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Inver tebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 6 Gastropoda V Vol. 19, No. 6 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae Gastropoda V

Flora and Fauna of Korea NIBR National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 6

Gastropoda V

Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae

2018

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 6 Gastropoda V Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae

Copyright © 2018 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources. ISBN: 978-89-6811-350-5(96470), 978-89-94555-00-3(Set) Government Publications Registration Number: 11-1480592-001389-01 Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper Publisher: National Institute of Biological Resources Author: Jun-Sang Lee (Kangwon National University) Project Staff: Jung Sun Yoo, Hyun Jong Kil, Eun Jung Nam, Hyeonggeun Kim, Kwang Soo Kim Published on August 31, 2018 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 6

Gastropoda V

Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae

Jun-Sang Lee Kangwon National University The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. PREFACE

Biological resources include all organisms and their genetic characteristics. Utilization and conserva tion of these resources have the capacity to improve human life and to enhance the world we live in. It is therefore imperative that the practical and potential value of these organisms is conserved and used wisely. The first step towards this goal is to document our diversity and to study it in detail. Biological resources increase the competitiveness of a nation through their use as fundamental resources for making highly valu ed products, such as new lines of medicines, new materials, and new drugs. Since the Nagoya Protocol was adopted in 2010 and entered into force during the 12th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Bio logical Diversity (CBD) in 2014, it has been expected that competition for biological resources will become more intensive under the rapidly changing circumstance on access to and sharing of genetic resources (ABS). To cope with a new international paradigm on issues related to biological resources, the Ministry of the Environment of Korea enacted a law entitled ‘An act on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources’ on August 17, 2017. Each nation in the world is investigating and clearing information of native species within its territory in order to secure its sovereignty rights over biological resources. The National Institute of Biological Reso urces (NIBR) of the Ministry of Environment has published the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ since 2009 to manage biological resources in comprehensive ways and to enhance national competitiveness by building up the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Professional research groups, consisting of professors and other taxonomic experts, have systematically examined 15,154 species of vascular plants, animals and other organisms over the past 10 years and have published their findings in 184 volumes in Korean and 189 volumes in English, and two volumes of worldwide monographs covering 216 species of invertebrates. This year, 14 volumes of the Flora and Fauna of Korea in both Korean and English versions including 391 species of invertebrates and insects are additionally published. Flora and Fauna of Korea are the first professional records to describe all the species of the nation in a comprehensive way, and they would contribute to level up the taxonomic capacity. The NIBR will continue to publish flora and fauna of Korea that will contribute conservation and appli cation of biological resources for successful implementation of the ABS protocol. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to authors who spared no effort to publish the Flora and Fauna of Korea.

President National Institute of Biological Resources

CONTENTS

List of Taxa 3 Introduction 6 Materials and Methods 8 Taxonomic Notes 9 1. Coralliophila abnormis (E.A. Smith) 12 2. Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad) 13 3. Coralliophila erosa (Röding) 14 4. Coralliophila morishimai Kuroda and Shikama 15 5. Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill and Standen 17 6. Hirtomurex nakamurai Kosuge 18 7. Mipus arbutum (Woolacott) 20 8. Bedevina birileffi (Lischke) 22 9. Ergalatax contracta (Reeve) 24 10. Lataxiena fimbriata (Hinds) 26 11. Maculotriton serriale (Deshayes) 28 12. Morula iostoma (Reeve) 30 13. Morula spinosa (H. and A. Adams) 31 14. Vokesimurex rectirostris (Sowerby II) 33 15. Muricopsis interserrata (Sowerby II) 35 16. Ceratostoma burnetti (A. Adams and Reeve) 37 17. Ceratostoma fournieri (Crosse) 39 18. Ceratostoma rorifluum (A. Adams and Reeve) 40 19. Genkaimurex varicosus (Kuroda) 42 20. Nucella freycineti (Deshayes) 44 21. Nucella heyseana (Dunker) 45 22. Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) 47 23. Ocenebra inornata (Récluz) 48 24. Ocenebra lumaria Yokoyama 50 25. Pteropurpura falcata (Sowerby II) 52 26. Indothais gradata (Jonas) 55 27. Mancinella echinata (Blainville) 56 28. Mancinella echinulata (Lamarck) 58

1 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

29. Rapana venosa venosa (Valenciennes) 59 30. Rapana venosa pechiliensis Grabau and King 61 31. Reishia bronni (Dunker) 63 32. Reishia clavigera (Küster) 64 33. Reishia luteostoma (Holten) 66 34. Boreotrophon aomoriensis (Nomura and Hatai) 68 35. Boreotrophon beringi Dall 70 36. Boreotrophon candelabrum (Reeve) 71 37. Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri (Lovén) 73 38. Boreotrophon cymatus Dall 74 39. Boreotrophon xestra Dall 76 40. Siphonochelus japonicus (A. Adams) 78 Literatures Cited 80 Plates 89 Index to Korean Names 97 Index to Scientific Names 99

2 LIST OF TAXA

LIST OF TAXA

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Order Neogastropoda Wenz, 1939 Superfamily Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Family Muricidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Coralliophilinae Chenu, 1859 Genus Coralliophila H. and A. Adams, 1853 Coralliophila abnormis (E.A. Smith, 1878) Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad, 1837) Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila morishimai Kuroda and Shikama, 1966 Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill and Standen, 1901 Genus Hirtomurex Coen, 1922 Hirtomurex nakamurai Kosuge, 1985 Genus Mipus de Gregoria, 1885 Mipus arbutum (Woolacott, 1954) Subfamily Ergalataxinae Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971 Genus Bedevina Habe, 1946 Bedevina birileffi (Lischke, 1871) Genus Ergalatax Iredale, 1931 Ergalatax contracta (Reeve, 1846) Genus Lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883 Lataxiena fimbriata (Hinds, 1844) Genus Maculotriton Dall, 1904 Maculotriton serriale (Deshayes, 1834) Genus Morula Schumacher, 1817 Morula iostoma (Reeve, 1845) Morula spinosa (H. and A. Adams, 1853) Subfamily Muricinae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Vokesimurex Petuch, 1994 Vokesimurex rectirostris (Sowerby II, 1841)

3 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Subfamily Muricopsinae Radwin and D’Attilio, 1971 Genus Muricopsis Boucquoy et al., 1882 Muricopsis interserrata (Sowerby II, 1879) Subfamily Ocenebrinae Cossmann, 1903 Genus Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846 Ceratostoma burnetti (A. Adams and Reeve, 1850) Ceratostoma fournieri (Crosse, 1861) Ceratostoma rorifluum (A. Adams and Reeve, 1850) Genus Genkaimurex Kuroda, 1953 Genkaimurex varicosus (Kuroda, 1953) Genus Nucella Röding, 1798 Nucella freycineti (Deshayes, 1839) Nucella heyseana (Dunker, 1882) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791) Genus Ocenebra Gray, 1847 Ocenebra inornata (Récluz, 1851) Ocenebra lumaria Yokoyama, 1926 Genus Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880 Pteropurpura falcata (Sowerby II, 1834) Subfamily Rapaninae Gray, 1853 Genus Indothais Claremont et al., 2013 Indothais gradata (Jonas, 1846) Genus Mancinella Link, 1807 Mancinella echinata (Blainville, 1832) Mancinella echinulata (Lamarck, 1822) Genus Rapana Schumacher, 1817 Rapana venosa venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) Rapana venosa pechiliensis Grabau and King, 1928 Genus Reishia Kuroda and Habe, 1971 Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860) Reishia clavigera (Küster, 1860) Reishia luteostoma (Holten, 1802) Subfamily Trophoninae Cossmann, 1903 Genus Boreotrophon Fischer, 1884 Boreotrophon aomoriensis (Nomura and Hatai, 1940)

4 LIST OF TAXA

Boreotrophon beringi Dall, 1902 Boreotrophon candelabrum (Reeve, 1848) Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri (Lovén, 1846) Boreotrophon cymatus Dall, 1902 Boreotrophon xestra Dall, 1918 Subfamily Typhinae Cossmann, 1903 Genus Siphonochelus Jousseaume, 1880 Siphonochelus japonicus (A. Adams, 1863)

5 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

INTRODUCTION

The order Neogastropoda formerly consisted of 3 superfamilies: Muricoidea, Cancellariodea, and Conoidea, but recently Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) added another 2 superfamilies: Buccinoidea and Olivoidea. This order now embraces 5 superfamilies, 39 families, and as many as 16,000 species. The Neogastropoda includes many well-known gastropods, including the conchs, cone snails, olive snails, oyster drills, tulip shells, and whelks. They are mostly marine species, and are rarely found in freshwater. Neogastropoda have separate sexes. The shell is highly variable in ornamentation and shape, and also, generally, has a pronounced anterior siphonal canal, sometimes greatly prolonged, without an inner nacreous layer. The operculum, if present, is chitinous, and has a lateral or terminal nucleus. The neogastropods are most diverse in tropical seas. They are mostly predators, but some are saprophagous. The Muricoidea is a large and diverse worldwide superfamily of mainly marine snails. The muricoidean shells are typically elongate-fusiform to ovate, rarely sub-patelliform in shape, with an elongate to involute spire. They have an anterior siphonal canal, and are smooth to elaborately sculptured. An operculum may be present or absent; when present, it is horny, rarely coiled, and variable in shape and sculpture between, and even within, families. Most muricoideans are carnivores, although a few have become omnivores, deposit-feeders, or herbivores. Feeding methods vary from active prey-seeking, to grazing on colonial animals, to scavenging and omni vory, to detritus-feeding and herbivory (Taylor et al., 1980). Muricids actively bore holes in the shells of their prey, and members of at least one genus in the Marginellidae (Ponder and Taylor, 1992) and Buccinidae (Peterson and Black, 1995) can also bore. The Muricoidea has considerable importance ecologically and commercially. Some muricoideans are pests, others are used as food, and many have considerable value as collector’s items. Many are abundant, especially in low tidal to sublittoral marine ecosystems. Muricoidea live mainly in shallow marine habitats throughout the world. Some are found in the deep sea and inhabit virtually all possible benthic microhabitats. Species in one genus, Clea (Buccinidae), live in freshwater. The superfamily Muricoidea, formerly included three superfamilies recognized by Thiele (1935): the Muricacea, Buccinacea, and Volutacea. These three groupings were based on a few superficial similarities, mainly in shell and radular characters, and were combined by Ponder (1973). Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) proposed 12 families in Muricoidea: Muricidae, Babyloniidae, Costellariidae, Cystiscidae, Harpidae, Marginellidae, Mitridae, Pleioptygmatidae, Strepsiduridae, Turbinellidae, Volutidae, and Volutomitridae; however, according to WoRMS (2017), it now consists of 9 families: Babyloniidae, Cystiscidae, Harpidae, Marginellidae, Mitridae, Muricidae, Pleioptygmatidae, Strepsiduridae, and Volutidae. In Korea: 7 families have been reported: Muricidae, Costellariidae, Cystiscidae, Marginellidae, Mitridae,

6 INTRODUCTION

Turbinellidae, and Volutidae (Lee, 2016) according to the classification of Bouchet and Rocroi (2005). This monograph describes 40 species in the Muricidae, in the subfamilies Coralliophilinae, Ergalataxinae, Muricinae, Muricopsinae, Ocenebrinae, Rapaninae, Trophoninae, and Typhinae. Remarks concerning taxonomic changes will be made for relevant taxa, the main source for those changes being WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species, 2017).

7 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this monograph, specimens were collected from along the coasts and from islands of the Korean Peninsula during the years 1994 to 2012. The specimens were collected from the intertidal zone at low tide or from nets in fishing ports, and are deposited in the Min Molluscan Research Institute and the Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Kangwon. These specimens were identified mainly using details of external morphology and, for more detailed observation, stereo microscopes were also used. For identification purposes, Habe and Ito (1965), Okada (1967), Habe (1976), Kira (1977), Higo et al. (1999), Okutani et al. (2000), and Min et al. (2004) were referenced; the classification system is based on Bouchet et al. (2011). Distribution records for Korea are indicated by means of abbreviations for the country’s provinces. Follow- ing is a list of the provinces with their complete names and abbreviations. For photographs a Nikon D80 digital camera was used. Specimens studied were either dried or preserved in 70% ethanol, and were deposited for storage in a cool, dry environment.

6 7 8

4 10 9

5 3 12 13

14 2

Fig. 1. External morphology of Muricidae. 1. Shell height; 2. Shell width; 3. Body whorl; 4. Spire; 5. Aper- ture; 6. Apex; 7. Spiral groove; 8. Suture; 9. Sutural ramp; 10. Nodule; 11. Spiral rib; 12. Outer lip; 13. Col- umellar lip; 14. Siphonal canal; 15. Anal canal.

8 TAXONOMIC NOTES

TAXONOMIC NOTES

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758‌ Yeon-che-dong-mul-mun (연체동물문)

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797‌ Bog-jog-gang (복족강)

Order Neogastropoda Wenz, 1939‌ Sin-bog-jog-mok (신복족목)

Superfamily Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815‌ Ppul-so-ra-sang-gwa (뿔소라상과)

Family Muricidae Rafinesque, 1815‌ Ppul-so-ra-gwa (뿔소라과)

The family Muricidae includes about 1,600 living species and represent almost 10% of the Neogastropoda. Additionally, 1,200 fossil species have been recognized. At present, according to the gastropod taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi (2005), the family Muricidae consists of 11 subfamilies: Coralliophilinae, Ergalataxinae, Haustrinae, Muricinae, Muricopsinae, Ocenebrinae, Pagodulinae, Rapaninae, Tripterotyphinae, Trophoninae, and Typhinae. Shells of this family range in size from 6 to over 300 mm in length, and are variable in shape, generally with a raised spire and strong sculpture, with spiral ridges and often axial varices (3 or more in number on each whorl), frequently bearing spines, tubercles, or blade-like processes. Periostracum absent. Aperture variable, ovate to more or less contracted, with a well-marked anterior siphonal canal that may be very long. Outer lip often denticulate inside, sometimes with a tooth-like process on margin. Columella smoothish to weakly ridged. Operculum corneous, thin to thick (reinforced by a heavy and polished internal rib in the subfamily Rapaninae), with nucleus near the anterior end or at about midlength of outer margin. Head with a long, retractable snout and elongate, pointed tentacles bearing eyes at or slightly above their outer bases.

9 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Foot moderately long and somewhat truncated anteriorly. Fleshy siphon moderately short to very long. Sexes separate, fertilization internal, but imposex has been recorded in a number of species. The Muricidae inhab- its tropical to polar seas worldwide, and ranges from the intertidal zone down to more than 3,000 m depth. Muricids are an important group of active marine predators, generally feeding on other molluscs and barnacles. Some muricids are economically important as pests of commercial bivalve shellfish, including the oyster drills Ocenebra and Reishia, while others are themselves consumed as food (e. g. Murex, Rapana).

Genera: 159 (24 in Korea), Species: 1,600 (44 in Korea).

Distribution: From temperate to tropical seas throughout the world.

