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The Peroxisomal Localization of Hsd17b4 Is Regulated by Its Interaction with Phosphatidylserine

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The Peroxisomal Localization of Hsd17b4 Is Regulated by Its Interaction with Phosphatidylserine Molecules and Cells The Peroxisomal Localization of Hsd17b4 Is Regulated by Its Interaction with Phosphatidylserine Sang-Ah Lee1,2, Juyeon Lee1,2, Kwanhyeong Kim1, Hyunji Moon1,2, Chanhyuk Min1,2, Byeongjin Moon1,2, Deokhwan Kim1,2, Susumin Yang1,2, Hyunjin Park1,2, Gwangrog Lee1,2, Raekil Park3, and Daeho Park1,2,* 1School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea, 2Center for Cell Mechanobiology, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Korea, 3Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Korea *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2021.2217 www.molcells.org Phosphatidylserine (PS), a negatively charged phospholipid INTRODUCTION exclusively located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, is involved in various cellular processes such as One key feature of the plasma membrane is the asymmetrical blood coagulation, myoblast fusion, mammalian fertilization, distribution of lipids. Charged phospholipids, such as phos- and clearance of apoptotic cells. Proteins that specifically phatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ex- interact with PS must be identified to comprehensively clusively localize to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, understand the cellular processes involving PS. However, whereas neutral phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine only a limited number of proteins are known to associate (PC), mainly localize to the outer leaflet (van Meer et al., with PS. To identify PS-associating proteins, we performed 2008). The asymmetrical distribution of charged phospholip- a pulldown assay using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads ids is maintained by the actions of scramblases and flippases. on which biotin-linked PS was immobilized. Using this Scramblases induce exposure of charged phospholipids on approach, we identified Hsd17b4, a peroxisomal protein, the cell surface by mixing lipids between the leaflets, whereas as a PS-associating protein. Hsd17b4 strongly associated flippases translocate them from the cell surface to the cyto- with PS, but not with phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin, solic face of the plasma membrane (Clark, 2011). Therefore, and the Scp-2-like domain of Hsd17b4 was responsible PS, which is exclusively located in the inner leaflet of the for this association. The association was disrupted by PS in plasma membrane, can be exposed in a regulated manner, liposomes, but not by free PS or the components of PS. In and exposure of PS on the cell surface generates a signal for addition, translocation of PS to the outer leaflet of the plasma various cellular responses (Kay and Grinstein, 2013). membrane enriched Hsd17b4 in peroxisomes. Collectively, One of the best-known cellular responses mediated by this study suggests an unexpected role of PS as a regulator of PS exposure is phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, referred to the subcellular localization of Hsd17b4. as efferocytosis. Scramblases are activated while flippases are inactive during apoptosis, leading to exposure of PS on Keywords: efferocytosis, exposure, Hsd17b4, interaction, the surface of apoptotic cells (Nagata et al., 2016; Sakura- peroxisome, phosphatidylserine gi et al., 2019; Segawa and Nagata, 2015; Segawa et al., 2014). Apoptotic cells with exposed PS are recognized by Received 7 December, 2020; revised 20 March, 2021; accepted 5 April, 2021; published online 27 April, 2021 eISSN: 0219-1032 ©The Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. All rights reserved. cc This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/. 214 Mol. Cells 2021; 44(4): 214-222 Hsd17b4 Localization by Phosphatidylserine Interaction Sang-Ah Lee et al. PS receptors on phagocytes or by binding of secreted pro- cillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine (PSQ) (GIB-10378-016; Gibco, teins such as Mfge8 and Gas6 to a receptor on phagocytes, Ireland) in RPMI (31800-022; Gibco) for 7 days. More than which activates signaling pathways downstream of the re- 95% of cells after differentiation were double positive for ceptors to phagocytose apoptotic cells (Moon et al., 2020b; F4/80 and CD11b. Ravichandran and Lorenz, 2007). PS is exposed not only on dying cells, but also on living cells. Activated platelets, aged Cell culture and transfection erythrocytes, and some cancer cells have exposed PS on their 293T cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle surfaces, which generates a signal for cellular responses (Qa- medium (DMEM) (12800082; Gibco) and LR73 cells were dri et al., 2017; Riedl et al., 2011; Rival et al., 2019; Zwaal et cultured in alpha-MEM media (50-012-PC; Cellgro, Finland). al., 1998). Coagulation is one example of a cellular process All cell culture media contains 10% FBS and 1% PSQ. For in which translocation of PS in living cells serves as a signal to transfection of 293T and LR73 cells, calcium phosphate and generate a downstream response. Activated