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Dissertation Committee for Michael Patrick Dennis Certifies That This Is the Approved Version of the Following Dissertation

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Dissertation Committee for Michael Patrick Dennis Certifies That This Is the Approved Version of the Following Dissertation Copyright By Michael Patrick Dennis 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Michael Patrick Dennis Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Attitudes in Transition: Chechen Refugees and the Politics of Violence Committee: Robert G. Moser, Supervisor Zoltan D. Barany Ami Pedahzur R. Harrison Wagner Thomas J. Garza Attitudes in Transition: Chechen Refugees and the Politics of Violence by Michael Patrick Dennis, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2011 Dedication To: Kim-Anh Nguyen Acknowledgements Anyone who has never written a dissertation may be forgiven for believing that writing one is a solitary enterprise, done in isolation over countless hours hunched above a book or laptop. Nothing could be farther from the truth, however. This dissertation was anything but an individual exercise. In this endeavor, I owe many debts, especially to those who offered support and guidance throughout this exceptionally trying ordeal. Thankfully, I have been fortunate to have a superior dissertation committee. They took a leap of faith and trusted me to conduct one of the most challenging and dangerous dissertation projects ever conducted at The University of Texas at Austin. At my prospectus defense, my committee somberly joked about signing my death warrant, and at times it appeared such fears were entirely warranted. As such, I am grateful for their support and their confidence. My dissertation committee has been active and helpful throughout this process. Zoltan Barany provided needed perspective when navigating both the world of rebels and refugees and academia and government service. His high standards helped make this a better project than it would have been without his guidance. Tom Garza, as a fellow Caucasus scholar and traveler to Chechnya, understood better than most the inherent challenges of conducting a systematic research study in a region as perilous as the North Caucasus. His endless enthusiasm and good cheer were welcome respites from the rigors of writing. As a fellow researcher on terrorism and political violence, Ami Pedahzur recognized the inherent difficulties v of this work and lent his expertise to the transformation of data collection into data analysis. It is rare that dissertators have one of the leading experts in their chosen field serve on their committee, and I was extremely fortunate to have Ami on the project. In the same light, R. Harrison Wagner has been a constant inspiration and source of knowledge on issues of organized political violence. I have enjoyed our many hours together in the classroom since my undergraduate days. The only negative aspect of our relationship was the surplus of new research ideas that inevitably filled my head after our conversations. As Harrison correctly observed, the paradox is that although there are a number of interesting research puzzles, there is simply not enough time to read everything necessary to answer them. This is especially true when writing a dissertation. Finally, my chair and longtime mentor, Rob Moser, offered constant support and advice throughout my undergraduate and graduate career. It is hard to put into words the appreciation I have for Rob’s efforts over the years. It is no exaggeration to state that without him, this dissertation would probably never be written. I am forever grateful for his help. I know how truly fortunate I am to have such an amazing mentor and committee. All contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Any mistakes and deficiencies that remain are the results of my own limitations and errors, and not theirs. I am also grateful to the many organizations that funded my fieldwork research, my dissertation writing, and foreign language training, respectively. The Summer Institute of Political Psychology at The Ohio State University provided an excellent forum to better understand the cognitive aspects of political behavior. A vi prestigious multi-country Fulbright IIE Fellowship funded eleven months of research in The Republic of Georgia and Azerbaijan. The Government Department at the University of Texas at Austin sponsored my MacDonald-Long and William Livingstone University Continuing Fellowships, both of which allowed me to continue my research in Poland and Belgium. My language training in Russian and Chechen was generously funded by a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship, by The American Councils, and by two Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships, one for an academic year (Russian) and another for a summer session (Chechen), both of which were administered through the Center for Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies (CREEES) at UT. The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) has