generally.ll° Having seen the kraterfirsthand, I am convinced that it is anAkhaian import to Antilyra, orof a localfabric that cannot be easilydistinguished visually from that of Akhaia.This, in itself,is not surprising,particularly in lightof othersuch importsto the region.What is perhapsmore surprising is thatin shape, decoration,and fabric, the krateris virtuallyidentical to anotherkrater, foundat Bitalemi, the extramural sanctuary of Gelain Sicily(Fig. 15:b).lll These two kratersare so similarthat theymust have derived from the sameworkshop, if not the handof a singlepotter.ll2

107.Themelis 1984, p 218, fig. 4 110.Robertson 1948, p. 104; but addsthe adjective"mysterious." (bottom)from Medeon (= Vatin1969, Coldstream1968, p. 396, pl. 49:£The 111.Fiorentini and de Miro1984, p. 70, fig. 76,Tomb 22, B 2); p.235, term"ugly sausage" or "sausage motif" was p. 91, fig. 81 (inv.20359). figs.30-31 (Galaxeidi). firstcoined by MartinRobertson (1948, 112. It is alsopossible that the 108.Themelis 1984, p.221, fig.8, p. 104)to describethe distinctiveItha- potter(s)relocated, rather than that the pl. I:a. kesiandecorative element; Coldstream potsmoved; see Papadopoulos1997b; 109.Themelis 1984, pp.221-222. (1968,p. 227) retainsthe term"sausage," Denoyelle1996. 396 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

a b Figure 16. Olympia:a) banded In Elis,Akhaia's neighbor to thesouth and west, the kantharos is also kantharos;b) monochrome the mostfavored drinking vessel in the Archaicperiod with a venerable kantharos.Courtesy Deutsches historyin thelocal repertoire. Indeed, there appears to be a convergencein ArchaologischesInstitut, Athens, kantharosshapes between these two regions.Banded and monochrome negs.OL 4615,OL 2306;OlBer VII, kantharoihave been found at a numberof sites,including Olympia. Sev- p. 125,fig. 68; OlBerIII, p. 38, fig.24 eralbanded kantharoi and at leastone monochromeexample found at Olympiaappear to be so closeto thosefrom Akhaia that they may even be imports(Fig. 16). Alternatively, the similarity between the kantharoi from Olympiaand Akhaia may suggest, as was noted above, that these neigh- boringregions were part of thesame ceramic koine, and it is clearthat both shareda strongwestward focus. Moreover, given the Panhellenic nature of the sanctuaryat Olympia,it is possiblethat someof the kantharoiare Akhaianimports, and others locally made, including both bandedand monochromekantharoi.ll3 As for differencesin fabricbetween the potteryof Akhaiaand Elis, I followColdstream in his cautiousreluctance to distinguishcategorically between individual vessels of thebroader region, particularlywhen shape and style are so similar.ll4 A bandedkantharos with figured representation (Fig. 17) is alsoknown fromOlympia,ll5 as well as the related fragments with decoration in added whitealready noted (Fig. 12). Both the banded and monochrome kantharoi occurin the standardshape found in Akhaia.So, too, doesthe banded kantharoswith the striding feline; what survives of thelower body is painted 113.For banded kantharoi, see solid(Fig. 17:a). There are three thin bands near the midpoint of theves- OlBer VII,p. 125,fig. 68. Cf. alsothe sel, immediatelybelow the handleattachment; three similar bands are kantharosin OlBerVII, p. 123,fig. 64, paintedon the rim,and another at the lip.The upperbody is framedon whichis verysimilar to one fromTocra eitherside of the handlesby "sausage"motifs; the reservedcenter of the (seebelow), and TocraI, p. 92, nos.993, 995. Formonochrome kantharoi, see upperbody, thus defined, is decoratedwith a felinemoving to theright, in OIBerIII,p.38,fig.24. addedwhite paint, with details picked out in black.This is oneof therare 114.Coldstream 1968, pp.220-232. examplesof Orientalizingfigured decoration in theArchaic pottery of the 115. OlympiaIV, pl.69, no. 1296; northwestPeloponnese. Other examples include a fishon theupper body OlForschVIII, pl.32, no.3. of a deepkantharos, birds on the shoulderof a jug,and a menacinglion 116.Fish: Zapheiropoulos 1952, pursuinga deer on theupper body of a kyathos,all from Akhaian Pharai.ll6 p.402,fig. ll,p.410,fig.29;more clearlyseen in Coldstream1968, Althoughthe kantharos from Olympia is traditionallydated later than the pl.50:d.Birds, deer, and lion: fewfigured vessels from Pharai, their date in absoluteyears cannot be too Zapheiropoulos1956, pp. 198,200, farremoved. figs.1,2,pl.93:y. MAGNA ACHAEA 397

Figure 17. Olympia,banded kantharoswith feline. Scale1:2. a) P.Finnerty, after Olympia IV, pl. 69, no. 1296;b) courtesyDeutsches Archao- logischesInstitut, Athens, neg. OL 2337 a b

A muchlarger group of kantharoiwas found at Olympiain thewells underthe northwall of the stadiumand in the areato the southeast.This materialwas published in detailby WernerGauer,1l7 and it is therefore unnecessaryto givea lengthydescription of it here.Among the large quantitiesof mostlylocal pottery recovered from the wells,the kantharos- Bechermit Vertikalhenkelnis the most commondrinking vessel in the earlierstages of theArchaic period.1l8 During the developedstages of the period whatGauer refers to as the hocharchaischeZeithe skyphosof Corinthiantype begins to occurmore frequently than the kantharos,and bythe Classical period, the distinctively local kantharos is virtuallyabsent, representedonly by a handfulof undistinguishedsurvivals.1l9 For the ear- lierArchaic period Gauer distinguishes two typesof kantharoi:an early anda lateform. The earlyform (Figs. 18-22) is characterizedby a deep body,which curves in noticeablytoward the top; the rim is shorterthan on latertypes, either everted or slightlyflaring, becoming progressively more vertical.The footcan be flat(Fig.18:1) or slightly hollowed (Fig.18:4), or thevessel stands on a ringfoot that varies in height(Fig.18:3,6-11). The laterform (Figs. 23-25) is similarlydeep, but the upperbody does not curvein as muchas it doeson the earliertype; the rimis almostvertical andbecomes progressively taller and more offset from the body. The foot is invariablytaller than on earlierexamples, either conical or splaying. In termsof decoration,the kantharoifrom the Olympiawells are ei- therbanded (Figs. 20,24:a) or monochrome(Figs. 19,21,24:b,25), and occasionallythe odd linear motif is permitted,such as a tremulousline on therim (Fig.24:a), or groups of verticals,sometimes even a bandof added color(Fig.23:1).12° Some have decoration in addedwhite or redpaint.12l

117. OlForschVIII. pp. 113-124,figs. 6-7, pls.27-29, 47, is not unlike the Akhaianversion of 118. OlForschVIII, p. 164. 56), survivalsof the earlierlocal the shape. 119. OlForschVIII, p. 173 (skyphos kantharoscan be seenin piecessuch as 120. For the tremulousline see of Corinthiantype). For the Classical OlForschXXIII, pl. 4, no. 7. In Athens OlForschVIII, pl. 34:2 (Fig. 24:a); for pottery of Elis from the excavationsat the black-glazekantharos is extremely the groups of verticalson the rim and Olympia, see OlForschXXIII. The rarein the 6th centuryB.C. Onlythree band of added color on the body, see materialis almost exclusivelyblack- purportedexamples are presented in p. 170, fig. 21, no. 1 (48 SO) glaze and much of it is stamped.Apart AgoraX;lI (p. 114,pl. 27, nos.624- (Fig. 23:1). from the establishedtypes of Classical 626),only one of which(no. 625) is 121. OlBerVII,p. 123, fig. 64; kantharoi,which are similarto those of indisputablya kantharos, and this OlForschVIII, pp. 169-172. Athens and elsewhere(see AgoraX;lI, solitaryexample, dated to ca.550 B.C., 398 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure18. Olympia,profiles of kantharoi("Becher mit Vertikal- henkeln,Friihform"). Scale 1:2. P.Finnerty, after OlForsch VIII, p. 166, fig.20

6 7-9 1S11

Figure19. Olympia,monochrome kantharoi.Courtesy Deutsches Archao- In thiscontext special mention may be madeof a fragmentarykantharos logischesInstitut, Athens, negs. OL 2307, OL 7164 fromOlympia (Figs. 18:5; 22), fullydescribed by Gauer.l22Variations on thestandard banded decoration are also occasionally found on othervessel 122. OlForschVIII, p. 167. forms,such as the rim fragment of abowl (Schussel).l23 More recently,Jurgen 123. OlForschVIII, pp. 151-152, Schilbachhas published a numberof primarilymonochrome kantharoi of pl. 32:5. boththe early and later type, a fewof whichare assembled in Figure26.124 124. OlBerXI, pl. 1, nos.1-5, pl. 65, By andlarge, although the decorativecanon is identicalto that of nos. 1-12, andvarious examples on pls. 7>71. Note alsothe otherArchaic Akhaia,the localArchaic kantharoi from Olympia can be distinguished vessels,including horizontal-handled cups, fromtheir Akhaian counterparts, particularly in the qualityof the paint kraters,jugs, pyxides, and other vessel andthe appearanceand feel of the fabric.On both the localOlympian formspublished in the samevolume. MAGNA ACHAEA 399

- -

Figure20. Olympia,banded kantharoi.Courtesy Deutsches Archao- logischesInstitut, Athens, neg. 70/879

Figure21. Olympia,monochrome kantharoi.Courtesy Deutsches Archao- logischesInstitut, Athens, negs. OL 5561, 69/731

Figure22. Olympia,fragmentary bandedkantharos. Courtesy DeutschesArchaologisches Institut, Athens, neg.68/730 4oo JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure23. Olympia,profiles of kantharoi("Becher mit Vertikal- henkeln,Spatform"). Scale 1:2. P.Finnerty, after OlForsch VIII, p. 170, fig.21

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

a b Figure24. Olympia,kantharoi: a) banded;b) monochrome. CourtesyDeutsches Archaologisches Institut,Athens, neg. OL 7157

Figure25. Olympia,kantharos. CourtesyDeutsches Archaologisches Institut,Athens, neg. OL 7177 MAGNA ACHAEA 40I

a b

c d Figure26. Olympia,selected monochromekantharoi from recent monochromeand banded kantharoi, the painttends to be consistently excavations.Scale 1:2. CourtesyDeut- streaky,often with a tendencyto flake;it lacksthe good black luster found sches ArchaologischesInstitut, Athens, on someof the bestAkhaian products, nor does it adhereas wellto the OlBerX;l,pl. 1, no. 1; pl. 65, nos. 1, 2, 6 surface.l25In the caseof the bandedkantharoi, the bandingis oftenap- pliedin a morecareless manner on thepottery from Olympia than on the Akhaianvessels, and there is sometimesa zoneof bandingon the lower body(Fig. 20:a),l26 a featureless commonfurther north. These differences,however, are minor and largely based on subjectivecriteria and a statisticallypoor sample. Moreover, these differences may be moreapparent thanreal, since they are perhaps the resultof changesover time- giventhe factthat the Olympiamaterial is mostlylater than that thus far publishedfrom Akhaia ratherthan synchronic variation. Until the Ar- chaiclevels of a majorAkhaian city arefully explored, the relationship 125.Compare, e.g., the painton betweenAkhaian and Olympian Late Geometric and Archaic pottery must Dekoulakou1984, pp. 228-229, remainpoorly understood. figs.18-19; pp. 233-234, figs. 30:a, 35. I havereferred to the materialfrom the wellsas "Olympian,"rather 126.E.g., OlForschVIII, pl. 33, thanEleian, in orderto distinguishit fromthat of othercenters in ancient nos.3-4. Elis. Amongthe materialrecovered by Themelisin the trialexcava- 127.Themelis 1967, pl. 250;see filrtherMorgan 1990, pp. 239-242. For tionsat EleianPylos, at the site at Armatovanear the modernvillage of Eleian,Triphylian, and Messenian Agrapidochorion,banded kantharoi featured prominently (Fig. 27).127 A Pylos,see McDonald1942. numberof completeor nearlycomplete kantharoi were found in what 402 J O H N K . P A P A D O P O U L O S

Figure27. EleianPylos, banded kantharoi.Scale 1:3. P. Finnerty, after b Coleman1986, p. 27, ill. 4, pl. 23, nos.B28, B29 was describedas a "LateGeometric to EarlyArchaic" well.l28 The kantharoifrom Eleian Pylos published byThemelis were assigned to the LateGeometric and Early Archaic periods.l29 In additionto the kantharoi,the material from the well included several bowls or skyphoi similarin shapeto the kantharoi(but with horizontalhandles), a bandedjug virtuallyidentical to thatalready mentioned from Ano Kastritsi,and the well-knownfragment of a kraterwith a partially 128.The wellwas only partially exca- preservedrepresentation of a ship.l30The bandedkantharoi from vatedbyThemelis (1967). It wasfinally EleianPylos are different from those of Akhaiaand Olympia. Their clearedby Coleman(1986), who also excavatedthe Archaicand Classical settle- bodiesare proportionately broader and less deep,the rimsare often menton the Armatovahill; see alsoMorgan less sharplyarticulated from the body,defining more of an S-curve 1990,p.240. withthe upper body, and the vessels stand on lowring bases. In allof 129.Themelis 1967, p.217, pl.249:a-p. the publishedexamples, the exterioris paintedsolid except for two 130.Themelis 1967, pp.217-218, fig. 4, thin reservedbands near the lowerhandle attachment; there is no pl.250:a-r (kantharoiand slyphoi), bandingon therim, and the outer face of thelow ring foot is reserved. pl.251:a-p (jug),pl.251:y (krater); the krateris alsoillustrated in Coldstream1977, Thisscheme of decorationis closer to thatof kantharoifound in South p. 179,fig.59:d; Coleman 1986, pl.21, Italy,such as one from Sala Consilina (see below), than it is to kantharoi no. B1.The jug is verysimilar to examples fromAkhaia and Olympia. fromAkhaia, and the nonjoiningfragments Themore effiaustive excavations atEleian Pylos byJohn Coleman of the kraterpreserve motifs identical to uncoveredimportant remains of theGeometric and Archaic periods, thosefound on a varietyof decoratedvessels fromAkhaia (see Themelis 1967, pl.251 :y), aswell as materialof earlierand later date. The characteristicwheel- not leastof whichis the "sausage"motif to madeand decorated shapes of the Geometricperiod include kraters, the rightof the ship. round-mouthjugs, kantharoi, cups with horizontalhandles, and a 131.Coleman 1986, pp.18-30,32-33, varietyof mostlysmaller, closed vessels.l3l The repertoireof the fine, ills.2-4, pls.21-24. local Eleian,black and plainware of the Archaicperiod includes 132.Coleman 1986, pp.34-65, ills.6-12, kraters,bowls, plates, round-mouth jugs, hydriai, amphoras, oino- pls.25-35. 133. See esp.Coleman 1986, pp.53- choai,tall-necked juglets, aryballoi, horizontal-handled cups, pyxides, 54, ill. 11, pl.32, no. C106 (Fig.28:d),and and kantharoi(Figs. 28-29).132 Several of the Archaickantharoi cf. pp.54,57, ill. 11, pl.32, no. C126 (e.g.,Fig. 28:d-e)are very similar to thoseof Akhaia.l33Generally (Fig.28:e). MAGNA ACHAEA 403

Figure28. EleianPylos, bandedand monochromekantharoi. Scale 1:3. P. Finnerty,after Coleman 1986, p. 44, ill. 8, no. C52; p. 54, ill. 11, no. C104; p. 54, ill. 11, no. C108; p. 54, ill. 11, pl. 32, nos. C106, C126

b c

5?'

d e

speaking, the broader and comparatively less deep local kantharos of the Late Geometric period was replaced by a variety of both banded (Figs. 28:a, d-e, 29) and monochrome (Fig. 28:b-c) kantharoi. Among these, Coleman distinguishes a number of types. Classified as a bowl, C52 (Fig. 28:a) is similar in shape to a kantharos, although the rim is slightly different from most kantharoi;the body is deep and banded; the form of the foot remains unknown. Among the remaining kantharoi, Coleman distinguishes three types: broad and shallow (Fig. 28:b, C104), broad and deep (Fig. 28:c, C108), and tall (Fig. 29, C110-Clll).The first two types correspondwith Gauer's Bechermit Vertikalhenkeln,Friihform from Olympia; the third type, with a tall vertical rim and conical foot, is identical to Gauer's Spatform.A char- acteristic feature of the latter is the use of added white and red paint for horizontal as well as for a of vertical and 134. Coleman 1986, pl. 32, bands, variety motifs, including nos. C110-C125. diagonal lines, vertical zigzags, dot rosettes, and Ss.134Many of the handles /

4o4 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

< l M

Figure29. EleianPylos, banded kantharoiwith decoration in added aredecorated with addedwhite paint in a manneridentical to thoseon whiteand red. Scale 1:3. P. Finnerty, plainpainted Akhaian kantharoi (Fig. 30).135 As is the caseat Olympia, afterColeman 1986, p. 55, ill. 12,nos. C110, thenorthwest Peloponnesian type of kantharosdisappears in theClassical C111 periodat EleianPylos and is largelyreplaced by the skyphos. Relatedpottery is knownfrom a numberof othersites in Elis,not leastof whichis thatfrom the ancient city of Elis.In theirrecent overview of the historyof Elis in the Geometricand Archaic periods, before the synoikismosof 471 B.C., BirgittaEder and Veronika Mitsopoulos-Leon discussand illustrate a numberof kantharoi,some of whichwill be includedin a forthcomingstudy by Eder.A Protogeometricmonochrome kantharosfrom a tombin the Westhalleat Elisis verysimilar in shapeand decorationto that fromAigion discussedabove (Fig. 7).136A banded kantharosassigned to the LateGeometric period is verysimilar to the standardtype of kantharosin Akhaiaand to examplesfrom Olympia.l37 Together,the potteryfrom Olympia and Eleian Pylos provides a re- minderthat there were conceivably several local workshops in Elis,and thata similarsituation may well have existed in Akhaiaand Aitolia. The kantharoiof Olympiaresemble more closely those of Akhaia,especially westernAkhaia, than those from Eleian Pylos, even though Olympia is furtheraway from Akhaia than Eleian Pylos. The importanceof thepot- teryfrom Olympia and Eleian Pylos lies in its diachronicscope, especially forthe Archaicand Classical periods, thus providing important comple- 135.This latetype of kantharosis verysimilar to examplesfound at Tocra mentaryevidence to thepublished material from Akhaia, where the later in NorthAfrica, and elsewhere. Indeed, Archaicand early Classical periods are less well represented.The forth- the Archaiclevels at Tocra have yielded comingpublication of the ceramicsfrom Elis by Eder,as well as material a numberof interestingkantharoi, fromAkhaia by Anastasia Gadolou and Eleni Simoni, will greatly expand mostlydecorated, but at leastone ourknowledge of the regionalpottery of the northwestPeloponnese, and monochromevessel (Tocra I, p. 91, clarifymany of the existingproblems. Nevertheless, the depositsfrom pl.68,no.996);seebelow,Fig.40. 136. See Ederand Mitsopoulos- Olympiaand EleianPylos, when consideredtogether with the largely Leon 1999,cols. 9-10, fig. 3. funerarycontexts from Akhaia, already allow us to tracethe development 137.Eder and Mitsopoulos-Leon of the northwestPeloponnesian kantharos from the earlystages of the 1999,col. 14, fig. 6. MAGNA ACHAEA 4o5

Figure30. Typical painted motifs on handlesof AkhaianandAkhaian- stylebanded kantharoi. P. Finnerty

