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JOURNAL of SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) Vol. 2 No. 1. June, 2018 Published by Faculty of Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria, University Village, Plot 91, Cadastral Zone, Abuja, Nigeria ISSN 2579-0838 Copyright @ 2018 FSS. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated in any form, without prior permission request to the Publisher. Authority is granted to individual to photocopy copyright materials for purpose of academic research. Printed by: Uniabuja Press Address: University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, FCT JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ganiyat A. Adesina Uthman ,acma,mnes,fce, fifp Department of Economics, National Open University of Nigeria ASSOCIATE EDITORS Prof. Dimis I. Mai-Laifia Department of Economics, University of Jos Prof. Mercy Ada Anyiwe Department of Economics, University of Benin Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Bakare Department of Economics, Lagos State University Dr. Oyebode Oyebamiji Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria Dr. Ojo Mathew Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria Dr. Abdul-Lateef Adelakun Department of Mass Communication, National Open University of Nigeria {ii} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 ASSISTANT EDITOR Dr. Ebele Udeoji Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria JOURNAL SECRETARY Dr. Emmanuel I. Ajudua Department of Economics, National Open University of Nigeria Mrs. Antonia Hafunjoh Okonye Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria JOURNAL BUSINESS MANAGER Mr. Samuel Olusanya Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria {iii} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Kabir Hassan New Orleans University, U.S.A Prof. Sheriffdeen A. Tella Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Prof. Anthony A. Akinola Oxford University, United Kingdom Prof. Abdallah Uba Adamu National Open University of Nigeria Prof. Risikat Dauda University of Lagos Prof. Abiodun S. Bankole University of Ibadan Prof. Shehu Abdallah Federal Capital Territory {iv} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 THE EDITORIAL The Journal of Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is a bi-annual peer reviewed journal published by Faculty of Social Sciences, NOUN. The objectives of the journal is to establish a symbiosis among scholars, state and society by providing purpose-driven research as a template for the formulation of problem-solving policies in response to the myriad national and international integration and development challenges. JSS-NOUN is an offshore peer review journal published two times in a year by the Faculty of Social Sciences-NOUN. Notes to Contributors The journal operates a double blind reviewing process; it accepts original articles from fields of Social Sciences and other related fields that have not been submitted anywhere else for publication. Manuscript Submission Guides • The language of the journal is English • Font size is 12-point type in Time New Romans with double line space • Manuscript SHOULD NOT be more than 5000 words. {v} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 • Tables and Figures must be numbered serially, titled and must be inserted under the text explaining them • Topic should not be more than 20 words, written in 14 point font, at the Centre of A4 paper. • Author(s)’ name(s) should be written in same font as topic; should be in the centre with email and phone number of the Author. In case of 2 or more Authors, the Corresponding Author should be identified. • The journal style of referencing is APA, 6th Edition • Authors should submit softcopy of articles as MS-Word document electronically to [email protected]. Final paper after review process should be submitted to [email protected] {vi} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 TABLE OF CONTENT Pluralism and Sustenance of Peace in Nigeria: Workable Options- Page 1 Musibau Olabamiji OYEBODE, PhD Economic impact of agricultural farming activities on output in Lere Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria- Page 31 Victor, K. GIMBA PhD and ShehuYA’U Reintegration of female inmates into the society through Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Education- Page 49 Christiana Urowoli EBOBO Impact of inflation and exchange rate on poverty alleviation in north central Nigeria- Page 73 Emmanuel O. AWE, PhD, Marvellous AIGBEDION, PhD and Sesan O. ADENIJI, PhD The role of women in the prevention of women and child trafficking in Edo State, Nigeria- Page 99 Anthonia H. OKONYE Greening the Nigerian economy: Challenges, opportunities and way forward- Page 127 Gideon Gokum GOSHIT, PhD Child-witch stigmatisation and child-centered domestic violence in Akwa Ibom State: Implications for family Peace- Page 163 Matthew Olusola OJO PhD {vii} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 Implications of Campaign Funding on the Nigerian Economy: Evidence from 2015 General Elections- Page 185 Ganiyat Adejoke ADESINA-UTHMAN, PhD and Wilson Friday OHIOZE Impact of Microfinance Bank on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria (A Study of AB Microfinance Bank)- Page 219 Jelili Babatunde SUFIAN Modular Refinery as Panacea to Artisanal Petroleum Refineries’ Vandalism in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria- Page 247 Clement A. CHUKWUNKA {viii} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 Pluralism and Sustenance of Peace in Nigeria: Workable Options Musibau Olabamiji OYEBODE, PhD Department of Political Science National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract here has been too much emphasis on violent agitation as a means by constituent units of plural society to demand for T self-determination in an atmosphere of lopsidedness in the allocation of state resources. On the other hand, scholars have argued that emphasis on violence is dangerous and may engender anarchy. This paper examines the polarized nature of the Nigerian state and the quests of different displeased entities for self-determination through violence. A historic analysis of agitations, pursuit of parochial identities, militancy, secession and ethno-religious strives in Nigerian was carried out. Findings revealed that loss in terms of human and materials does not ensure peace after proliferation of states as agitations continue unabated among the constituent units. The paper argues that the Nigerian state will remain fragile as long asit’s sovereignty is maintained through force of control over all the subordinate entities. The paper submits that the Nigerian state should be subtle in managing associations which are hostile to the national interest and should device means of adjusting state policies to {1} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 promote nation-building as a gradual process. Devolution of centralised legal, economic and administrative authorities should be initiated by the legislature in order to move the country away from the unitary structure imposed by years of military rule. Displeased groups under the umbrella of non-state actors should drop the use of force and pursue legal and civil options to actualise their demands. Keywords: Pluralism; Self-Determination; State Character; Sovereignty; Devolution 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Nigerian system of government is neither unitary nor federal in the real sense of these concepts. It is a system that oscillates between federal and unitary principles, ideas and practices. More often than not there has been too much emphasis on centralisation of the political, legislative, legal, economic and administrative authorities without taking cognizance of her plural nature. These practices have resulted in agitation and militancy often exhibited in violence across the nation. These dissenting voices and genuine polarization along parochial divides are a pointer to the fact that Nigeria is not a federation of united autonomous identity. Lately, there have been calls for regional governments as obtained in the first republic. Those in this saddle tilt towards pluralists who conceive regionalism as a means of allowing different political nationalities to develop along their cultural beliefs while engendering competition. Probably, this was why the 1954 Lyttleton Constitution vested on Nigeria a federation of autonomous regions. However, events after the military incursion into politics in 1966 torpedoed this arrangement. Military fiat and decrees have been used to install amoebic type of government. Oyebode (2018) {2} JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (JSS) – Vol. 2. No.1. June 2018 Another vociferous call has been for the institution of true federalism. Federalism is aimed at taking into cognizance the varied and sometimes conflicting interests of groups within a federation. According to Freud, it is an arrangement, “in which mankind unites in setting up a central authority to which the right of giving judgment upon all conflicts of interest shall be handed over” (Johansen 2012, p.178). Pluralists who propose federalism posit that power derives from the people and that human interests are segregated along identities. Haralambus, Holborn, Chapman and Moore (2013) observe that pluralists agree that power ultimately derives from the population as a whole, thus, it is argued
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