Key to the genera of family Muricidae

1. Shell with axial varices; siphonal canal medium to very long...... 2 - Shell without axial varices; siphonal canal generally short...... 6 2. Shell fusiform to biconic...... 3 - Shell stoutly fusiform...... 4 3. Shell‌ medium to large; varices three or more, more or less prominent; with simple or foliated spines and intervarical nodes...... Muricinae - Shell‌ small; generally four or more varices per whorl, each bearing spinose or foliaceous projection...... Muricopsinae 4. Varices prominent, with rounded ribs...... 5 - Varices with developed lamellose structure...... Trophoninae 5. Varices generally three or more per whorl, winged, sometimes with short points or spines.....Ocenebrinae - Varices three, with tubes coalescent with variceal shoulder spines; spiral sculpture mostly lacking...... Typhinae 6. Shell‌ medium-sized; sculptured with spiral cords bearing imbricate scales; often with a violet or purple aperture...... 7 - Shell medium to large; sculptured with small nodules and spines, but generally smooth...... Rapaninae 7. Shell with moderately high spire; aperture small...... Ergalataxinae - Shell rounded with moderately low spire; aperture large...... Coralliophilinae

Subfamily Coralliophilinae Chenu, 1859‌ San-ho-sal-i-go-dung-a-gwa (산호살이고둥아과)

The Coralliophilinae is often referred to as “coral snail”. Shells are small, mostly solid, whitish or light

10 MURICIDAE: Coralliophila

colored, commonly ornamented with spines, or rarely smooth. The horny operculum is similar to that of the subfamily Muricinae. Most species of this genus inhabit the Indo-Pacific region, living on or in bedded coral heads. Some are parasites of corals; a radula is lacking. Eleven genera are recognized worldwide; three genera (Coralliophila, Hirtomurex, and Mipus) have been recorded in Korea (Lee, 2016; Lee et al., 2016; Lee and Kil, 2017).

Key to the genera of subfamily Coralliophilinae

1. Periphery whorl weakly angled...... 2 - Periphery whorl prominently angled...... Mipus 2. Surface sculptured with wide and low axial ribs; siphonal canal moderately long...... Hirtomurex - Surface densely sculptured with high axial ribs; siphonal canal moderately short...... Coralliophila

Genus Coralliophila H. and A. Adams, 1853‌ San-ho-sal-i-go-dung-sok (산호살이고둥속)

Shells ovate to fusiform, typically solid; sculpture of more or less even-sized scabrous spiral cords, with or without axial ribs; umbilicus small to moderate, open or closed. Shells typically with a violet or purple aperture. Aradomurex Coen, 1947; Coralliobia H. and A. Adams, 1853; Fusomurex Coen, 1922; Galeropsis Hupé, 1860; Latiromurex Coen, 1922; Lepadomurex Coen, 1922; Pseudomurex Monterosato, 1875; Quoyula Ire- dale, 1912; Reliquiaecava Massin, 1987; Rhombothais Woolacott, 1954 are regarded as synonyms of Coral- liophila. The genus Coralliophila was described by H. and A. Adams (1853) for Fusus nerioideus Lamarck, 1816. At present, there are 175 living species in Coralliophila. Six species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Fusus nerioideus Lamarck, 1816.

Species: 175 (6 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Coralliophila

1. Spire high...... 2 - Spire low...... 3 2. Color pale violet; spiral cords narrow, outer lip thin...... C. abnormis - Color yellowish brown; spiral cords coarse, outer lip thick...... C. rubrococcinea 3. Spiral ribs finely imbricate...... 4

11 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

- Periphery of body whorl round, spiral ribs low and broad...... C. morishimai 4. Aperture below body whorl, rounded ovate...... C. bulbiformis - Aperture at center of body whorl, narrowly ovate...... C. erosa

1. Coralliophila abnormis (E.A. Smith, 1878) (Fig. 2, Pl. 1) Gulg-eun-i-rang-jan-jul-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung (굵은이랑잔줄산호살이고둥)

Fusus abnormis E.A. Smith, 1878, p. 811, pl. L, fig. 10. Coralliophila abnormis: Melvill, 1909, p. 105; Higo et al., 1999, p. 217; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 419, fig. 288; Min et al., 2004, p. 505, fig. 5; Poppe, 2008, p. 244, pl. 417, figs. 4-6; Robin, 2008, p. 289, fig. 11; Kil et al., 2012, pp. 331-332, fig. 3; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 89.

Shell small or medium-sized, elongate-fusiform. Shell moderately thin but solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire high, about 40% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 35°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually yellow or yellowish-white. Sculpture of thick and widely- spaced axial ribs and dense, wavy spiral cords. Spire whorls generally inflated and rounded. Sutures deep, whorls clearly defined. Body whorl inflated occupying about 60% of shell height; periphery rounded, base

A B

Fig. 2. Coralliophila abnormis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

12 MURICIDAE: Coralliophila

strongly constricted with closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture rounded-ovate; outer lip moderately thin and rounded; periphery crenulated by spiral cords extending to aperture; interior yellowish-white, moderately glossy, with several grooves. Inner lip narrow and covered with glossy callus; columella straight and short, covered with thick white callus. Siphonal canal relatively short, angled slightly to left, distorted at rear, and moderately wide. Siphonal fasciole moderately developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 33.5 mm; width 18 mm.

Type locality: Andaman islands.

Habitat: Rocky substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 200 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indian Ocean.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 16.ix.2003).

2. Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad, 1837) (Fig. 3, Pl. 2) Bae-bul-ttuk-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung (배불뚝산호살이고둥)

Purpura bulbiformis Conrad, 1837, p. 266. Coralliophila bulbiformis: Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 155; Wilson, 1994, p. 16, pl. 7, fig. 4; Kubo and Kuro- zumi, 1995, p. 94, fig. 7; Higo et al., 1999, p. 215; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 415, fig. 268; Poppe, 2008, p. 240, pl. 415, figs. 4-6; Lee and Kil, 2017, p. 49, fig. 1A.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid, with about 5-6 whorls. Spire low, about 30% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 72°. Protoconch blunt and smooth by abrasion, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually pale violet or yellowish-white. Sculpture of thick and widely-spaced axial ribs, with closely-spaced spiral cords, sometimes rather scaly, and some spiral cords with white bands. Spire whorls generally inflated and weakly angulate. Sutures deep, whorls clearly defined. Body whorl large and inflated occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery weakly angulate; base moderately inflated, with rough and closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; outer lip moderately thin and rounded; periphery crenulated by surface spiral cords extending to aperture; interior moderately glossy and light violet, densely grooved. Inner lip moderately narrow and covered with glossy violet callus; columella straight and short, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal relatively long, bent sharply to left, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus closed or reduced to slight chink.

Size: Height 40 mm; width 30 mm.

13 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 3. Coralliophila bulbiformis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Type locality: U.S.A.

Habitat: Coral reefs, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Australia, tropical western Pacific.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 6.xii.2003).

3. Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) (Fig. 4, Pl. 3) Tu-gu-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung (투구산호살이고둥)

Cantharus erosus Röding, 1798, p. 133. Coralliophila erosa: Wilson, 1994, p. 17, pl. 7, figs. 8a-b; Higo et al., 1999, p. 216; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 415, fig. 270; Robin, 2008, p. 290, fig. 2. Coralliophila erose: Qi et al., 2004, p. 89, pl. 55, fig. H; Lee and Kil, 2017, p. 50, fig. 1B.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid with about 6 whorls. Spire low, about 28% total shell height, with wide apical angle, about 93°. Protoconch blunt and smooth by abrasion, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually pale violet or yellowish-white; with narrow bands at whorl sutures and lower part of body whorl. Sculpture of low and widely-spaced axial ribs, with closely-spaced spiral cords, sometimes rather scaly. Spire whorls generally inflated and oblique. Sutures deep, but whorls

14 MURICIDAE: Coralliophila

A B

Fig. 4. Coralliophila erosa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 8 mm. not clearly defined. Body whorl large and inflated occupying about 72% of shell height; periphery weakly angulate and gently sloping; base gradually tapered, moderately inflated. Aperture ovate, at center of body whorl, outer lip moderately thin and rounded; crenulated by spiral cords extending to lip; interior light violet, moderately glossy, densely grooved. Inner lip narrow and covered with glossy violet callus; columella straight and short, covered with thick glossy callus. Siphonal canal relatively long, distorted at rear with blunt spinose processes, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole slightly developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 25 mm; width 15 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Coral reefs, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Australia, tropical Indo-Pacific.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 18.iv.2016).

4. Coralliophila morishimai Kuroda and Shikama, 1966 (Fig. 5, Pl. 4) Dong-beom-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung (동범산호살이고둥)

Coralliophila morishimai Shikama, 1966, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 3; Higo et al., 1999, p. 216; Okutani et al., 2000. p. 415, fig. 269; Min et al., 2004, p. 505, fig. 4; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330, fig. 2; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 89.

15 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 5. Coralliophila morishimai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 9 mm.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell moderately thin but solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire low, about 24% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 63°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually yellowish-white or yellowish-brown. Sculpture with thick and widely-spaced axial ribs and dense spiral cords. Spire whorls generally inflated and weakly angulate. Spire rapidly tapering; sutures deep, whorls clearly defined. Body whorl large and inflated occupying about 76% of shell height; periphery round or weakly angulated; base moderately inflated, with rough and closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture elongate-ovate, situated below body whorl; outer lip moderately thin and rounded, crenulated by spiral cords extending to lip; interior light violet or yellow, smooth and glossy. Inner lip moderately narrow and covered with glossy yellowish-white callus; columella straight and relatively long, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal relatively short, slightly bent to left, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole moderately developed; umbilicus closed or reduced to slight chink.

Size: Height 27 mm; width 17 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Intertidal zone to rocky bottom at depth of 50 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Saekkiseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 4.viii.2003).

16 MURICIDAE: Coralliophila

5. Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill and Standen, 1901 (Fig. 6, Pl. 5) Dam-gal-saek-jan-go-ri-go-dung (담갈색잔고리고둥)

Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill and Standen, 1901, p. 401. pl. 21, fig. 2; Bosch et al., 1995, p. 125, fig. 505; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 417, fig. 285; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 217, fig. 574; Poppe, 2008, p. 244, pl. 417, figs. 12-15; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 89. Coralliophila (Coralliophila) rubrococcinea: Cuneo et al., 2006, p. 46, figs. 17k-m.

Shell medium-sized, fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 28% total shell height, with relatively narrow apical angle, about 53°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually yellowish-white or yellowish-brown. Sculpture of thick, widely-spaced axial ribs and dense, scaly spiral cords. Spire whorls slightly inflated, oblique and weakly angulate. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep; whorls clearly defined. Body whorl large and inflated occupying about 72% of shell height; periphery relatively rounded; base moderately inflated, with rough and closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture elongate-ovate, outer lip thick and rounded; crenulated; interior light yellow, smooth and glossy. Inner lip moderately wide and covered with glossy yellowish-white callus; columella straight and relatively long, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal relatively short,

A B

Fig. 6. Coralliophila rubrococcinea. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 4 mm.

17 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

angled slightly to left, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole slightly developed; umbilicus closed or barely visible.

Size: Height 13.5 mm; width 7.5 mm.

Type locality: Persian Gulf.

Habitat: Coral reefs, in subtidal zone.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indian Ocean, South Africa.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Seogwipo, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 21.iii.2002).

Genus Hirtomurex Coen, 1922‌ I-hyeong-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung-sok (이형산호살이고둥속)

Shell elongate-ovate, spire moderately high, whorls rounded, siphonal canal moderately extended; sculptured with prominent ribs bearing scales or prickles, shoulder spines lacking. Distributed in the Mediterranean, tropical Atlantic, and Indo-West Pacific. Fusomurex Coen, 1922 has been synonymized with Hirtomurex. The genus Hirtomurex was described by Coen (1922) for Fusus lamellosus Philippi, 1836. At present, there are 13 living species in Hirtomurex. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Fusus lamellosus Philippi, 1836.

Species: 13 (1 in Korea).

6. Hirtomurex nakamurai Kosuge, 1985 (Fig. 7, Pl. 6) Bun-hong-kkok-ji-i-hyeong-san-ho-sal-i-go-dung (분홍꼭지이형산호살이고둥)

Hirtomurex nakamurai Kosuge, 1985, p. 45, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2; Kosuge and Suzuki, 1985, p. 26, pl. 37; Wil- son, 1994, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 13; Lee et al., 2016, p. 531, fig. 1. Babelomurex (Hirtomurex) nakamurai Okutani et al., 2000, p. 409, fig. 239.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire low, about 22% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 70°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually white, and spire light brown in color, glossy. Sculpture of thick and widely- spaced axial ribs, and wide or narrow nodulose spiral cords. Spire whorls weakly inflated and rounded. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying

18 MURICIDAE: Mipus

A B

Fig. 7. Hirtomurex nakamurai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

about 78% of shell height; periphery relatively rounded; base moderately constricted, with closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate, outer lip thick and rounded, crenulated interior light yellow or white, moderately smooth and glossy. Inner lip moderately wide and covered with glossy yellowish-white callus; columella relatively straight and short, covered with thick white callus. Siphonal canal relatively short and straight, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole barely visible; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 35 mm; width 22 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Coral reefs, in subtidal zone.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Australia.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 29.vii.2015).

Genus Mipus de Gregoria, 1885‌ San-ho-sal-i-ttal-gi-go-dung-sok (산호살이딸기고둥속)

Biconic to fusiform, spire conical; shoulder moderately to prominently keeled; siphonal canal short to long; without spines, axial sculpture weak or lacking, spiral cords strong and moderately scabrous. This genus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region.

19 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

The genus Mipus was described by de Gregoria (1885) for Trophon gyratus Hinds, 1844. At present, there are 13 living species in Mipus. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Trophon gyratus Hinds, 1844.

Species: 20 (1 in Korea).

7. Mipus arbutum (Woolacott, 1954) (Fig. 8, Pl. 7) San-ho-sal-i-ttal-gi-go-dung (산호살이딸기고둥)

Rhombothais arbutum Woolacott, 1954, pp. 37, 38, figs. 1-2; Kosuge and Suzuki, 1985, p. 6; Min et al., 2004, p. 217, fig. 575. Mipus arbutum: Wilson, 1994, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 22; Lee and Kil, 2017, p. 50, fig. 1C.

Shell small, rounded-fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire relatively high, about 36% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 35°. Protoconch smooth and blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish brown or yellowish-white. Sculpture of thick and widely-spaced axial ribs, crossed by closely-spaced and low, flat-topped spiral cords bearing transverse lamellae. Spire whorls weakly inflated, oblique and weakly angulate. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures moderately

A B

Fig. 8. Mipus arbutum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 6 mm.

20 MURICIDAE: Mipus

deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 64% of shell height; periphery relatively rounded; base moderately constricted, axial ribs vanishing on base and closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture trigonal, outer lip slightly thick and rounded, finely dentate; interior light yellow or white, moderately smooth and glossy. Inner lip moderately narrow and covered with glossy, yellowish-white callus; columella relatively straight and long, covered with white callus. Siphonal canal relatively short and straight, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 20 mm; width 12 mm.

Type locality: Australia.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Australia.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Saekkiseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 12.viii.2003).