EarlyIron Age to the endof theArchaic period and later. More particularly,the history of thekantharos can be reconstructedfor the critical years of the LateGeometric and Early Archaic periods exactlythe timethat similarpottery is foundin SouthItaly, Sicily, and beyond. It is generally assumedthat Eleian pottery, like Messenian, was neverexported to the West,but the samewas andstill is generallyassumed for Akhaian. I thereforewonder if someof the potteryfound in MagnaGraecia is not Eleianrather than Akhaian, and if we maynot haveunderestimated the roleplayed directly or indirectly by a sanctuarysuch as Olympia-with its internationalrelations138 in the movementof commodities,people, and ideasto theWest. On thebasis of the materialdiscussed above, the two main categories ofAkhaian kantharoi that I havedistinguished the banded and the monochrome cannow be summarized.Of the two,the morediagnostic type is thebanded kantharos. It comesin a varietyof sizes,averaging 10-12 cm in heightand a normalrim diameter of 9-11 cm.Some examples are pro- portionatelytaller and more slender (Figs. 9-10), whereas others are broader andmore squat (Fig. 8). This distinction, noted at least as early as the Late Geometricperiod, if notearlier, remains standard during the Archaic period.The most common type of baseis a lowring foot, though a plaindisk base,either slightly pushed up on the undersideor slightlyhollowed, is alsofound. It is onlyon the latestkantharoi, from Olympia and Eleian Pylos,that the footis tallerand more conical. Despite this variation, the generalform is remarkablystandard. The lowerwall rises steeply to the 138. See Morgan1990, pp. 26-105. pointof maximumdiameter, which is setquite high; the upper wall curves The originsof Italianmetalwork are in to an offsetvertical or flaringrim of varyingheight. Two vertical han- importantin this context,but beyond dles areattached from near the midpointdirectly to the rim.These are the scopeof the presentdiscussion. For characteristicallythin and sharply angular in profile. recentcomments on Italianmetalwork The standardbanded kantharos is paintedsolid on the exterior,ex- at Olympiasee, e.g., Shepherd1995, pp.73-76; Philipp1994; also Schauer ceptfor a reservedband near the center, immediately below the lower handle 1992-1993. attachment,which is decoratedwith two or three,sometimes more, thin 406 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS horizontalbands. The rim exterior is similarlyreserved and decorated with severalthin bands. The interioris paintedsolid, except for the rim, which is eitherreserved or decoratedwith one to threebands. The outerfaces of thehandles are usually decorated with stripes, both horizontal and diagonal,as well as crosses, variously configured, or painted solid. A selectionof someofthe more common configurations ofthe decoration on the handles is presentedin Figure30. A fewofthe earlierbanded kantharoi are further decoratedwith a varietyof motifsin addedwhite. Such decoration is lim- itedto theupper body of thekantharos, above the reservedband near the midpointand usually centered between the handles. Examples include the floralmotifs on the kantharoifrom Phlamboura in Akhaia(Fig. 11) and Olympia(Fig. 12), as well as the feline on the fragmentary kantharos from Olympia(Fig. 17). Added color becomes more standard on thelate form of kantharosfrom Elis (Fig. 29). Monochromekantharoi are extremely common. The shape is a smaller versionof the proportionatelytall andslender banded kantharos. A few piecesare painted in the samemanner as the bandedkantharoi, with a good metallicpaint, but generallyspeaking the monochromekantharoi areless well finished than the banded variety. There is, amongthe monochromevessels, slightly more variation in thefired color of theclay, with a tendencyto displaya widerrange of reddishbrown and red than found on thebanded vessels. The paintcan vary from black through red, assuming manydifferent shades of brownand reddish brown, sometimes appearing almostorange; often, the painton a vesselcan be two-toned.A flatdisk baseis oftenpreferred, although a low ringfoot is alsocommon in the monochromevariety. The feet are typically smaller than those of thebanded kantharoi,though some are of similarsize. The profiles ofthe monochrome andbanded kantharoi are similar: the lower wall rises steeply to thepoint of maximumdiameter and the upper wall curves in to anoffset vertical or flaringrim. Standard vertical strap handles, almost triangular in shape,are

. . c. zaractenstlc. As withbanded kantharoi, some monochrome examples are tall and slender(Fig. 16:b), whereas others are broader and more squat (Fig. 7). A chronologicaldevelopment from stout to slenderseems evident.139 One- handledversions of the shape(strictly speaking, one-handled cups) are known,but theyare less commonthan the two-handledkantharos. Be- causemonochrome kantharoi are less well finished than their banded counterparts,it is difficultto determinewhether an individual kantharos is locallyproduced or an Akhaian import, especially in Italy.Given the current stateof knowledge,all that can be saidis thatthis is avery common variety of vesselfound in the plainof Sybaris,but alsowidely distributed over a largearea of southernItaly and Sicily.Similar monochrome kantharoi, alsoless well made than the bandedvariety, are very common in Akhaia (especiallywestern Akhaia), as well as in Aitolia,Elis, and parts of Phokis andLokris. Themajorityofthe banded and monochrome kantharoi found in South Italyand Sicily listed below are best accommodated in the 7th andearly 139. Cf. Bloesch 1951, esp. p. 29. MAGNA AC HAEA 4o7

6th centuriesB.C. Of the kantharoiin theWest, I amcertain that, on the basisof theirfabric and close similarity in shapeand decoration with vessels foundin the northwesternPeloponnese, many are imports. Others, however,were clearly produced locally. To insist,however, that the entire groupis eitherlocal or importedor eventhat certainty is possiblein all caseswould be premature.Whether local or imported,however, the Akhaian or northwestPeloponnesian pedigree of this vesselform is unmistakable.

AKHAIAN AND AKHAIAN-STYLE POTTERY OUTSIDE ITS HOME REGION

Thefollowing annotated list is highlyselective. It enumeratesexamples of Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery, primarily kantharoi, most of which havebeen previously published. It is presentedhere to substantiatethe distributionpattern of Akhaianpottery outside its homeregion. The core of this list is materialfound in southernItaly. As noted above,some of theentries may turn out to be fromElis or some other center of western Greece,including the Ionianislands. In compilingthis list I haveusually erredon theside of caution,preferring to excludeuncertain pieces; at times, problematicpieces rather than to 140.In describingthis piece(under however,I have chosento include the headingof EastGreek), Brian disregardthem. The latterare presented in a spiritof inquiryand are dis- Shefton(in PerachoraII, p.373) writes: cussedin moredetail below. "4036.Pl.156. Fr.of mug.P.h. 40. D. at mouth90. Clayand paint as bird bowls4048-9. Insidepainted except for GREECE upperpart of lip. On l[eft] extremityof lip andalso on shoulderare traces of a The fewpieces listed here are those that may be assignedas Akhaian with verticalhandle. For definition of shape reasonableconfidence. I do not includematerial from the northwest cf. Robertson1948, p. 21; Corinthian Peloponnese,Aitolia, Akarnania, or partsof Phokisand Lokris. examplessee aboveon 667, andfor Argivecf. Frodinand Persson 1938, EASTERNCORINTHIAN GULF p.315, fig.217, 1-6. Cf. forshape also, Pfuhl1903, Beil. 12. 3. ProbablyEast Perachora Greek;not possibleto specifyfurther. Secondhalf 8th c.?" At leastone fragmentof an Akhaianbanded kantharos from Humfry 141.Although listed under Payne'sexcavations at the sanctuariesof HeraAkraia and Limeniaat Protocorinthiankyathoi, the fabric, Perachorawas originallyclassified as East Greek.l40Perachora has also shape,and decoration of no. 625 is very yieldedseveral examples of possibleAkhaian monochrome kantharoi.l41 differentfrom all of the otherlyathoi. In dealingwith thispiece, Dunbabin Of the latter,some or all mayderive from another West Greekcenter, (in PerachoraII, p. 72) writes:"625. perhapseven Ithake. Pl. 28. H. 43. Plainred. There are also two plainblack examples, larger than PerachoraII: this."Dunbabin goes on to cite (p. 72) Rimfragment, banded kantharos, p. 373,pl. 156,no. 4036. C£ the followingcomparanda: Caskey and otherrelated fragments, including p. 376,pl. 157,no. 4067 Amandry1952, pl.53, no. 194 (Argive, fromArgive Heraion); earlier plain (referredto as an"East Greek cup"). blackkyathoi from Ithake, Benton Threemonochrome kantharoi, only one of whichis illustrated 1953,p.294, no. 780 andothers. (p.72, pl.28, no.625), although two more are mentioned. The 408 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

illustratedfragment, no. 625, shown together with numerous fragmentsof Corinthianpottery, stands out on pl.28 asbeing not obviouslyCorinthian. Cf.p. 374,pl. 156,no. 4047.142

THE IONIAN ISLANDS143 Ithake Outsideof its homeregion, the greatest concentration of whatI believeto be Akhaianor Akhaian-style pottery in Greeceis foundon Ithake,and it is no coincidencethat the alphabetused on the islandis verysimilar to Akhaian.l44Considerable work on definingIthakesian ceramic fabrics and workshopsis currentlybeing done by Sarantisand Nancy Symeonoglou, andmany of the statementsmade here will eventuallyneed to be revised in lightof theirmore comprehensive study. In earlystudies of potteryfrom Aetos, Akhaian pottery was not rec- ognizedas an imported group. Robertson was the first to distinguishwhat I referto as Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery as a distinctclass within whathe consideredthe local repertoire.145 He writes:

. . . butthere exists an intermediate series, containing pieces of considerableworth, which shows the Ithakan potters' attempt to forma Geometricstyle of theirown. This seriesbegins with the metallisinggroup mentioned above.... The earliestpieces of this group the krater362 andthe oinochoe 413 arealmost Protogeometricand of poorquality, but the kantharos331, the oinochoai414 and415 andthe pithos 401 havein a quietway

142.Cited by Hayes,in TocraI, Corinthian.D'Agostino and Soteriou colonistsof the Akhaians.The em- p. 89, n. 10, as a possibleexample of the stressthe roleof Corinthon Kephal- blemof the tripodon the coinageof LateArchaic kantharos of the type lenia,which, they argue, was used as a the islandwas compared to thatof foundat EleianPylos and Olympia (see Corinthian"stopover" to theWest. the Akhaiancolony of Krotonby above).It shouldbe rememberedthat at Althoughthere are no Akhaianpieces Benton(1931-1932, p.220) long ago; the timewhen TocraI waspublished, amongthe fragmentsrecently pub- forthe coinageof Zakynthossee OlForschVIII and Coleman 1986 had lishedfrom Kephallenia, it is usefulto Gardner1887, pp.94-104; Kkaay notyet appeared. rememberthat the Kephallenian 1976, pp.96,100,102-103, pl.16, 143.I list hereonly Ithake and alphabetresembles Akhaian, and no.283. Korkyra.There are, to myknowledge, thereforeIthakesian, in mostrespects, 144. Forthe excavationsat Ithake no clearexamples of Akhaianor exceptfor the useof the straightiota; (Aetos,Polis Cave, and elsewhere) Akhaian-stylepottery from Kephal- seeJeffery 1990, pp 231-232.The by the BritishSchool at Athens,see lenia.The recentwork of d'Agostino quantityof published Geometric and Heurtleyand Lorimer 1932-1933; andSoteriou (1998) has shown that EarlyArchaic material from Heurtley1934-1935; Benton1934- this islandwas not, as previously Zalynthosremains meager (see 1935; 1938-1939; Heurtley1939- thought,devoid of humansettlement Benton1931-1932, pp. 213-220; 1940; Robertson1948; Benton1949; in the periodbetween the demiseof Snodgrass1971, pp. 170, 211, 243), 1953; Bentonand Waterhouse 1973. Mycenaeancivilization and the 8th andeven the Archaicalphabet of the Fora usefuloverview see Waterhouse centuryB.C. Of the smallquantity of islandis unknown(there is no 1996. Forthe alphabetsee Jeffery Geometricand Early Archaic pottery materialfrom Zakynthos in Jeffery 1990, pp.230-231; see further recentlypublished from Pale and Same 1990).Despite the dearthof pub- Waterhouse1996, pp.313-314. (d'Agostinoand Soteriou 1998), the lishedmaterial, the Zakynthians, 145. Robertson1948. mostprominent imported pottery is accordingto Thucydides(2.66), were MAGNA ACHAEA 4o9

considerabledignity of buildand design. The decorativesystem of the oinochoaiand the pithosis alreadytruly Geometric, but there is littledistinguishably foreign about them, and they seem to be a local development.l46

It shouldbe rememberedthat at the timewhen Robertson penned these sentencesAkhaian pottery was virtually unknown. For this reason, several kantharoifound in the areaof Tarantoin SouthItaly were referred to as vesselsof"Ithakesian type.''147 In any case, by 1953,the otherhalf of the idiosyncraticpithos 401 publishedby Robertsonwas foundand in discussingthe piece, Sylvia Benton was firmly of the opinionthat it wasim- ported;she writes:

I amsure it is imported,but I do not knowwhence or when. It looksto me earlyand Cretan, butJ. K. Brock does not thinkit is Cretanand adds that, if it were,it wouldbe late!148

In thisstatement, Benton not onlychallenged the Ithakesian provenance of thisclass of pottery,but also its Geometricdate. Unfortunately, scholars werereluctant to followher lead, and by 1968,in dealingwith the same categoryof pottery,Coldstream writes:

In Ithacathere is alsoa classof localvases that is innocentof decoration;the entiresurface is coveredin glaze,punctuated only by 146.Robertson 1948, pp.105, 109. groupsof finereserved bands at wide intervals. The nucleus,which 147.Lo Porto1964, p.227, fig.48, hasbeen collected by Robertson,consists of the kantharosR 331, withreferences to Robertson1948, the"pithos" R 401,and the talljugs R 414 and415.149 pl.22, nos.341,354;Benton 1953, pp.289,292, fig. 11, no. 768, all of This entiregroup, plus several of the kantharoipublished by Robertson whichI believeto be Akhaianimports. C£, morerecently, Maruggi 1996, andBenton, I believeto be Akhaianimports. In shapethey are related to pp.262,265, no.226. localIthakesian pottery, especially the ubiquitous kantharos, but their deco- 148.Benton 1953, p.302, under rationand fabricare different. Moreover, they date to the end of Late no.859. Geometricor later.The followingpieces from Ithake are listed here as 149.Coldstream 1968, p.227. likelyAkhaian imports. Coldstreamadds that the jugs are closelyparalleled at Delphi. 150. Cf. alsothe decorationon Robertson1948: no.341, pp.66-67, fig.40, pl.22; the Bandedkantharos (Fig. 31:a), pp. 66-67, fig. 40, pl.22, no.354.150 fabricand especially the shapeof this Monochromekantharos (Fig.31:b), pp.66-67, fig.40, pl.22, kantharosare different from those of no.352;cf. no.353. the Akhaianimports. Krater,pp.63-64, fig.39, pl.21, no.331.15l 151.Although both Robertson and Coldstreamclassified this vessel as a Bandedoinochoai, pp. 73, 75, fig.44, pl.27, nos.414-415. kantharos,I prefer to callit a krater(or Banded"pithos," pp. 72-73, fig. 44, pl.27, no.401.152 a kantharoidkrater), since the thick- Bandedlong-necked oinochoe; c£ p. 79, pl.33, no.471. enedrim, different from that of a kantharos,does not facilitatedrinking. Benton1938-1939: 152.The zigzagor tremulousline Fragmentarybase, kantharos or one-handledcup, p. l9, pl.10, flankedby bandson the uppershoulder is similarto thaton the rimof the no.3. Akhai an kantharosfrom Valm an toura Threekantharoi, p.20, pl.10, nos.l9-21 (onlynos.2S21 are (Fig.8). illustrated). 4IO JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

'\\ ''1 t a b Figure31. Ithake,kantharoi: Benton1953: a) banded;b)monochrome. Scale 1:2. Bentonlists seven kantharoi under the heading"dark late P.Finnerty, after Robertson 1948, pp. 66- kantharoi"(pp. 289,292, fig. 11,pl. 47, nos.767-773). Oneof 67,fig. 40, pl. 22, nos. 354, 352 these(p. 289, fig. 11, no.768) is a standardAkhaian banded kantharos.Another kantharos and a basefragment (p. 292, nos.767 and769) arenot illustrated. The kantharoshandles on p.292, pl.47, nos.770-772 (someappear in Fig.30) aretypical decoratedhandles of Akhaianbanded kantharoi. Benton illustratesonly one Akhaian monochrome kantharos: p. 289, fig. 11, no.773, whichshe compares (p. 292, n. 261) to Argive kantharoi. Banded"pithos," p. 302, pl.52, no.859 (= the"pithos" published 153.These are referred to by Benton in Robertson1948, pl.27, no.401). as EarlyGeometric and "probably Bandedamphoras; cf. p. 303, pl.52, nos.860-861.153 imported"("fabric like Early Attic"). I amnot surethat they are Akhaian, but 309, pl.44, 872 873-874, Bandedoinochoe; cf. p. no. (alsonos. theyare certainly not AthenianEarly whichare not illustrated).154 Geometric;they are listed here as Korkyra queries.Whatever their provenance, theydo not lookearly. Cf. alsop. 318, The excavationsconducted in the 1960s by GeorgeDontas in ancient pl. 57, no. 970. Korkyra(in the Eirkst8! plot)brought to lighta disturbedcemetery of 154.As withthe amphoras,Benton classifiedno. 872 as EarlyGeometric the LateGeometric and Early Archaic periods underlying the remainsof andimported ("may be Attic"). Classicalhouses.155 The importedpottery recovered from these excava- Althoughsimilar banding is foundon tionsincluded, among other finds, Protocorinthian, Attic, and East Greek AthenianEarly and especially Middle pottery.156Possible Akhaian or other West Greek imports include the fol- Geometricoinochoai, no. 872 doesnot lowing: seemto be Athenianand early. I prefer to compareit to the Akhaianjugs publishedin Robertson1948, pl. 27, Dontas1967: nos.414 and415. Fragmentarybanded jug, pl. 442:N.It is unclearfrom the photo- 155.The alphabetof Korkyra, graphwhether this vessel is anexample of anEarly Geometric unlikeIthake and Kephallenia, is jug fromCorinth, as is claimedby the excavator,or anAkhaian Corinthian;see Jeffery 1990, pp. 232- bandedjug or kantharos. 233;also Kalligas 1984. 156. See Dontas1965, pl. 210:<8 (Protocorinthian),pl. 211:a-y Dontas1968: (Geometric,Corinthian, and East Rimfragment of anAkhaian or otherWest Greek krater, p. 323, Greek). MAGNA ACHAEA 4II

pl.332:,3.In describingthe fragment, Dontas compares the pieceto "island"and Corinthian styles, but is unableto suggest a provenancewith conviction. The fragment,which preserves a rowof verticallyset tremulouslines between horizontal bands, framedby"sausage" motifs, is verysimilar to theAntikyra and Bitalemikraters discussed above (Fig. 15:a-b).

In additionto the excavationsconducted in the Eirkst8! plot,ancient Korkyra(including the excavationsin levelsbelow the EarlyChristian Basilicaof Iovianou,in the ancientagora, and at Mon Repos)has yielded at leastone other possible Akhaian import:

Kallipolitis1984: Fragmentspossibly of anAkhaian kantharos, p. 71, fig.4.

NORTHWESTGREECE

Vitsa Zagoriou (Epeiros)l57 The excavationof theMolossian cemetery at VitsaZagoriou yielded two vesselsfrom the northwestPeloponnese or the Ionian islands, a kantharos anda relatedone-handled version referred to as a kyathos,published by Vokotopoulouand both statedto be importsto the site.Vokotopoulou specificallyrefers to the kantharosas Akhaian;the kyathosis compared withsimilar vessels from Ithake.

Vokotopoulou1986: Kantharos,p. 59, pl. 81:y,fig. 71:y, Tomb 45-2 (inv.2191); (= Vokotopoulou1984, p. 96, fig.26). "Kyathos,"probably Ithakesian, p. 58,pl. 81:,B,fig. 71:, Tomb45-1 (inv.2140).