been especially generous in allowing me to participate in two separate Eurasia Dissertation Development Workshops. The first, held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2005, addressed the topic of Mobility in Eurasia; the second, held at Yale University in 2007, focused on Political Violence in Eurasia. These workshops were invaluable in helping me hone my research design and provided an excellent forum to meet fellow young scholars interested in similar issues, many of whom I still count as close colleagues. An SSRC Dissertation Write-Up Fellowship in 2010/2011 afforded me the opportunity to focus on actually writing this dissertation, no small task given the copious amount of notes I collected in two and a half years in the field. An SSRC Short Term Travel Grant in the summer of 2011 allowed me to return to The Republic of Georgia to further explore some unexpected vii puzzles. I appreciate the generosity of all these organizations and institutions and am humbled by their investments in my work. In the spring of 2010, I was invited to participate in the IREX Regional Security Symposium on Central Asia and the Caucasus in Washington, DC, an opportunity which allowed me to share my research findings with a policy-oriented audience and meet fellow junior and senior scholars conducting similar research in the region. As part of the symposium, I was able to present my research to at the United States Department of State. Thanks to the always generous support of Cindy Buckley, a US Department of State Title VIII Bureau of Intelligence and Research grant the following winter brought me back to Washington, DC to present my research findings in a private briefing with the US Department of State. In the summer of 2010, I was fortunate to win an open-pool selection with the prestigious Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research (IQMR) at Syracuse University. I am grateful to the IQMR director, Collin Elman, and especially to faculty participant Sidney Tarrow, who took the time to read a draft of this dissertation and provided much needed support and advice. Throughout my time in the field, I greatly enjoyed the hospitality for which the Chechens are famous. Even when they had nothing, they always shared everything. In Chechnya, I am grateful to Janneta, Selena, and Fatima. In Georgia, many thanks to Rizvan, Khassan, Rizoudi, Mavsur, Vaka, and Umar. In Duisi, Kameta and Mansur were always generous hosts. I owe additional thanks to the countless others who made what could have been a very difficult stay in Pankisi enjoyable and viii relatively safe. In Baku, I am indebted to Ruslan, Idris, Aulodi, Khamzat, Milina, and Abdul-Rakhman, my tenacious yet gentle teacher, Dok barkalla. My work in Poland would have been impossible without Monkia and Malika’s valuable assistance. Special thanks to Seda and Seleko in Wolomin for showing that despite the horrors of war children can still smile. In Belgium, Magomed and Karim-Sadulayev proved that friendships can form fast. Many friends kept me sane and necessarily entertained during this entire endeavor. In Rhode Island, thanks to my long-time friends, Fran Domenici, Dave Narcavage, DJ Scott, Brian Roles, and Rob Muehlberg for making me feel like I never left home. In Texas, special thanks to my closest rugby mates, Abel Varney, Chris Cole, Gabe Manzutto, Nick Nespeca, Dave Comerford, Griffin Myers, and Ty Landry. In Ohio, during my “Academic Exile” years, special thanks to Vasabjit Banerjee, Andris Zemelis, and Beth Young: thanks for great times and camaraderie during the early years of graduate school. Thanks as well in Ohio to my first co-author, Vaughn Shannon. At the University of Texas, many thanks go to Roy Germano, Manu Balen, and Steven Brookes. Special thanks to Jim Enelow as well, a true friend. I owe a great deal to my “Extended Russia Crew”, Julie George, Charles King, and Tim Blauvelt. My deepest thanks go to my comrades in the US Marine Corps, my fellow infantrymen in the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit/Special Operations Capable. Joe Williams, Travis Hines, Matt Pena, and Darrick “Jack” Nicholson were my fellow grunts who shared innumerable hours of stress and abject misery from the steep hills of Camp Pendleton to Somalia and Rwanda. ix Our surprisingly erudite and philosophical conversations started me on the trail of higher education in both academia and life. Thanks as well to my fellow grapplers on the All-Marine Wrestling Team, William Tesdahl, Phil Eiberger, Preston Barrett, and Butch Hindman who showed that hard work can overcome any obstacle. Throughout my academic career, my parents, Mike and Susan Dennis, have consistently supported my work and, even when I knew better, expressed sincere interest in even the most mundane details of my work. They have been supportive throughout this long endeavor. The greatest debt, however, is owed to the love of my life, Kim-Anh Nguyen. This dissertation is devoted to her. Kim has been a constant source of inspiration and motivation.
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