Subfamily Ergalataxinae Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971‌ Tap-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (탑뿔고둥아과)

The Ergalataxinae is a subfamily of small to medium-sized predatory sea snails. Shell solid, fusiform, and moderately slender in shape, with ridged axial ribs and dense spial ribs, sometimes with axial varices. Wide- spread in the Indo-Pacific; most species live at 5-100 m depth, although some may live deeper. At present 20 genera are recognized, and five genera (Bedevina, Ergalatax, Lataxiena, Maculotriton, and Morula) are recorded from Korea (Lee, 2016).

Key to the genera of subfamily Ergalataxinae

1. Shell wide...... 2 - Shell narrow...... Maculotriton 2. Axial ribs strong...... 3 - Axial ribs weak, with lamellate processes...... Lataxiena 3. Outer lip thick and denticulate inside...... 4 - Outer lip thin and not denticulate inside...... Bedevina 4. Sutures deep, fine spiral ribs, aperture whitish...... Ergalatax - Sutures shallow, with nodules or spines, aperture pale violet...... Morula

21 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Genus Bedevina Habe, 1946‌ Ip-ju-reum-ppul-go-dung-sok (입주름뿔고둥속)

Shell small fusiform, spire conical, shoulders angulate and nodulose; anterior canal open, moderately long, slightly recurved and upturned; sculpture of axial ribs and spiral cords; aperture wide, with strong inner denticles; parietal wall thinly glazed; columella smooth, bent, thickened but narrow, and slightly erect anteriorly adjacent to the canal; fasciole narrow and short but prominent and imbricate. The genus Bedevina was described by T. Habe (1946) for Trophon birileffi Lischke, 1871. Bedeva Iredale, 1936 is a synonym of Bedevina (Radwin and A. D’Attilio, 1976). At present, there is only one living species in Bedevina. This species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Trophon birileffi Lischke, 1871.

Species: 1 (1 in Korea).

8. Bedevina birileffi (Lischke, 1871) (Fig. 9, Pl. 8) Ip-ju-reum-ppul-go-dung (입주름뿔고둥)

Trophon birileffi Lischke, 1871, p. 39. Bedevina birileffi: Habe, 1964, p. 84, pl. 27, fig. 10; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 292; Roland et al., 2013, pp. 109-114. Bedeva birileffi: Higo et al., 1999, p. 207; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 381, fig. 90; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 561; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 90.

Shell small, angular-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 24% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 55°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-brown or reddish-brown with sculpture of thick and widely-spaced axial ribs, crossed by closely-spaced spiral cords. Spire whorls oblique and angulate; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures moderately deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 76% of shell height; periphery oblique and angulate, base constricted, axial ribs vanishing on base, and closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture trigonal, outer lip slightly thickened and rounded, dentate; interior light yellow or white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip moderately narrow and covered with glossy yellowish-white callus; columella relatively straight and long, covered with white callus. Siphonal canal relatively long, angled slightly to left, and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

22 MURICIDAE: Ergalatax

A B

Fig. 9. Bedevina birileffi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm.

Size: Height 17 mm; width 10 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Sand substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Korea: GN.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Jangseungpo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 26.ii.1998).

Genus Ergalatax Iredale, 1931‌ Tap-ppul-go-dung-sok (탑뿔고둥속)

Shell small to medium-sized, short-fusiform, spire conical; varixed, axially ribbed; spiral cords finely imbricate; columella smooth except for a few anterior denticles; fasciole high and narrow. The genus Ergalatax was described by Iredale (1931) for Ergalatax recurrens Iredale, 1931. At present, there are 13 living species in Ergalatax. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Ergalatax recurrens Iredale, 1931.

Species: 13 (1 in Korea).

23 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

9. Ergalatax contracta (Reeve, 1846) (Fig. 10, Pl. 9) Tap-ppul-go-dung (탑뿔고둥)

Buccinum contractum Reeve, 1846a, Buccinum, sp. 53, pl. 8, fig. 53. Ergalatax contractus: Okada, 1967, p. 102; Kang et al., 1971, pp. 150, 230, pl. 43, figs. 12, 13; Choe, 1992, p. 367, pl. 91, figs. 154a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 289, fig. 35-15; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 292; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 383, fig. 94; Qi et al., 2004, p. 88, pl. 55, fig. B; Poppe, 2008, p. 198, pl. 394, figs. 7-9; Robin, 2008, p. 284, fig. 4. Ergalatax contracta contracta: Higo et al., 1999, p. 207; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 561; Hong et al., 2006, p. 174; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 90. Cronia contracta: Wilson, 1994, p. 22, pl. 5, figs. 29a-c.

Shell small or medium-sized, angular fusiform, height longer than the width and dextral form. Shell thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 29% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 54°. Protoconch, pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface of body irregular reddish-brown bands in yellowish-brown base color, no glossy. Sculpture of body with thick and widely-spaced axial cords,

A B

Fig. 10. Ergalatax contracta. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

24 MURICIDAE: Lataxiena

cross over the close spiral cords. The spire whorls not inflate, oblique and dull angulated sided. The spire width gradually decrease; suture moderately deep, whorls clearly distinction. Body whorl big and moderately inflate occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery oblique and roundly connected in down side; base not contracted, axial ribs keep on the base and close spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture situated below the body whorl, formed an ovate; outer lip thick and rounded, finely dentate by spiral cords of surface. Inner side of outer lip with small dentate process. Inside of aperture smooth and glossy in white. Inner lip moderately narrow and covered with dick yellowish-white callus; columella relatively straight and short, covered with white callus. Siphonal canal relatively long, distorted toward the back, and moderately wide opened. Anterior fasciole weakly protrude; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 35 mm; width 17 mm.

Type locality: Philippines.

Habitat: Rocky and sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 5-30 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia, East Africa.

Korea: GN, JN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 90 specimens (Gujora, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.viii.2009); 8 specimens (Makgaedo, Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do: 28.i.1997); 10 specimens (Bangeojin, dong-gu, Gyeongsangnam- do: 20.x.2010); 8 specimens (Daebyeon, Gijang-gun, Busan-si: 25.vi.2011); 12 specimens (Wando, Wando- gun, Jeollanam-do: 8.vi.1999); 15 specimens (Dumunpo, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 28.vi.2010); 15 specimens (Seong- san, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 14.ix.1995; 17.iii.1998; 17.viii.1999; 9.xi.1999); 7 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwi- po-si, Jeju-do: 10.xi.1999).

Genus Lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883‌ Jan-ga-si-ppul-go-dung-sok (잔가시뿔고둥속)

Shell small to medium-sized, solid, fusiform to biconic and spire conical in shape; axial sculpture of low ribs or folds crossed by scabrous spiral cords; outer lip crenulate, columella smooth or denticulate. The genus Lataxiena was described by Jousseaume (1883) for Lataxiena lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883. At present, there are 15 living species in Lataxiena. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Lataxiena lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883.

Species: 15 (1 in Korea).

25 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

10. Lataxiena fimbriata (Hinds, 1844) (Fig. 11, Pl. 10) Jan-ga-si-ppul-go-dung (잔가시뿔고둥)

Trophon fimbriatus Hinds, 1844, p. 14. Lataxiena fimbriata: Okada, 1967, p. 103; Wilson, 1994, p. 23, pl. 6, figs. 33a-b; Higo et al., 1999, p. 207; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 381, fig. 85; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 560; Hong et al., 2006, p. 175; Poppe, 2008, p. 198, pl. 394, figs. 11, 12; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 90. Coralliophila latiaxidea Sowerby, 1894, p. 42, pl. 4, fig. 6. Lataxiena elegans Jousseaume, 1883, p. 190. Lataxiena lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883, p. 187. Murex lamelliferus Dunker, 1871, p. 158. Murex laminiferus Reeve, 1845, fig. 117. Murex luculentus Reeve, 1845, pl. 28, fig. 127.

Shell medium-sized, stoutly fusiform, height longer than width. Shell thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 25% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 58°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with wide white bands with yellowish-white or light brown base color, not glossy. Sculpture of thick and widely-spaced axial cords, crossed by imbricate spiral cords.

A B

Fig. 11. Lataxiena fimbriata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

26 MURICIDAE: Maculotriton

Spire whorls flat-sided, shoulder cords strong, creating carinate and nodulose to spinose shoulders. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 75% of shell height; periphery oblique and angulate, base not constricted, closely spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate, outer lip thin and rounded, finely dentate; interior yellowish-white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with yellowish-white callus. Columella covered with white callus, relatively straight and short, smooth or with 1-3 weak denticles. Siphonal canal relatively long, slightly curved to left, and moderately wide. Anterior fasciole weakly protruding; umbilicus reduced to slight chink.

Size: Height 34 mm; width 20 mm.

Type locality: Indonesia.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 100 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Australia.

Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Deokpo, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 5.v.2000); 1 specimen (Daepo, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 19.iii.1997); 4 specimens (Songjeong, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 24.xi. 1994); 2 specimens (Makgaedo, Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do: 28.i.1997); 3 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo- si, Jeju-do: 21.iv.1998).

Genus Maculotriton Dall, 1904‌ Heuk-jeom-mil-al-go-dung-sok (흑점밀알고둥속)

Shell small, elongate-fusiform, spire tall, whorls convex; sculptured with axial ribs crossed by fine spiral cords not forming spines or nodules; protoconch conical, of about four whorls. The genus Maculotriton was described by Dall (1904) for Triton bracteatus Hinds, 1844. At present, there are four living species in Maculotriton. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Triton bracteatus Hinds, 1844.

Species: 4 (1 in Korea).

27 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

11. Maculotriton serriale (Deshayes, 1834) (Fig. 12, Pl. 11) Kko-ma-heuk-jeom-mil-al-go-dung (꼬마흑점밀알고둥)

Buccinum serriale Deshayes in Laborde and Linant, 1834, p. 66, figs. 32-34. Maculotriton serriale: Wilson, 1994, p. 23; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 385, fig. 110; Min et al., 2004, pp. 213, 215, fig. 563; Poppe, 2008, p. 200, pl. 395, fig. 1. Maculotriton serriale serriale: Higo et al., 1999, p. 209; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 88; Lee, 2016, p. 90. Clathurella waterhouseae Brazier, 1896, p. 345. Columbella epidelia Duclos in Chenu, 1848, pl. 25, figs. 17-18. Maculotriton bracteatus longus Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1904, p. 595. Triton angulatus Reeve, 1844, pl. 19, sp. 88. Triton bacillum Reeve, 1844, pl. 19, sp. 90. Triton bracteatus Hinds, 1844, p. 21. Triton digitalis Reeve, 1844, pl. 19, sp. 86.

A B

Fig. 12. Maculotriton serriale. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 3 mm.

28 MURICIDAE: Morula

Triton lativaricosus Reeve, 1844, pl. 19, sp. 90. Tritonidea petterdi Brazier, 1872, p. 22.

Shell small-sized, slim-fusiform, Shell thick and solid, with about 10 whorls; spire relatively high, about 34% total shell height, with narrow apical angle, about 35°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface glossy, with black or brown mottled patterns on yellowish-white base color. Sculpture of 10-16 axial ribs and 12-20 slightly nodulose spiral cords on body whorl. Spire whorls tapering evenly, oblique and gently rounded. Spire width gradually decreasing; suturea moderately shallow. Body whorl occupying about 66% of shell height; periphery gently rounded; base not constricted, closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly-ovate; outer lip moderately thick and rounded, with 6-8 small inner denticles; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella relatively straight and long, with two small anterior denticles and covered with white callus. Siphonal canal short, moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 9 mm; width 3.5 mm.

Type locality: Red Sea.

Habitat: Rocky areas and coral reefs, in intertidal zone.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Indo-Pacific.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 14.ii.1997).

Genus Morula Schumacher, 1817‌ Sil-pae-ppul-go-dung-sok (실패뿔고둥속)

Shell small-sized, solid, biconic to ovate; spire conical in shape; sculpture of nodulose axial and spiral ribs. Aperture narrow, with prominent labial teeth, usually evenly spaced along the inner side of the lip. Cosmo- politan in tropical and temperate seas. The genus Morula was described by Schumacher (1817) for Morula papillosa Schumacher, 1817. Tengulla Arakawa, 1965 is a synonym of Morula. At present, there are 119 living species in Morula. Two species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Morula papillosa Schumacher, 1817.

Species: 119 (2 in Korea).

29 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Key to the species of genus Morula

1. Surface with squared nodules...... M. iostoma - Surface with spines...... M. spinosa

12. Morula iostoma (Reeve, 1845) (Fig. 13, Pl. 12) Bo-ra-ip-sil-pae-ppul-go-dung (보라입실패뿔고둥)

Ricinula iostoma Reeve, 1845, p. 192, sp. 37, pl. V. Thiphoris purpuratus Pilsbry, 1895, p. 58. Morula iostoma: Higo et al., 1999, p. 210; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 393, fig. 144; Min et al., 2004, p. 505, fig. 2; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330, fig. 1; Lee, 2016, p. 90.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform, Shell thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 27% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 53°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with intersecting stripes of yellowish-white on reddish-brown base color, slightly glossy. Sculpture of squarish or rectangular nodules forming nodulose spiral cords. Spire whorls slightly rounded. Spire width quickly decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 73% of shell height; periphery gently rounded; base not constricted; nodulose

A B

Fig. 13. Morula iostoma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm.

30 MURICIDAE: Morula

spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; outer lip thick and rounded; inside edge of inner lip with denticulate processes; interior violet, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow; covered with thick violet callus, columella relatively straight and long, also covered with thick violet callus, with 2-3 weak denticles. Siphonal canal short and moderately narrow. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 14 mm; width 8.5 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, at depth of about 10-50 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Saekkiseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.viii.1995).

13. Morula spinosa (H. and A. Adams, 1853) (Fig. 14, Pl. 13) Ga-si-ppul-go-dung (가시뿔고둥)

Sistrum spinosa H. and A. Adams, 1853, p. 130. Morula spinosa: Kubo and Kurozumi, 1995, p. 90, fig. 5; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 286, figs. 2F, 6D-F; Lee, 2016, p. 90. Morula (Habromorula) spinosa: Higo et al., 1999, p. 211; Min et al., 2004, p. 505, fig. 3. Habromorula spinosa: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 393, fig. 150; Poppe, 2008, p. 210, pl. 400, figs. 8, 9; Robin, 2008, p. 269, fig. 6. Spinidrupa spinosa: Springsteen and Leobrera, 1986, p. 142, pl. 39, fig. 7. Muricidea iostomus A. Adams, 1853, p. 267. Ricinula chrysostoma Reeve, 1846b, sp. 12. pl. 2, fig. 12b.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire relatively low, about 23% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 64°. Protoconch, pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white or reddish-brown, not glossy. Sculpture of closely-spaced spiral cords; periphery of whorls with extended spinose processes. The spire whorls evenly tapering, obtusely angulate. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and weakly inflated, occupying about 77% of shell height; periphery angulate; base not constricted, spinose spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip thick and obtusely angulate; inner lip with 5-6 denticulations. Interior of aperture violet, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick violet callus. Columella relatively straight and long, covered with thick, smooth, violet callus. Siphonal canal short and narrow. Siphonal fasciole slightly visible; umbilicus absent.

31 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 14. Morula spinosa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 8 mm.

Size: Height 25.5 mm; width 16 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, at depth of about 20-30 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Hawaii, Indo-Pacific.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Saekkiseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2003).