SOUTHITALY AKHAIANapoikiai AND CLOSELYRELATED INDIGENOUSSETTLEMENTS 157.In additionto the listedpieces fromVitsa, there are possible fragments In the followinglist I haveincluded two sitesthat are not, strictly speakof Akhaian-stylekantharoi from Arta, ing,Akhaian "colonies": the first is theextramural sanctuary of Sybarison mostlyfrom rescue excavations in the the Timponedella Motta at FrancavillaMarittima, which is locatedon city.See Vokotopoulou 1984, p. 79, the site of an earlierindigenous settlement.l58 The closeconnection be- fig. 2, secondrow, first on the left; quantities cf. thirdrow, second from the right tweenSybaris and Francavilla is clearlyreflected in the large (OtX0z£80 Koup); alsop. 82, fig. 6, of Akhaianpottery found at both sites, especially at Francavilla, where the possiblefragments (otxow£8o Ayv materialis mostlyof theArchaic period. It is alsoreflected in theAkhaian Avapyupxv). dialecton the bronzeKleom(b)rotos inscription found on the Timpone 158. See the commentsin Pedley dellaMotta, which identifies the sanctuaryas thatof Athena.I havealso 1990,p. 27:"At Francavilla, the Greeks placedthe indigenoussettlement of Incoronataimmediately after Meta- showedno restraint;to marktheir conquest,they built a sanctuaryof pontion.Again, the closerelationship between the two can be seen in Athenaon top of the ruinedOenotrian the pottery,especially the locallyproduced kantharoi in grayfabric that village." havebeen found in quantityat Incoronatathat are clearly Akhaianizing. 4I2 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Sybaris I haveseen numerous examples of kantharoifrom the Archaic levels of the city,primarily from the excavations in the areaof the"Parco del Cavallo," nowin theSybaris Museum. Among the classified and published material fromthe Archaic levels, several pieces designated "coppe ioniche" or "coppe a filetti"may be fromAkhaian or Akhaian-style kantharoi. I have not had occasionto sortcarefully through all of this material.The followingis a listofthe few published pieces that can be dassified as Akhaian or Akhaian- stylewith some degree of certainty;there are many more pieces from the city,published and unpublished, that are not listed here:

SibariI: Kantharos,p. 86, fig.76, no.216a(= p.95, fig.82, no.216a-b). Thispiece (Fig.32) is almostcertainly Akhaian or Akhaian- style,rather than a"coppa di tipoionico," as statedin the catalogueentry (p.95). The fragmentis mentionedin Coldstream1998a, pp.328,331, n.27. Openvessel, cf. p. 45, fig.41, no.122cand other fragments thoughtto be fromIonian-type cups. Figure32. Sybaris,rim fragment, bandedkantharos(?). Scale 1:2. P.Finnerty, after Sibari I, p. 86, fig. 76, SibariII: no.216a (= p. 95, fig.82, no.216a-b) Someof the rimfragments on p.159, figs.163-164,may be Akhaian,but they are too smalland fragmentary to allowfor certainty. Cf. someof the rimfragments on p.174, fig. 189;p.266, fig.282.

SibariIII: Bodyfragment, open vessel, with added white, pp.399,427, fig.437, no.431 (inv.PdC 36978), wrongly labeled Corinthian. Claydescribed as "rosata," paint as "quasi metallica."

SibariIV: Cf. someof the"coppe ioniche" on p.329, fig.322,and earlier plates.Note alsothe commentson pp.531-532 on "coppe ionicheo d'imitazione."

SibariV: Monochromekantharos, pp.123-124, fig.107, no.180 (=p.137,fig.122,no.4495,inv.PdC4495). Cf.p.114, fig.l00, no. 149(inv. PdC 2829). Cf.possible pieces on figs.106,108. Cf.the closedvessel, p. 132,fig. 117,no.213. Cf.p.207, fig.207,no.241 (= p.236, fig.221,inv. PdC 4079) FrancasillaMarittima Thesettlement associated with the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta, alongwith the tombsin the Macchiabatenecropolis, has been identified mostrecently by MarianneMaaskant-Kleibrink as ancient Lagaria.l59 It has to be stressed,however, that othersites, such as San Nicolanear Amendolara(see below),cannot be categoricallyruled out andremain 159.Maaskant-Kleibrink 1993, p. 2. MAGNA ACHAEA 4I3

attractivealternatives.l60 From the extramuralsanctuary of Sybaris,excavatedby PaolaZancani Montuoro and Maria Stoop,l6l come numerous fragmentsof Akhaiankantharoi. Hundreds, if not thousands,of unpub- lishedfragments in the Antiquariumand museum are being studied for publicationby SilvanaLuppino, Luigina Tomay, and their collaborators. In comparison,the tombsof the Macchiabatehave, to date,yielded only onepossible Akhaian or Akhaian-style kantharos.l62 The relevantpottery fromthe Timpone della Motta is by farthe largestcollection of Akhaian andAkhaian-style pottery in MagnaGraecia known to me.The following inventoriedpieces are those few examplesthat havebeen published to date,as well as thoseon displayat the SybarisMuseum.

Tomay,Munzi, and Gentile 1996: Threerim fragments of bandedkantharoi from "Stipe I" on the southside of theplateau (inv. FM 104005, FM 104006, FM 104007),p.218, no.3.95. lWRthree fragments should be Akhaianimports. Twoillustrated fragments (Fig. 14, twoexamples on farleft), 160.The variousliterary sources on identicalin shape,fabric, and decoration to the previousentry, Lagariawould place the settlement butwith added white decoration, pp. 218-219, no.3.96.163 betweenSybaris and Siris. I wouldtend to agreewith Dunbabin(1948, pp.33, 35,147 [map])and de la Geniere Stoop1979: (1990),that Lagaria is morelikely to Locallymade monochrome kantharos, pp. 82-83, be locatedfurther north, near no.3, p.94, pl. IV:2,perhaps influenced by Akhaian Amendolara. kantharoi. 161.For the latestreconstructed planof the site,including the location of the votivestipe, see Maaskant- Stoop1983: Kleibrink1993,5, fig. 4. The excava- Jug,classified as an aryballos,pp. 29,49, fig.29, anddescribed tionsof theTimpone della Motta, as"la stranezza dell'aryballos (fig. 29), chericorda la ceramica whichbrought to light a wealthof insulare,rende difficile una datazione precisa ma dovrebbe Archaicvotive objects, including a great appartenereal 7. secolo."The vesselin fabric,shape, and quantityof Akhaian,were conducted by MariaStoop, and published, in a series decorationclosely resembles Akhaian examples.l64 of essentiallypreliminary reports. See Stoopand Zancani Montuoro 197F Unpublishedexamples: 1971;Stoop 1979; 1980; 1982; 1983; Threefragments, identical to thosein Tomay,Munzi, and Gentile 1985;1987; 1988; 1989; 1990; 1991; 1996, pp.218-219, no.3.96 (withadded white, see above),on 1970-1971; Maaskant-Kleibrink (Fig.14, centerand far right). Together, Yntema1985; also Mertens and displayin the museum Schlager1980-1982 for the architec- thesefive fragments (FM 65207, FM 65221, FM 65235, ture. FM 65236, FM 94270) derivefrom the excavationson the 162.For the Macchiabatetombs see Timponedella Motta, although their exact location on the hill ZancaniMontuoro 1970-1971; 1976; is not known.All arebody fragments, except for FM 65235, 1979;198F1982. whichpreserves part of therim. Another fragment with added 163.Tomay, Munzi, and Gentile (1996,p.218) comparethese with a white(FM 25208) is in the museumstoreroom. fragmentof a trefoiloinochoe with Monochromekantharos (FM 94229). addedwhite decoration from Sybaris; see SibariII, p.192, figs. 193-194,209, FrancavillaMarittima (forthcoming): no.414. FromFrancavilla Marittima come 76 cataloguedand over 100 164.The vesselis not local,nor is it andAkhaianizing pottery, Corinthianor"island." I am grateful to additionalfragments of Akhaian ChristianeDehl forsharing with me primarilykantharoi-both banded and monochrome some herthoughts about this piece. withadded white, though with a smallerquantity of kratersor 4I4 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure33. Ringkernos with seven attachedmonochrome kantharoi, SanAntonio Museum of Art,Texas, inv.87.2.1. Courtesy Museum krateriskoi,closed vessels, and a distinctivetwo-handled tankardresembling a Vapheio cup. A smallselection of banded kantharosfragments, two with added white, are illustrated in Figure6.

ZancaniMontuoro 1980-1982 (from the Macchiabatetombs): -Possible Akhaianor Akhaian-style monochrome kantharos or one-handledcup from Tomb T.25, p. 73, pl. 42:a,no. 3, describedas a"Tazza(?)."

In additionto thepieces listed above, the sanctuary atFrancavilla Marittima hasyielded a largenumber of kernoi(mostly unpublished), with attached kantharoi,as well as other attached shapes, including miniature hydriai or hydriskoi.165A very similar complete ring kernos surmounted by seven monochromekantharoi (without provenance), now in the SanAntonio Museumof Art,is of interestas the attachedkantharoi are identical to plainAkhaian and Akhaianizing monochrome kantharoi discussed above.166

-Ring kernoswith seven attached monochrome kantharoi (Fig.33), SanAntonio Museum of Art,inv. 87.2.1, published in Shapiro,Picon, and Scott 1995, p. 257, no. 141,described as an "Italo-Corinthiankernos" and dated to the 8th-7thcentury B.C. Laos Laoswas founded on theTyrrhenian coast by settlersfrom Sybaris, due west of the largermetropolis, and its possessionallowed the Sybaritans to controlthe Sybaris-Laosisthmus. Two other sites on theTyrrhenian coastare associated with Sybaris:Skidros, the locationof whichremains

165.For a smallpublished selection esp.p. 146,fig. 11. highlyprized as exhibition-quality of suchkernoi from the sanctuaryon 166.Preferring material from material.The sameis truein most theTimpone della Motta, see Stoop knowncontexts, I havenot madea museums;even in Greece,at museums 1983,p. 43, nos.12-17. Forthe thoroughsearch of unprovenanced suchas the NationalMuseum or the significanceof kernoiand other vessels comparandain museums,particularly PatrasMuseum, the numberof in Archaicritual, particularly in the as plainbanded or monochromevessels, Akhaiankantharoi on displayis very contextof cultmeals, see Kron1988, suchas Akhaiankantharoi, are not small. MAGNA ACHAEA 4I5

problematic,and Kerilloi, modern Cerilla, located just southof Laos.l67 Afterthe destructionof Sybarisin 510 B.C., manySybaritans sought asy- lumin Laosand Skidros.l68 The excavationsat Laoshave yielded a small quantityof Archaicpottery, including fragments of openvessels of uncer- tainshape with banded decoration. Although there is, asfar as I know,no publishedpiece from the site thatis clearlyAkhaian or Akhaian-style,a fewpieces are worth noting as possibilities,including the follovfing:

-Laos I, pp.101-102, pl. 27, no.23. Kroton An earlyAkhaian colony, Kroton controlled a largeterritory and flour- ishedin the 7th and 6th centuriesB.C., especiallyafter its victoryover Sybarisin 510 B.C. The cityenjoyed the hegemony of theItaliote League, whichmet in the sanctuaryof HeraLakinia, and its historyhas been dis- cussedby a numberof ablecommentators.l69 The Archaic levels at Kroton havenot been thoroughly published. The materialfrom Kroton published in Sabbione1984 includesno definiteexamples of Akhaiankantharoi, thougha numberof fragments,listed below, may well be fromAkhaian or 167.According to Herodotos Akhaianizingkantharoi. Moreover, some of the skyphoi,especially those (6.21),the survivorsof the sackof in Sabbione1984, pp.26F265, wouldrepay closer study, as would those Sybarisin 510 B.C. tookrefilge at Laos fromSanto Stefano di Grotteria,Sabbione 1984, pp.286-293 (see below). andSkidros; see Dunbabin1948, p.155. Dunbabin(p.204) rejectsearlier -Possible Akhaianor Akhaian-style kantharoi, Sabbione 1984, suggestionsthat ancient Skidros was locatedat modernSapri and Papa- p.261,nos.34and38. sidero,preferring the levelground at -Krater footfragment, Sabbione 1984, p.270, fig. l9, no.68, the mouthof the Sanginete,near the looksAkhaian or Akhaian-style. end of the routethat passes through S. Agata.More recently, Guzzo (1989, Sanctuaryof Hera Lakinia at CapoColonna pp.24-25),with regard to the location Thereare, as far as I know,no published examples of Akhaian or Akhaian- of Skidros(Skydros), writes: "ogni ipotesie azzardata."See alsoGuzzo stylepottery from the sanctuaryof HeraLakinia at CapoColonna, lo- 1989,p.29. ForKerilloi see Dunbabin catedto the southof the ancientcity of Kroton.170The site hasyielded 1948,p.155; cf. Randall-MacIver1931, numerousexamples of miniature,undecorated kantharoi, referred to as p.29; Guzzo1989, pp. 49-50. ''krateriskoi.''l7l 168.See Dunbabin1948, esp. pp.78-79, 155;Randall-MacIver 1931, Sanctuaryof ApolloAlaios at CapeKrimissa (Ciro) p.29; Laos I. 169.Dunbabin 1948, esp. pp.26- As withthe sanctuary of HeraLakinia, there are no published examples of 28,83-86,159-163;Jeffery1990, Akhaianpottery from the excavationsat the sanctuaryof ApolloAlaios pp.256-259;various papers in Crotone; thatI amaware o£ The excavationshave yielded a numberof miniature Severino1988; Giangiulio 1989; votivevessels, among which various types of kantharoiare predominant.172 Osanna1992, pp. 167-189;Morgan andHall 1996,pp.205-208. Kaulonia 170. See,e.g., Orsi1911; Spadea 1996 (withreferences). As Morganand Hall haveargued, there are two concurrentversions of 171. Spadea1996, p. 124, nos.132- Kaulonia'sfoundation: a Krotoniate version naming Kroton as the Kau- 147. lonianmetropolis, and a Kaulonianversion, which attempted to establish 172.Orsi 1933, p. 123,fig. 88 a first-generationAkhaian pedigree.l73 Archaic levels have been excavated (variousexamples). 173.Morgan and Hall 1996, in variousparts of the site,although the potteryfrom the earlierexcava- pp.208-209;c£ Dunbabin1948, esp. tions by PaoloOrsi has not been thoroughlypublished. A numberof pp.27-28, 83-86, 161-163. Corinthianand othersherds are illustrated by Orsi,as is some of the 4I6 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS materialfrom the cemetery.174 The materialfrom the morerecent excava- tionsalong the northfortification wall includes Archaic fragments, listed underthe general category"coupes subgeometriques a filets," or "coupes a decorde bandes,"that are possibly Akhaian or Akhaianizing,especially the following:

Trezinyl989,p.44,fig.28,nos.4,8,17;p.49,fig.31, nos.58, 60-61. Mefaponfion The northernmostof theAkhaian apoikiai of MagnaGraecia, located at the mouthof the riverBasento, Metapontion was a prosperouscity, con- trollingan extensiveterritory.175 Metaponto itself, along with the earlier indigenoussettlement at Incoronata,has seen ongoing excavations for a numberof decadesand it wouldbe no exaggerationto statethat the chora of ClassicalMetapontion has beenmore fully investigated than that of anyother Classical city, its territorysubject to regulardivision.176 In 1948 Dunbabincharacterized the city in the followingterms: "Metapontion was a smallcity whosemany unusual cults may reflect an obscureand mixedorigin.... in antiquityit was a worthyobject of strife,and the Metapontineshad to maintainthemselves against both Tarantines and the nativeOinotrians.''177 The modelof Metaponto's"obscure and mixed origin"may well be appliedto numerousother settlements in southern Italyand Sicily.

MetapontoI: Possiblefragments of bandedopen vessels, p. 216,fig. 223 (top left);the remaining fragments, all of whichare probably from the samevessel, are clearly from a horizontal-handledform. Cf. alsosome of therim fragments: p. 279, fig.292:a (top row). 174.Orsi 1914, esp. cols. 817-818, Adamesteanu1984: fig. 77, andthe materialfrom the ceme- Possiblefragments of bandedkantharoi, skyphoi, and kraters tery(cols. 906-941); see alsoOrsi 1891; fromthe areaof the Ekklesiasterion,dating to the secondhalf 1923;Treziny 1989. of the 7th century:p. 312,figs. 12-13. Although the pieces are 175.For the territoryof Metaponto see,most recently, Carter 1998. For too fragmentaryto identifywith certainty, several of therim historicaloverviews of Metaponto,see, fragments,as well as someof the kraterfragments, are possibly e.g.,Dunbabin 1948, esp. pp.31-35, Akhaianor Akhaian-style. 86-87,15>153; variouspapers in Metaponto;Jeffery 1990, pp.254-256; Incoronata Osanna1992, pp.39-84; Morgan and Hall 1996,pp.209-211; Osborne 1998, The indigenoussettlement at the site of Incoronata,explored in recent esp.265-267. yearsby a teamfrom the Universityof Milan,l78was neveran Akhaian 176.Carter 1990; 1994. As Carter colony,or at leastno certainliterary tradition concerning it survives.Its (1998,p.3) hasrecently stated, the fate,however, was intimately linked with the riseof Metapontoand it is ruralcemetery at Pantanello,in the for this reasonlisted here.The relationshipbetween Incoronata and territoryof Metaponto,is the first necropolisof MagnaGraecia to have Metapontohas most recently been explored by Osborne,who concludes: beenpublished in its entirety. "Metapontumsurvived into the Classicalperiod and acquired a colonial 177.Dunbabin 1948, p. 87. history.Incoronata perished at the end of theseventh century and did not. 178.For bibliography see Orlandini Shouldwe accountfor their different fates in termsof differentorigins? andCastoldi 1995, pp. 11-21. MAGNA ACHAEA 4I7

Figure34. Incoronata,banded kantharos,St. 143654. Scale1:2. P.Finnerty, after Basento, p. 132,no. 71 (=p. 171,no.2)

Orhave their different fates in factgiven them different literary fates?''l79 Whatevertheir fate, a gooddeal more Akhaian and Akhaian-style pottery hasbeen found at Incoronatathan at Metapontion.This is perhapsnot surprising,given the earlierdate of the excavatedlevels at Incoronata.

Basento: In additionto thepieces listed below, many of thepieces presented under the heading"ceramica di produzionecoloniale" may prove to be Akhaian or inspiredby Akhaian prototypes.

Framentarybanded kantharos (Fig.34), p. 132,no. 71, p. 171, no.2 (St. 143654),preserving complete profile, recognized by DavideCiafaloni as a WestGreek import, and compared to a similarkantharos from Asani published by Dekoulakou. Completemonochrome kantharos, p.158, no.107 (St.288936), listedunder locally produced "colonial" pottery. Fragmentarymonochrome kantharos, p.172, no.135 (St. 123773),listed under the heading"ceramica buccheroide," but sincethe piece was fired red (oxidized), it is notlisted under the "grayware" discussed below. C£ thebanded "stamnos," p. 153, no. 93 (St.143654). Cf. completeskyphos,p. 159, no.108 (St. 123615).Thisskyphos andothers like it werelocally produced but may have been 179.Osborne 1998, p. 264. basedon Akhaianprototypes. They are very similar to skyphoi 180.At leastone of thesekantharoi foundin Akhaia,and there are no knownlocally produced is not unlikeone fromIncoronata that Corinthianimitations from Metaponto. I inspectedin the storeroomof the MetapontoMuseum (inv. 128749), Orlandiniand Castoldi 1991: decoratedwith crosseson the handles. kantharoi,pp.51,57, 76,116, It is, however,different from those Twofragmentary banded illustratedby Semeraro.Other kan- nos.73-74, figs. 111-112,191 (top row), St. 283812/2and tharoiI hadoccasion to see in the St.283810/1+ 283811/1+ 283812/1+ 283807/2(= Semeraro MetapontoMuseum include 1996,p. 271 [bottom],referred to as"kantharoi coloniali'').l80 inv.128511, with numerousbands on Rimfragment, banded kantharos, pp. 82, 97, no.50, fig. 168 the middleof the body,as well as bands (St.292776),described as "Frammento di presunto vasetto andgroups of verticallyset zigzagson a verytall rim; and inv. 319844, a cantaroide." monochromekantharos in the local Fragmentarymonochrome kantharos, p. 101,fig.182, no. 1 ss gray,, raDrlc.,*, (St.283857/1 + 283863). 4I8 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Orlandiniand Castoldi 1992: Cf. someof thebase fragments illustrated on p. 82, figs.140-142.

Orlandiniand Castoldi 1995: Cf. one-handledcup related to the standardmonochrome kantharos,pp. 68, 87, 157,figs. 78,211 (left),no. 56 (St.299719). A numberof closedvessels, mostly one-handled jugs, seem very closein shapeand style, if not fabric,to similarjugs in the northwestPeloponnese and in the areaof thewestern CorinthianGulf more generally. Among others, note especially the following:p. 153,fig. 194; p. 154,figs. 197-199.

