Publisher’s Note Defining Documents in World History series, produced lamation of the Young Turks, looks at the Charter by Salem Press, offers readers a selection of important of the Arab League, the Balfour Declaration, and documents that relate to broad range of subjects. These the Declaration of the Establishment of the State documents are accompanied by essays written espe- of Israel; cially for the series by a diverse range of writers. This • Women in the World begins with Emma Gold- established series includes Ancient World (2700 BCE–c. man’s controversial essay on “Marriage and Love,” 500 CE), Middle Ages (476–1500), Renaissance & Early and includes Emmeline Pankhurst and “Freedom Modern Era (1308–1600), The 17th Century (1601– or Death” as well selections related to reproduc- 1700, The 18th Century (1701–1800), The 19th Century tive rights, sex, and gender equality; and (1801–1900) as well as the in addition to the newest • Technology, Medicine, and the Environment set—The 20th Century (1900-1950). discusses such advances as the work of the Wright This set, Defining Documents in World History: The brothers and Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across 20th Century (1900-1950), considers the first fifty years the Atlantic, medical challenges related to the of the last century through in-depth analysis of seventy- World Wars including shell shock and gas attacks, two primary documents including speeches, letters, the 1918 flu pandemic, as well as the growing treaties, pacts, manifestos, essays, book excerpts, and awareness that humans are playing a direct role first-hand reports. changing the environment with devastating re- The material is organized under seven sections and sults, including the extinction of species like the each section begins with a brief introduction to define the carrier pigeon. questions and problems underlying the subjects addressed These documents provide a compelling view of the throughout each grouping of historical documents: events and policies that shaped the first half of the twentieth century and have had a significant impact on • Africa and the African Diaspora begins with the national and social issues we confront to this day. the Peace of Vereeniging that ended the second Designed for high school and college students, the aim Boer War, and considers the “Back to Africa” of the series is to advance the study of primary source movement and concludes with Notices from the historical documents as an important activity in learn- Fifth Pan-African Congress; ing about history. • Asian Affairs tackles such critical issues as the Philippines, The Boxer Protocol and the Chinese Essay Format revolution of Sun Yat-sen, the role of Japan in the The 20th Century features seventy-two documents that region and the world, and the push for indepen- span the revolutions, wars, efforts at peace, and calls dence in both Korea and India; for equality and independence that make up the first • Euroamerican and World Affairs offers insight five decades of the century. Each document is sup- into the relationships between nations before, ported by a critical essay, written by historians and during, and in between the World Wars, from the teachers, that includes a Summary Overview that of- Entente Cordiale through the Treaty of Versailles fers a brief introduction to the document; a Defining and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Act, the Armenian Moment that provides important historical context; Genocide, the establishment of the Soviet govern- an Author Biography that offers insight into the back- ment, and anti-fascism in Spain; ground and philosophy of the author of the primary • Latin American Affairs begins the Platt document; and Document Themes and Analysis that Amendment and the Hay-Banau Varilla Treaty, put the document into perspective and provide a close includes the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal reading and analysis of the primary source to develop Assistance, discusses the “Díaz System,” and U.S. its broader themes, such as the author’s rhetorical pur- involvement in what Calvin Coolidge described as pose, social or class position, point of view, and other the “present disturbances” in Nicaragua; relevant issues. • The Middle East delves into the decline of the Each essay also includes a Bibliography and Addi- Ottoman Empire through its analysis of the Proc- tional Reading section for further research. ix Appendixes Contributors • Chronology arranges all documents by year. Salem Press would like to extend its appreciation to • Web Resources is an annotated list of websites all involved in the development and production of that offer valuable supplemental resources. this work. The essays have been written and signed by • Bibliography lists helpful articles and books for scholars of history, humanities, and other disciplines re- further study. lated to the essays’ topics. Without these expert contri- • Index butions, a project of this nature would not be possible. A full list of contributor’s names and affiliations appears in the front matter of this volume. Map of Africa, 1908. Wells Missionary Map Co. AFRICA AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA Africa in the period from 1900 to about 1939 saw both tually challenged the colonial administrations and ulti- the efflorescence of the colonial system that so pro- mately swept them away. foundly impacted it as well as the beginnings of that In the United States, while slavery had been done system’s decline. Colonial administrators in Africa (as away with, there was still widespread discrimination elsewhere) generally sought three goals: 1) to institute toward black citizens, particularly in the Jim Crow laws and maintain order; 2) to establish effective bu- South where lynchings were frequent and the Ku Klux reaucracies at minimum expense; and 3) to develop Klan was resurgent. Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” economies that could provide resources demanded movement was one expression of dissatisfaction with by markets in the home country. The institutions that the status quo, while W. E. B. Du Bois’s hard-edged cri- the Europeans created in their African colonies, and tiques of white privilege were another. Neither proved in other overseas colonies that drew on African labor, particularly successful in generating change, though were modeled on those that operated at home. Often each had an historical impact. there was little awareness of the ill-fitting nature of Meanwhile, black intellectuals in France, the Ca- these institutions or the great differences with respect ribbean, and Africa created a movement in the 1930s to histories, cultures, and social needs and expecta- and 1940s called négritude, or “blackness.” Although tions. Nor was there an overarching view toward lead- primarily literary, the movement had a strong under- ing the colonies to independence, particularly if they pinning of social change and the assertion of black served the imperial master well. It was only through identity. Both négritude and socialist political philos- the gradual spread of improvements in health and ed- ophy went on to inform the development of a move- ucation that small segments of local populations be- ment known as pan-Africanism, which sought to bring gan to cultivate political awareness and resentment of together African peoples, African nations, and African colonial authority. From these small groups came the diasporas in order to cultivate common interests and nationalist leaders and populist movements that even- achieve common goals. 1 South Africa Christiaan De Wet was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement. From Taken from In the Shadow of Death by P.H. Kritzinger and R.D. McDonald, published in 1904. Peace of Vereeniging Date: May 31, 1902 Authors: Multiple authors Genre: Peace treaty Summary Overview The Peace of Vereeniging marked a watershed event in would continue over the next century before ending in the colonial history of South Africa. After millennia of the peace encapsulated in this document. local rule, the Dutch colonized the southern tip of Af- After taking control of the colony, the British imposed rica, an important location on the trade route between an English-language-only rule, alienating many of the east and west, in the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch inhabitants of the colony. Many of these Dutch British seized the colony at the beginning of the eigh- colonists, also known as Boers, made their way inland. teenth century and a large influx of Dutch colonists, In 1838, the British outlawed slavery, upsetting slave- or Boers, moved inland, and these Boers established holding colonists and increasing the flow of settlers be- autonomous states by the middle of the century. The yond British control. In 1852, Boer settlers established British were keen on consolidating the region under the South African Republic (to be distinguished from their control which led to wars between themselves the later Republic of South Africa), also known as the and the local populations, as well as between them- Transvaal, to the northeast of the British colony which selves and the Boer states. The South African Boer Re- occupied the southern tip of the continent. The Brit- public, a Boer state, won the First Boer War (1880-81). ish had occupied the nearby territory along the Orange The British defeated this republic and another Boer River. However, when they were pressed for troops state, the Orange Free State, in the larger Second Boer amidst the Crimean War, they removed their troops War (1899-1902). The document presented here set from this region, and the settlers declared themselves the terms of the peace for the Second Boer War. Once a sovereign nation, the Orange Free State. These new this peace settlement dissolved the remaining two Boer states and the British warred against the local popula- states, the region remained under British control for tions upon whose land they were encroaching, espe- the following nine decades.