Subfamily Muricinae Rafinesque, 1815‌ Ppul-so-ra-a-gwa (뿔소라아과)

The Muricinae is a subfamily of small to medium-sized predatory mollusks. Traditionally the Muricinae are subdivided into five informal groups which contain 47 genera and subgenera (Merle et al., 2011). The shells are rather long, usually with a straight, slim siphonal canal, and usually several spinose varices per whorl. Distributed worldwide, in primarily tropical and subtropical regions; most species live at depths of 0-300 m. At present, 10 genera are recognised worldwide, and two genera (Chicoreus, Vokesimurex) are reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Vokesimurex is described here.

32 MURICIDAE: Vokesimurex

Genus Vokesimurex Petuch, 1994‌ Gon-bong-ppul-so-ra-sok (곤봉뿔소라속)

Shell medium-sized, solid, biconic to ovate with conical spire; sculpture of axial ribs and tubular processes. Aperture ovate; siphonal canal long and narrow. The genus Vokesimurex was described by Petuch (1994) for Murex messorius Sowerby II, 1841. At present, there are 42 living species in Vokesimurex. Two species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016), one of which is described here. Type species: Murex messorius Sowerby II, 1841.

Species: 42 (2 in Korea).

14. Vokesimurex rectirostris (Sowerby II, 1841) (Fig. 15, Pl. 14) Jan-ga-ji-ppul-go-dung (잔가지뿔고둥)

Murex rectirostris Sowerby II, 1841, pl. 111, fig. 197; Qi et al., 2004, p. 82, pl. 51, fig. c. Haustellun rectirostris: Higo et al., 1999, p. 195; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 367, fig. 11; Hong et al., 2006, p. 174; Robin, 2008, p. 254, fig. 3. Vokesimurex rectirostris; Lee and Kil, 2017, p. 49, fig. 1D.

Shell small or medium-sized, elongate-fusiform, moderately thick and solid, with about 8-9 whorls. Spire low, about 15% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 50°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with reddish-brown bands. Sculpture of weak nodules at intersection of weak spiral cords and three varices which extend into spinose processes. Spire whorls weakly inflated and rounded. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 85% of shell height; periphery rounded, base constricted, spinose spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate-circular, outer lip thickened with long and short spinose processes; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip rounded and covered with white callus. Columella relatively short and curved. Siphonal canal elongate and narrow. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 29 mm.

Type locality: Hong Kong.

Habitat: Sandy substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 10-50 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

33 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 15. Vokesimurex rectirostris. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 15 mm.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Seogwipo, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011).

Subfamily Muricopsinae Radwin and D’Attilio, 1971‌ Ga-si-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (가시뿔고둥아과)

The shell of the Muricopsinae is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends, making it fusiform to biconic. The size varies in length between 5 mm and 85 mm. It is white or brown, covered with subdued shades of brown, orange, red, or purple markings. The aperture is broadly oval to almost round and is of variable size. The operculum is the same as in the Muricinae. The genera in this subfamily are distributed worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters, at less than at 30 m in depth. At present, 12 genera are recognized worldwide and two genera (Homalocantha, Muricopsis) are reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Muricopsis is described here.

34 MURICIDAE: Muricopsis

Genus Muricopsis Boucquoy et al., 1882‌ Ga-si-ppul-go-dung-sok (가시뿔고둥속)

Shell small to medium-sized, fusiform, high-spired, whorls more or less shouldered; protoconch small, about 1.5 convex whorls with asymmetric tips; 5-8 simple varices per whorl bearing short to long scaly spines; aperture ovate to lenticular, outer lip denticulate along its inner side; operculum ovate, nucleus terminal, lateral areas thickened. Cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate seas. The genus Muricopsis was described by Boucquoy et al. (1882) for Murex blainvillii Payraudeau, 1826. At present, there are 138 living species in Muricopsis. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Murex blainvillii Payraudeau, 1826.

Species: 138 (1 in Korea).

15. Muricopsis interserrata (Sowerby II, 1879) (Fig. 16, Pl. 15) Jak-eun-ga-si-ppul-go-dung (작은가시뿔고둥)

Murex interserratus Sowerby II, 1879, pl. 21, fig. 204. Muricopsis (Murexsul) interserrata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 200; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 377, fig. 60; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 207, fig. 540. Muricopsis interserrata: Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 87; Lee, 2016, p. 91.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform. Shell moderately thick and solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire low, about 23% total shell height, with relatively wide apical angle, about 57°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white or yellowish-brown. Sculpture of spinose axial varices per whorl, with usually 2 or 3 axial nodes between them; finely crenulated spiral cords interspersed with many fine spiral threads. Spines leaf-like, moderately short, open and recurved, strongest and often longest at shoulder. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 77% of shell height; periphery round; base moderately constricted; short spinose spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip thick with short or long spinose processes; interior yellowish-white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella relatively short and curved. Siphonal canal elongate and narrow, partly closed. Siphonal fasciole open; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 11.5 mm; width 7.5 mm.

Type locality: China.

35 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 16. Muricopsis interserrata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 4 mm.

Habitat: Gravel and sand bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20-150 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines.

Korea: JB.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Eocheongdo, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do; 13.vi.2000).

Subfamily Ocenebrinae Cossmann, 1903‌ Eo-kkae-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (어깨뿔고둥아과)

The Ocenebrinae is also known as the oyster and mussel drills. The shell is trigonal or fusiform in shape, the aperture is elongate, and the anterior canal is closed in most adults. The size of the shell ranges from small to moderately large, between 10 mm and 150 mm in length. Some species are winged, as in some muricine groups; spinose species are rare. Inner surface of outer lip often denticulate; a few species with labral tooth. Operculum trapezoidal with lateral nucleus. The ocenebrines may be more closely related to the rapanines than to the muricines. Ocenebrines occur worldwide in all but the coldest seas, usually in shallow water. At present, 41 genera are recognized worldwide, and five genera (Ceratostoma, Genkaimurex, Nucella, Ocene- bra, Pteropurpura) are reported from Korea (Lee, 2016).

36 MURICIDAE: Ceratostoma

Key to the genera of subfamily Ocenebrinae

1. Axial varices prominent...... 2 - Axial varices not prominent...... 4 2. Outer lip margin without a tooth-like process...... 3 - Outer lip margin with a tooth-like process...... Ceratostoma 3. Axial varices 5 on body whorl...... Pteropurpura - Axial varices 3-4 on body whorl...... Ocenebra 4. Siphonal canal elongate, one axial varice on outer lip...... Genkaimurex - Siphonal canal short, with rough spiral ribs...... Nucella

Genus Ceratostoma Herrmannsen, 1846‌ Maep-sa-ri-sok (맵사리속)

Shell medium-sized, solid, fusiform to biconic with conical spire. Sculpture of well-developed axial ribs and varices. Aperture moderately small and ovate; thorn-like projection on the edge of the aperture used as a tool in predation to prop open the shells of bivalves and barnacles. Siphonal canal short and mostly closed. The genus Ceratostoma was described by Herrmannsen (1846) for Purpura nuttalli Conrad, 1837. At pre sent, there are eight living species in Ceratostoma. Three species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Purpura nuttalli Conrad, 1837.

Species: 8 (3 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Ceratostoma

1. Axial varices lamellate and prominent...... 2 - Axial varices low and smaller...... C. rorifluum 2. Surface with strong tubercles, weak tooth-like process on outer lip...... C. fournieri - Surface with spiral ribs, tooth-like process strong on outer lip...... C. burnetti

16. Ceratostoma burnetti (A. Adams and Reeve, 1850) (Fig. 17, Pl. 16) Ip-ppul-go-dung (입뿔고둥)

Murex burnetti Adams and Reeve, 1848, p. 38, pl. 8, figs. 4a, b. Ceratostoma burnetti: Lee, 1956, p. 74; Hall, 1959, p. 430, pl. 3, figs. 2, 4, 6; Habe, 1964, p. 85, pl. 27, fig.

37 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 17. Ceratostoma burnetti. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 30 mm.

20; Okada, 1967, p. 104; Je, 1989, p. 21; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Yoo, 1976, p. 73, pl. 13, figs. 8, 9; Choe, 1992, p. 365, pl. 90, figs. 152a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 287, figs. 35-10-1, 35-10-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 290, figs. 3E, 10A-C; Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 387, fig. 113; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Alexyev, 2003, p. 152, pl. LXIII-1; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 551; Hong et al., 2006, p. 172; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 89; Lee, 2016, p. 91. Murex coreanicus Adams, 1853b, p. 72; Hall, 1959, p. 430.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, moderately thin but solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire low, about 24% total shell height, with wide apical angle, about 70°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white, slightly glossy. Sculpture of wide, wrinkled, lamellate axial varices, usually with 4 or 5 flat, thick spiral cords between them; lamellate varices often longest at shoulder. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 76% of shell height; base moderately constricted; lamellate axial varices extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip thin with long and short denticles, one especially very strong; interior yellowish-white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella relatively short and straight. Siphonal canal short and closed. Umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 92 mm; width 60 mm.

Type locality: Korea.

Habitat: Rocky bottom, at about 5-30 m in depth.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia.

Korea: CN, GW, GB, GN, JB, JN.

38 MURICIDAE: Ceratostoma

Specimens examined: 7 specimens (Geojin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.xi.1998); 3 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 12.xi.2011); 2 specimens (Gajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.v.2015); 7 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 31.vii.2014); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do: 30.xii.1994; 14.iv.1998); 5 specimens (Bangpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iii.1994); 7 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 22.vi.1999); 1 specimen (Guryongpo, Pohang- si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 15 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 6 specimens (Seonyudo, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do: 13.vi.2000); 15 specimens (Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam- do: 20.x.2011).

17. Ceratostoma fournieri (Crosse, 1861) (Fig. 18, Pl. 17) Se-ppul-go-dung (세뿔고둥)

Murex fournieri Crosse, 1861, p. 352, pl. 16, fig. 7. Ceratostoma fournieri: Hall, 1959, p. 429, pl. 1, figs. 5-7; Kira, 1962, p. 66, pl. 25, fig. 14; Okada, 1967, p. 104; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 149, 228, pl. 41, fig. 4; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Yoo, 1976, p. 73, pl. 13, fig. 5; Choe, 1992, p. 365, pl. 90, figs. 152a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 287, figs. 35-9-1, 35-9-2, 35-9-3; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 291, figs. 3F, 10D-F; Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 387, fig. 114; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 552; Qi et al., 2004, p.

A B

Fig. 18. Ceratostoma fournieri. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 25 mm.

39 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

88, pl. 54, fig. J; Robin, 2008, p. 276, fig. 10; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 89; Lee, 2016, p. 91.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, Shell thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire low, about 22% total shell height, with apical angle about 55°. Protoconch, blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-brown, slightly glossy. Sculpture of three wide, wrinkled, lamellate axial varices, thick knobs between them; lamellate varices often longest at shoulder. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately flattened, occupying about 78% of shell height; base slightly constricted, lamellate axial varices extending to siphonal canal aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip thin with long and short denticles, among them one denticle protruding; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella relatively short and straight. Siphonal canal moderately long, closed. Umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 72 mm; width 35 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Rocky bottom, at depth of about 5-30 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.

Korea: CN, JN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Gimnyeong, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 12.vii.2008).

18. Ceratostoma rorifluum (A. Adams and Reeve, 1850) (Fig. 19, Pl. 18) Maep-sa-ri (맵사리)

Murex rorifluus Adams and Reeve, 1848, p. 38, pl. 8, figs. 2a, b. Ceratostoma rorifluum: Hall, 1959, p. 430, pl. 1, figs. 9-11; Kira, 1962, p. 65, pl. 25, fig. 8; Lee, 1956, p. 74; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Yoo, 1976, p. 73, pl. 13, figs. 2-4; Je, 1989, p. 21; Choe, 1992, p. 364, pl. 89, figs. 151a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 287, figs. 35-8-1, 35-8-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 289, figs. 3D, 9D-F; Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 387, fig. 117; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 553; Qi et al., 2004, p. 88, pl. 54, fig. B; Hong et al., 2006, p. 173; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 90; Lee, 2016, p. 90.

Shell medium-sized, fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 6-7 whorls. Spire low, about 22% total shell height, with apical angle about 57°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with dark brown or white spiral bands on yellowish-white or yellowish-brown base color. Sculpture of four low, thick axial varices, with weak nodules and low spiral cords between them. Spire width gradually decreasing;

40 MURICIDAE: Ceratostoma

A B

Fig. 19. Ceratostoma rorifluum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 15 mm.

sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 78% of shell height; base moderately constricted, with thick axial varices extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip somewhat thickened, with small denticles; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and closed. Siphonal fasciole moderately developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 25 mm.

Type locality: Korea.

Habitat: Rocky bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of about 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

Korea: GG, GW, CN, GB, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 20 specimens (Batsireum, Ongjin-gun, Incheon-si: 28.v.2010); 22 specimens (Aya- jin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011; 12.xi.2011); 72 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gang- won-do: 23.v.2015); 23 specimens (Geojin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1995); 20 specimens (Kkotji, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 26.i.2012); 70 specimens (Anheung, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 6.v.2015); 10 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 6.iii.1994); 25 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.2001; 25.v.2004); 6 specimens (Chaeseokgang, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk- do: 10.x.2014); 5 specimens (Sinyang, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 20.iii.1998).

41 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Genus Genkaimurex Kuroda, 1953‌ Ju-reum-ppul-go-dung-sok (주름뿔고둥속)

Shell medium-sized, solid, fusiform to biconic with conical spire; sculpture of densely developed axial and spiral ribs. Aperture moderately small, ovate, outer lip thick and, denticulate. Siphonal canal moderately short and opened or closed. The genus Genkaimurex was described by Kuroda (1953) for Coralliophila (Genkaimurex) varicosa Kuro- da, 1953. At present, there are three living species in Genkaimurex. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Coralliophila (Genkaimurex) varicosa Kuroda, 1953.

Species: 3 (1 in Korea).

19. Genkaimurex varicosus (Kuroda, 1953) (Fig. 20, Pl. 19) Ju-reum-ppul-go-dung (주름뿔고둥)

Coralliophila (Genkaimurex) varicosa Kuroda, 1953, pp. 120-121, text-figs. 7-8. Genkaimurex varicosa: Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 282; Higo et al., 1999, p. 207; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 381, fig. 84; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 559; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee, 2016, p. 91; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 90. Genkaimurex varicosus: Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 282.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 6 whorls. Spire low, about 12% total shell height, with wide apical angle, about 75°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white or yellowish-brown. Sculpture of flat, thick axial cords intersected by closely-spaced spiral cords; varix on outer lip well-developed. Spire whorls inflated and rounded; spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures deep with slightly sunken sutural ramp, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 88% of shell height; periphery rounded; base constricted; axial cords disappearing, with closely- spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip thin with short denticles; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip curved and covered with white callus; columella relatively long and gently curved. Siphonal canal long and closed. Siphonal fasciole weakly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 30 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Sandy substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 50-100 m.

42 MURICIDAE: Nucella

A B

Fig. 20. Genkaimurex varicosus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 15 mm.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 17.iii.1999); 1 specimen (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iii.1995); 2 specimens (Chilpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 14.vi.1995).