Stea1991: Incoronatahas produced a largenumber of locallymade kantharoi in a distinctivegray fabric, which has been most recently studied by Giuliana Stea.The colorof the clay,produced by reductionfiring, has tendedto dominateany discussion of thisclass of pottery.Consequently, it is more oftenthan not considered against the backdrop of othergray fabrics, such as thosefrom Troy, Lesbos, Chios, Larissa-on-the-Hermos, Smyrna, and elsewhere,including the generalcategory of"bucchero ionico." Locally madevessels of exactlythe sameshape, fabric, and decoration, but oxidized,and therefore fired red, also occur at Incoronata, suggesting that the category"ceramicagrigia" or "ceramica buccheroide" need not designate a distinctiveware or type of fabricin allcases. Among the variety of shapes producedin the "gray"fabric at Incoronata,the kantharosoccurs most frequently.The shapeis fullydiscussed by Stea,who citesexamples from variousparts of SouthItaly, as well as Greece Ithake,Akhaia, Elis, Epei- ros,and the regionaround Delphi includingsome of the pieceslisted here.18lStea distinguishes three types of kantharoi:a globular type with elevatedhandles thatis risingabove the level ofthe rim (no.l); a globu- lartype with bent handles (nos. 2-5); anda "piriform"type (nos. 15-22). Shealso distinguishes a "kantharoid cup" (nos.23-24). With the possible exceptionof no.l, allare derivative ofthe standard Akhaian shape,whether bandedor monochrome.I list below the gray-ware kantharoi in theorder givenby Stea:

Kantharos,p. 414,fig. 13, no. 1 (St. 138826). Kantharos(Fig.35:a), p. 415,figs. 4, 13, no.2 (St. 145320). Fragmentarykantharos, p. 415,fig. 13, no.3 (St. 124752). Kantharos,p. 415,figs. 5, 13, no.4 (St.299717). Bodyand handle fragments, kantharos, p. 415,fig. 13, no.5 (St. 138823). Rimand body fragment, kantharos, p. 415,fig. 13, no.6 (St. 136929/1). Kantharosfragments, p. 415,no. 7 (St. 123392-393). Rimand body fragment, kantharos, p. 415,fig. 14, no.8 (St. 136929/2). 181. Stea1991, pp. 419-424. MAGNA ACHAEA 4I9 F-t w

a b

1-'

d Figure35. Incoronata,monochrome kantharoiin grayfabric. Scale 1:3. P.Finnerty, after Stea 1991, fig. 13, no.2; -Rim andbody fragments, kantharos, p. 415,fig. 14, no.9 fig. 14, no. 15;fig. 15, no. 16;fig. 15, no.23 (St.124756). -Rim fragment,kantharos, p. 415,fig. 14, no. l0 (St. 135809/4). -Rim fragment,kantharos, p. 415,no. 11 (St. 136735). -Rim fragment,kantharos, p. 415,fig.14, no. 12 (St.283435/1). Baseand body fragment, kantharos, p. 415,fig. 14, no. 13 (St.145321). Basefragment, kantharos, p. 415,fig.14, no. 14 (St. 124754). Kantharos(Fig. 35:b), p. 415,figs. 6,14, no. 15 (St. 137714); Orlandini1985, p.231, fig.31; Malnati 1984, p. 75, pl.23:a; Basento,p. 173,no.136. Kantharos(Fig.35:c), pp. 415-416, figs. 7,15, no. 16 (St.299716). -Rim andbody fragments, kantharos, p. 416,no.17 (St. 123509). Rimand body fragments, kantharos, p. 416,no. 18 (St. 135809/1). Rimand body fragment, kantharos, p. 416,fig. 15,no. 19 (St.124755). -Rim andbody fragment, kantharos, p. 416,fig.15, no.20 (St.124755).l82 182.Same published inventory -Rim andbody fragment, kantharos, p. 416,fig. 15, no.21 numberas the previouspiece. (St.283435/2). 420 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

-Rim andbody fragment, kantharos, p. 416,fig. 15,no.22 (St. 136930). Largekantharos (referred to as a"crateriscos")(Fig. 35:d), p. 416,figs. 8,15, no.23 (St. 137713);Orlandini 1985, p.231,fig. 31; Basento, p. 173,no. 137. Fragmentarylarge kantharos (as previous), p. 416,no.24 (St. 135809/2).

Orlandini1984: Kantharoidkrater, considered to be of localfabric, but which looksAkhaian in shape,decoration especiallythe bandingon thelower body and the decorationof the handle- andfabric: p. 319,fig. 10 (= Basento,p. 151,no. 87 [St. 123747]). Poseidonia(Paestum) The mostdistant of the coloniesof Sybaris,Poseidonia was traditionally foundedaround 600 B.C. andgrew rapidly in thecourse of the6th century B.C., a periodof intenseurban expansion.l83 Although material evidence indicatesthat the nearbysanctuary at Focedel Selewas occupied perhaps asearly as 700 B.C., thequantity of EarlyArchaic material recovered from Poseidoniaitself is not great,and thereis nothingclearly Akhaian or Akhaian-stylein the morerecently published material from the site.l84A possibleexample of anAkhaian or Akhaian-style kantharos from Foce del Seleis listedbelow. Jean Berard suggested that the originalGreek settlementwas at the mouth of theriver Sele (the ancient Silaris), but Dunbabin expresseduncertainty as to whetherthis was the original Sybaritan settlement,to be datedaround 700 B.C., or"whether it precededthe Sybarites, 183.See Pedley1990. whowere responsible only for the settlement on thesite of Poseidonia.''185 184.For Foce del Selesee especially ZancaniMontuoro and Zanotti-Bianco Bethat as it may,Coldstream has speculated that the Akhaian or Akhaian- 1937,p.209; Dunbabin1948, pp.25- stylekantharoi found at inlandsites such as SalaConsilina (see below) 26, 263. Foran overviewof Poseidonia mayhave derived from Poseidonia rather than the eastcoast of Calabria. see Pedley1990; for the recent Sucha movement,from west to eastor southeast, is certainlypossible and excavationsat the site see Poseidonia- Poseidoniais wellsituated with regard to the inlandroute to theVallo di PaestumI-III; also Greco, d'Ambrosio, andTheodorescu 1996. Diano,skirting the rural sanctuary at Albanella.l86 The relativelylate date 185. See Berard1941, p.236; ofthesettlement at Poseidonia, however, renders the city a lesslikely source Dunbabin1948, p. 26; see irther forthe Akhaian-style kantharoi found further inland. Jeffery1990, pp.252-253. Themore recent excavations atthe extramural sanctuary in the"localita 186. See Dunbabin1948, pp. 200- SantaVenera" just outside the southwall of Poseidoniaand some 450 m 210;Pedleyl990,p. 18,fig.6. eastof the southgate have yielded pottery ranging in datefrom the 6th 187.For an overviewof the site,the historyof exploration,and finds, see centuryB.C. to theMedieval period.187 The materialincludes Corinthian, Johannowsly,Pedley, and Torelli 1983; Attic,and East Greek imports, alongside locally produced imitations of Pedley1990, pp. 129-162. Corinthianpottery and Ionian cups.l88 Although there are no clearex- 188.Johannowsly,Pedley, and amplesof Akhaianor Akhaian-style pottery, Theresa Menard, who is re- Torelli1983, pp.300-301. sponsiblefor the publicationof the potteryfrom the sanctuary,informs 189.I amgrateil to Theresa Menardfor showing me photographs me thatthere may be onefragment from a vertical-handledvessel similar anddrawings of all the catalogued to Akhaiankantharoi.189 As with the settlementof Poseidonia,the late potteryfrom the sanctuaryat Santa dateof thefoundation of thesanctuary would greatly limit the quantity of Venera. MAGNA ACHAEA 42I

diagnosticAkhaian or Akhaian-stylevessels. More recently, a numberof sherdswith dipinti evidently in theAkhaian alphabet have been found in the excavationsdirected byJohn Pedley and James Higginbotham.190 Focedel Sele The materialfrom the sanctuary of Heraon theFoce del Sele (Capaccio), excavatedby PaolaZancani Montuoro and Umberto Zanotti-Bianco, includessome of the earliestGreek imports to the regionof Poseidonia. Illustratedamong the piecesof Protocorinthianpottery in an earlypre- liminaryreport is a solitary(miniature) kantharos:

Smallor miniaturemonochrome kantharos: Zancani Montuoro andZanotti-Bianco 1937, p. 323,fig. 78, toprow, third from left.

A numberof otherAkhaian settlements, possible "colonies," ordependen- cies areknown, some only by theircoinage. On the Tyrrhenianside, in additionto Laosand Kerilloi, are Aminaia, Pyxous, and Sirinos, the latter oftenconfused with Siris/Polieion, as well as Terina and Temesa, with its coppermines, which came under the control of Kroton.192Jefferyhaspro- visionallyassigned a coinwith IlaX on theobverse and Mok on thereverse to Molpeand Cape Palinuro, south of Poseidoniaand Velia.193 From other partsof SouthItaly we canadd Pandosia, an indigenoussettlement that latercame under the hegemony of Kroton,as well as Petelia and Krimissa (seeabove, Temple of ApolloAlaios).l94

N o N - A K H A I A N S E T T L E M E N T S LokroiEpizephyrioi LokroiEpizephyrioi, the apoikiaof OpuntianLokris established in the 7th centuryB.C., or so traditionstates, went on to enjoypolitical promi- nenceand itself foundeda numberof subsidiarysettlements at Med- ma,Hipponion, and Metauros.195 The earliestlevels of the cityhave not beenas thoroughlyexplored as the LateArchaic and Classical levels.196

190.I amgrateful to JohnPedley Temesasee Dunbabin1948, pp.37, the cityhas been admirably collected by forshowing me photographsof these 162,202-203,223,367-368;Jeffery FrancescaNiutta in LorriEpizefiri I, fragments,which are to be publishedby 1990,pp.254,260; Maddoli 1982. See pp.253-355.See alsoOsanna 1992, JamesHigginbotham in a forthcoming alsoPapadopoulos, forthcoming. pp.201-228.For Medma (Rosarno), issueof NSc. 193.Jeffery 1990, p.253. see variouspapers by SalvatoreSettis 191.For a descriptionof the site 194.Dunbabin (1948) distinguishes convenientlyassembled in Settis1987; anda detailedaccount of the architec- betweenPandosia near Siris (pp.33, alsoPaoletti and Settis 1981. For tureand architectural reliefs, see 439) andPandosia near Sybaris (pp. 83, Metaurosor Matauros(GioiaTauria), ZancaniMontuoro and Zanotti-Bianco 157);Jeffery 1990, pp.254,260. For see Sabbione1983; Settis 1987, 1951;1954. See furtherZancani Peteliasee Dunbabin1948, pp. 159- pp. 185-190.For Hipponion (Vibo Montuoro1964; 1965-1966; Stoop 161;Jeffery 1990, pp.258-259,261. Valentia)see Guzzo1989, passim. For 1964;see alsoPedley 1990, pp. 61-76. 195.Dunbabin 1948, esp. pp.68- Medma,Metauros, and Hipponion see 192. SeeJeffery 1990, pp. 253-254. 75, 163-170;De Franciscis1972; furtherGuzzo 1987; de SensiSestito ForTerina see Dunbabin1948, pp. variouspapers in LorriEpizefirii. The 1987,esp. pp.232-235. 161-162;Jeffery 1990, pp.258,260; for literaryand epigraphical evidence for 196. See LocriEpizefiri I-IV. 422 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Nevertheless,a few possible,but uncertain,fragments of Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery are listed below.

LocriEpizefiri I: -Rim fragments:pl.24:h, i, l, m,v (andothers that are from horizontal-handledvessels), labeled "subgeometrica, corinzia e ionica."

LocriEpizefiri IV: -Cf. variousrim fragments: pl. 44, nos.l-4 ("ceramicalocale arca1ca* e coppe a1 1 t1pO * 1onlco* * . SantoStefano di Grotteria The cemeteryat S. Stefanodi Grotteria,located about 15 km northof LokroiEpizephyrioi and some 6 kminland, has yielded at least one com- pleteAkhaian or Akhaianizing monochrome kantharos.l97

-Tomb 2, inv.51515(on display in the Reggiodi Calabria Museum);mentioned by de la Geniere1968, p. 189,n. 14 (anddated by her to the secondhalf of the 7th centuryB.C.). Stefanellidi Gerace ClaudioSabbione considers that Stefanellidi Gerace,along with Santo Stefanodi Grotteria,belonged to the choraof Lokroi.198As faras I know, the sitehas yielded no Akhaianor Akhaian-style kantharoi. A numberof skyphoi,however, thought to be locallyproduced, are remarkably similar 197.For an overviewand bibliogra- in fabricand style to Akhaianpottery in thewestern Corinthian Gulf; see phyof the site,see de la Geniere1968, especiallythe following: pp. 178-180;Sabbione 1984, esp. pp.295-296,n. 98;Osanna 1992, p.227. -Tomb X[V:Antiquarium di Locri,inv.24562, Sabbione 1984, 198. Sabbione1984, pp.293-295; p.296,fig. 44, no. 102 (describedon p.295, n.97, no.102). forearlier bibliography, see Osanna 1992,p.227. Amendolara 199.For a generaloverview of the The siteis locatedto thenorth of Sybarisand Francavilla Marittima. The site,see de la Geniere1967; 1969; also excavations,directed by Juliette de la Geniereover the courseof several Laviola1971. 200. See de la Geniere1967; de la seasons,brought to lighttombs in severalcemeteries.199 The associated Geniereand Nickels 1975; Foti 1970, settlementwas located and partly excavated at SanNicola (considered by pp.162-163,fig.3. The otherlocation someto be ancientLagaria).200 At least one complete and one fragmentary thoughtby somescholars to be the site kantharoswere recovered from the tombs,and several others have been of ancientLagaria is the settlement reported.20lThe soilconditions of the siteare such that all pottery is very associatedwith, and mostly located below,the sanctuaryon theTimpone badlypreserved, particularly that fromthe cemeteries(Paladino and dellaMotta at FrancavillaMarittima; Mangosa).Consequently, it remainsdifficult to establishthe following see Maaskant-Kleibrink1993, p.2. examplesas imports or local products (whether produced at the site, in the 201. Mentionedalso in Coldstream plainof Sybaris,or to the north).The materialis now storedin the 1998a,pp. 328-329. AmendolaraMuseum. 202. I havenot beenable to locatea publishedillustration of kantharos inv.89830. For some of the tombs Completekantharos from Mangosa Tomb 100, inv.89830 (dated excavatedat the Mangosacemetery at to the endof the 7th or early6th centuryB.C.). Thevessel Amendolara,see de la Geniereet al. appearsto be monochrome.202 1980;also de la Geniere1971; 1973. MAGNA ACHAEA 423

-Kantharoshandle fragment: de la Geniere1973, Tomb 68, p. 42, fig.20 (lowerright). The presenceof a shiningblack metallic glazepartially visible on the surfaceof thishandle under the incrustationmight suggest an Akhaian import. There is alsoa relatedrim fragment that must be fromthe samekantharos, or onevery s1m1 * a ar. Sala Consilina An indigenoussettlement in thevalley of Diano,the site of SalaConsilina is locatedin the mountainousinterior of easternCampania, due east of Paestumand west of Metaponto andTaranto.203 Several complete kantharoi, eitherAkhaian imports or Akhaianizing(most probably the latter),are publishedby de la Geniereand are important for mapping the distributionof the shapein the interiorof southernItaly.

de la Geniere1968: -Monochromekantharos, Sala Consilina Tomb B.1, pl. 11:4 (right). Bandedkantharos (banding restricted to midpointof vesselonly), SalaConsilina Tomb B.21, pl. 12:3(right). Both kantharoi are mentionedin Coldstream1998a, pp. 329, 331, n. 31. Siris/Polieion/Herakleia(Policoro) Likemany other cities in MagnaGraecia, Siris enjoyed a heroicpedigree, originatingfrom Troy, though the basis for this remains rather unsubstan- tial;it is alsosaid to havebeen a Rhodiancolony.204 But the better-attested version,according to Dunbabin,makes Siris Kolophonian: the citywas calledPolieion, though the popular name-Siris-was takenfrom that of the river.205As Dunbabinstates: "Siris, an Ionian wedge between the two 203. See de la Geniere1968, mostnortherly Akhaian cities, prospered for over a centuryand reached a pls.53-54. 204. Strab.6.264 (6.1.14); Dunba- heightof luxurysecond only to Sybaris."206On the basisof numismatic bin 1948, p.34. evidence,some scholars once regarded the cityas a Sybaritanfoundation 205. Dunbabin1948, p.34. andthus Akhaian, but the relevantcoinage dates to thesecond half of the 206. Dunbabin1948, p.34. 6th centuryB.C., afterthe cityfell to theAkhaians from Sybaris, Kroton, 207. Perret1941, pp.212-231; andMetapontion.207 It is nowclear that the coinageissued with the leg- Dunbabin1948, pp.34-35. city,not to Siris(see above).208 In 433/2 B.C. 208. Fordiscussion see Jeffery 1990, end"Sirinos"refers to another p.254; see alsoJeffery 1949, pp.32-33. the sitewas partly built over by the latercolony of Herakleia,which was Forthe coinageof Sirinosand Pyxous foundedby settlersfrom Taras.209 The problemof Siris'svarious founda- (orPyxoes), see Kraayand Hirmer tiontraditions is wellexplored by Osborne.2l0 1966, pl.76; andesp. Stazio 1983; The excavationsat the site havebrought to lighta largenumber of 1987; 1998; see furtherGreco 1990, openvessels with plain, banded decoration. Many of theseare designated pp.43-44. 209. Fora usefulhistorical overview, "coppea filetti''and many are clearly fragments of horizontal-handledves- see Perret1941; alsovarious papers in sels(cups or skyphoi).All arethought to be localproducts, and indeed, De Sienaand Tagliente 1986, esp. excavationshave yielded evidence of potteryproduction, including kilns.21l Lombardo1986; see alsoLombardo Amongthe various fragments on displayin the PolicoroMuseum, I have 1983. seenseveral pieces that look identical in shape,fabric, and decoration to 210. Osborne1998, pp.265-267. The follow- See alsoOsanna 1992, pp.85-114. Akhaiankantharoi discovered in thenorthwest Peloponnese. 211. Adamesteanuand Dilthey ing aresome of the publishedpieces that may be Akhaianor Akhaian- 1978. style. 424 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Hansel1973: Rimfragment, p. 435,fig.22, no.4 (cf.body fragment no.3). Variousrim fragments, mostly from horizontal-handled cups or skyphoi,p. 439,fig.24, nos. l-6, esp.no. l. Rimfragment, p. 444,fig.26, no. 14 (thesize and profile of this pieceis differentfrom the horizontal-handledvessel illustrated onp.444,fig.26,no. 16). Cf.the followingrim fragments: p. 447,fig.28, nos.l-2, 7. C£ thebanded body fragments illustrated on p. 462,fig.39, esp.no.16. Rimfragments, p. 464,fig.40, nos. 1, 10. Rimfragment, p. 467,fig. 42, no.5. Rimfragments, p. 472,fig. 47, nos.8-13, esp.nos. ll,12.

Adamesteanuand Dilthey 1978: Rimfragment, open vessel, kantharos(?), p.530, fig.3 (left). Fig.3 includesmaterial from a kiln,the fill of whichyielded variousfragments of locallyproduced and imported pottery (notedon p.517). Cf.body fragments with banded decoration: p.549, fig.31. -C£ fragmentsof"coppe a filetti,"most with horizontal handles: p.563, fig.50.

Biancoand Tagliente 1985: Rimfragment, monochrome kantharos (paint fired red), preserving scarof verticalhandle at rim,p. 79, fig.23 (secondrow, secondfrom left).

PolicoroMuseum: Cupwith same shape and fabric as kantharoi,but with only one handle:Tomb 19, no. 6.X[I.76. SantaMaria d Angelona A completemonochrome kantharos was found in Tomb XXII at S.Maria d'Angelonain southeastBasilicata, immediately to thewest of Herakleia (Policoro).2l2Thevessel is comparableto pieces from Metaponto,Timmari, SalaConsilina, and Satyrion (see above and below).

