Publisher’s Note

Defining Documents in World History series, produced lamation of the Young Turks, looks at the Charter by Salem Press, offers readers a selection of important of the Arab League, the Balfour Declaration, and documents that relate to broad range of subjects. These the Declaration of the Establishment of the State documents are accompanied by essays written espe- of Israel; cially for the series by a diverse range of writers. This • Women in the World begins with Emma Gold- established series includes Ancient World (2700 BCE–c. man’s controversial essay on “Marriage and Love,” 500 CE), Middle Ages (476–1500), Renaissance & Early and includes Emmeline Pankhurst and “Freedom Modern Era (1308–1600), The 17th Century (1601– or Death” as well selections related to reproduc- 1700, The 18th Century (1701–1800), The 19th Century tive rights, sex, and gender equality; and (1801–1900) as well as the in addition to the newest • Technology, Medicine, and the Environment set—The 20th Century (1900-1950). discusses such advances as the work of the Wright This set, Defining Documents in World History: The brothers and Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across 20th Century (1900-1950), considers the first fifty years the Atlantic, medical challenges related to the of the last century through in-depth analysis of seventy- World Wars including shell shock and gas attacks, two primary documents including speeches, letters, the 1918 flu pandemic, as well as the growing treaties, pacts, manifestos, essays, book excerpts, and awareness that humans are playing a direct role first-hand reports. changing the environment with devastating re- The material is organized under seven sections and sults, including the extinction of species like the each section begins with a brief introduction to define the carrier pigeon. questions and problems underlying the subjects addressed These documents provide a compelling view of the throughout each grouping of historical documents: events and policies that shaped the first half of the twentieth century and have had a significant impact on • Africa and the African Diaspora begins with the national and social issues we confront to this day. the Peace of that ended the second Designed for high school and college students, the aim Boer War, and considers the “Back to Africa” of the series is to advance the study of primary source movement and concludes with Notices from the historical documents as an important activity in learn- Fifth Pan-African Congress; ing about history. • Asian Affairs tackles such critical issues as the Philippines, The Boxer Protocol and the Chinese Essay Format revolution of Sun Yat-sen, the role of Japan in the The 20th Century features seventy-two documents that region and the world, and the push for indepen- span the revolutions, wars, efforts at peace, and calls dence in both Korea and India; for equality and independence that make up the first • Euroamerican and World Affairs offers insight five decades of the century. Each document is sup- into the relationships between nations before, ported by a critical essay, written by historians and during, and in between the World Wars, from the teachers, that includes a Summary Overview that of- Entente Cordiale through the fers a brief introduction to the document; a Defining and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Act, the Armenian Moment that provides important historical context; Genocide, the establishment of the Soviet govern- an Author Biography that offers insight into the back- ment, and anti-fascism in Spain; ground and philosophy of the author of the primary • Latin American Affairs begins the Platt document; and Document Themes and Analysis that Amendment and the Hay-Banau Varilla Treaty, put the document into perspective and provide a close includes the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal reading and analysis of the primary source to develop Assistance, discusses the “Díaz System,” and U.S. its broader themes, such as the author’s rhetorical pur- involvement in what Calvin Coolidge described as pose, social or class position, point of view, and other the “present disturbances” in Nicaragua; relevant issues. • The Middle East delves into the decline of the Each essay also includes a Bibliography and Addi- Ottoman Empire through its analysis of the Proc- tional Reading section for further research.

ix Appendixes Contributors • Chronology arranges all documents by year. Salem Press would like to extend its appreciation to • Web Resources is an annotated list of websites all involved in the development and production of that offer valuable supplemental resources. this work. The essays have been written and signed by • Bibliography lists helpful articles and books for scholars of history, humanities, and other disciplines re- further study. lated to the essays’ topics. Without these expert contri- • Index butions, a project of this nature would not be possible. A full list of contributor’s names and affiliations appears in the front matter of this volume. Map of Africa, 1908. Wells Missionary Map Co. AFRICA AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