Genus Nucella Röding, 1798‌ Yeop-ju-reum-go-dung-sok (옆주름고둥속)

Shell medium-sized, often thick and solid, elongate-ovate. Sculpture of dense spiral ribs, globose body whorl. Aperture moderately small, ovate; outer lips thick and denticulate. Siphonal canal moderately short and open. Boreal, cool-water species. The genus Nucella was described by Röding (1798) for Buccinum lapillus Linnaeus, 1758. Polytropa Swainson, 1840 and Polytropalicus Rovereto, 1899 are synonyms of Nucella. At present, there are 22 living species in Nucella. Three species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Buccinum lapillus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species: 22 (3 in Korea).

43 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Key to the species of genus Nucella

1. Shell sculpture usually with spiral cords...... 2 - Shell sculpture with spiral cords and crenulated axial plate...... N. lamellosa 2. Shell elongate-ovate, with prominent widely-spaced spiral cords...... N. heyseana - Shell rounded-ovate, with closely-spaced spiral cords...... N. freycineti

20. Nucella freycineti (Deshayes, 1839) (Fig. 21, Pl. 20) Paeng-i-yeop-ju-reum-go-dung (팽이옆주름고둥)

Purpura freycinetii Deshayes, 1839, p. 360. Purpura freycinetii var. alabaster Pilsbry, 1907, p. 246, pl. 20, fig. 2. Nucella freycineti: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 41, pl. 12, fig. 6; Choe, 1992, p. 362, pl. 88, figs. 148a, b; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 289, figs. 3C, 9A-C. Nucella freycineti freycineti: Higo et al., 1999, p. 214; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 389, fig. 126; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, pp. 215, 217, fig. 570; Kil, 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93; Lee, 2016, p. 92. Nucella freycinetti: Alexyev, 2003, pp. 159-160, pls. LXIV-3, 4. Nucella freycinetti freycinetti: Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 149, pl. 68, figs. A-C.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 6-7 whorls. Spire low, about 17% total shell height, with wide apical angle, about 73°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with yellowish-white bands on yellowish-brown base color. Sculpture of thick spiral cords and often imbricate patterns caused by intersection with growth lines. Spire whorls moderately inflated, with spire width gradually decreasing; sutures very shallow and sutural ramp slightly slanted; whorls rather well-defined. Body whorl large and somewhat inflated, occupying about 83% of shell height; one round, thick spiral cord on periphery, and base slightly constricted with closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture elongate ovate; outer lip thick and wrinkled; interior yellowish-white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with yellowish-white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and wide. Siphonal fasciole rather well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 42 mm; width 24 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Sand and gravel substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 10-130 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

44 MURICIDAE: Nucella

A B

Fig. 21. Nucella freycineti. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 14 mm.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 40 specimens (Gajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.v.2015); 1 specimen (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 12.xi.2011); 11 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 8.iv. 1997; 26.xi.1998); 8 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 2.xi.2007); 10 specimens (Dongsan, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 21.ix.2012).

21. Nucella heyseana (Dunker, 1882) (Fig. 22, Pl. 21) Yeop-ju-reum-go-dung (옆주름고둥)

Nucella heyseana: Okada, 1967, p. 105; Yoo, 1976, p. 72, pl. 13, fig. 1; Je, 1989, p. 21; Choe, 1992, p. 361, pl. 87, figs. 147a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 289, fig. 35-16; Higo et al., 1999, p. 214; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Alexyev, 2003, p. 159, pls. LXIV-1, 2; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 569; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 149, pl. 68, fig. D; Hong et al., 2006, p. 172; Kil, 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93; Lee, 2016, p. 92. Nucella hayseana: Kang et al., 1971, p. 60. Polytropa freycineti hayseana: Lee, 1956, p. 74.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 4-5 whorls. Spire low, about 16% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 63°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in

45 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 22. Nucella heyseana. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 15 mm.

diameter. Surface with yellowish-white bands on yellowish-brown base color. Sculpture of spiral cords with often imbricate patterns caused by intersection with growth lines. Spire whorls moderately inflated, and weakly angulate, Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures very shallow and sutural ramp slightly slanted; whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 84% of shell height; periphery rounded; base slightly constricted, with closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture elongate ovate; outer lip thick with weak, even wrinkles; interior yellowish-white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with yellowish-white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and wide. Siphonal fasciole rather well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 46 mm; width 26 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Gravel bottom from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril Islands.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.ii.2012); 6 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 27.iii.2000).

Remarks: Shell morphology of this species is very similar to that of N. freycineti, but distinguishable from it by the wider width, higher spire, and regular thickness of the spire cords.

46 MURICIDAE: Nucella

22. Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin, 1791) (Fig. 23, Pl. 22) Ji-neu-reo-mi-yeop-ju-reum-go-dung (지느러미옆주름고둥)

Buccinum lamellosa Gmelin, 1791, p. 3498. Thais (Nucella) lamellosa hormica Dall, 1915, p. 565. Nucella lamellosa: Robin, 2008, p. 275, fig. 13. Nucella lamellosa lamellosa: Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 150. Nucella lamellosa hormica: Higo et al., 1999, p. 214; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 217, fig. 571; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 150, pl. 68, fig. H; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93; Lee, 2016, p. 92.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 6 whorls. Spire low, about 18% total shell height, with moderately wide apical angle, about 71°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white or yellowish-brown. Sculpture of thick closely-spaced spiral cords intersecting low lamellate axial ribs. Spire whorls moderately inflated; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 82% of shell height; periphery rounded and weakly angulated. Base slightly constricted, with closely-spaced spiral cords and strongly imbri- cated axial ribs extending to siphonal canal. Aperture elongate ovate; outer lip moderately thick and strongly crenulate; interior yellowish-white, smooth and slightly glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thin yel-

A B

Fig. 23. Nucella lamellosa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 20 mm.

47 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

lowish-white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and wide. Siphonal fasciole rather well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 57 mm; width 36 mm.

Type locality: Alaska.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril Islands. Kanchatka Peninsula.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 11.i.2000; 27.iii.2000; 5.ix.2000; 11.viii.2013); 5 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 20.iv.2000).

Genus Ocenebra Gray, 1847‌ Eo-kkae-ppul-go-dung-sok (어깨뿔고둥속)

Shell medium-sized, fusiform to biconic and spire conical, sculpture of densely developed axial and spiral ribs; most of body whorl shoulder angulate. Aperture moderately small, ovate; outer lips thick. Siphonal canal moderately short and opened or closed. The genus Ocenebra was described by Gray (1847) for Murex erinacea Linnaeus, 1758. Ocinebra Leach, 1852 and Tritonalia Fleming, 1828 are synonyms of Ocenebra. At present, there are 62 living species in Ocenebra. Two species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Murex erinacea Linnaeus, 1758.

Species: 62 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Ocenebra

1. Aperture broad, with weak, closely-spaced spiral ribs...... O. inornata - Aperture moderately narrow, with closely-spaced scaly spiral ribs...... O. lumaria

23. Ocenebra inornata (Récluz, 1851) (Fig. 24, Pl. 23) Eo-kkae-ppul-go-dung (어깨뿔고둥)

Murex inornatus Récluz, 1851, p. 207, figs. 7, 8. Crastoma inornata: Qi et al., 2004, p. 88, pl. 55, fig. A.

48 MURICIDAE: Ocenebra

A B

Fig. 24. Ocenebra inornata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Cerastoma inornatum: Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 554; Hong et al., 2006, p. 173; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 89. Cerastoma inornatus: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 387, fig. 115. Ocenebra inornata: Abbott, 1974, p. 183, fig. 1919; Robin, 2008, p. 274, fig. 15. Ocenebra inornatum: Choe, 1992, p. 363, pl. 89, figs. 150a, b; Lee, 2016, p. 92. Ocinebrellus inornatum: Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100. Ocinebrellus inornatus: Kwon et al., 1993, p. 286, figs. 35-5-1, 35-5-2; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 288, figs. 3B, 8D-F. Tritonalia inornata: Alexyev, 2003, p. 152, pl. LXIII-2. Murex (Cerastoma) endermonis Smith, 1875, pp. 420-421. Murex (Ocinebra) endermonis: Hirase, 1907, p. 6. Murex endermonis: Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Min et al., 2004, pp. 211, 213, fig. 556; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330. Ocenebra endermonis: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 39, pl. 11, fig. 8. Ocenebra inornata endermonis: Robin, 2008, p. 275, fig. 1. Ocenebra (Ocenebrellus) japonica endermonis: Kira, 1962, p. 65, pl. 25, fig. 1. Cerastoma inornatus endermonis: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 387, fig. 116. Tritonalia inornata endermonis: Amano and Geerat, 1998, p. 201. Murex japonicus Dunker, 1860, p. 230.

49 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Ocenebra japonica: Lee, 1956, p. 74; Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 38, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Yoo, 1976, p. 72, figs. 8-10; Je, 1989, p. 21; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 286, fig. 35-7. Ocenebra (Ocenebrellus) japonica: Kira, 1962, p. 65, pl. 25, fig. 7.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform. Shell thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire low, about 18% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 68°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-brown or reddish-brown. Sculpture of thick axial ribs, crossed by both strong and weak spiral cords. Spire whorls inflated, strongly shouldered, almost right-angled. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated occupying about 82% of shell height; periphery right-angled; base slightly constricted, closely-spaced spiral cords and axial cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; varix on outer lip well-developed with bands of scales, indented anteriorly; interior white to brown, smooth and slightly glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and wide, closed. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 34 mm; width 22 mm.

Type locality: Korea.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

Korea: GG, GW, CN, JN, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 30 specimens (Seopo-ri, Ongjin-gun, Incheon-si: 28.v.2010); 1 specimen (Gajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 13.viii.2012); 15 specimens (Songjiho, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 15.viii. 2013); 20 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 11.viii.2013); 3 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean- gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.2001); 354 specimens (Gujora, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.viii.2009); 1 specimen (Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 3 specimens (Guryongpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 46 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.x.2011; 22.viii. 2012); 9 specimens (Heungnam, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 13.i.1998); 12 specimens (Songjeong, Nam- hae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 24.xi.1994); 23 specimens (Geumgye-ri, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do: 2.iii.1995).

24. Ocenebra lumaria Yokoyama, 1926 (Fig. 25, Pl. 24) Ju-reum-eo-kkae-ppul-go-dung (주름어깨뿔고둥)

Ocenebra lumaria Yokoyama, 1926, p. 270. Ocenebra lumaria: Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 555; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 140; Lee, 2016, p. 92.

50 MURICIDAE: Ocenebra

A B

Fig. 25. Ocenebra lumaria. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 7 mm.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire low, about 20% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 60°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with generally reddish-brown bands on yellowish-brown or yellowish-white base color. Sculpture of 7-8 low, lamellate axial ribs and closely-spaced spiral cords of uniform width. Spire whorls inflated, strongly shouldered, almost right-angled. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-developed. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 80% of shell height; periphery right-angled; base slightly constricted, with closely-spaced spiral cords and axial varices extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; varix on outer lip well-developed, with parallel bands of scales; interior white, smooth and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick white callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal somewhat long and closed. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 22 mm; width 15 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Rocky bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Geojin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.iii.1999); 3 specimens (Sok- cho-si, Gangwon-do; 13.ix.1999).

51 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Genus Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880‌ Nal-gae-ppul-go-dung-sok (날개뿔고둥속)

Shell medium-sized, fusiform, with spire conical in shape; spire angulate. Sculpture of well-developed lamellate processes intersected by spiral ribs. Aperture moderately small, ovate; siphonal canal moderately long and closed. The genus Pteropurpura was described by Jousseaume (1880) for Murex macropterus Deshayes, 1839. Centrifuga Grant and Gale, 1931 is a synonym of Pteropurpura. At present, there are 17 living species in Pteropurpura. Two species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). One species is described here. Type species: Murex macropterus Deshayes, 1839.

Species: 17 (2 in Korea).

25. Pteropurpura falcata (Sowerby II, 1834) (Fig. 26, Pl. 25) Nal-gae-ppul-go-dung (날개뿔고둥)

Murex falcata Sowerby II, 1834, pl. 62, fig. 31. Pteropurpura falcata: Lee, 2016, p. 92. Pteropurpura falcata falcata: Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 90. Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) falcata: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 389, fig. 123. Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) falcata falcata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 206; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 557. Ocenebrellus falcatus: Yoo, 1976, p. 71, pl. 12, fig. 5. Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) falcatus: Je, 1989, p. 21. Murex aduncus Sowerby II, 1834, Murex, pl. 63, fig. 35. Ocenebrellus adunca: Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Yoo, 1976, p. 73, pl. 13, figs. 6, 7. Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) adunca: Je, 1989, p. 21; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121. Ocinebrellus aduncus: Kuoda et al., 1971, pp. 147, 226, pl. 40, figs. 3-5; Choe, 1992, p. 362, pl. 88, figs. 148a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 285, figs. 35-4-1, 35-4-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 287, figs. 3A, 8A-C. Ocenebra (Ocinebrellus) adunca: Okada, 1967, p. 103. Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) adunca adunca: Min et al., 2004, p. 213, fig. 558. Pteropurpura adunca adunca: Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 90.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire low, about 28% total

52 MURICIDAE: Pteropurpura

A B

Fig. 26. Pteropurpura falcata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 15 mm.

shell height, with apical angle moderately narrow, about 48°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually with reddish-brown bands on yellowish-brown or yellowish-white base color. Sculpture of 5 wide, lamellate axial varices, with 3 or 4 strong spiral cords between them; lamellate varices curved at tip and longest at shoulder. Spire whorls inflated, strongly shouldered, almost right-angled. Spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-developed. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 72% of shell height; periphery angulate; base rather constricted; weak spiral cords and varices extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; varix on outer lip well-developed and strongly folded, with two large leaf-like processes at posterior end; interior yellowish-white and curved. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick white callus; columella relatively long and slightly curved. Siphonal canal long and narrow. Umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 40 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20-200 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

Korea: GW, CN, GN, JN.

Specimens examined: 8 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.iii.1999; 31.vii.2014); 7 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 27.iv.1999; 13.ix.1999; 27.iii.2000; 4.iv.2000); 2 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 4.xii.2000); 2 specimens (Odo-ri, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 8.v. 1996); 1 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.x.2008; 24.vi.2011; 18.x.2011); 1 specimens

53 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

(Jangsaengpo, Nam-gu, Ulsan-si: 22.xii.2012); 8 specimens (Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 3 specimens (Songnam, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 24.xi.1994); 7 specimens (Gagye, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do: 2.iii.1995); 5 specimens (Wando, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do: 17.ix.2001).

Subfamily Rapaninae Gray, 1853‌ Pi-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (피뿔고둥아과)

The Rapaninae was previously known as Thaidinae or the separate family Thaididae. The shells are smooth, nodulose, or spinose, but lack varices and a canal at the rear of the aperture. The operculum is distinctively ridged. The common name ʻrock shells’ is indicative of their habitat among rocks and coral. At present, 25 genera are recognized, and four genera (Indothais, Mancinella, Rapana, and Reishia) have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016).