Monochromekantharos (Fig.36), Malnati 1984, pp. 74-75, pl.20A,no.2 (TombXXII). Montescaglioso Thissite is locatedin thenortheast quarter of Basilicata,south of Matera. Excavationsbrought to lightat leastone fragmentary banded kantharos, foundin "laTomba rinvenuta presso l'Edificio Scolastico nel 1953,"in associationwith a "coppaa filetti"(horizontal-handled drinking vessel) 212. Fora summaryof the site and andlocal matt-painted ceramics In discussingthe kantharosR Giuseppina pp.109-110, see alsode la Geniere Canosadescribes it as a "tazzadi tipoItaka con orloa filetti, andcom- 1970 esp.pp. 624-625. paresit to thewell-known Akhaian kantharos now in Patraspublished by 2i3. Canosa1986, p. 175;cf. Cold- Coldstream.2l3 stream1968, pl. 50:f. MAGNA ACHAEA 425

Figure36. SantaMaria d'Angelona, TombEII, monochrome kantharos.Scale 1:2. P. Finnerty, after Malnati1984, pl. 20A, no.2 v

- - - - s \

' J

a b Figure37. Fragmentarybanded kantharoi:a) Montescaglioso; Canosa1986: b) SanNicola dei Greci (Matera). Fragmentarybanded kantharos (Fig.37:a), p. 175,pl. 58:(second Scale1:2. P. Finnerty, after Canosa 1986, row,right); now in theMuseo di Ridola,Matera, inv. 9616a. pls.58:a, 69:b SanNicola dei Greci(Matera) A fragmentarybanded kantharos preserving a complete profile was found at SanNicola dei Greci, in theregion of Materain Basilicata,a settlement sitewhich otherwise yielded large quantities of localmatt-painted pottery, includinga kilnand other evidence for local pottery production.2l4 In describingthe "non-indigenous" kantharos, Canosa states: "L'unica ceramica nonindigena rinvenuta nella cavita e costituitada alcuniframmenti (inv. 152638)grazie ai qualisi ricostruisceuna tazzina kanthariforme a vernice neraopaca con filettisula superficie interna dell'orlo e lineenere in una fasciaa risparmiosul punto di massimaespansione del ventre.''2l5 She goes onto comparethis"tazza di tipo Itaka"with two similarpieces from Satyrion andGela (see below).

Canosa1986: Fragmentarybanded kantharos (Fig. 37:b), p. 181,pl. 69:b.

-1 zmmarz- At leastone completeAkhaian or Akhaian-stylebanded kantharos was 214. See Canosa 1986, pls. 59-69:b. foundamong the tombsexcavated by U. Rudigerat Timmari,imme- 215. Canosa 1986, p. 181. diatelyto the west and slightlysouth of Matera,in associationwith JOHNK. PAPADOPOULOS 426 by Canosa matt-paintedpottery and metal finds. The vesselis described as"tazza di tipo Itaka.''216

Canosa1986: Completebanded kantharos, p. 182,pl. 70 (toprow, right), Tomb21; cf. Lattanzi1980, pl. 7, no. 1. Taras(Taranto) thebest harbor Thehistory of the SpartancolonyTaras, which controlled and neednot be inthe Gulf of Taranto,has beencovered many times territoryhave to- repeatedhere.217 Interestingly, Taras and sites within its getheryieldedquite a numberof Akhaianand Akhaianizingvessels.These Greekmainland or includeseveral that must be imports,either from the sphere.Beyond fromone of the sitesin SouthItaly within the Akhaian Akhaian-styleves- Taranto,to the northand east, very few Akhaian and distributionof such selsare known to me, andit wouldappear that the in Apuliamore potterywas limited,especially in the Salento,but also generally. displayin Completebanded kantharos (Fig.38:a), inv. 54963 (on necropolis theTaranto Museum), from one of the tombsin the Vessel at ViaGiovanni Giovane (excavated April 22, 1954). mentionedin Lo Porto1964, p. 227,n. 5 (underthe general headingof"ceramica verniciata in nerotipo 'Itaca''').218 localitaL'Amas- Theexcavations at theArchaic settlement at Crispiano, kantharosand tuola,have brought to lightat leastone certainAkhaian vessels.2l9 fragmentsof several possible Akhaian or Akhaianizing

Maruggi1996: Bodyand handle fragment, banded kantharos, pp.262,265, no.226 (inv.154428), classified as "frammento di kantharos tipoItaca?" di coppea Cf.a few of the rimfragments classified as "frammenti p. 182.For the fromthe top), 216. Canosa1986, filetti,"especially p.262, nos.204(right, second siteof Timmarisee furtherQuagliati 208 (topleft), p.264. andRidola 1906. 217.Wuilleumier 1939; Dunbabin Scogliodel Tonno (Taranto) 1948,esp. pp.28-38, 87-93,146-150; liesopposite the western tip Belli1970; various papers in Taranto; Thereef of isletsknown as ScogliodelTonno papersin Guzzo MarGrande. The excava- Brauer1986; various of theGreek colony of Taras extending into the al.1988;Osanna 1992, pp. l-38; siteof Scoglio et tionsconducted by Quintino Quagliati at the archaeological Malkin1994, esp. ch.4. 1899 a delTonno anextension ofthe lowpromontoryofPuntaTonno-in 218.I havenot beenable to locate prehistoricsettle- illustrationof thispiece in andthe yearsfollowing brought to lightan important published significantquantities of im- thevarious excavation reports of ment.The upperlevels of the site yielded Porto1960; 1961. IronAge andArchaic Greek Taranto,such as Lo portedMycenaean pottery, along with Early Forthe site see Osanna1992, in detailby LordWill- 219. imports,of whichthe Mycenaeanwas published p.36. the imported, iamTaylour.220 I have not had occasion to inspectfirsthand 220.Taylour 1958, pp. 81-137. A but in dealing Greeksherds from post-MycenaeanGreek pottery from Scoglio del Tonno, fewof the Archaic levels, delTonno are illustrated in Geometricand Protocorinthian pottery from the upper Soglio with the Taranto,pl.58. Taylourrefers to severalfragments that may well be Akhaian: '

MAGNA ACHAEA 427

E W

a b Figure38. Bandedkantharoi: a) Via G. Giovane,Taranto,Taranto Museum,inv. 54963 (22/4/1954); Taylour1958: b) Satyrion(Leporano). Scale 1:2. Severalvertical handles, particularly one of verythin ware a) drawingauthor, inked by P.Finnerty; "paintedwith horizontal lines on the lowerhalf and with b) P.Finnerty, after Lo Porto1964, p. 227, verticalones on the upperhalf" (cf. Fig.30), pp. 126-127. Lo fig.48,no. 1 Porto(1964, p.227, n. 4) mentionsthese fragments as examples of his "ceramicaverniciata in nerotipo 'Itaca,"' and thus highly likelyto be Akhaianor Akhaianizing vessels. Satyrion(Leporano) The townof Leporanois locatedsome 12 kmsoutheast of Tarantoand is of importancesince it hasyielded, along with Scoglio del Tonno, significantquantities of importedprehistoric Aegean pottery, including Middle HelladicMatt-Painted and Minyan,as well as Mycenaeanpottery.22l Satyrion,along with Taras, is namedin the well-known passage in Diodoros Siculus(8.21.3) as a baneto the Iapygians.At leastone fragmentary kantharosand fragments of severalothers are listed under the category "ceramicaverniciata in nerotipo 'Itaca."'

Lo Porto1964: Fragmentarybanded kantharos (Fig.38:b), pp.226-227, fig.48,no. 1. Kantharosmentioned in Coldstream1998a, p.329. Cf.rim fragments (p.227, fig.48, nos.2-3) andbase fragments (p.227,fig.48, nos.8-9). Grattina-di-Puglia Althoughin Apulia,Gravina-di-Puglia is located some 75 km west of Tarantoand less than 20 krnnorthwest of Materain Basilicataand is thus muchcloser to indigenoussites such as Montescaglioso,San Nicola dei Greci,and Timmari than it is to sitesin the Salentoregion. One rim frag- 221 ForLeporano see Taylour mentfrom an openvessel associated with Tomb IX mayconceivably be 1958,pp.138-144; Lo Porto1963, froma kantharos.The fragmentpreserves banding on the rimconsistent pp.329-333 (MiddleHelladic), Akhaianand Akhaian-style kantharoi, as well as the more ubiq- pp.333-343,358-360,fig.69 (Myce- withboth naean);Lo Porto1964, pp.195-197 uitous"coppe a filetti"(horizontal-handled vessels). The fragment is listed (Minyan),197-204(Mycenaean). hereonly as a possibility. JOHNK. PAPADOPOULOS 428

duPlatTaylor et al. 1977: withsimilar Rimfragment, pp. 86, 88, fig.33, no. 8 (compared century "Greektype cups of the lateseventh and early sixth andSala Consilina).222 B.C." suchas thosefrom Montescaglioso Otranto modernAlba- Locatedonthe easternmost tip of Apulia,directly opposite oneof thefirst ports- nia,the areaof Otrantowould naturally seem to be thatthe earliest of-callforany westward-bound ship.223 The fact, however, pottery,is found Mycenaeanpottery, as well as the earliest post-Mycenaean thatthe aspectof atsites such as those on the Bayof Naplesclearly shows by Dunbabin:"The proximitywasnot critical.This is a pointwell stated the moreremote viewthat the nearermust have been colonized before Greekcolonization."224 cannotbe upheld without rewriting the history of in easternApulia is Thequantity of Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery of a possibleAkhaian- meager:asfar as I knowthe only published fragment andit mayconceiv- stylekantharos from the Salentois thatlisted below, ablybe Ithakesian.225

D'Andria1985: pp.359-360, Rimand handle fragment, monochrome kantharos, the fig.23 (inv.OP 79-143;OP 81-489-439).In describing notanole piece,D'Andria states: "In misura molto minore si nelleofficine di imitazionidella ceramica corinzia prodotte 222. The cited comparandainclude comeil Itacae di altricentri della Grecia nord-occidentale, thehorizontal-handled cup, de la kantharosdalle anse a gomitoche nella particolare Geniere1968, p.188, pl. 49, no. 1, and caratteristico for dell'argillarivela un'origine certamente non corinzia."226 thevessel from Montescaglioso, qualita whichsee Canosa 1986, pl.58:a (either [kantharos]).See Pithekoussai center[cup] or right Adamesteanu et al. 1976, pl.45, lateas they are, as well also Theliterary sources for Pithekoussai, nebulous and no.3. byDavid Ridgway.22 (with refer- thearchaeological evidence, are admirably presented 223. D'Andria 1984 as hasyielded a Thecemetery in theValle di SanMontano at Pithekoussai228 ences). andalso two related one-handled 224. Dunbabin 1948, p. 9. numberof mostlymonochrome kantharoi of Akhaian pottery sometime, that are assigned by 225. The dearth cupsof similarform, well known for quite region is well reflectedin the originalsor localimita- inthe theirexcavators as eitherEarly Protocorinthian recentvolume by Grazia Semeraro Corinthiankantharoi, in the tions.In shapethey are related to LateGeometric (1997) on Archaic Greek pottery class,"and of D'Andria 1997. allof which,as Coldstreamstates, belong to the "Thapsos Salento;see also Pithekoussai(Tomb 226. D'Andria 1985, p. 359, with whichthere is onlyoneexample fromTombs 1-723 at whatColdstream calls the referenceto the materialfrom Ithake 177-1).229They are,however, different from 1948; Benton two-handledkantharos publishedin Robertson LateGeometric "Iyathos," which is a straight-sided 1953. As Coldstream thatcontinues to beproduced into Early Protocorinthian.230 227. Ridgway1992; for Pithe- is comparativelyrare and Neapolis, see irther notes,the EarlyProtocorinthian kantharos koussai,Kyme, Ofthekantharoi Jeffery 1990, pp. 235-241. See and"is always fullyglazed and usuallyon the small side.''23l further Corinthian(e.g.,Tomb 363-1; cf. also Niemeyer l990b, esp. p.488. fromPithekoussai, a number are clearly see Ridgway the standardCorinthian ver- 228. For an overview Tomb267-1). Some, however, differ from pp. 45-82. normalAkhaian, and 1992, of the shape,resembling more closely the 229. Coldstream1968, p. 102; sions 148-2,Tomb genericallynorthwest Peloponnesian, shape (especiallyTomb PithekoussaiI, p. 230, pl. 78, Tomb Buchnerand David 455-2).In theirpreface to PithekoussaiI, Giorgio 177-1. . . . has two 230. Coldstream1968, pp.102, 107. Ridgway,quoting Mervyn Popham, state: "An excavator his findingsfor the 231. Coldstream1968, p. 107. mainresponsibilities to dig . . . and,then, to publish MAGNA ACHAEA 429

benefitof otherscholars. He mayjustifiably leave to othersmusings about the significance,historical or artistic,of his finds,though most of us, I suspect,find this the most attractive part of thejob even if it maybe in the longrun of moreephemeral value."232 It is in the spiritof musingthat I suggestthat a few of the kantharoi fromPithekoussai may possibly be imports from the northwest Peloponnese or Ithake,or elsewere inspired by Akhaianor Ithakesianproducts. I am particularlyinterested in thosedesignated by the excavatorsas "local imitations."In shapeand decoration, many of theseresemble the kantharos andrelated one-handled cup found at Vitsa in Epeiros,and designated by Vokotopoulouas Akhaianor otherWest Greek imports to the site.233It mayvery well be thatsome of the kantharoilisted below are Ithakesian ratherthan Akhaian. For the sakeof convenience,I list hereall of the illustrated"Early Protocorinthian" kantharoi from Tombs 1-723 thatare classifiedas "localimitations." Among these, Tomb 148-2 in particular standsout as a possibleAkhaian or Akhaian-stylekantharos. In a more recentpublication of thematerial from the so-called Stipe dei cavalli from the acropolisof Pithekoussai,Bruno d'Agostino presents a solitaryex- ampleof whathe refersto as a "kantharostipo Itaca," identical to those fromthe cemeterylisted below.234 Indeed, the famoussherd bearing the inscriptionoriginally published, upside-down, as Greekby Margherita Guarducci,but correctly read as Phoenician by P. Kyle McCarter, is a fragmentof a kantharosof thistype.235 McCarter believed the pieceto be an exampleof thefamiliar red or red-burnished Phoenician fabric, but Buchner andRidgway list it as"PCA d'imitazione locale."236

PithekoussaiI: Tomb148-2, pl. CXXI. Tomb243-4, pl. CXLI. Tomb309A-3, pls.116 and CLIV. Tomb324-2, pl. CLIV. Tomb515-2, pl.153. Tomb552-2, pl. CLXXIV. Tomb622-3, pl. 175 (= Ridgway1992, p. 79, pl. 6,bottomright, 232. PithekoussaiI, p. 9, citing labeled:"imitation of EarlyProtocorinthian kantharos," and Popham1983, p. 237. datedto LateGeometric II). 233. Vokotopoulou1986, pp. 58-59, Tomb232*-1, pls. 95, CXL. Tomb45, nos.1-2, pl. 81:an, fig. 71:n. 234. d'Agostino1996, p. 52, pl. 37, The followingpieces are listed in PithekoussaiI, p. 731, as kantharoi no. 38;d'Agostino lists as examplesof "PCAd'imitazione locale," but not illustrated: this typeall thosekantharoi listed in PithekoussaiI, p. 731,under Type 7 (iii) Tomb382-l,p.419. and(iv). Tomb389-2, p. 424. 235. Guarducci1964, p. 129, pl. 40:2;Guarducci 1967, p. 225, fig. Tomb556-3, p. 553. 87, no. 5; McCarter1975; Pithekoussai Tomb560-1, p. 556. I, pp.289-290, no.232*-1, with filrther references.See filrtherPowell 1991, d'Agostino1979: pp.124-125; Papadopoulos 1994, Smallmonochrome kantharos, p. 65, fig.37:3(T. 111), no. 8, said pp.492-493; 1997a, p. 194. to be "difabbrica pitecusana," but of Corinthiantype, with 236. McCarter1975, p. 141; PithekoussaiI,p.289. parallelsgiven on p. 65, n.27. 43o JOH N K. PAPADOPOULOS

d'Agostino1996: Fragmentarymonochrome kantharos, p.52, pl.37, no.38, publishedwith the followingnote: "A Ischia ve ne sonodiversi esempli,in parteimportati da Corinto, in partelocali, cf. PithekoussaiI, p. 731 (Indice):7.iii, iv." Kyme(Cuma) Thespecial position of CampanianKyme as traditionally the earliest Greek settlementon the Italianmainland is perhapsbest typifiedin Alan Blakeway'sstatement: "Cumae is theone Greek colony in theWest whose foundationfalls within the pre-colonisation period."237 The traditionsur- roundingthe foundationof Kymehas featuredprominently in modern scholarship,and does not requireseparate comment here.238 As with Pithekoussai,Kyme has yieldeda numberof vessels,mostly kantharoi, whichare possible Akhaian or Akhaian-style pieces.

Monochromekantharos, Gabrici 1913, cols.290,315-319, pl. 40, no.4. Cf.banded jug, Gabrici 1913, col.234, pl.50, no.4.239 Pellegrini1903, col.275, figs.59-60 (two monochrome kantharoi). Suessula A monochromekantharos, similar to thosefrom Pithekoussai and Kyme, in the SpinelliCollection now in the MuseoNazionale di Napoli,is said to have come fromthe necropolisof Suessula(modern Cancello) in Campania(the historyof the collectionis summarizedby Mariarosaria Borriello).240 237. Blakeway1932-1933, p. 200. Completemonochrome kantharos, Borriello 1991, pp. 16-17, 238. See, e.g., Randall-MacIver pl. 11, no.6 (inv.160181 [Sp. 1333]). 1928, pp. 122-132; 1931, pp. 1-8; Blakeway1932-1933;1935; Dunbabin 1948, esp. pp. 2-11; Ridgway1992; SICILY Doria 1998; d'Agostino and Soteriou 1998, esp. pp. 367-368. Naxos 239. This is a squattervessel, similar to examplesillustrated in Dekoulakou Traditionallythe oldestcolony in Sicily,Naxos was founded according to 1984 (p. 227, figs. 15-16; p. 229, theliterary sources byTheokles orThoukles of Chalkis,though later sources fig. 19); cf. Themelis 1984, p. 235, claimhim as anAthenian.241 An accountof the recentexcavations at the figs. 30 (left), 31 (Galaxeidi).For squat site,including a usefillsummary of earlierwork and an overviewof the jugs in Akhaia see, in particular, Zapheiropoulos1952, p. 406, fig. 21; literarysources, is admirablypresented by Paola Pelagatti and her collabo- 1956, pls. 92:a, 93:a; c£ Kyparissis rators.242I knowofno definite pieces of Akhaian orAkhaian-style kantharoi 1932, p. 85, fig. 6 (left). fromNaxos, but among the numerous examples of Thapsos-typeslyphoi, 240. Borriello 1991, p. 3; for a more at leastone may prove to be non-Corinthian: complete account of the excavationsat Suessula,see Johannowsky1983. Pelagatti1982: 241. Dunbabin 1948, pp. 8-10; Jeffery 1990, p. 241. Rimfragment, pl. 47, no.7. Judging from the published photo- 242. Pelagatti1984-1985, with full graph,the rimis tallerand more slender than the common bibliographyand referencesto earlier Thapsostype. work at the site. MAGNA ACHAEA 43I

MegaraHyblaia Traditionallyfounded by colonists from Megara, who had previously failed to establisha settlementat nearbyTrotilonandThapsos, Megara Hyblaia wasovershadowed by its morepowerfill neighbors, Syrakousai and Leon- tinoi.243Megara Hyblaia went on to foundthe moreprosperous settlementat Selinous.244Excavations at the siteby the French School at Rome havebrought to light largequantities of importedArchaic Greek pottery.245There are at leastfour fragments of kantharoiwith addedwhite decoration,one of which(MegaraHyblaea II, pl. 160:4)is almostidentical to thosefrom Francavilla Marittima and Olympia and to the complete kantharosfrom Phlamboura in Akhaiadiscussed above.

