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Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition • Michail I Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition • Michail I. Gladyshev • Michail Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition Edited by Michail I. Gladyshev Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Symmetry www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition Special Issue Editor Michail I. Gladyshev MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editor Michail I. Gladyshev Siberian Federal University School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology Russian Federation Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules/special issues/Fatty Acids Natural Human). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-262-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-263-9 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition” .............. ix Michail I. Gladyshev and Nadezhda N. Sushchik Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 485, doi:10.3390/biom9090485 ................. 1 Shahid Mahboob, Khalid Abdullah Al-Ghanim, Fahad Al-Misned, Tehniat Shahid, Salma Sultana, Tayyaba Sultan, Bilal Hussain and Zubair Ahmed Impact of Water Pollution on Trophic Transfer of Fatty Acids in Fish, Microalgae, and Zoobenthos in the Food Web of a Freshwater Ecosystem Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 231, doi:10.3390/biom9060231 ................. 19 Megumu Fujibayashi, Yoshie Miura, Reina Suganuma, Shinji Takahashi, Takashi Sakamaki, Naoyuki Miyata and So Kazama Origin of Carbon and Essential Fatty Acids in Higher Trophic Level Fish in Headwater Stream Food Webs Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 487, doi:10.3390/biom9090487 ................. 37 Sydney Moyo Preliminary Estimations of Insect Mediated Transfers of Mercury and Physiologically Important Fatty Acids from Water to Land Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 129, doi:10.3390/biom10010129 ............... 51 Sami Taipale, Elina Peltomaa and Pauliina Salmi Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 559, doi:10.3390/biom10040559 ............... 71 Natalia V. Zhukova Fatty Acids of Marine Mollusks: Impact of Diet, Bacterial Symbiosis and Biosynthetic Potential Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 857, doi:10.3390/biom9120857 ................. 91 Nadezhda N. Sushchik, Olesia N. Makhutova, Anastasia E. Rudchenko, Larisa A. Glushchenko, Svetlana P. Shulepina, Anzhelika A. Kolmakova and Michail I. Gladyshev Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents in Major Lipid Classes of Seven Salmonid Species from Siberian Arctic Lakes Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 419, doi:10.3390/biom10030419 ................117 Svetlana A. Murzina, Svetlana N. Pekkoeva, Ekaterina A. Kondakova, Zinaida A. Nefedova, Kseniia A. Filippova, Nina N. Nemova, Alexei M. Orlov, Jorgen Berge and Stig Falk-Petersen Tiny but Fatty: Lipids and Fatty Acids in the Daubed Shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus), a Small Fish in Svalbard Waters Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 368, doi:10.3390/biom10030368 ...............135 Zuzana Bl´ahov´a,Thomas Nelson Harvey, Martin Pˇseniˇckaand Jan Mr´az Assessment of Fatty Acid Desaturase (Fads2) Structure-Function Properties in Fish in the Context of Environmental Adaptations and as a Target for Genetic Engineering Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 206, doi:10.3390/biom10020206 ................159 v Kin Sum Leung, Ho Hang Leung, Ching Yu Wu, Jean-Marie Galano, Thierry Durand and Jetty Chung-Yung Lee Limited Antioxidant Effect of Rosemary in Lipid Oxidation of Pan-Fried Salmon Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 313, doi:10.3390/biom9080313 .................173 Te-Hsuan Tung, Yu-Tang Tung, I-Hsuan Lin, Chun-Kuang Shih, Ngan Thi Kim Nguyen, Amalina Shabrina and Shih-Yi Huang Fish Oil, but Not Olive Oil, Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behavior and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Rats under Chronic Mild Stress Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 516, doi:10.3390/biom9100516 .................183 Gianfranca Carta, Elisabetta Murru, Claudia Manca, Andrea Serra, Marcello Mele and Sebastiano Banni Natural CLA-Enriched Lamb Meat Fat Modifies Tissue Fatty Acid Profile and Increases n-3 HUFA Score in Obese Zucker Rats Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 751, doi:10.3390/biom9110751 .................197 Klim A. Petrov, Lyubov V. Dudareva, Vasiliy V. Nokhsorov, Kirill N. Stoyanov and Olesia N. Makhutova Fatty Acid Content and Composition of the Yakutian Horses and Their Main Food Source: Living in Extreme Winter Conditions Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2020, 10, 315, doi:10.3390/biom10020315 ................211 vi About the Special Issue Editor Michail I. Gladyshev Education: Krasnoyarsk State University (Biology), 1981; Candidate of Science (Biology), equivalent of a PhD, 1985, Institute of Hydrobiology of Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; Doctor of Science in Biology, 1994, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019; Head of Laboratory of Experimental Hydroecology of Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, from 1995 to present; Professor, Head of the Chair of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems of Siberian Federal University (former Krasnoyarsk State University), from 1996 to present. vii Preface to ”Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and Human Nutrition” Fatty acids (FAs), including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family, have been the focus of attention of biochemists, physiologists, and ecologists in recent decades. On the one hand, fatty acids, especially long-chain PUFAs, are of great physiological importance for animals, including humans, as i) biochemical precursors of signaling molecules, e.g., oxylipins; ii) structural components of the cell membranes of neural tissues; and iii) “pacemakers” for the metabolism of animal cells, i.e., activators of membrane-bound enzymes. For humans, the consumption of PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent cardiovascular diseases and neural disorders. On the other hand, FAs are considered the most reliable biomarkers in tracing fluxes of matter and energy in trophic webs of natural ecosystems and, thereby, to evaluate their structure and functions. Among the natural ecosystems, water bodies were found to play a peculiar role concerning long-chain PUFAs. Indeed, vascular plants, the main primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems, do not synthesize EPA and DHA. By contrast, some taxa of microalgae produce substantial amounts of EPA and DHA. Once synthesized by microalgae, PUFAs are transferred through trophic webs to organisms of higher trophic levels, i.e., invertebrates and fish. Thus, aquatic ecosystems are the main source of physiologically important EPA and DHA for many animals, including some omnivorous terrestrial animals and humans. At present, the ability of aquatic ecosystems to produce long-chain PUFAs, including those for human nutrition, is threatened by numerous anthropogenic factors, such as pollution, eutrophication and climate change, and biological invasions. Thus, the evaluation of fatty acids in natural ecosystems are of considerable importance for pure and applied sciences. Michail I. Gladyshev Special Issue Editor ix biomolecules Review Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges Michail I. Gladyshev 1,2,* and Nadezhda N. Sushchik 1,2 1 Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; [email protected] 2 Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 August 2019; Accepted: 7 September 2019; Published: 12 September 2019 Abstract: Over the past three decades, studies of essential biomolecules, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family (LC-PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have made considerable progress, resulting in several important assumptions. However, new data, which continue to appear, challenge these assumptions. Based on the current literature, an attempt is made to reconsider the following assumptions: 1. There are algal classes of high and low nutritive quality. 2. EPA and DHA decrease
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