Key to the genera of subfamily Rapaninae

1. Shoulder of whorls with moderately prominent and strong nodules...... 2 - Shoulder of whorls with spinose spiral ribs...... Mancinella 2. Shoulder of whorls prominent...... 3 - Shoulder of whorls nodulose or with blunt spines, with nodulose spiral ribs...... Reishia 3. Shell small-medium; nodules low and angled...... Indothais - Shell large; nodules high and acute...... Rapana

Genus Indothais Claremont et al., 2013‌ Mo-nan-eo-kkae-du-deu-reok-go-dung-sok (모난어깨두드럭고둥속)

Shell small to medium-sized, fusiform to biconic and spire conical in shape; sculpture of tubercles and axial and spiral ribs; periphery of spire angulate and slanted. Aperture ovate, somewhat small. Siphonal canal moderately short and open with well-developed fasciole. The genus Indothais was described by Claremont et al. (2013) for Murex lacerus Born, 1778. At present, there are 11 living species in Indothais. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Murex lacerus Born, 1778.

Species: 11 (1 in Korea).

54 MURICIDAE: Indothais

26. Indothais gradata (Jonas, 1846) (Fig. 27, Pl. 26) Mo-nan-eo-kkae-du-deu-reok-go-dung (모난어깨두드럭고둥)

Purpura gradata Jonas, 1846, p. 14. Indothais gradata: Lee, 2016, p. 92. Thais gradata: Qi et al., 2004, p. 86, pl. 53, fig. B; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 94. Thais (Thaisiella) gradata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 213; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 397, fig. 177; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 565.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire low, about 21% total shell height, with apical angle about 59°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with white dots and short vertical lines on yellowish-brown base color. Sculpture of weak axial ribs with acute nodules on spire shoulder. Spire whorls slightly inflated and obliquely angulate. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 79% of shell height; periphery oblique and angulate; base slightly constricted; closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture ovate; outer lip thin, roundly angled posteriorly, and weakly wrinkled anteriorly; interior yellowish-white. Inner lip narrow and covered with thin transparent callus; columella relatively long and straight. Siphonal canal short and wide. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

A B

Fig. 27. Indothais gradata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 9 mm.

55 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Size: Height 27 mm; width 18 mm.

Type locality: Singapore.

Habitat: Gravel bottom in intertidal zone.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Philippines, Australia.

Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 18.viii.1999).

Genus Mancinella Link, 1807‌ Ga-si-du-deu-reok-go-dung-sok (가시두드럭고둥속)

Shell small-medium-sized, ovate-conical to fusiform; sculpture of spines or tubercles; periphery of body whorl angulate, rounded. Aperture ovate, moderately wide. Siphonal canal rather short, open, with well- developed fasciole. The genus Mancinella was described by Link, 1807 for Murex mancinella Linnaeus, 1758. Thais (Manci- nella) Link, 1807 is a synonym of Mancinella. At present, there are 19 living species in Mancinella. Two species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016; Lee, 2017). Type species: Murex mancinella Linnaeus, 1758.

Species: 19 (1 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Mancinella

1. Shell thick and solid; spire moderately high...... M. echinata - Shell thin and light; spire spire low...... M. echinulata

27. Mancinella echinata (Blainville, 1832) (Fig. 28, Pl. 27) Ga-si-du-deu-reok-go-dung (가시두드럭고둥)

Purpura echinata Blainville, 1832, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 2. Mancinella echinata: Okada, 1967, p. 107; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 286, figs. 2F, 6D-F; Higo et al., 1999, p. 212; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 564; Robin, 2008, p. 271, fig. 4; Kil et al., 2014, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 92; Lee, 2016, p. 92. Thais echinata: Wilson, 1994, p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 17; Qi et al., 2004, p. 86, pl. 52, fig. L; Poppe, 2008, p. 218, pl. 404, fig. 5.

56 MURICIDAE: Mancinella

A B

Fig. 28. Mancinella echinata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 20 mm.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire moderately high, about 26% total shell height, with apical angle moderately narrow, about 52°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface of yellowish-white, and sometime white, dots. Sculpture of strong spinate tubercles and spiral cords with several weaker spiral threads between them. Spire whorls angulate; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures very shallow, whorls poorly defined; sutural ramp narrow and oblique. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 74% of shell height; periphery gently rounded; base slightly constricted; spinate spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip moderately thin and weakly angled by spines; interior white and slightly glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella slightly bent. Siphonal canal short; dorsally slanted left, and moderately narrow. Anterior fasciole very well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

Size: Height 61 mm; width 40 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Supseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 12.v.1990); 1 specimen (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 9.viii.2003).

57 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

28. Mancinella echinulata (Lamarck, 1822) (Fig. 29, Pl. 28) Yalb-eun-bam-song-i-du-deu-reok-go-dung (얇은밤송이두드럭고둥)

Purpura echinulata Lamarck, 1822, p. 84, no. 40. Mancinella echinulate: Springsteen and Leobrera, 1986, p. 147; Kubo and Kurozumi, 1995, p. 87; Hu and Tao, 1995, p. 315; Lee and Kil, 2017, p. 52, fig. 1E. Thais (Mancinella) echinulata; Houart et al., 2010, pp. 176-270. Purpura lischkei Küster, 1860, t. 32, a, f. 4; Tryon and Pilsbry, 1880, pl. 54, fig. 165. Purpura luteomarginata Montrouzier, 1861, p. 280, pl. 11, fig. 4. Purpura mancinelloides Blainville, 1832, p. 223, pl. 11, fig. 3.

Shell small or medium-sized, rounded-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire low, about 13% total shell height, with apical angle moderately narrow, about 50°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface yellowish-white with shades of brown Sculpture of spinate tubercles, spiral cords, and spiral threads between them. Spire whorls flattened and slightly concave. Spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures very shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 77% of shell height; periphery roundly angulate; base slightly constricted; bluntly spinate; with closely-spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip moderately thin and angulate; interior yellowish-white, unevenly-ovate, and dull glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thin yellowish-white callus; columella slightly curved. Siphonal canal short and open. Siphonal fasciole rather well-developed; umbilicus barely visible.

A B

Fig. 29. Mancinella echinulata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 13 mm.

58 MURICIDAE: Rapana

Size: Height 40 mm; width 28 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 10 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 17.vii.2008).

Remarks: Shell morphology of this species is very similar to that of Mancinella echinata, but distinguishable from it by its globular shape, and being smaller, thinner, with blunt spines.

Genus Rapana Schumacher, 1817‌ Pi-ppul-go-dung-sok (피뿔고둥속)

Shell medium-sized to large, ovate-globose, spire low, conical in shape; sculpture of spines or tuberculate processes; whorls with a steep to flat subsutural ramp, sharply angulate shoulder, and convex sides; body whorl base constricted. Aperture ovate, moderately wide. Siphonal canal wide, short, recurved; fasciole very pronounced, encircling a wide umbilicus. The genus Rapana was described by Schumacher (1817) for Rapana foliacea Schumacher, 1817. At present, there are 24 living species in Rapana. Three species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) and the subspecies R. venosa pechiliensis Grabau and King, 1928 are described here. Type species: Rapana foliacea Schumacher, 1817.

Species: 24 (3 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Rapana

1. Shell moderately thin, with weak, nodulose spiral cords...... R. venosa venosa - Shell thick, strong, with nodulose spiral cords...... R. venosa pechiliensis

29. Rapana venosa venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Fig. 30, Pl. 29) Pi-ppul-go-dung (피뿔고둥)

Purpura venosa Valenciennes, 1846, Mollusks, pl. 7, fig. 1. Rapana venosa: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 144, 219, pl. 42, figs. 4, 5; Yoo, 1976, p. 70, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4; Je,

59 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 30. Rapana venosa venosa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 50 mm.

1989, p. 21; Choe, 1992, p. 357, pl. 85, figs. 143a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 285, fig. 35-1; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 284, figs. 2B, 5A-C; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 399, fig. 187; Alexyev, 2003, p. 161, pl. LXIV-7; Qi et al., 2004, p. 81, pl. 50, fig. E; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 150, pl. 68, fig. J; Robin, 2008, p. 271, fig. 1; Lee, 2016, p. 93. Rapana venosa venosa: Higo et al., 1999, p. 215; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 217, fig. 572; Hong et al., 2006, p. 175; Kil et al., 2012, p. 329; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93. Rapana thomasiana Crosse, 1861, p. 268; Lee, 1956, p. 74; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60.

Shell large-sized, rounded-fusiform, thick and solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire low, about 11% total shell height, with apical angle moderately narrow, about 66°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface of both strong and weak dark brown bands on yellowish-brown or yellowish-white base color. Sculp- ture with closely-spaced strong and weak spiral cords; periphery of spire with sharp spinose processes; peri phery of body whorl with curved trigonal processes, and with irregular growth lines. Spire whorls right- angled with strong axial cords. Spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 89% of shell height; periphery angulate; base constricted, closely- spaced spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, semilunar; outer lip moderately thin and wrinkled by spiral cords; interior yellowish-white. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellowish-brown callus; columella slightly curved, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal short and curved, relatively wide. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus narrow and deep.

Size: Height 150 mm; width 120 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

60 MURICIDAE: Rapana

Habitat: Sand and mud bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.

Korea: GG, CN, JB, JN.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Incheon Harbor, Incheon-si: 27.vi.2011); 2 specimens (Sambong, Tae- an-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 21.xi.2001); 4 specimens (Jeongsanpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.1999); 8 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 1.vi.1999; 7.v.2001); 6 specimens (Seungeon-ri, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 26.i.2012); 4 specimens (Jangan-ri, Seocheon-gun, Chung cheongnam-do: 10.vii.2009); 15 specimens (Jukam-ri, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.viii.2009); 3 specimens (Naebalpo, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 23.v.1998).

30. Rapana venosa pechiliensis Grabau and King, 1928 (Fig. 31, Pl. 30) Hwang-hae-pi-ppul-go-dung (황해피뿔고둥)

Rapana pechiliensis Grabau and King, 1928, p. 202. Rapana venosa pechiliensis: Okutani and Habe, 1975, p. 103; Higo et al., 1999, p. 215; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 285, figs. 35-2-1, 35-2-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 284, fig. 2c; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 217, fig. 573; Kil et al., 2012, p. 329; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93. Rapana venosa forma pechiliensis: Habe, 1969, p. 111.

Shell medium-sized, fusiform; thick and solid, with about 6-7 whorls. Spire low, about 17% total shell height, with apical angle moderately narrow, about 67°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with strong and weak reddish-brown bands on yellowish-white base color. Sculpture of 4 strong nodulated spiral cords; periphery of body whorl with short; blunt trigonal processes, and dense, fine spiral threads between them. Spire whorls with angled, short, blunt spines. Spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and inflated occupying about 83% of shell height; periphery angulate; base moderately constricted, dense spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, rounded-ovate; outer lip moderately thickend and wrinkled by reflection of surface spiral cords; interior yellowish- white. Young shells with several brown bands extended into interior. Inner lip narrow; covered with thick yellowish-white callus; columella slightly curved, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal short and angled to left; narrow. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus narrow and deep.

Size: Height 80 mm; width 60 mm.

Type locality: China.

Habitat: Sand and mud bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

61 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 31. Rapana venosa pechiliensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 25 mm.

Korea: GG, CN, JB.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Incheon Harbor, Incheon-si: 27.vi.2011); 3 specimens (Sambong, Taean- gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 21.xi.2001); 4 specimens (Sapgyo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.1999); 8 specimens (Kkotgi, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 26.i.2012).

Remarks: R. venosa pechiliensis Grabau and King, 1928 has been regarded as a synonym of R. venosa venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Coan et al., 2015).

Genus Reishia Kuroda et al., 1971‌ Dae-su-ri-sok (대수리속)

Shell medium-sized, fusiform to biconic with conical spire; sculpture of rounded or angulate tubercles; whorls with steep to flat subsutural ramp. Aperture ovate, moderately wide. Siphonal canal wide, short, recurv ed; fasciole pronounced. Siphonal canal short and wide. The genus Reishia was described by Kuroda et al. (1971) for Purpura bronni Dunker, 1860. At present, 11 living species are included in Reishia. Three species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Purpura bronni Dunker, 1860.

Species: 11 (3 in Korea).

62 MURICIDAE: Reishia

Key to the species of genus Reishia

1. Tubercles on surface high and strong...... 2 - Tubercles on surface low and weak...... R. clavigera 2. Tubercles spinose, with black tips...... R. luteostoma - Tubercles globular...... R. bronni

31. Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 32, Pl. 31) Du-deu-reok-go-dung (두드럭고둥)

Thais bronni Dunker, 1860, p. 235; Okada, 1967, p. 106; Yoo, 1976, p. 74, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 40, pl. 12, fig. 3; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 285, figs. 2E, 6A-C; Hong et al., 2006, p. 176; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 93. Purpura (Mancinella) bronni: Lee, 1956, p. 74; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60. Purpura (Reishia) bronni: Je, 1989, p. 21. Reishia bronni: Kira, 1962, p. 62, pl. 24, fig. 6; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 146, 224, pl. 42, fig. 7; Choe, 1992, p. 359, pl. 86, figs. 145a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 288, figs. 35-11-1, 35-11-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Lee, 2016, p. 93. Thais bronni: Qi et al., 2004, p. 86, pl. 53, fig. I. Thais (Reishia) bronni: Higo et al., 1999, p. 213; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 566. Purpura suppressus Grabau and King, 1928, p. 28.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 6 whorls. Spire low, about 16% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 78°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface usually white or light gray. Sculpture of body with 5 thick, globular, nodulose spiral cords; nodules of the periphery whorl especially strong. Spire whorls, with rows of rounded nodules. Spire width rapidly decreasing; sutures relatively deep, but whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and inflated, occupying about 84% of shell height; periphery roundly angulate; base slightly constricted, thick spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip thick and sinuous; interior yellowish-white. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellowish-white callus; columella slightly curved, covered with thick callus. Siphonal canal short and angled slightly to left; narrow. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus narrow and deep.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 30 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

63 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 32. Reishia bronni. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 16 mm.

Habitat: Gravel bottom; from intertidal zone to depth of 5-10 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.

Korea: GW, CN, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 8 specimens (Dongsan, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 1.vi.1995); 25 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011; 18.x.2011); 10 specimens (Jangsaengpo, Nam-gu, Ulsan-si: 22.xii.2012); 30 specimens (Tonggumi, Ulreung, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.vi.2014); 5 specimens (Jangseungpo, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 11.xii.2001; 25.vi.2010); 4 specimens (Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 22.viii.2012); 6 specimens (Deokpo, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 1.iii.2000); 5 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 17.viii.1999; 17.vi.2003; 6.i.2012); 13 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwi- po-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1998; 17.vi.2003).

32. Reishia clavigera (Küster, 1860) (Fig. 33, Pl. 32) Dae-su-ri (대수리)

Purpura clavigera Küster, 1858-1860, p. 186. Reishia clavigera: Kira, 1962, p. 62, pl. 24, fig. 1; Choe, 1992, p. 358, pl. 86, figs. 144a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 288, figs. 35-12-1, 35-12-2; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Lee, 2016, p. 93. Purpura (Mancinella) clavigera: Lee, 1956, p. 74; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60. Purpura (Reishia) clavigera: Je, 1989, p. 21.