MegaraHyblaea II: Fourfragments with added white, pl. 160,nos. 3-6. Of these, no.4 (Fig.13), almost certainly a bandedkantharos, is clearly Akhaian.Rather than representing an "oiseau dans une metope,"as statedby Vallet and Villard (p. 155), the decoration in addedwhite is almostidentical to similarfloral motifs on the kantharoifrom Phlamboura, Olympia, and Francavilla Marit- tima(Figs. 1 1,12,14). Kantharoswith poorly preserved painted bands, pl. 200, no.5. Smallkantharos, pl. 207, no. 5 (cf.other small and miniature kantharoion pl. 207). Cf.pl. 76, no.3, as a possibleexample of the LateArchaic type of northwestPeloponnesian kantharoi found at EleianPylos 243. Foruseful historical overviews, andOlympia.246 see Dunbabin1948, esp.pp. 18-21; At leastone othermonochrome kantharos on displayin the Valletand Villard 1952; Vallet1991; SyracuseMuseum (case 150, first panel, second row, first see alsoMegara Hyblaea I-II. on left).247 244. Dunbabin1948, p. l9. 245. Foroverviews see VaHet1984; Syrakousai ViHard1982. 246. Citedby Hayesin TocraI, Traditionallyfounded by Corinthians led byArchias theonly Corinthian p.89, n. 10. colonyin allof Sicilyand South Italy Syrakousaidominated the whole 247. Thereare no illustrated southeastcorner of Sicily.It is interestingto notethat Syrakousai, along kantharoior otherAkhaian vessels in thatis not obviouslyGreek or Sikel,but for Orsi1889. withThapsos, has a name 248. Morrisand Papadopoulos whichplausible Phoenician etrnologies have been proposed.248 The original 1998, p.260 (withfuH references). settlementon the islandof Ortygia,well watered by a naturalspring and 249. Dunbabin1948, passim,esp. boastingtwo fineharbors, quickly spread onto the adjacentmainland at pp.2-5,13-21,95-112; VaHetand Achradina.The historyof theoriginal settlement and of thelater city has ViHard1952; Loicq-Berger1967; been discussedin detailelsewhere.249 Excavations in variousparts of DrogemuXer1969; Wescoat1989. 250. This kantharosis on display Syrakousaihave brought to lighta smallbut significant quantity of Akhaian with another,inv. 51551, whichhas two andAkhaianizing pottery, much of whichis unpublished.I have been able paintedbands on the lowerbody; both to locatethe following: arelabeled"due krateriskoi di fabbrica

. ,, slracusana. Monochromekantharos from the "necropolis ex giardinospagna" 251. The rimof this kantharosis tallerthan on normalAkhaian (inv.51546), Syracuse Museum, case 207.25° kantharoi,resembling more closely the Monochromekantharos, Hencken 1958, p. 260,pl. 58, fig.7, Argiveversion of the shape. no.5, Grave175 bis (= Orsi1895b, p. 126 [notillustrated]).25 432 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Cf. alsothe kantharos,Hencken 1958, p.264, pl. 63, fig.21 (right),Tomb 367 (= Orsi1895b, p. 157 [notillustrated]), cited by de la Geniere1968, p. 189,n. 12. Largebut fragmentary krater, Villa P. Orsi, similar to thatfrom Gela,Syracuse Museum, case 179. Note alsosome of the examplesof locallyproduced "crateri tipo Fusco" assembled in Pelagatti1984, esp. pp. 138-157, figs.31-51. Rimand handle fragment, from the Tempio Ionico on Ortygia: Pelagatti1982, p. 135,pl.38, fig.2, no.5; pl. 39, no.5, described as a cup:"In argilla beige ocra pallido, che non sembra corinzia comela forma:forse argiva." Gela Foundedaccording to traditionby Cretansand Rhodians led by Entimos andAntiphemos, and itselfthe founderof Akragas,Gela was the first Greekcolony on the southcoast of Sicily;it controlledthe fertile plain of theGelas River.252 As at Syrakousai,a small but not insignificant quantity of northwestPeloponnesian pottery has come to light,including the frag- mentarykrater from the extramuralsanctuary at Bitalemi,which, as discussedabove, is verysimilar to a kraterfrom Antikyra (Fig. l5:a-b). The 252. Dunbabin1948, passim,esp. followingare those few fragments that I havebeen able to find;there may pp.20,64-66,104-105,112-121; wellbe more. Adamesteanuand Orlandini 1960; Griffoand von Matt 1963; Fiorentini Bandedkantharos or one-handledcup from Tomb 9 of thepredio andde Miro1984; Canzanellaand Buongiovanni1990. La Pagliatombs at Gela,Adamesteanu 1956, p. 286,fig. 7 253. Cf. fragmentsillustrated in (bottomright), described as a"kyathos,"and stated to be "un Fiorentiniand de Miro1984, p.61, prodottodi importazioneinsulare asiatica." fig. 8, fromthe acropolisat Gela.There Krater(Fig. l5:b), from the extramuralsanctuary at Bitalemi areno clearexamples of Akhaian (inv.20359), Fiorentini and de Miro1984, p. 91, fig.81. kantharoifrom the earlyexcavations by of a possiblemonochrome kantharos in the Orsi,though cf. the one-handled At leastone fragment vesselsin Orsi1906, col.33, fig. 1 GelaMuseum.253 (left);col.675, fig. 501, bothof which Fora useful Leontinoi areunlikely to be Akhaian. bibliographyof excavationsconducted Accordingto tradition,within "six years of the foundationof [Sicilian] at Gela,see Adamesteanuand NaxosTheokles led a bodyof colonistssouth to Leontinoi,and very shortly Orlandini1960, pp.68-71; CanzaneXa andBuongiovanni 1990. afterwardthe Naxiansalso colonizedKatane, under the leadershipof 254. Dunbabin1948, p.10; see also Euarkos.Theokles' objective must from the first havebeen the rich pp.16-19,66-68,121-129; see further Laistrygonianplain, the homeof wheat,and the site of Leontinoi."254I Jeffery1990, p. 242; D'Agataand knowof onlyone fragment of anAkhaian or Akhaianizing monochrome Milanezi1990. kantharosfrom Leontinoi: 255. Case145; the pieceis evidently unpublished.There is no Akhaian amongthe potterypublished from the Fragmentof a monochromekantharos, on displayin the Syracuse cemeteryof Leontinoi;see Rizza1982. Museum(mislabeled"tipo ionico").255 256. Dunbabin1948, esp.pp. 20, 56,141-143; see furtherJeffery1990, Himera pp.245-247; Brugnoneand Belvedere Traditionallyfounded by Zanklaians,with the aid of exilesfrom Syra- 1990. 257. Cf. alsotwo undecoratedone- kousai,256Himera, on the northcoast of Sicily,has to dateyielded no cer- handledcups from Selinunte: Dehl tain examplesof Akhaianpottery, though compare one of the smaller 1995, p.412, pl.71, nos.4697 and unpaintedvotive kantharoi: Himera II, pl. 123,no. 5, esp.N.I. 17080.257 4698. MAGNA ACHAEA 433

Figure39. Bandedkantharos, Gotha, Schlossmuseum,inv. J. 2534, saidto be fromMellieha Bay, Malta. CourtesyMuseum

M E L I TA ( M A LTA ) Melleha (Mellieha)Bay No informationexists aboutthe provenanceof the Akhaianbanded kantharosnow in Gotha(the Schlossmuseum)other than that given in Rohde1964, p. 17:"Gefunden 1887 Melleha Bay, Malta." Although pub- lishedunder the general heading of"Corinthian pottery," the kantharos is not,as stressedby Rohde,of Corinthianfabric. This kantharos is, asfar as I know,the only example of Akhaian pottery said to befrom Malta. Melleha Bay,probably referring to MelliehaBay, is locatedin the farnorthwest partof Malta,north of St.Paul's Bay; the modern town of Mellieha,made intoa parishin A.D. 1436,occupies a dominatingposition on the ridgeto the southof thebay. J. D. Evanslists only the ruinsof a minormegalithic structureon thesouthern shore of MelliehaBay.258 Wherever itwas found latelast century, the kantharosis clearlyAkhaian.

258. Evans1971, p.29. Fora recent Completebanded kantharos (Fig.39), found in 1887,and now in anduseful overview of PunicMalta, see the Schlossmuseumin Gotha (inv. J. 2534).Published in Rohde Sagona1996-1997, esp. pp.29-39. 1964,pl.5, no.7 (pp.17-18). 259. See furtherTocra I, p. 89, citing parallelsfrom Ithake, Perachora, and MegaraHyblaia. For the miniature NORTHAFRICA versionof this shapein Lakonia,see Lane1933-1934, p.155, fig.20:mand, Tocra foran earlierforerunner, p.103, fig.2:f. Forthe Argiveversions of the shapesee The Archaiclevels at Tocra,the ancientTaucheira/Teucheira in North above.A relatedminiature form, which Africa,have yielded a numberof interestingkantharoi. In discussinga is verycommon in Sicily,is the stirrup- groupof theseunder the heading"Lakonian," John Hayes writes: "The krater,or krateriskos,which imitates the popularLakonian shape; numerous deepkantharoi (993-6) have not beenrecognized previously as a specifi- examplesof thesefrom Morgantina callyLakonian type." Although different in shapeand decoration than havebeen recently discussed by Claire the standardAkhaian banded and monochrome kantharoi, a few of the Lyons,in MorgantinaV, pp.57-58,81- Tocraexamples may be Akhaian or Eleian.259 The close similarity between 82;see furtherthe "imitazione paesana" the decorationon the kantharoiof Tocraand the LateArchaic kantharoi illustratedin Orsi1898, p.324, fig.34; fromEleian Pylos and Olympia is noteworthy. see alsoGentili 1961a, p.213, fig.17:d; Gentili1961b, p.218, fig.3:a;for the Lakonian,full-size, prototype, see TocraI, pp.89-92,fig.44, pl. 68, nos.993-996Fig. 40:a-b).As is Stibbe1989. statedby Hayes,the majorityof theseare Peloponnesian. With 434 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

-S

a b Figure40. Tocra (Taucheira/ Teucheira),banded kantharoi with the exceptionof thefragmentary monochrome kantharos, decorationin addedwhite and red. no.996, these vessels are not necessarilyAkhaian, but are more Scale1:3. P. Finnerty, after Tocra I, fig. 44, pl. 68, nos.993, 995 likelyEleian or western Peloponnesian rather than Lakonian. Cf. TocraII, p. 69, kantharoidcups in localware (the shape of thesesmall kantharoi is notunlike that of Akhaianmono- chromekantharoi, especially examples like p. 69, fig.28, pl. 36, nos.2306, 2308).

DISTRIBUTION OF AKHAIAN POTTERY IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD AND BRONZE AGE

On the basisof the materialpresented above, a fewtentative remarks can be madeon the patternsof distributionof Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery.In Greece,east of its homeregion in the northwestPeloponnese andadjacent areas, several Akhaian and Akhaian-style pieces are found at Perachora.Despite this material in theeastern Corinthian Gulf, there appearsto havebeen no penetrationinto the Aegean, and there is certainly nothingakin to the distribution,for example, of Lakonianor Corinthian potteryin the east and northAegean or in the easternMediterranean beyond.From the beginningthe distributionof Akhaianpottery was es- sentiallyoriented toward the West. What is interestingabout the Akhaian orAkhaian-style pottery in the easternCorinthian Gulf, however, is that it is largelycontemporary with the Corinthianpottery found to datein Akhaia.Exact quantities and statistical proportions are impossible to de- terminegiven the dearthof comprehensivelypublished pottery from systematicexcavations in Akhaia,but the general impression is revealing.The two-waymovement of potterybetween the east and west Corinthian Gulf stronglysuggests that the commonassumption that Corinth influenced thedevelopment of theLate Geometric-Early Archaic Akhaian style is in needof modification,if not revision,as Morgan anticipated.260 Indeed, it maywellbethatAkhaia-or neighbors such as Ithake influencedCorinth in certainaspects of ceramicproduction, as is possiblein the caseof the kantharos. 260. Morgan1988, p. 338. MAGNA ACHAEA 435

In northwesternGreece a smallnumber of Akhaianor Akhaian-style vesselshave been recorded at sites such as Vitsa Zagoriou and perhaps also Arta,some of whichmay prove to be Ithakesian.I suspect that more will cometo lightin thefuture, particularly in view of thefact that such vessels arefound as farnorth, and inland, as Vitsa.The situationin the Ionian islands,particularly on Ithake,seems to pointto the moreenduring influence of Akhaia,and much of the recentliterature on the Euboianand Corinthianinfluences on Ithake will also have to berevised.26l The Akhaian influenceover Ithake extends well beyond the vagariesof ceramics,into thevery language of theisland. Despite claims that the alphabetof Ithake displaysEuboian, specifically Chalkidian, influences,262 it is clearthat the alphabetof Ithakeis neitherEuboian nor Corinthian. AsJefferyhas shown, the Akhaianalphabet not onlyleft its markon the Akhaiancolonies of MagnaGraecia, but also along the traderoute that led therethrough the Ionianislands.263 Indeed, the Akhaian version of the alphabethad already reachedIthake in theearly Orientalizing period, if notearlier. In a similar vein,the Kephallenianalphabet resembles Akhaian,264 and according to Thucydides(2.66), Zakynthos was an Akhaiancolony.265 This said,the Akhaianinfluence on the alphabetof the Ionianislands is not a priori indicativeof Akhaianinfluence in theceramic production of thoseislands. Althoughthere are no publishedexamples of Akhaianpottery from Kephalleniaand Zakynthos, largely on accountof the paucityof findsof theLate Geometric and Early Archaic periods, Ithake has yielded a numberof importsthat should be Akhaian.Moreover, the localceramic style of Ithakehas much in commonwith that of Akhaiaand western mainland Greecegenerally, as Coldstream has established.266 And it is possible,perhapseven highly likely, that Ithakesian pottery was widely distributed in SouthItaly and Sicily, as Morgan has intimated (see above). In additionto Ithake,Korkyra has yieldeda few possiblefragments of Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery. Thepresence of Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery in thetraditional Akhaiancolonies of SouthItaly Sybaris,Kroton, Kaulonia, Meta- pontion hithertoneglected, as well as at closelyrelated indigenous sites suchas FrancavillaMarittima and Incoronata, is nowmore securely sub- stantiated.The quantityof Akhaianimports at thesecenters, in addition to the locallyproduced imitations, especially at Sybaris,Francavilla Marittima(largely unpublished), and Incoronata, is probablyfar greater thanis suggestedhere. Future excavations, along with the studyand pub- 261. See esp.Malkin 1998a; 1998b. licationof previouslyexcavated material, will no doubtproduce additional Malkin'sviews about Euboians in the similarmaterial. With the growing publication of suchmaterial, it is hoped IonianSea are systematically refilted by thatmore detailed studies, including targeted elemental analyses, can clarify Morgan1998. 262. MaLkin1998b, p.2. manyof the problemsthat currently exist. 263.Jeffery1990^ pp.221^ 224, The factthat little clearly diagnostic Akhaian material has been re- 230-231;Waterhouse 1996^ pp.313- cordedat the latersecondary Akhaian foundations, such as Poseidonia 314. andLaos, is almostcertainly the resultof the latedate of thesefounda- 264.Jeffery 1990, pp.231-232. tions(see below). Nevertheless, the Akhaian elements in Poseidoniahave 265.There are no Archaicinscrip- tionsfrom Zakynthos in Jeffery1990. mostrecently been illustrated in the discoveryof dipinti,said to be in the 266. Coldstream1968^ pp.22>232; Akhaianalphabet, on a numberof sherdsfrom the recentexcavations di- 1977^esp. pp.177-190. rectedby Pedleyand Higginbotham (see above). 436 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Beyondthe choraiof the traditionalAkhaian settlements, Akhaian potteryhas been found in severaldistinct areas of SouthItaly. To the south, LokroiEpizephyrioi has yielded a fewpossible fragments of Akhaianor Akhaian-stylepottery. This is hardlysurprising given the proximity of the cityto Kaulonia,the southernmost ofthe Akhaian apoikiai, and to Kroton. The discoveryof a completekantharos from Santo Stefano di Grotteriais noteworthy,as is a possiblepiece from Stefanelli di Gerace,both sites lo- catedinland from Lokroi, though not far from Kaulonia. As statedabove, the largestconcentration of Akhaianand Akhaian- stylepottery thus far known comes from the plainof Sybarisand from Metapontoand Incoronata. In bothregions the pottery was not restricted to the polis,but was widely distributed over the indigenoushinterland. Thisis especiallytrue for the modern region of Basilicata,where Akhaian or Akhaian-stylepottery has been foundat SantaMaria d'Angelona, Montescaglioso,San Nicola dei Greci (Matera), andTimmari. One might addhere the rim fragment from Gravina-di-Puglia; although strictly speaking in Apulia,the siteis veryclose to mostof the sitesin Basilicatawhere Akhaianor Akhaian-style pottery has been found. The fact that Akhaian- stylepottery was foundas farinland as SalaConsilina, in the Vallodi Diano,led Coldstreamto speculatethat some of the materialmay have originatedfrom Poseidonia (see above).Although this is possible,Sala Consilinais nowonly one of numerousinland sites where such material hasbeen recorded and it is unlikelythat all of this potteryderives from Poseidonia.In addition,non-Akhaian cities on the Ionian coast, including Siris(Polieion/Herakleia) and Amendolara (perhaps ancient Lagaria), have yieldedquite a numberof Akhaianor Akhaian-style vessels. Akhaianor Akhaian-stylematerial has also been discovered at Taras andits immediatevicinity, as well as, perhaps, in the areaaround the Bay of Naples,including Pithekoussai and Kyme.The quantityof Akhaian importsto theregion of Taranto is impressive;imports have been recorded atthe cemetery at Via Giovanni Giovane, from the settlement at Crispiano (localitaL'Amastuola), and probably from Scoglio del Tonno. The siteof Satyrion,located at modernLeporano, some 12 kmsoutheast of Taranto, hasalso yielded fragments of Akhaianpottery. What is significantabout the Akhaianpottery from Taranto and its vicinityis that mostof it is imported,perhaps from the northwest Peloponnese rather than the Akhaian coloniesin Calabria.As faras I am aware,there are few, if any,locally producedimitations of Akhaian,such as those of Metapontoand the plain of Sybaris,and in this waythe patternat Tarantois differentfrom the Akhaiansettlements further south. Beyond Taranto and its immediatevicinity,little Akhaian material has been recorded in Apulia;this may prove to be an accidentof preservationor the resultof the wayin whichthe materialfrom the regionhas been published. Be thatas it may,the quantityof Akhaianor Akhaian-style pottery east of Tarantois meager. The situationin the Bayof Naplesis muchless certain. I havelisted abovea numberof kantharoifrom Pithekoussai designated by their excavatorsas imitationsof Corinthian.A few of thesemay be Akhaianor Akhaian-style,orperhaps Ithakesian. All aremonochrome kantharoi; there MAGNA ACHAEA 437