platelets release Lipofectamine 2000 (11668019; Invitrogen, USA) were used, vesicles on which PS is exposed. This promotes assembly of respectively. the prothrombinase complex and facilitates activation of the complex, which is required to generate thrombin from pro- Plasmids and antibodies thrombin (Lentz, 2003). All plasmids in this study were constructed through poly- A limited number of PS-binding proteins have been iden- merase chain reaction (PCR)-base strategy and sequenced tified. One interesting characteristic of these proteins is that to confirm their identity. Full cDNA sequence of mouse calcium is often crucial for their interactions with PS, although Hsd17b4 was purchased from Darmacon (USA) (MMM4769- not all PS-binding proteins require calcium to interact with PS 202765308). Full sequence Hsd17b4 was constructed in (Stace and Ktistakis, 2006). For example, calcium is essential the pEBB-Flag and pEBB-GFP vector (Min et al., 2020). The for the PS receptor to recognize PS on apoptotic cells. Deple- untagged protein expressing construct was generated as tion of calcium abrogates binding of the PS receptor to PS. well. In order to identify PS binding region of Hsd17b4, the In addition, Annexin A5, which is the best-known PS-binding three domains of Hsd17b4 were constructed in the pEBG- protein and is commonly used to label PS on apoptotic cells, GST vector. GST-Hsd17b41-305, GST-Hsd17b4321-621, and GST- also requires calcium for binding to PS (Santiago et al., 2007; Hsd17b4633-730 contain the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Swairjo et al., 1995; Voges et al., 1994). PS-binding proteins domain, Enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 domain, and the SCP2-like range from cytosolic to extracellular proteins, which indicates domain of Hsd17b4. HA-Tim-4IgV was previously reported that translocation of PS across the membrane may function (Lee et al., 2019). as a switch to turn signals on and/or off (Hanayama et al., The antibodies used in this study were anti-Hsd17b4 2002; Lomasney et al., 1999; Miyanishi et al., 2007; Orr and (15116-1-AP [Proteintech, USA] and NBP2-46005 [Novus, Newton, 1992; Park et al., 2007). USA]), anti-GST (SC-138; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), In this study, due to the significance of PS as well as its anti-Catalase (ab209211; Abcam, UK), anti-Actin (SC- associated proteins and the limited number of identified 47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-Pex5 (GTX109798; PS-binding proteins, we screened for PS-binding proteins GeneTex, USA), anti-Pmp70 (ab3421; Abcam), anti-HA (sc- using a pulldown assay with streptavidin-coated magnetic 7392; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) beads (SCMBs), on which biotin-linked PS was immobilized. Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488, and One candidate identified by the screen was Hsd17b4, which Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Anti- is a peroxisomal protein involved in peroxisomal fatty acid body, Alexa Fluor 555 (A11008 and A21422; Thermo Fisher metabolism. Hsd17b4 associated with PS through its Scp- Scientific, USA). 2-like domain, and its association with PS was impaired by PS liposomes, but not PC liposomes, free PS, or the com- Identification of PS binding proteins ponents of PS. Exposure of PS on the outer leaflet of the For screening novel PS binding proteins expressed in mac- plasma membrane using A23187, a calcium ionophore, in- rophages, Lysates of mouse BMDMs were used. The lysates creased the peroxisomal localization of Hsd17b4. In addition, were pre-incubated with 0.2 μM biotin-PC (L-11B16; Echelon Hsd17b4 was enriched in peroxisomes of apoptotic cells on Biosciences, USA) and 20 μl SCMBs (11205D; Invitrogen) at which PS was exposed. Taken together, these data suggest 4°C for 12 h to get rid of non-specific binding proteins. After that translocation of PS regulates the subcellular localization that, the supernatants were incubated with 0.2 μM biotin-PS of Hsd17b4. (L-31B16; Echelon Biosciences) and SCMBs 20 μl or SCMB 20 μl for 2 h. Bound proteins on SCMBs were separated by SDS- MATERIALS AND METHODS PAGE and stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Specific bands shown in the biotin-PS sample were excised and analyzed Primary mouse bone marrow derived macrophage prepa- through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ration For preparing mouse primary bone marrow-derived mac- Membrane lipid strip rophages (BMDMs), bone marrow cells from the hind legs Membrane lipid strips were purchased from Echelon Bio- of C57BL/6 mice were collected and incubate with medium sciences (P-6002) and the binding assay was performed containing 20% L929 conditioned medium, 10% fetal bo- according to manufacturer’s protocol. To avoid non-specific vine serum (FBS) (35-015-CV; Corning, USA) and 1% Peni- binding, the membrane lipid strip was blocked for 1 h with Mol. Cells 2021; 44(4): 214-222 215 Hsd17b4 Localization by Phosphatidylserine Interaction Sang-Ah Lee et al. 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 10 ml TBS-T. Lysates of trifugation. Then, heavy mitochondria were removed through 293T cells overexpressing Hsd17b4 were incubated with the 2,000g centrifugation.
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