Africa in the period from 1900 to about 1939 saw both tually challenged the colonial administrations and ulti- the efflorescence of the colonial system that so pro- mately swept them away. foundly impacted it as well as the beginnings of that In the United States, while slavery had been done system’s decline. Colonial administrators in Africa (as away with, there was still widespread discrimination elsewhere) generally sought three goals: 1) to institute toward black citizens, particularly in the Jim Crow laws and maintain order; 2) to establish effective bu- South where lynchings were frequent and the Ku Klux reaucracies at minimum expense; and 3) to develop Klan was resurgent. Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” economies that could provide resources demanded movement was one expression of dissatisfaction with by markets in the home country. The institutions that the status quo, while W. E. B. Du Bois’s hard-edged cri- the Europeans created in their African , and tiques of white privilege were another. Neither proved in other overseas colonies that drew on African labor, particularly successful in generating change, though were modeled on those that operated at home. Often each had an historical impact. there was little awareness of the ill-fitting nature of Meanwhile, black intellectuals in France, the Ca- these institutions or the great differences with respect ribbean, and Africa created a movement in the 1930s to histories, cultures, and social needs and expecta- and 1940s called négritude, or “blackness.” Although tions. Nor was there an overarching view toward lead- primarily literary, the movement had a strong under- ing the colonies to independence, particularly if they pinning of social change and the assertion of black served the imperial master well. It was only through identity. Both négritude and socialist political philos- the gradual spread of improvements in health and ed- ophy went on to inform the development of a move- ucation that small segments of local populations be- ment known as pan-Africanism, which sought to bring gan to cultivate political awareness and resentment of together African peoples, African nations, and African colonial authority. From these small groups came the diasporas in order to cultivate common interests and nationalist leaders and populist movements that even- achieve common goals.

1

Christiaan De Wet was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement. From Taken from In the Shadow of Death by P.H. Kritzinger and R.D. McDonald, published in 1904.  Peace of Vereeniging Date: May 31, 1902 Authors: Multiple authors Genre: Peace treaty

Summary Overview The Peace of Vereeniging marked a watershed event in would continue over the next century before ending in the colonial . After millennia of the peace encapsulated in this document. local rule, the Dutch colonized the southern tip of Af- After taking control of the , the British imposed rica, an important location on the trade route between an English-language-only rule, alienating many of the east and west, in the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch inhabitants of the colony. Many of these Dutch British seized the colony at the beginning of the eigh- colonists, also known as , made their way inland. teenth century and a large influx of Dutch colonists, In 1838, the British outlawed slavery, upsetting slave- or Boers, moved inland, and these Boers established holding colonists and increasing the flow of settlers be- autonomous states by the middle of the century. The yond British control. In 1852, Boer settlers established British were keen on consolidating the region under the (to be distinguished from their control which led to wars between themselves the later Republic of South Africa), also known as the and the local populations, as well as between them- , to the northeast of the British colony which selves and the Boer states. The South African Boer Re- occupied the southern tip of the continent. The Brit- public, a Boer state, won the (1880-81). ish had occupied the nearby territory along the Orange The British defeated this republic and another Boer River. However, when they were pressed for troops state, the Orange , in the larger Second Boer amidst the Crimean War, they removed their troops War (1899-1902). The document presented here set from this region, and the settlers declared themselves the terms of the peace for the . Once a sovereign nation, the . These new this peace settlement dissolved the remaining two Boer states and the British warred against the local popula- states, the region remained under British control for tions upon whose land they were encroaching, espe- the following nine decades. cially the Zulu and the Basotho, but they did not come into open conflict with one another until the final quar- Defining Moment ter of the nineteenth century. The southern tip of Africa was under local/indig- In 1877, set on consolidating the settlements in enous control until Dutch colonization in the mid- the entire region under their control and vying to be seventeenth century. At a time before the Suez Ca- the ones to exploit the Transvaal for natural resourc- nal, this location occupied a strategic position on the es, the British attempted to annex the South African trade routes between east and west. The Dutch took Republic. This action prompted the short-lived First the land from the local inhabitants and brought their Boer War between these two states in 1880. On Feb- own farmers to supply their trade ships, who imported ruary 27, 1881 of the following year, the military ac- slaves and enslaved some of the local peoples. The col- tions came to a head. The Boers won a decisive vic- ony grew over the decades and pushed further inland. tory over the British at the Battle of Majuba Hill. On Towards the end of the eighteenth century, France March 6, the sides agreed to a truce that recognized under Napoleon occupied the . The Brit- the Boers’ sovereignty. Despite the stunning defeat, ish, afraid that French would also gain control of the the British did not rethink their plans to consolidate Dutch colony in southern Africa, invaded and held the region under their authority. the colony in 1795. During a lull in the war, the Brit- In October 1899, the Second Boer War broke out. ish briefly returned the colony to the Dutch in 1803, The ultimate causes of the war include the geopolitics but they invaded again three years later. In 1814, the outlined above. The immediate trigger was that the Dutch officially ceded their claim to the colony. Even British demanded the leaders of the Transvaal to grant with the Netherlands removed from this situation, the voting rights to non-Boer European settlers and mobi- back and forth between the British and Dutch settlers lized troops at the border to see that the demand was