arenone of themore diagnostic banded kantharoi. In listingthe kantharoi publishedin PithekoussaiI in this study,my aim is not to questionthe attributionsof the excavators.Rather, I wish to pointto the closesimilar- ity of the monochromekantharoi at Pithekoussaiwith thosefound in Akhaia,Elis, Epeiros, and Ithake, in additionto thosefrom Metaponto andother parts of SouthItaly, which are clearly not Corinthian.267 On the mainlandopposite, several monochrome kantharoi, similar to those at Pithekoussai,and at leastone bandedjug havebeen recorded at Kyme (Cuma);another kantharos from Suessula (modern Cancello) in inland Campaniaillustrates that suchvessels are not restrictedto siteson the coast. Beyondpeninsular Italy, Akhaian or Akhaian-style material has been recordedfrom various sites in Sicily,Tocra in NorthAfrica, and perhaps Melita(Malta). The distributionin Sicilyas it currentlystands is largely confinedto the citiesof the eastand southeast coasts. A morethorough searchwould undoubtedly bring to lightmore material. Unlike the situationin SouthItaly, there appears to beno significant distribution ofAkhaian or Akhaian-stylepottery at inlandsites, with the exceptionof Leontinoi in the richLaistrygonian plain, but such a conclusionmust remain tenta- tiveand provisional. I know of noAkhaian pottery in western, Phoenician, Sicily,but it wouldbe wrongto readtoo muchinto this as thereis nomistaking the Akhaian provenance of anintact banded kantharos, found late last century,said to be fromMellieha Bay in PhoenicianMalta 267. If I amcorrect in assigning someof the Pithekoussaikantharoi to (Fig.39). As forNorth Africa, Hayes in his meticulouspublication of the an Akhaianor Ithakesianpedigree, potteryfrom the Archaicdeposits at Tocratentatively assigned several thenthis group represents one of the kantharoito Lakonia.268These are similar to the LateArchaic decorated largestcategories of importsfrom kantharoifrom Elis, particularly those from Olympia and Eleian Pylos, Tombs1-723. A similarpattern is seen andit is thereforepossible that they derive from a Peloponnesiancenter in otherparts of Pithekoussai,inclu- outsideAkhaia. dingthe Montedi Vico acropolis(for whichsee furtherColdstream 1998b, The patternof distributionof Akhaianand Akhaian-style pottery in p. 304).At Pithekoussaigenerally there SouthItaly, Sicily, and beyond highlights the complexityof the structures is, in additionto a smallamount of withinwhich this materialcirculated. The importsand imitationsof Euboianpottery and a sizablequantity Akhaianpottery at Akhaian apoikiai such as Sybaris, Metapontion, Kroton, of Corinthian,a goodrange of East andKaulonia, along with imports at non-Akhaian centers such as Taranto, Greekpottery, as well as importsfrom Italy,Carthage, the Levant(including Satyrion,Lokroi Epizephyrioi, and some ofthe sites in coastalSicily, bring ''PhoerlicianRhodes"), and the Iberian intofocus a maritimecirculation following natural routes to goodharbors peninsula;see Osborne1998, p. 258. A andbeaches. The factthat Akhaian and Akhaian-style pottery is foundat similarrange of materialis recorded so manyindigenous sites, particularly in the mountainousinterior of elsewherein Italy.In Apuliain the 9th Calabriaand Basilicata, raises the issueof the adoptionof (orresistance and8th centuriesB.C., forexample, functionedin Greek,indigenous, Morgan(1998, p. 295) givesthe to) Greekcommodities and how these followingfigures: 2,790 Corinthian, andhybrid or creolizedcontexts. 26 Euboio-Cycladic,and 6 Euboian It is possiblethat the pattern witnessed by the distributionof pottery potteryimports. followsin partthat of theAkhaian colonial coinage, particularly the rise of 268. TocraI, pp.89-92, fig.44, an"empire" dominated by Sybaris and the subsequent "alliance" headed by pl. 68, nos.993-996. Kroton.269Such a possibilityseems attractive in the caseof sitesin the 269. See discussionin Papado- poulos,forthcoming, which builds on choraiof Sybarisand Kroton,perhaps also thosewithin the sphereof the earliercontributions of Greco1990; Metapontion.But the broaderdistribution of the materialacross South Stazio1983;1987; 1998. Italy,as well as in partsof Sicilyand beyond, suggests that this is onlyone 438 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS of severalfactors at play. The fact that Akhaian and Akhaian-style kantharoi andother vessel forms are found in a widevariety of contexts-Greekand indigenoussettlements, intra- and extramural sanctuaries, and in a variety of tombs-establishesthat this potteryserved many different functions andcommunities. It is possible,for example,that some of the Akhaian andAkhaian-style pottery was circulated within the contextof ritualex- changeswithin the frameworkof xenia,as IradMalkin and others have suggested.270It is alsopossible that some of thispottery, particularly the numerouskantharoi at sanctuarysites such as Francavilla Marittima, should be seenagainst the backdrop of ritualdrinking and dining, as the work of UtaKron, Catherine Morgan, and others has brought to thefore.27l Nev- ertheless,the wide distribution of thismaterial in so manydifferent contexts,including tombs in indigenouscemeteries, underlines the futility of searchingfor any one explanation that can account for the pattern seen in theWest. Chronologically,the majorityof the bandedand monochrome kantharoiand other Akhaian vessel forms found in SouthItaly are best accommodatedin the 7th andearly 6th centuriesB.C. The earliestAkhaian material,particularly at Sybarisand Francavilla Marittima, appears to be contemporarywith Early Protocorinthian, and, as such,may date as early asthe very late 8th century, according to theconventional chronology. The natureof the depositsat both sites,however, especially the largevotive stipeon the Timponedella Motta at Francavilla,is such that a detailed stratigraphicsequence has not beenestablished.272 Few pieces can be assigned,as yet, to theearlier stages of theLate Geometric period. A similar chronologicalpattern is apparentfor the Akhaian and Akhaian-style potteryin Sicily,and for many of the othersites in SouthItaly where similar materialhas been recorded.273 A fewof theLate Archaic kantharoi of thestyle well known from Elis havebeen recorded from Ithake, Tocra, and perhaps also Megara Hyblaia, but theseare less commonthan the earlierArchaic type, and Akhaian exportsappear to declinesometime during the 6th centuryB.C. Thereare few,if any,of thelate type of kantharosat the traditional Akhaian colonies on the Ioniancoast of Italy.I knowof no examplesof Gauer'sSpatform amongthe numerous examples of kantharoiat Sybarisor Francavilla, both sitespresumably destroyed ca. 510 s.c.274It wouldthus seem that in addi-

270.This is a themedealt with in 273.The notableexception is suggest.Although used as a chrono- variouscontributions by Malkin, Pithekoussai,and perhaps Kyme, where logical''fixed point," especially for the includingMalkin 1987; 1994; 1998a manyof the kantharoihave been found materialfrom Sybaris and Francavilla, (withreferences). in tombsdating to the late8th century the destructionof Sybariswas followed 271. See esp.Kron 1988 and B.C., thoughfew of thesevessels can be by the mintingof a cointhat displayed, Morganin IsthmiaVIII (with further confidentlyassigned as Akhaian.The on the obverse,the tripodof Kroton, references). kantharoifrom Pithekoussai may be with the bullof Sybarison the reverse. 272. Recentexcavations at the earlierthan, or contemporarywith, the Indeed,the existenceof such"alliance" Timponedella Motta at Francavillaby earliestexamples from the plainof coinsafter 510 B.C. documentsa SilvanaLuppino and Maaskant- Sybaris. resettledSybaris, subject to Kroton.For Kleibrinkare producing important 274.The extentof this destruction furtherdiscussion see Papadopoulos, stratigraphicresults. is not as far-reachingas someaccounts forthcoming. MAGNA ACHAEA 439

tionto Akhaianimports declining in the courseof the earlier6th century B.C., the locallyproduced pottery of the Akhaiansettlements in South Italy developedalong lines differentfrom those in the northwest Peloponnese.Consequently, the late date of sites such as Poseidonia (foundedca. 600 B.C.) andAkragas (ca. 580 s.c.),275to mentiononly two, wouldreasonably preclude the discoveryof any significantquantity of Akhaianpottery. Another chronological aspect worth noting is that,by andlarge, the material presented above from Magna Graecia appears to be contemporarywith that found in siteson the northand east Corinthian Gulf,in Epeiros,and the Ionianislands.276 Our knowledgeof earlier Akhaianpottery, however, especially"Protogeometric" andearlier Geo- metric,is verylimited indeed. Although this study supports the notionof widespreaddistribution of Akhaianpottery in the Ionianislands, north- westernGreece, and Magna Graecia in the LateGeometric and Early Archaicperiods, not enough is yetknown about earlier Akhaian pottery to trackthe extent of its distribution.In thisdiscussion of chronologyit may seemthat I haveelided the 8thand 7th centuries. Any investigation, however,of clearlydated diachronic developments, ashas been undertaken for Corinthfor the 8th and7th centuriesB.C., iS not possibleon the basisof publishedAkhaian material. It is hopedthat the publicationof pottery currentlybeing worked on fromthe northwestPeloponnese will remedy thissituation. A numberof issuesemerge from the preceding account. The distributionof Akhaianpottery is notlinked solely to colonialmovement, and in thisit resemblesthe distribution of Corinthian,Attic, Lakonian, and other widelyexported pottery types. With the possible exception of Sybaris,the contextsof Akhaianpottery do notrepresent the domestic chattels carried by colonistsfrom their homeland. Furthermore, Akhaian pottery, like Corinthian,Attic, and Lakonian, need not have been carried by merchant- menor traders who were natives of theplace where the pottery was made; theymay have been middlemen from any part of the Mediterranean.277 Herethe Phoeniciangraffito on thepossibly Akhaian-style or Ithakesian fragmentfrom Pithekoussai may provide a clueas to the identityof some of the merchantswho profitedfrom the tradein well-glazedGreek ce- 275. ForPoseidonia see above;for Akragassee de Waele1971. ramics.278 276.This is a pointmade by Malkin In general,the distributionof ArchaicAkhaian pottery is remarkably with regardto the dateof the Euboian closeto thatof MycenaeanAkhaian pottery (Figs. 41-42), that is, Myce- andCorinthian pottery in the Ionian naeanpottery found in Italybut made in mainlandAkhaia, or Mycenaean islands,in westernGreece generally, potterymade in Italyby emigrant Akhaian potters, or influenced by them. andin MagnaGraecia; see Malkin Westwhere Mycenaean and Ar- 1998a,pp. 74-81; 1998b,p. 5; though To be sure,the namesof the sitesin the see Morgan1998. chaicAkhaian pottery has been found are usually different, but the sites 277. Forfurther discussion on this arenevertheless very close to one another.Thus, prehistoric Broglio di aspectsee Papadopoulos1997a; Morris TrebisacceandSorre del Mordillo instead of historicSybaris and Francavilla andPapadopoulos 1998. Marittima;similarly, Termitito rather than Metaponto or Siris;Scoglio 278.The fragmentwith the graffito delTonno in placeof Taras;Polla instead of SalaConsilina; Vivara in the is illustratedin PithekoussaiI, pp.289- 290, no. 232*-1,fully discussed above Bayof Naplesrather than Pithekoussai; Molinello, Matrensa, Cozzo del (underPithekoussai). Pantano,and Pantalica in Sicilyinstead of MegaraHyblaia, Syrakousai, 44o JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure41. Distributionof Late HelladicI-II potteryin Italy. R. G. Finnerty,after Gras 1985, p. 58, fig.6

Gela,and Leontinoi.279 Different also are the namesof the scholarswho studyMycenaean and Archaic-Classical Greek pottery. The systemicdi- videbetween the disciplinesof Aegeanand central Mediterranean prehistory,on the one hand,and classicalarchaeology, on the other,is to be regretted,since it has obscuredcontinuities that shouldhave been obvious.280Beyond names, however, the archaeologicalpattern outlined forthe Archaic period has a venerableBronze Age ancestry. Thefirst western Greeks were Mycenaeans, or, as they were known in Homer,"Akhaians." The archaeologyof theMycenaeans in theWest has becomea majorgrowth industry.28l In his seminalstudy of Mycenaean potteryinItalyand adjacent areas published in 1958,LordWilliamWaylour listedsome 17 sitesin peninsularItaly, Sicily, and the Lipariand Bay of

279. Fora usefulsummary of the Etruria,northern Italy, and the Adriatic haveargued for a moreintimate and distributionof Mycenaeanpottery coastof Apulianorth of Bari. lastingMycenaean legacy in Latium accordingto chronologicalphases, see 280. See furtherPapadopoulos on the basisof ancientsources and Gras1985, pp. 57-61, figs.6-9; 1993. linguisticcriteria, as well as the Vagnetti1999, pp. 158-161.Regions 281. Note Peroni's(1979, p. 2) evidenceof architecture,weapons, whereMycenaean pottery has been perceptivestatement, cited and trans- textiles,agriculture, and religion; see foundbut, to date,no ArchaicAkhaian, latedin Ridgway1992, p. 7. Some Peruzzi1980 (with references to earlier includethe Lipariislands, Sardinia, scholars,notably Emilio Peruzzi, work). MAGNA ACHAEA 44I

Figure42. Distributionof Late HelladicIIIA-C pottery in Italy, includingSicily and Sardinia. Naplesislands that yielded Mycenaean pottery.282 By1988 Elizabeth Fisher R. G. Finnerty,after Gras 1985, pp. 6>61, was ableto expandthe list to 53, andin 1999 LuciaVagnetti listed 78 figs.7-8 siteswith Mycenaean material.283 The incidenceof Mycenaeanpottery in theWest is nowmore secure thanks to thework of pioneerslike Taylour, Vagnetti,and others.284 The questfor metals has been rightly emphasized as a motivefor Mycenaeancontacts in the West,285but the distribution of Mycenaeanpottery cannot be solelylinked to metallurgy.More- over,Mycenaean interests in theWest are rarely seen against the backdrop of laterGreek interests, including settlement, in SouthItaly and Sicily. What happensin the BronzeAge is, moreoften than not, presented

282.Taylour 1958; c£ Fisher1988, potteryin Italy,see Vagnetti1993. Bergonziet al. 1982;Peroni 1984a; fig. l:a, with a notethat the sherds 284. Taylour1958; Tine and 1984b;Gras 1985, pp. 57-97; Smith listedby Taylour from Rome were later Vagnetti1967; Vagnetti1970; 1980; 1987;Fisher 1988. shownnot to be Mycenaean. 1982; VagnettiandJones 1988; 285. See esp.Dickinson 1977, 283. Fisher1988, fig. l:b; Vagnetti Marazzi,Tusa, and Vagnetti 1986; p. 101;Bietti Sestieri 1973;1985; 1999,pp. 156-161. For a useful Vagnettiand Lo Schiavo1989. See 1988;Gras 1985, pp. 57-97. overviewof the studyof Mycenaean also,among others, Biancofiore 1967; 442 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS as a Mycenaeanprologue, a sort of pre-precolonizationor pre-proto- colonization.286Back in 1958,however, Taylour postulated the existence of a RhodianMycenaean "colony" at Scogliodel Tonno.287 The impetus forthis colony was trade, a familiarstory for a sitenext to historicTaras andin controlof probablythe finest harbor in allof SouthItaly. Interest- ingly,the primary commodity noted byWaylour was not metals, but Murex trunculusshells, the sourceof purpledye and, hence, textile production,288 a storyalso familiar in a Canaanite/Phoeniciancontext. AlthoughTaylour's hypothesis of a Rhodiancolony was rightly chal- lenged,first by FrancoBiancofiore and later, and more convincingly, by Fisher,289Taylour's lead forced students of Italianand Aegean Bronze Age ceramicsto lookmore carefully at the provenanceof Mycenaeanpottery in theWest. This ultimatelyled to the recentspate of elementalanalyses of primarilyBronze Age pottery,and even the identificationof Italian potteryin theAegean, which confirms that ceramics moved both east and west.290As forthe general provenance of Mycenaeanpottery in theWest, the pictureis, predictably,not straightforward.Biancofiore, for example, lookedto the Argolidas the sourceof mostof the LateHelladic IIIA-B potteryin SouthItaly, whereas in the ensuingLH IIICperiod he argued thatCyprus, Rhodes, Akhaia, and the Ionianislands all playeda partin the distributionof Mycenaeanpottery.291 Adopting a similardiachronic approach,Fisher argued that the earliest Mycenaean pottery at Scogliodel Tonno,down to LH IIIA,was largely dominated by Cretanand Argive imports,along with potterywith Rhodianparallels.292 Fisher stressed a connectionduring LH IIIBwith western Greece, especially Akhaia, but alsoAitolia, Akarnania, Epeiros, and the Ionian islands.293 In LH IIICthe Akhaianconnection intensified, while the Cretan and Rhodian influences decreased;Kephallenia, Zakynthos, and northwest Greece continued to playan important role.294 At thesame time, Fisher noted a numberof pots withCypriot parallels.295 The most significantfeatures that emergefrom Fisher's study of Mycenaeanpottery in theWest are, first, the prominence of Akhaianand West Greekpottery in general,and second,the heterogeneityof the Mycenaeanpottery in question.At Scogliodel Tonno, for example,the

286. Ridgway1992, pp.3-8; Malkin Rhodesmay have been imported from DuringLH IIIBthese ties lessened as 1998a,pp. 1>14. the Peloponnese;see Fisher1988, Achaeaplayed a moreimportant role 287.Taylour 1958, pp.128-131. p. 123,following Mee 1982. in the tradewith Apulia. In the LH 288.Taylour 1958, pp. 128-131. 293. Fisher1988, pp. 125-127, IIICperiod, the tieswith Achaea, 289. Biancofiore1967; Fisher 1988, 18>181. Kephallenia,and other areas of western esp.p.185. 294. Fisher1988, esp. p. 129,see Greeceintensified, while ties with 290.Jones 1986; Jones and Day alsopp. 127-131,181-183.Fisher otherareas diminished. This is 1987;Vagnetti andJones 1988; (1988,pp. 182-183)states: "In sum- not reallya newobservation: Taylour Vagnetti1989; Kommos III. mary,there is evidencefor a shiftin the hadalso picked up someof the increase 291. Biancofiore1967, pp.117- provenanceof the majorityof the in parallelsin westernGreece but the 132. Mycenaeanpottery from Apulia over premisethat Scoglio del Tonno was 292. Fisher1988, pp.122-123, the courseof the LH III period.In the the site of a Rhodiancolony overshad- 177-179.The problemwith the earliestrepresented period, LH IIIA2, owedthe patternwhich is now Rhodianparallels is thatmuch of the the tieswere with the Argolid,and apparent." LH IIIA1and IIIA2 pottery on possiblywith Rhodesand Crete. 295. Fisher1988, p. 130. MAGNA ACHAEA 443

Mycenaeanpottery appears to derivefrom different centers; it is not of a consistentfabric. At the sametime, Fisher was mindful to stressthe pres- enceat the siteof Appenineand Sub-Appenine Italian pottery. The third featurehas to do with the continuingeastern overtones, first Rhodian, thenCypriot. The importantrole played by Akhaiaand western Greece, theheterogeneity of Mycenaeanpottery in theWest, and the eastern over- tonesof someof thematerial are all aspects that are strikingly reminiscent of the historicpattern. The heterogeneityof the potteryat Pithekoussai, forexample, with its Corinthian,Euboian, possible Akhaian or Ithakesian, EastGreek, Ionian, Etruscan, and other elements, along with persistent Phoenicianelements,296 is repeated in similarways across South Italy and Sicily.For the same reasons that Scoglio del Tonno is anunlikely Rhodian colony,Pithekoussai remains an unlikely Euboian colony. Both sites have beencharacterized as Greek"colonies" largely on the evidenceof pottery and,in the caseof Pithekoussai,a late literarytradition that has been describedas "oftenconfused and mutually contradictory."297 To be sure, Pithekoussaiwas clearly a placewhere various Greek, Phoenician, North Syrian,Cypriot, Etruscan, and other Italic interests collided and colluded 296. See esp.Osborne 1998, p. 258;for the non-Greekimports to withthose of thelocal population. A blendof localand overseas influences Pithekoussaisee Docterand Niemeyer andelements can also be detectedat BronzeAge Scogliodel Tonno. 1994;for the Phoeniciansin Pithe- Anotherfeature that Fisherbrings to the foreis the wayin which koussaiand Italy see, most recently, differentcenters in BronzeAge Italy,even sites close to oneanother, such variouspapers in Kopckeand asPorto Peroni/Satyrion, Torre Costelluccia, and Scoglio del Tonno, em- Tokumaru1992. Fisher 297. Coldstream1994, p. 77. For ployedsomewhat different assemblages of Mycenaeanpottery.298 the perilsof equatingthe distribution arguesthat individualsites in Apuliatraded independently with the of a particularstyle of potterywith Mycenaeans,thus accounting for the differencesin theirrespective ce- colonialpriority, see Papadopoulos ramicassemblages, or thateach site maintained separate ties with Greece. 1997a. A similarsituation appears in the LateGeometric and Archaic periods 298. Fisher(1988, pp. 184-185) throughoutSouth Italy. Again, the patternof the distributionof pottery, elaborates:"the pottery from Porto Peronidoes not seemto havethe same Mycenaeanand Archaic, does not a priori pointto colonialmovement. It origin(s)as the potteryfrom Scoglio del underscoresa different type of movementof commodities,people, and r n onno. ideas.As Osbornereminds us, it is a farmore complex reality than just 299. Osborne1998, pp. 268-269; "tradebefore the flag."299 see alsoSherratt and Sherratt 1993. Otherpatterns share a similarmaterial imprint across the Bronze and 300. Ridgway1992, p. 7. basicdistinc- 301.This is a themewell treatedin IronAge divide.In Mycenaeantimes, Ridgway points to a papersin Descoeudres1990. Further- tionin theItalian peninsula between primary (coastal) and secondary (in- more,the assumptionthat urbanization land)reception points.300 The sameis truein the historicperiod, when cameto Italyas a resultof Greek thereis a distinctionbetween the coastal Greek poleis and the indigenous colonizationduring the historicera hinterland.301Similarly, Malkin has noted that the Euboians were the first maywell be overstated.Some scholars "onboth sides of Italy:both in theBay of Naplesand in theIonian Sea."302 havesuggested that Mycenaean trade wasin partresponsible for the urban Preciselythe same is truefor LH I-II potteryin Italy,some seven or eight developmentof Apulia;see esp. centuriesearlier (Fig. 41).3°3 Moreover, the "greatleap" in the historyof Whitehouse1973. Greekcolonization that Malkin speaks of, referringto the factthat the 302. Malkin1998a, p. 80;see also earliest"Greek colony" Pithekoussaiwas alsothe most distant,304is 1998b,p.5. anotherfeature that enjoys a Mycenaeanancestry. Indeed, the distribution 303. See Gras1985, p. 58, fig.6; and,most recently, Vagnetti 1999, of Mycenaeanpottery in general(Figs. 41-42) is a virtualblueprint for the p. 158,map 2. distributionof Greekpottery in thehistoric period, while the distribution 304. Malkin1998a, p. 80. of AkhaianMycenaean pottery in manyways appears to determineand 441 JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

definethe later distribution of ArchaicAkhaian pottery. It thereforecomes as no surprisethat the Mycenaean pottery at Brogliodi Trebisacce, in the heartof the historicAkhaian Sibaritide, was locally made,305 in the same waythat imitations of AkhaianLate Geometric and Early Archaic pot- terybecame prominent at Sybaris,Francavilla Marittima, and Metaponto.

