Fungal Conservation Issues and Solutions Threats to fungi and fungal diversity throughout the world have prompted debates about whether and how fungi can be conser- ved. Should it be the site, or the habitat, or the host that is conserved? All of these issues are addressed in this volume, but coverage goes beyond mere debate with constructive guidance for management of nature in ways beneficial to fungi. Different parts of the world experience different problems and a range of examples are presented: from Finland in the North to Kenya in the South, and from Washington State, USA, in the West to Fujian Province, China, in the East. Equally wide-ranging sol- utions are put forward, from voluntary agreements, through land management techniques, to primary legislation. Taken together, these provide useful suggestions about how fungi can be included in conservation projects in a range of circumstances. david moore is Reader in Genetics in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Manchester. marijke nauta is a mycologist at the National Herbarium of The Netherlands. shelley evans is a freelance consultant mycologist in the spheres of education, survey and conservation. maurice rotheroe is Consultant Mycologist to the National Botanic Garden of Wales and Director of the Cambrian Institute of Mycology. MMMM Fungal Conservation Issues and Solutions A SPECIAL VOLUME OF THE BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY EDITED BY DAVID MOORE, MARIJKE M. NAUTA, SHELLEY E. EVANS AND MAURICE ROTHEROE Published for the British Mycological Society CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521803632 © British Mycological Society 2001 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2001 This digitally printed version 2008 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data British Mycological Society. Symposium (1999: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) Fungal conservation: issues and solutions: special volume of the British Mycological Society/edited by David Moore . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0 521 80363 2 (hardback) 1. Fungi conservation – Congresses. I. Moore, D. (David), 1942– II. Title. QK604.2.C66 B75 1999 333.95´2–dc21 00-065169 ISBN 978-0-521-80363-2 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-04818-7 paperback Contents page List of contributors vii Preface ix 1 Fungal conservation issues: recognising the problem, finding solutions 1 David Moore, Marijke M. Nauta, Shelley E. Evans & Maurice Rotheroe 2 Current trends and perspectives for the global conservation of fungi 7 Re´gis Courtecuisse 3 Conservation and management of forest fungi in the Pacific Northwestern United States: an integrated ecosystem approach 19 Randy Molina, David Pilz, Jane Smith, Susie Dunham, Tina Dreisbach, Thomas O’Dell & Michael Castellano 4 The future of fungi in Europe: threats, conservation and management 64 Eef Arnolds 5 Fungi as indicators of primeval and old-growth forests deserving protection 81 Erast Parmasto 6 Recognising and managing mycologically valuable sites in The Netherlands 89 Leo M. Jalink & Marijke M. Nauta 7 Threats to hypogeous fungi 95 Maria Ławrynowicz 8 Wild mushrooms and rural economies 105 David Arora v vi Contents 9 Threats to biodiversity caused by traditional mushroom cultivation technology in China 111 Siu Wai Chiu & David Moore 10 A preliminary survey of waxcap grassland indicator species in South Wales 120 Maurice Rotheroe 11 Grasslands in the coastal dunes: the effect of nature management on the mycota 136 Marijke M. Nauta & Leo M. Jalink 12 The conservation of fungi on reserves managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 144 Martin Allison 13 Strategies for conservation of fungi in the Madonie Park, North Sicily 156 Giuseppe Venturella & Salvatore La Rocca 14 Fungal conservation in Ukraine 162 D. W. Minter 15 The threatened and near-threatened Aphyllophorales of Finland 177 H. Kotiranta 16 Fungal conservation in Cuba 182 D. W. Minter 17 Microfungus diversity and the conservation agenda in Kenya 197 P. F. Cannon, R. K. Mibey & G. M. Siboe 18 Fungi and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan: the process explained 209 L. V. Fleming 19 The Scottish Wild Mushroom Forum 219 Alison Dyke 20 The contribution of national mycological societies: establishing a British Mycological Society policy 223 David Moore 21 The contribution of national mycological societies: the Dutch Mycological Society and its Committee for Fungi and Nature Conservation 242 Marijke M. Nauta & Leo M. Jalink 22 Fungal conservation in the 21st century: optimism and pessimism for the future 247 David Moore, Marijke M. Nauta, Shelley E. Evans & Maurice Rotheroe Index 256 Contributors Martin Allison Tina Dreisbach The Royal Society For The Protection Of USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire Research Station, Forestry Sciences SG19 2DL, UK Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Eef Arnolds Holthe 21, 9411 TN Beilen, The Netherlands Susie Dunham :[email protected] Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA David Arora 343 Pachecho Avenue, Santa Cruz, Santa Alison Dyke Cruz, California 95062, USA Woodland Ecology and Non Timber Forest :arora–[email protected] Products, 3F1 46 Broughton Road, Edinburgh EH7 4EE P. F. Cannon :[email protected] CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK Shelley E. Evans :[email protected] Icknield House, 8 Saxonhurst, Downton, Salisbury, Wilts SP5 3JN Michael Castellano :[email protected] USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences L. V. Fleming Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Monkstone House, City Road, Peterborough PE1 1JY, UK Siu Wai Chiu :Flemin–[email protected] Department of Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China Leo M. Jalink :[email protected] National Herbarium of The Netherlands, University Leiden Branch, P.O. Box 9514, Re´gis Courtecuisse 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands De´partement de Botanique, Faculte´des Sciences Pharmaceutiques H. Kotiranta et Biologiques, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille Finnish Environment Institute, P.O.Box 140, Cedex, France FIN-00251 Finland :[email protected] :heikki.kotiranta@vyh.fi9 vii viii Contributors Salvatore La Rocca Thomas O’Dell Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Universita`di Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, Research Station, Forestry Sciences I-90123 Palermo, Italy Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Maria Ławrynowicz Department of Algology and Mycology, Erast Parmasto University of Ło´dz´, Banacha 12/16, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian PL-90–237 Ło´dz´, Poland Agricultural University, 181 Riia Street, :[email protected] 51014 Tartu, Estonia :[email protected] R. K. Mibey Department of Botany, University of David Pilz Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences D. W. Minter Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK :[email protected] Maurice Rotheroe Fern Cottage, Falcondale, Lampeter, Dyfed Randy Molina SA48 7RX, UK USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest :[email protected] Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, G. M. Siboe Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Botany, University of :[email protected] Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya David Moore Jane Smith School of Biological Sciences, 1.800 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Stopford Building, The University of Research Station, Forestry Sciences Manchester, UK Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, :[email protected] Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Marijke M. Nauta Giuseppe Venturella National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, University Leiden Branch, P.O. Box 9514, Universita` di Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands I-90123 Palermo, Italy :[email protected] :[email protected] Preface Conservation is a major concern at the moment. In the second half of the twentieth century, naturalists (including mycologists) became aware of a general decline in natural habitats. Significant decline in the number of species, and in the occurrence of species of fungi, was detected in the 1960s in several countries in Europe and was correlated with changes in land usage and with three consistent themes of environmental pollution: eutrophication (contamination of water bodies with nutrients draining off agricultural land), acid rain (mostly downwind of industrial smoke plumes) and desertification (caused by shifts in precipitation patterns resulting from climatic change). Since that time the general attitude has changed to one in which managers try to improve biodiversity. This book examines the various problems associated with fungal conser- vation. In different parts of the world there are several threats to fungi