64 MURICIDAE: Reishia

A B

Fig. 33. Reishia clavigera. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Thais clavigera: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 40, pl. 12, fig. 4; Okada, 1967, p. 106; Yoo, 1976, p. 74, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 285, figs. 2D, 5D-F; Qi et al., 2004, p. 86, pl. 53, fig. C; Hong et al., 2006, p. 177; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 94. Thais (Reishia) clavigera: Higo et al., 1999, p. 214; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 567. Mancinella tumulosa clavigera: Siba, 1934, p. 23.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 6 whorls. Spire moderately low, about 21% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 70°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with irregular dark brown bands on grayish-green or light gray base color. Sculpture of irregular, nodulose spiral cords, with fine spiral cords and threads between them. Spire whorls with rows of rounded nodules. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 89% of shell height; periphery rounded; base slightly constricted, rough spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip thick, denticulate, with several stronger ridges; interior with dark brown spots. Inner lip narrow and covered with thin yellow or black callus; columella slightly curved, covered with yellow callus. Siphonal canal short, rather wide. Siphonal fasciole poorly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 30 mm; width 18 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

65 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.

Korea: GW, CN, JB, GN, GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 40 specimens (Batsireum, Ongjin-gun, Incheon-si: 28.v.2010); 30 specimens (Seopo- ri, Ongjin-gun, Incheon-si: 27.v.2011); 50 specimens (Sipripo, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do: 24.ii.2012); 6 specimens (Pyeongtaek, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do: 4.ix.2009); 15 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon- do: 10.ii.1999); 50 specimens (Kkotji, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 26.i.2012); 30 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2010); 20 specimens (Jangsaengpo, Nam-gu, Ulsan-si: 22.xii.2012); 40 specimens (Yeonam-dong, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.viii.2012); 3 specimens (Songjeong, Hae- undae-gu, Busan-si: 19.x.2011); 40 specimens (Bieung, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vi.2010); 70 specimens (Chaeseokgang, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 10.x.2014); 20 specimens (Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do: 27.vi. 2010); 80 specimens (Sagae, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.i.2011); 50 specimens (Sinsan-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 6.i.2012).

33. Reishia luteostoma (Holten, 1802) (Fig. 34, Pl. 33) Ppul-du-deu-reok-go-dung (뿔두드럭고둥)

Buccinum luteostoma Holten, 1802, p. 52. Purpura luteostoma: Lee, 1956, p. 74; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60. Purpura (Reishia) luteostoma: Je, 1989, p. 21. Reishia luteostoma: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 146, 223, pl. 42, fig. 6; Choe, 1992, p. 360, pl. 87, figs. 146a, b; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Lee, 2016, p. 93. Thais luteostoma: Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 286, figs. 2F, 6D-F; Qi et al., 2004, p. 86, pl. 53, fig. F; Hong et al., 2006, p. 178; Robin, 2008, p. 272, fig. 3; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 94. Thais (Reishia) luteostoma: Higo et al., 1999, p. 214; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 215, fig. 568.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform; thick and solid, with about 6 whorls. Spire low, about 15% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 75°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface with oblique irregular dark brown dots on light gray or yellowish-white base color. Sculpture of spiral rows of pointed or somewhat blunt nodules, not connected, with black tips; smooth or with fine spiral cords between rows. Spire whorls flattened, evenly tapering, with spire width gradually decreasing; sutures shallow, whorls poorly defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 85% of shell height; periphery rather angulate; base slightly constricted, spiral cords extending to siphonal canal. Aper- ture large, ovate, interior brownish; outer lip relatively thick and angulate at rows of tubercules; and also

66 MURICIDAE: Reishia

A B

Fig. 34. Reishia luteostoma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

with rather distinct wrinkles. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellowish-white callus; columella straight, covered with yellowish-white callus. Siphonal canal short, moderately wide. Siphonal fasciole slightly developed; umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 30 mm; width 18 mm.

Type locality: China.

Habitat: Gravel bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 5-10 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Southest Asia.

Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 20 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1998; 10.xi.1999; 23.v.2001; 30.v.2015).

Subfamily Trophoninae Cossmann, 1903‌ Ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (지느러미뿔고둥아과)

Shells of the Trophoninae are moderately small and generally fusiform; color almost white, in some cases with a band of pink or brown; having more or less strongly developed lamellae and spiral sculpture weak or lacking in most cases. The aperture is also markedly elongated, with a strong anterior canal. The genera in

67 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

this subfamily are distributed worldwide, mainly in cold and deeper waters. At present, 20 genera are recognized worldwide, and one genus (Boreotrophon) is recorded from Korea (Lee, 2016).

Genus Boreotrophon Fischer, 1884‌ Ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung-sok (지느러미뿔고둥속)

Shell medium-sized, fusiform, spire high, conical. Varices usually lamellate, rarely spinose; most of peri phery of body whorl angulate. Siphonal canal moderately long. The genus Boreotrophon was described by Fischer (1884) for Murex clathratus Linnaeus, 1758. At present, 67 living species are included in Boreotrophon. Seven species have been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016), six of those are described here. Type species: Murex clathratus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species: 67 (7 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Boreotrophon

1. Axial varices high and wide...... 2 - Axial varices low and sharp...... 3 2. 10 varices on body whorl...... B. candelabrum - 6-7 varices on body whorl...... B. clathratus gunneri 3. Periphery of body whorl rounded...... 4 - Periphery of body whorl angulate...... 5 4. Axial cords sharp, grooves deep; with spiral threads...... B. aomoriensis - Axial cords relatively weak, grooves shallow, without spiral threads...... B. cymatus 5. Varices trigonal; subsutural ramp of peripheral whorl relatively narrow...... B. xestra - Varices simple; subsutural ramp wide...... B. beringi

34. Boreotrophon aomoriensis (Nomura and Hatai, 1940) (Fig. 35, Pl. 34) Bam-saek-ji-neu-reo-mi-jak-eun-ppul-go-dung (밤색지느러미작은뿔고둥)

Tropon pacificus aomoriensis Nomura and Hatai, 1940, pp. 67-68. Boreotrophon aomoriensis: Lee, 2016, p. 93. Boreotrophon pacificus aomoriensis: Higo et al., 1999, p. 204; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 547; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91.

68 MURICIDAE: Boreotrophon

A B

Fig. 35. Boreotrophon aomoriensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 9 mm.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform; moderately thick and solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire about 24% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface covered by thin brown periostracum; spiral cords usually worn and tinted with white. Sculpture with about 15 acute axial varices and fine spiral cords in interspaces. Spire whorls moderately inflated, rounded. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 76% of shell height; periphery rounded; base strongly constricted, varices extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip relatively thin, smooth, and rounded; interior yellow, smooth, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellow callus; columella long and straight, covered with yellow callus. Siphonal canal long and wide. Siphonal fasciole and umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 28 mm; width 7.5 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Sand bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 30-50 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

69 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iii.1999); 1 specimen (Geojin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 2.v.2002); 2 specimens (Jukbyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.xii.1996).

35. Boreotrophon beringi Dall, 1902 (Fig. 36, Pl. 35) Nop-eun-tap-ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung (높은탑지느러미뿔고둥)

Boreotrophon beringi Dall, 1902, p. 544; Higo et al., 1999, p. 204; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 142, pl. 63K; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 206, pl. 200, fig. 206; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 545.

Shell medium-sized, elongated ovate-fusiform; moderately thin but solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire about 23% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface white or yellowish-white. Sculpture with 9 to 12 low sharp, rounded varices. Spire whorls rounded-angulate; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures weakly impressed, whorls well-defined.

A B

Fig. 36. Boreotrophon beringi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 16 mm.

70 MURICIDAE: Boreotrophon

Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 77% of shell height; periphery rounded; base strongly constricted, weak axial ribs extending to siphonal canal. Aperture relatively large, ovate; outer lip thin, smooth, and rounded, slightly angulate posteriorly; interior yellowish-white, smooth, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick white callus. Columella long and straight, covered with white callus. Siphonal canal long and narrow. Siphonal fasciole and umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 20 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Gravel and sand bottom, at depth of 20-400 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Namae, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 2.v.2002).

36. Boreotrophon candelabrum (Reeve, 1848) (Fig. 37, Pl. 36) Ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung (지느러미뿔고둥)

Fusus candelabrum Reeve, 1848, Fusus, sp. 79, pl. 19, fig. 79. Boreotrophon candelabrum: Okada, 1967, p. 103; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 152, 223, pl. 41, fig. 10; Kang et al., 1971, p. 60; Je, 1989, p. 21; Choe, 1992, p. 368, pl. 91, figs. 155a, b; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 293, figs. 4A, 11D-F; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 288, 289, figs. 35-13-1, 35-13-2; Higo et al., 1999, p. 203; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Alexyev, 2003, p. 155, pls. LXII-3, 4; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 542; Qi et al., 2004, p. 88, pl. 54, fig. c; Hong et al., 2006, p. 172; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 142, pl. 64, figs. A-B; Kil et al., 2012, p. 329; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91; Lee, 2016, p. 92. Boreotrophon paucicostatus Habe and Ito, 1965, pp. 18, 32, pl. 2, fig. 10; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 293, figs. 4B, 12A-C; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 207, fig. 541; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, moderately thin but solid, with about 8 whorls. Spire about 28% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface white or yellowish-white, sometimes with irregular spotted reddish-brown pattern. Sculpture of about 10 trigonal, lamellate, axial ribs, with fine spiral threads between them; each whorl with acute lamellate processes. Spire whorls moderately inflated, angulate, with acute axial ribs; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 72% of shell height; periphery angulate with acute axial ribs; base strongly constricted, lamellate axial ribs extending to siphonal canal. Aperture relatively large, ovate; outer lip relatively thin, smooth, and with reddish-brown

71 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

A B

Fig. 37. Boreotrophon candelabrum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

band; interior yellowish-white, smooth, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellowish-white callus; columella short and straight, covered with yellow callus. Siphonal canal long and narrow. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus slightly visible.

Size: Height 35 mm; width 18 mm.

Type locality: None designated.

Habitat: Gravel and sand bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 30-200 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China.

Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 4 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iii.1999); 1 specimen (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.iii.1999; 31.vii.2014); 3 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do: 13.i.1995; 26.i.1995; 5.iii.1996; 3.iii.1998); 2 specimens (Yangpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 13.iii. 1996); 7 specimens (Jiksan-ri, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.v.1995); 4 specimens (Chilpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 14.iii.1996); 5 specimens (Jukbyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.ii.1998; 5.iii. 1998).

72 MURICIDAE: Boreotrophon

37. Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri (Lovén, 1846) (Fig. 38, Pl. 37) Won-tong-nal-gae-ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung (원통날개지느러미뿔고둥)

Tritonium gunneri Lovén, 1846, p. 144. Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri: Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 543; Kil et al., 2012, p. 329. Boreotrophon beringi Dall, 1902, p. 544; Higo et al., 1999, p. 204; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 403, fig. 206; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 142, pl. 63, fig. K; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 545. Murex clathratus Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1223. Boreotrophon clathratus: Alexyev, 2003, p. 155, pl. LXII-5; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 143, pl. 63, figs. C-D; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91; Lee, 2016, p. 93.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, moderately thin but solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire about 30% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 45°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface white or yellowish-white, sometimes with irregular, reddish-brown spotted patterns. Sculpture of about 6-7 lamellate axial varices developing into triangular processes on shoulder, with fine spiral threads between them; each whorl with acute lamellate ribs. Spire whorls moderately inflated, angulate, with acute

A B

Fig. 38. Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 16 mm.

73 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

axial lamellae; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery with protuberate, lamellate axial varices; base strongly constricted with lamellate axial ribs extending to siphonal canal. Aperture relatively large, elongate-ovate; outer lip thin, reflected; interior with reddish-brown bands or dots, smooth and glossy. Inner lip relatively wide and smooth; columella short and slightly rounded, covered with yellowish-white callus. Siphonal canal long, narrow, and slightly angled to left. Siphonal fasciole well-developed; umbilicus slightly visible.

Size: Height 50 mm; width 28 mm.

Type locality: Icelandic Seas.

Habitat: Sand bottom, from intertidal zone to depth of 10-130 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Gajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 8.ii.2012); 2 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.iii.1999); 5 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do: 13.i.1995); 2 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 5.iii.1999).

Remarks: WoRMS (2017) regards Tritonium gunneri [=Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri] as a synonym of Boreotrophon clathratus (Linnaeus, 1767).

38. Boreotrophon cymatus Dall, 1902 (Fig. 39, Pl. 38) Buk-bang-ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung (북방지느러미뿔고둥)

Boreotrophon sepula cymatus Dall, 1902, p. 548. Boreotrophon cymatus: Higo et al., 1999, p. 204; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 294, figs. 4E, 13A-C; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 403, fig. 207; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Alexyev, 2003, p. 154, pl. LXII-2; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 548; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 143, pl. 64, fig. E; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91; Lee, 2016, p. 93.

Shell medium-sized, rounded-fusiform, Shell moderately thin but solid, with about 7-8 whorls; spire about 22% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch blunt, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface covered by thin brown periostracum; spiral cords usually worn. tinted with white. Sculpture of about 12 lamellate axial varices without spiral threads between them. Spire whorls moderately inflated, rounded; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined; spiral cords weakly elevated at sutural ramp. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 78% of shell height; periphery rounded; base strongly constricted; axial cords extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate;

74 MURICIDAE: Boreotrophon

A B

Fig. 39. Boreotrophon cymatus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm.

outer lip relatively thin, rounded, and smooth. Inside of aperture smooth, yellow, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with thick yellowish-brown callus; columella long and straight, covered with yellowish- white callus. Siphonal canal long and slightly curved, narrow. Siphonal fasciole and umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 31 mm; width 12 mm.

Type locality: Bering Sea.

Habitat: Sandy or graveled bottom, as depth of 100-200 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Okhotsk Sea.

Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.v.1999); 1 specimen (Geojin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 31.i.2001).

75 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

39. Boreotrophon xestra Dall, 1918 (Fig. 40, Pl. 39) Gin-ip-sul-ji-neu-reo-mi-ppul-go-dung (긴입술지느러미뿔고둥)

Boreotrophon xestra Dall, 1918, p. 232; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 35, pl. 10, fig. 4; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 289, fig. 35-14; Choe and Park, 1997a, p. 100; Choe and Park, 1997b, p. 294, figs. 4D, 12D-F; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 144, pl. 65, fig. E; Robin, 2008, p. 279, fig. 10; Lee, 2016, p. 94. Boreotrophon xestra xestra: Higo et al., 1999, p. 203; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 403, fig. 208; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 209, fig. 544; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 91. Trophonopsis (Boreotrophon) xestra: Kira, 1962, p. 65, pl. 25, fig. 2.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform, shell moderately thick, solid, with about 7-8 whorls. Spire about 22% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface white; sculpture of about 12 sharp and narrow axial varices, periphery angulate. Spire whorls slightly inflated, oblique, and sharply angulate; spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-defined; sutural ramp oblique. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 78% of shell height; periphery gently angulate; base strongly constricted with axial cords extending to siphonal canal.

A B

Fig. 40. Boreotrophon xestra. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 14 mm.

76 MURICIDAE: Siphonochelus

Aperture large, ovate; outer lip relatively thin, smooth, and slightly reflected; interior white, smooth, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus; columella short and slightly curved, also covered with white callus. Siphonal canal long, angled to left, and moderately wide. Siphonal fasciole and umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 43 mm; width 17 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Sand or gravel substrate, at depth of 100-400 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 6.ix.2000); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do: 4.iv.1996; 4.iii.1998); 2 specimens (Jukbyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 3.xii.1996).