AKHAIAN S IN S OUTH ITALY AND B EYOND: THE "LAST MYCENAEANS" OR "FIRST WESTERN GREEKS"?

In this articleI haveattempted to drawa commonthread between the distributionof Akhaianpottery in theBronze Age and the historic period. Fromsometime around the middleof the secondmillennium B.C., Myce- naeanGreeks "sailed, explored, established guest-friendship (xenia) relations,raided, traded, and [perhapseven] colonized" on the Ionianand Tyrrheniancoasts of SouthItaly and Sicily.306 Where these people went andwhat they did, if thearchaeological record is of anyconsequence, cor- respondclosely to thedestinations and activities ofthe laterGreeks ofthe LateGeometric and Early Archaic periods. Against this backdrop, Mal- kinis correctin stressingthat the Greekswho explored, traded, and colonized"were sailing in imaginedspace as well as, in thewords of Michelde

Certeau,espace comme lieu pratique."307 In anyimagined space, the figure of Odysseusdominates as the archetypalwanderer, the masterof guileand deception:"Iam become a name;for always roaming with a hungryheart."308 In the Iliadhis kingdom,from the perspectiveof Troyand Mycenae, was outof theway; from the point of viewof Mycenaeanlong-distance trade, it wascentrally placed. Had he livedin the BronzeAge, Odysseus would havebeen a quintessentialHomeric "Akhaian." Had he livedin the 8th centuryB.C., hewould probablyhave spoken the Akhaian dialect of Greek. Betweenthe prehistoric and historic periods, however, lie severalcen- turiesof whathas been cast as darkness. To quoteAnthony Snodgrass: "In one largearea of the Greekworld there were special reasons for the ab- senceof a schoolof Protogeometric:this was Sicilyand southern Italy, wherepermanent settlement only began in the eighthcentury."309 What- ever happenedin South Italy and Sicilybetween the demiseof the Mycenaeanway of life andthe 8th centuryB.C., severalpoints are worth 305. See PuglieseCarratelli 1996, bearingin mind.First, the populations of SouthItaly and Sicilywere barely, p. 113,and, most recently, Vagnetti if atall, affected when the palaces of theMycenaean Greek mainland were 1999,pp.142-150. destroyed.As theRidgways 306.The quotedpassage is taken haveremarked, "an age that was dark in Greece fromMalkin 1998a, p. 1, where wasnot necessarilyso elsewhereand the demiseof Mycenaeanlong-dis- referenceis specificallymade to Greeks tancetrade need not havebeen bad business between other parties.''3l0 "fromthe 9th centuryB.C. on." Morethan business, however, the bonds that were forged, the lessons that 307.Malkin 1998a, p.2, citingde werelearned, and the social,economic, political, and linguistic interrela- Certeau1990, pp. 170-191. tionshipsthat were established between the Mycenaeansand the indig- 308.Alfred Tennyson, Ulysses, lines 11-12. enouspeoples of the Italianpeninsula, whatever their nature, were not 309. Snodgrass1971, p. 91. necessarilyeradicated. The factthat there is no provenMycenaean pal- 310. Ridgwayand Serra Ridgway ace in Akhaia andthus, no palatialcollapse but ratheran expansion 1992,p.356; cf. Ridgway1990, p. 69. MAGNA ACHAEA 445

duringLH IIIC placesAkhaia in a specialrelationship with the West, unlikeother Mycenaean centers, with the possibleexception of Lokris.It shouldalso be notedthat what has been cast as "trade" by Fisher between MycenaeanGreece and Italy extended very late into the Bronze Age, spill- ing intothe EarlyIron Age.31l Thanassis Papadopoulos has also stressed theremote nature of Akhaiansettlements and the factthat Akhaia, along withsome of theIonian islands, constituted one of thelast strongholds of theMycenaean way of life.312As Fisherstates:

Perhapsthe tradeties which had been established and nurtured betweenAchaia and Italy, Kephallenia and Italy, and northwestern Greeceand Italy to a muchsmaller extent, enabled the "last strongholdof theMycenaean way of life"to remainprosperous for so long. . . . Thisis not anargument for a continuouscontact between Greeceand Italy through the DarkAge of Greece,but perhaps therewas a memoryor traditionof theMycenaean trade with Italy whichwas recalled when prosperity returned to Greeceand once againsent the Achaians and others to Italyin searchfor metals and otherriches.313

Howeverlong such"memories" survived in the oraltradition, more recentdiscoveries of Mycenaeanpottery in Italyare confirming the strong linkbetween Italy and western Greece, particularly Akhaia and Elis, at the veryend of theBronze Age. In 1993Penelope Mountjoy published a LH IIICLate stirrup jar in the Louvresaid to havebeen found in Campania, andsuggested that its originwas Kephallenia.3l4 The mostsignificant dis- coveries,however, are the quantitiesof LH IIIC Latepottery from the controlledexcavations at PuntaMeliso, one of two smallheadlands jut- ting out of Capo SantaMaria di Leuca,the easternmostpoint of the Salentinepeninsula in Apulia.31sIn theiraccount of the Mycenaeanpot- teryfrom Punta Meliso, Mario Benzi and Giampaolo Graziadio conclude:

As the abovestylistic survey has shown, this group is up to date withLH IIICmainland production and has close links with local 311. Fisher1988, p. 189. stylesof WesternGreece in generaland of Achaea/Elisin particular, 312. Papadopoulos1978-1979, butthe lackof distinctiveconnections with the lateMycenaean p. 183. potteryfrom Kephallenia and Ithaca must be emphasized,since 313. Fisher1988, pp. 190-191. linkswith these islands have been noticed at othersites in Apulia. 314. Mountjoy1993. Althoughceramic connections between Apulia and Achaea have 315. Benziand Graziadio 1996; see aresuch links so consistently alsothe earlieraccount of the potteryin beenpointed out previously, in no case Benziand Graziadio 1990. evidentas at PuntaMeliso. In thisrespect this group is unique 316. Benziand Graziadio 1996, amongLH IIICpottery groups from Italy.3l6 p.126, who furtherstress the differ- encesbetween Kephallenian pottery Benziand Graziadio go onto arguethat it is likelythat the Mycenaean andAegean-type vases in Italy,for potteryfrom Punta Meliso was produced locally in Apulia by a Mycenaean whichsee Jones and Vagnetti 1991, pp.135-136. potter(or potters), and they consider this as evidence for a smallgroup of 317. Benziand Graziadio 1996, Mycenaeanrefugees in easternApulia.3l7 These "newcomers" cast as the p. 126. "lastMycenaeans in Italy?" werefrom Akhaia or Elisand the tentative JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

chronologysuggested places their movement in the secondquarter of the 11thcentury s.c.318 Benzi and Graziadio's publication of thePunta Meliso material,together with Fisher's overview of Mycenaeanpottery in Italy, notonly confirms the regions of Akhaiaand Elis as the source of muchof theLate Mycenaean pottery in theWest, but is contributingto closingthe chronologicalgap, albeit slightly, between the notional"last Mycenaeans" andthe "first Greek colonists." The verysmall quantity of Protogeometricor earlierGeometric pot- terythus far known in SouthItaly, particularly from Calabria and the vi- cinityof Taranto,not onlyfollows the earlierand later pattern, but itself maywell derive from western Greece, either Ithake, as Snodgrasshas suggested,319or the northwestPeloponnese. Here it is worthadding that Morgan,building on herearlier contributions, has argued for contact be- tweenCorinth and various sites on the CorinthianGulf, and further inland,beginning as early as the Late Protogeometric period.320 Again, more publishedmaterial is neededfrom Akhaia, Aitolia, Akarnania, Epeiros, andthe Ionian islands, but the information that exists points to consider- ableactivity and movement within this areain the earlierstages of the EarlyIron Age. Anotheraspect that should be stressedis thatthe tradein commodities,meager as it wasbetween Italy and Greece in theperiod before "colonization"but afterthe end of the Mycenaeanpalatial economy, was not 318. Benziand Graziadio 1996, pp.127-128. unidirectional.In dealing with a Sardinianaskos found in oneof thetombs 319. Snodgrass1971, pp. 85-86. at the EarlyIron Age Tekkecemetery at Knossos one of a smallbut 320.Morgan 1997; cf. Morgan growingnumber of centralMediterranean imports in LateBronze and 1988. EarlyIron Age Greece Vagnettinotes that whatever the circumstances 321. Vagnetti1989, pp.359-360. of itsarrival in Crete,it morelikelyinvolved Phoenician, rather than Greek 322. Vagnetti1989, p.360. (or 323.Vermeule 1960, p.20. Thuc. Italian),agency.321 I wholeheartedly concur with Vagnetti's conclusion: 2.66.1.As Vermeulefurther notes, this "Whathappened in the wayof tradeand long-distance interconnection colonizationis not dated,but Anderson betweenthe collapse of theMycenaean palace economy and the rise of the (1954,p. 77) putsit beforethe Trojan polisin Greeceis stilla matterof conjecture,and the pictureis changing War. so fastthat any possible definition is boundto be supersededby newevi- 324.Vermeule 1960, p.20, n.31, with referenceto the mythof Pterelaos dence."322 andKomaitho, in Apollod.2.4.5-8;cf. In herseminal article on theMycenaeans in Akhaia,Emily Vermeule Marinatos1933, p. 100.Vermeule discussedthe external relations of theseBronze Age Akhaians, beginning furthernotes that the generationsare withThucydides' statement that Zakynthos was colonized from Akhaia, confused,though Taphios would be a andfrom there noting that both Zakynthos and Kephallenia saw political contemporaryof Herakles.She further reorganizationin the generationof the "grandsonsof Herakles."323The citesBrundage 1958 for the Eleianand Mycenaeanelements of the familyand lattertraced their ancestry back to bothPerseus and Pelops, and it is in the theirrelationship to theTaphian pirates samemythical/historical landscape that we findthe island Taphos, as well andthe fallof Mycenae. asTaphios, Pterelaos, and Komaitho, as relatedby Apollodoros (2.4.5-8) 325. Forthe equationof Taphos and,of course,the Taphian pirates of the Odyssey.324The collected deeds of with the islandof Meganisi,and by theTaphian pirates, and of theirindividual princes, like Mentes whose someidentified with the Homeric homewas, according to somescholars, the island of Meganisi, offthe south- Kephallenia,see Strab.10.456 (10.2.14).See further Malkin 1998a, westcoast of Leukas325read like a primerfor a newbreed of LateBronze p. 73;Malkin specifically cites Strab. orEarly Iron Age entrepreneur. In the Odyssey(1.180-185, cf. 1.105, 417), 6.255,though he is probablyreferring the"oar-loving Taphians" sail across the wine-dark sea to theland of men to Strab.10.455-456(10.2.13-16). MAGNA ACHAEA 447

of strangespeech in orderto tradeshining iron for copper. Their specific targetis Temesa,on theTyrrhenian coast of SouthItaly, a failedcolony in the historicperiod of the Aitolians,which later became a dependencyof the Akhaiancolony of Kroton.326In Odyssey14.45(}452 and againin 15.427,the Taphiansengage in slave-trading;in the formerpassage Odysseus'sswineherd Eumaeus was able to buy Mesauliosfrom the Taphianswith his own goods,whereas in the latterpassage, the Ta- phiansseized, out of Sidon,a Phoeniciangirl, the daughterof Arybantos. In Odyssey16.425-430 we find the Taphian pirates raiding the Thesprotians. In dealingwiththeTaphians, Vermeule writes: "Ifthese Odyssey references areeighth century at the earliest,still the piratesof the islandsand the northwestcoast have a respectableMycenaean ancestry."327 Inattempting to reviewthe history of settlementin Mycenaean Akhaia, Vermeuleturned to thefamiliar passage in Pausaniasin whichthe Ionians were thrustout by a groupof"Akhaians" from the Argolid,led by Tisamenos,the sonof Orestes.The relativechronology of thetradition is clear:a generationafter the TrojanWar.328 The restof the storyis well known:the Ionians made their way to Attikaand the Akhaians settled the twelvecities until the coming of Oxylosand the Dorians.329 For Vermeule, herewas "theroyal house of Mycenaepushing west at aboutthe time whenIIIB pottery was becoming IIIC." She goes on to statethe following:"that these Achaians continued to claimdescent from Mycenae is clearfrom a laterhistorical transaction, which also explains . . . whythere is no traceof a Dorianin Achaia."330Unwilling to acceptthe highlyim- plausiblescenario of an entirepopulation displaced by another,Jonathan Hallviews the story of theAkhaian migration as a compositemyth, which servedtwo very different functions:

In the firstplace, it actsas a foundationmyth for the population of Akhaiaitself (and, perhaps more importantly, the inhabitantsof the Akhaiancolonies in SouthItaly): what makes the Akhaians of the historicalperiod distinct is not onlytheir descent from Akhaios, butthe factthat they once (though no longer)occupied a primor- dialterritory in theArgolid. In the secondplace, it representsan

326. Vermeule1960, p. 20; and Head1911, p. 112;Kraay 1976, pl. 33, withthat which occurred in Kephallenia furtherdiscussion in Malkin1998a, nos.578-580. andIthaka." Perhaps rather than a pp.72-73. An alternativepossibility, 327. Vermeule1960, p. 20. scenarioof"migration," the caseof knownto Strabo(6.255 [6.1.5]), 328.Vermeule 1960, p. 19. Akhaia,and of a numberof related equatesTemesa with Tamassos in 329. Vermeule1960, p. 19;Paus. regions,such as Lokris,may have more Cyprus,but it is clearthat both Homer 7.1.1-9;6.1-2, 2.18.6-8;Hdt. 1.145, to do withthe factthat there was no andStrabo are referring to Italian cf. 7.94, 8.73.1.See alsoHall 1997, palatialcollapse. The "increasein Temesa,which, like Cyprus,was pp.72-73. population"noted by a numberof famousfor its copper.For historic 330. Vermeule1960, p. 19. Snodgrass scholarsmay be a fittingrhythm in those Temesa,see Dunbabin1948, pp. 37, (1971,p. 86) phrasesit thus:"Achaea has regionsvfithout known Mycenaean 162,202-203, 223, 367-368;Jeffery recentlybeen shown to havewitnessed an palacesand central control, related to a 1990,pp. 254, 260;and esp. Maddoli influxof populationat the beginningof buildupin activitythrough the 12th 1982.For the coinageof Temesasee the MycenaeanIIIC period,comparable centuryB.C. andperhaps beyond. JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

attempt presumablyon the partof peoplewho felt themselves to be newcomers to invalidateany claims made by those who sought to derivetheir descent from the Akhaians of the HeroicAge: there couldbe no celebrationof Akhaianethnicity if therewere no Akhaiansleft in theArgolid.33l

Hereis anothercase of peopledoing things with words. In this instance,however, there is a directlink between myth and tradition, on the one hand,and colonization on the other.Whatever foundation myth(s) theAkhaians of the Greekmainland or thoseof the Akhaianapoikiai in SouthItaly began to constructfor themselvesin the Archaicperiod, Akhaiansfrom the northwestPeloponnese had already arrived in South Italygenerations earlier, in the Late BronzeAge. The distributionof Mycenaeanpottery in SouthItaly and Sicily illustrated in Figures41-42 anddiscussed above provides a glimpseof the possibleinteractions be- tweenmainland Greece and Italy. It is clearthat this ceramic distribution byitself is notevidence for Mycenaean settlers. And it wouldsimilarly be wrongto insistthat the buLkofthis potterywas even carried byMycenaeans, especiallysince much of theArchaic Corinthian pottery in Italyand Sic- ily,as hasbeen argued, was not carriedby Corinthians.332But whatever scenarioone adoptsto explainthe presenceof Mycenaeanpottery in the West,the evidence from Punta Meliso presented by Benzi and Graziadio is indisputableon one point.The arrivalof Mycenaean"newcomers" in- volvesthe mostdirect form of humanagency: people. Similarevidence existsfrom other sites, such as Brogliodi Trebisacce at the northernedge of the plainof Sybaris,333and substantial groups of locallymade Myce- naeanpottery are known in thearea of Taranto,atTermitito, and Nuraghe Antigoriin Sardinia.334This "pattern," if it canbe termedthat, may have hadits originseven earlier, in the periodof the ShaftGraves. Whatever the case,the MycenaeanAkhaians of PuntaMeliso, at thevery least, are thefirst western Greeks, for whom we haveclear evidence, to havesettled in theland that came to be knownas Magna Graecia.

CODA 331. Hall 1997, p. 73; see also As Hallhas shown, the expressionof anAkhaian cultural identity in the Morgan and Hall 1996, p. 197. Westhas to be seenwithin the context of thefoundation myths that were 332. See above;note esp. Culican's in theprocess of beingelaborated in theArchaic period.335 Although inti- (1982, p. 46) warning,that there is a matelylinkedto anidentity and ethnicity oftheir own making, the Akhaians certainnaivete in the expectationthat colonial Phoeniciansor Greeks can of the historicperiod thosewho first achieved historical importance as alwaysbe recognizedin terms of the thefounders of citiesin SouthItaly336 left behind much more than a leg- pottery of the motherland;see filrther acyof words. The Archaic "Akhaian" material presented in thisarticle docu- Morris and Papadopoulos1998. mentsthe continuationof a patternalready in placeby the LateBronze 333. Vagnetti 1999. Age.It alsochallenges the ideathat any one regiondominated the west- 334. VagnettiandJones 1988; Vagnetti 1999, p. 148. wardmovement of people,ideas, and commodities and serves to highlight 335. Hall 1997, p. 183. thecomplexity of interactionsnot only in SouthItaly and beyond, but also 336. Anderson 1954, p. 77; alongthe CorinthianGulf in the LateBronze and Early Iron Age. Dunbabin 1948, pp.24-29. MAGNA ACHAEA 449

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In preparingthis paper I havereceived a greatdeal of assistancefrom many friendsin Greeceand Italy. My firstdebt of gratitudebelongs to mycol- leaguesin Francavillaand Sybaris Piero Guzzo,Marion True, and DietrichWillers for overseeingthe projectthat introducedme to FrancavillaMarittima, and to my collaboratorsin publishingthe pottery andother material from the site: Christiane Dehl, Maria Gentile,Joachim Heiden,Marianne Kleibrink, Silvana Luppino, Nina Merkacher, Priscilla Munzi,Lilian Raselli, Luigina Tomay, Despoina Tsiafakis, and Frederike vanderWielen. I am also gratefill to thestaffofthe Sybaris and Metaponto Museumsfor all typesof assistancebeyond the callof duty.In so many ways,this articlecould not havebeen written without the assistanceof SilvanaLuppino, who facilitated my various visits to sitesand museums in Italyand Sicily. In thisrespect I alsoowe an enormous debt of gratitudeto PieroGuzzo, Massimo Osanna, Alain Schnapp, and Mario Torelli. Otherswho have assisted me with material in theircare, or in discuss- ing variousissues, include in additionto thosealready named: Gaetano Bordone,JosephCarter, Nicolas Coldstream, Francesco D'Andria, Anto- nio De Siena,Maria Lucia Ferruzza-Giacomarra, Beth Fisher, Emanuel Greco,JonathanHall,John Hayes, Nota Kourou, Ellena Lattanzi,Theresa Menard,Kara Nicholas, John Pedley, Renato Peroni, Christopher Pfaff, Ted Robinson,Annie Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Nancy Symeonoglou, and FlaviaZisa. Special thanks are also due to SarahMorris and Despoina Tsiafakisfor acting as tirelesssounding boards for all sorts of ideas,many of thembadly conceived, and to theanonymous Hesperia readers who have donemuch to improvethis paper. The responsibility is solely mine for any errorsthat remain. The mapspresented in this studywere prepared by RobertG. Finnertyand the inked drawings of thepottery are the work of PatrickFinnerty. This paper is dedicatedto thememory of a greatscholar: onewho not only put Mycenaean Akhaia on themap, but who adopted an approachthat pointedto a link betweenheroic and historic Akhaians. EmilyVermeule was one of thosefew people who had the vision and abil- ity to navigatethe worlds of philology,classical archaeology, and Aegean prehistory. JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS 45o REFERENCES

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JohnK. Papadopoulos UNIVERSITY0F CALIFORNIA,LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENTOF CLASSICSAND THE COTSENINSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY A2IO FOWLER LOSANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-I5IO