Subfamily Typhinae Cossmann, 1903‌ Gul-ttuk-ppul-go-dung-a-gwa (굴뚝뿔고둥아과)

The Typhininae is a subfamily of small-sized marine mollusks. The shells are generally like those of the Muricinae except that the tips of varices are tubular, and the last varix opens into the aperture. Shells are generally fusiform, with a white base color suffused with translucent flesh brown, purple, or pink. At present, 15 genera are recognized worldwide, and one genus (Siphonochelus) has been recorded from Korea (Lee, 2016).

Genus Siphonochelus Jousseaume, 1880‌ Gul-ttuk-ppul-go-dung-sok (굴뚝뿔고둥속)

Shell moderate-sized, fusiform, spire high-conical; suture impressed, whorls convex; four varices per whorl, each a smooth axial ridge. Aperture ovate to round; Siphonal canal moderately long, narrow or closed. Cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate seas. The genus Siphonochelus was described by Jousseaume (1880) for Typhis arcutus Hinds, 1843. At present, 60 living species are included in Siphonochelus. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee, 2016). Type species: Typhis arcutus Hinds, 1843.

Species: 60 (1 in Korea).

77 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

40. Siphonochelus japonicus (A. Adams, 1863) (Fig. 41, Pl. 40) Gul-ttuk-ppul-go-dung (굴뚝뿔고둥)

Typhis japonica A. Adams, 1863, p. 374. Siphonochelus japonicus: Higo et al., 1999, p. 205; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 381, fig. 82; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 119; Min et al., 2004, p. 211, fig. 550; Lee, 2016, p. 94; Kil et al., 2012, p. 330; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 92.

Shell medium-sized, angulate-fusiform; moderately thick, solid, with about 7 whorls. Spire about 30% total shell height, with apical angle moderately wide, about 50°. Protoconch pointed, less than 1 mm in diameter. Surface white; sculpture of about 12 globose axial varices; periphery with oblique, well-developed, hollow-tipped processes. Spire whorls weakly inflated, also with similar processes. Spire width gradually decreasing; sutures deep, whorls well-developed, with oblique sutural ramp. Body whorl large and moderately inflated, occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery obliquely spinose; base strongly constricted; axial processes extending to siphonal canal. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip relatively thin, smooth, and slightly reflected; interior yellowish-white, smooth, and glossy. Inner lip narrow and covered with white callus;

A B

Fig. 41. Siphonochelus japonicus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 3 mm.

78 MURICIDAE: Siphonochelus

columella short, slightly curved, and, covered with white callus. Siphonal canal long and angled to left, narrow. Siphonal fasciole and umbilicus absent.

Size: Height 10 mm; width 5 mm.

Type locality: Japan.

Habitat: Sandy substrate, at depth of 20-200 m.

Distribution: Korea, Japan.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Chujado, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 5.v.1999).

79 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

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Kosuge, S. 1985. Descriptions of four new species of the family Coralliophilidae of the Teramachi Collec- tion, deposited in Toba Aquarium, Japan (Gastropoda Muricacea). Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology Tokyo, 2(2): 45-47. Kosuge, S. and Suzuki, M. 1985. Illustrated Catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups, Family Corallio- philidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology Tokyo, 1(1): 1-83. Kubo, H. and Kurozumi, T. 1995. Molluscs of Okinawa. Okinawa Shuppan Co., Ltd. pp. 1-163. Kuroda, T. 1953. New Genera and Species of Japanese Rapidae. Venus, 17(3): 117-130, figs. 18. Kuroda, T., Habe, T. and Oyama, K. 1971. The seashells of Sagami Bay. pp. 741, Maruzen Pub. Co., Tokyo. 1-741 (in Japanese), 1-489 (in English), 121 pls. Küster, H.C. 1858-1860. Die Gattungen Buccinum, Purpura, Concholepas und Monocera. In: Küster, H.C. (Ed.). Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz (1858), 3(1): 1-299, pls. 1-35. Kwon, O.K., Park, G.M. and Lee, J.S. 1993. Coloured Shells of Korea. Academy. Co., Seoul. pp. 445. Lamarck, J.B.P. de M. 1815-1822. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. vol. 1 (1815); vol. 2 (1816); vol. 3 (1816); vol. 4 (1817); vol. 5 (1818); vol. 6(1), 343 pp. (1819); vol. 6(2), 232 pp. (1822); vol. 7, 711 pp. (1822). Paris. Lee, B.D. 1956. The Catalogue of Molluscan Shell of Korea. Bull. Pusan Fish. Coll., 1(1): 53-100. Lee, J.S. 2016. List of Korean Mollusks. The Malacological Society of Korea. pp. 1-404. Lee, J.S. and Kil, H.J. 2017. Five Muricid species new to Korean Malacolfauna. Kor. J. Malacol., 33(1): 49-54. Lee, J.S. and Lee, Y.S. 2014. National list of species of Korea (Invertebrates-V). National Institute of Bio- logical Resources. pp. 1-233. Lee, J.S. and Min, D.K. 2002. A Catalogue of Molluscan Fauna in Korea. Kor. J. Malacol., 18(2): 93-217. Lee, S.H., Kil, H.J. and Park, T.S. 2016. First record of Hirtomurex nakamurai (Muricidae: Gastropoda) from Korean waters. Journal of Species Research, 5(3): 530-532. Link, H.F. 1807. Mollusken. In: Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universität zu Rostock, section 2: 82-100; section 3: 101-160. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae...editio decima, reformata. Stockholm. 1. Regnum animale iii+824 pp. Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 12th ed. v. 1(pt 2): 533-1327. Lischke, C.E. 1871. Diagnosen neuer Meeres Konchylien von Japan. Malak. Blätter., 18: 39-45. Lovén. 1846. Ofverigt af Kungliga Vetenskap-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 3(5) (1845): 132-182. Massin, C. 1987. Reliquiaecava, a new genus of Coralliophilidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin de L’Insti- tut Royal des Science Naturelles de Belgique. Biologie, 57: 79-90.

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Malaco. Soci. Australia, 2: 401-428. Ponder, W.F. and Taylor, J.D. 1992. Predatory shell drilling by two species of Austroginella (Gastropoda: Marginellidae). J. Zoo., London, 228: 317-328. Poppe, G.T. 2008. Philippine Marine Mollusks. Vol. II. Gastropoda - Part. 2. ConchBooks. Hackenheim, Germany. pp. 1-848. Qi, Z., Dong, Z., Li, F., Li, X., Lin, G., Lü, D., Ma, X., Wang, Z. and Xu, F. 2004. Seashells of China. China Ocean Press. Beiling, pp. 1-418, pls. 193. Radwin, G.E. and D’Attilio, A. 1971. Muricacean supraspecific taxonomy based on the shell and the radula. The Echo, 4: 55-67. Récluz, M.C. 1851. Description de coquilles nouvelles. J. Conchol., 2(1850): 194-216, pls. 5-6. Reeve, L.A. 1843-1865. Conchologia Iconica: Figures and descriptions of the shells of Mollusks; with remarks on their affinities, synonymy, and geographical distribution. vols. 1-15; London, L.A. Reeve. Reeve, L.A. 1844. Monograph of the genus Triton. In: Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animal, London, vol. 2. Reeve, L.A. 1845. Monograph of the genus Murex. In: Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animal, London, vol. 3. Reeve, L.A. 1846a. Monograph of the genus Buccinum. In: Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animal, London, vol. 3. Reeve, L.A. 1846b. Monograph of the genus Ricinula. In: Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animal, London, vol. 3. Reeve, L.A. 1848. Monograph of the genus Fusus. In: Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animal, London, vol. 4. Robin, A. 2008. Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods. Xenophora and ConchBooks, pp. 1-480. Röding, P.F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum sive catlogus cimeloriume tribus regnis naturae quae olim col- legerat Joa. Fried. Bolten, M.D.p.d. per XL. Annos Protophysicus Hamburgensis, pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. pp. vii+199, Pub. J.C. Trapii, Hamburg. Roland, H., Boris, S. and Alexey, M. 2013. The discovery of the syntypes of Trophon birileffi Lischke, 1871 (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Ergalataxinae), its taxonomic implication and note about the distributional records. Ruthenica, 23(2): 109-114. Rovereto, G. 1899. Primi richerche sinomiche suigeneri dei gastropodi. Atti Societa Ligustica, 10: 101-110. Schumacher, C.J. 1817. Essai d’un nouveau système de habitation des vers testaces. pp. vi+287, pls. 22. Pub. Schultz, Copenhagen. Shiba, N. 1934. Catalogue of the Mollusca of Chosen (Corea). J. Cho. Nat. Hist., 18: 6-31. Shikama, T. 1966. On some new Latiaxix and Coralliophila in Japan. Venus, 25(1): 21-26.

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도판 PLATES

PLATES

89 109 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

PLATES

1. Coralliophila abnormis 2. Coralliophila bulbiformis 3. Coralliophila erosa 4. Coralliophila morishimai 5. Coralliophila rubrococcinea 6. Hirtomurex nakamurai 7. Mipus arbutum 8. Bedevina birileffi 9. Ergalatax contracta 10. Lataxiena fimbriata 11. Maculotriton serriale 12. Morula iostoma 13. Morula spinosa 14. Vokesimurex rectirostris 15. Muricopsis interserrata 16. Ceratostoma burnetti 17. Ceratostoma fournieri 18. Ceratostoma rorifluum 19. Genkaimurex varicosus 20. Nucella freycineti 21. Nucella heyseana 22. Nucella lamellosa 23. Ocenebra inornata 24. Ocenebra lumaria 25. Pteropurpura falcata 26. Indothais gradata 27. Mancinella echinata 28. Mancinella echinulata 29. Rapana venosa venosa 30. Rapana venosa pechiliensis 31. Reishia bronni 32. Reishia clavigera

90 PLATES

33. Reishia luteostoma 34. Boreotrophon aomoriensis 35. Boreotrophon beringi 36. Boreotrophon candelabrum 37. Boreotrophon clathratus gunneri 38. Boreotrophon cymatus 39. Boreotrophon xestra 40. Siphonochelus japonicus

91 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

1 2

A B A B

3 4

A B A B

5 6

A B A B

7 8

A B A B

92 PLATES

9 10

A B A B

11 12

A B A B

13 14

A B A B

15 16

A B A B

93 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

17 18

A B A B

19 20

A B A B

21 22

A B A B

23 24

A B A B

94 PLATES

25 26

A B A B

27 28

A B A B

29 30

A B A B

31 32

A B A B

95 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

33 34

A B A B

35 36

A B A B

37 38

A B A B

39 40

A B A B

96 INDEX TO KOREAN NAMES

INDEX TO KOREAN NAMES

ㄱ ㅁ

가시두드럭고둥 56 맵사리 40 가시두드럭고둥속 56 맵사리속 37 가시뿔고둥 31 모난어깨두드럭고둥 55 가시뿔고둥속 35 모난어깨두드럭고둥속 54 가시뿔고둥아과 34 밤색지느러미작은뿔고둥 68 곤봉뿔소라속 33 배불뚝산호살이고둥 13 굴뚝뿔고둥 78 보라입실패뿔고둥 30 굴뚝뿔고둥속 77 복족강 9 굴뚝뿔고둥아과 77 북방지느러미뿔고둥 74 굵은이랑잔줄산호살이고둥 12 분홍꼭지이형산호살이고둥 18 긴입술지느러미뿔고둥 76 뿔두드럭고둥 66 꼬마흑점밀알고둥 28 뿔소라과 9 뿔소라상과 9 뿔소라아과 32 ㄴ

날개뿔고둥 52 ㅅ 날개뿔고둥속 52 높은탑지느러미뿔고둥 70 산호살이고둥속 11 산호살이고둥아과 10 산호살이딸기고둥 20 ㄷ 산호살이딸기고둥속 19 세뿔고둥 39 담갈색잔고리고둥 17 신복족목 9 대수리 64 실패뿔고둥속 29 대수리속 62 동범산호살이고둥 15 두드럭고둥 63 ㅇ

얇은밤송이두드럭고둥 58

97 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

어깨뿔고둥 48 지느러미뿔고둥아과 67 어깨뿔고둥속 48 지느러미옆주름고둥 47 어깨뿔고둥아과 36 연체동물문 9 옆주름고둥 45 ㅌ 옆주름고둥속 43 원통날개지느러미뿔고둥 73 탑뿔고둥 24 이형산호살이고둥속 18 탑뿔고둥속 23 입뿔고둥 37 탑뿔고둥아과 21 입주름뿔고둥 22 투구산호살이고둥 14 입주름뿔고둥속 22

ㅍ ㅈ 팽이옆주름고둥 44 작은가시뿔고둥 35 피뿔고둥 59 잔가시뿔고둥 26 피뿔고둥속 59 잔가시뿔고둥속 25 피뿔고둥아과 54 잔가지뿔고둥 26 주름뿔고둥 42 주름뿔고둥속 42 ㅎ 주름어깨뿔고둥 50 지느러미뿔고둥 71 황해피뿔고둥 61 지느러미뿔고둥속 68 흑점밀알고둥속 27

98 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

B G

Bedevina 22 Gastropoda 9 birileffi 22 Genkaimurex 42 Boreotrophon 68 varicosus 42 aomoriensis 68 beringi 70 H candelabrum 71 clathratus gunneri 73 Hirtomurex 18 cymatus 74 nakamurai 18 xestra 76

I C

Indothais 54 Ceratostoma 37 gradata 55 burnetti 37 fournieri 39 rorifluum 40 L Coralliophila 11 abnormis 12 Lataxiena 25 bulbiformis 13 fimbriata 26 erosa 14 morishimai 15 M rubrococcinea 17 Coralliophilinae 10 Maculotriton 27 serriale 28 E Mancinella 56 echinata 56 Ergalatax 23 echinulata 58 contracta 24 Mipus 19 Ergalataxinae 21 arbutum 20

99 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KOREA Gastropoda V

Mollusca 9 R Morula 29 iostoma 30 Rapana 59 spinosa 31 venosa venosa 59 Muricidae 9 venosa pechiliensis 61 Muricinae 32 Rapaninae 54 Muricoidea 9 Reishia 62 Muricopsinae 34 bronni 63 Muricopsis 35 clavigera 64 interserrata 35 luteostoma 66

N S

Neogastropoda 9 Siphonochelus 77 Nucella 43 japonicus 78 freycineti 44 heyseana 45 lamellosa 47 T

Trophoninae 67 O Typhinae 77

Ocenebra 48 inornata 48 V lumaria 50 Ocenebrinae 36 Vokesimurex 33 rectirostris 33

Pteropurpura 52 falcata 52

100 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Vol. 19, No. 6 Gastropoda V NIBR ) set ( 3 5 00- 350- 96470 94555- 6811- 89- 89- 113505 Not for sale / No charge Not for sale 978- 978-

BN BN IS IS 788968 9 II , Bivalves , Bivalves II III IV V I Gastropods 3 Gastropods 4 Gastropods 5 Gastropoda 6 Gastropoda Gastropods 1 Gastropods

19 No. 19 No. 19 No. 19 No. 19 No.

Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Gastropoda Vol.