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Treaty of Vereeniging, page 1. Peace of Vereeniging • 5

Treaty of Vereeniging, page 2. 6 • AFRICA AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

Treaty of Vereeniging, page 3. Peace of Vereeniging • 7

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carried out. The Boers refused and demanded that the inhumane tactics eventually worked, resulting in the British remove their troops from the border; when they peace articulated in this document. The terms were did not, the Boers declared war. The Orange Free State debated at Vereeniging, and the document was signed allied with the South African Republic. With the recent at . The agreement laid the groundwork for the defeat fresh in the minds of the British—“Remember , which was a unified Majuba” was a constant refrain among their soldiers— of the . The white minority governed this they brought in troops from around the globe. They dominion and its sovereign successor, the Republic of were able to hold off the Boer offensive in the final South Africa, in the same way that earlier European months of 1899 and go on the offensive themselves the colonies and settler states did, namely, by disenfran- following year. The British offensive was successful, chising, segregating, and exploiting the local African and on 5, 1900, Pretoria—the capital of the South population. , or the policy of separation of African Republic and the final major holdout—fell. races, did not come to an end until 1994. British commanders declared the war over and set up a government in the territory. However, many Boers Author Biography fought on using guerrilla tactics, earning the nickname This document was composed from negotiations be- “Bitterenders” for their commitment to fight till the bit- tween the three sides of this conflict. The document’s ter end. The guerrilla fighters were very mobile and signatories are Sir Alfred Milner and General and Lord blended into the local population. The British, in turn, Kitchener from Great Britain, , practiced scorched-earth tactics. They set up concen- Francis William Reitz, , , tration camps for the local population in an effort to L. J. Meyer, and Johannes Christoffel Krogh from the isolate the guerrilla fighters. The conditions in these South African Republic, and W. C. J. Bebner, Chris- camps were brutal, something which , tiaan de Wet, J. B. M. Hertzog, and C. H. Olivier from a British activist, worked to bring to light. However, the the Orange Free State.

HISTORICAL DOCUMENT

Peace of Vereeniging the GOVERNMENT of SOUTH AFRICAN RE- PUBLIC, THE FOLLOWING NOTICE is hereby pub- AND lished for general information. By order of His Ex- Messrs W.J.C. Brebner, C.R. de Wet, J.B.M. cellency the High Commissioner and Administrator Hertzog, and C.H. Olivier, acting as the GOVERN- of the Transvaal. MENT of the ORANGE FREE STATE, on behalf of their respective BURGHERS WE Davidson, Acting Secretary to the Transvaal Administration—3rd June 1902. Desirous to terminate the present hostilities, ARMY HEADQUARTERS, SOUTH AFRICA agree on the following Articles. General Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, Command in Chief 1. The Forces in the Field will forth- AND with lay down their Arms, handing over all Guns, His Excellency Lord Milner, High Commissioner, Rifles, and Munitions of War, in their possession on behalf of the BRITlSH GOVERNMENT, or under their control, and desist from any fur- AND ther resistance to the Authority of HIS MAJESTY Messrs S.W. Burger, F.W. Reitz, Louis Botha, KING EDWARD VII, whom they recognise as J.H. de la Rey, LJ. Meyer, and J.C. Krogh, acting as their lawful SOVEREIGN. Peace of Vereeniging • 9

The Manner and details of this surrender will GOVERNMENT, and, as soon as circumstances be arranged between Lord Kitchener and Com- permit, Representative Institutions, leading up to mandant General Botha, Assistant Commandant self-Government, will be introduced. General de la Rey and Chief Commandant De Wet. 8. The question of granting the Franchise to Natives will not be decided until after the introduction of 2. Burghers in the field outside the limits of the Self-Government. TRANSVAAL and COLONY, and all Prisoners of War at present outside South 9. No Special Tax will be imposed on Landed Prop- Africa, who are burghers, will, on duly declaring erty in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER their acceptance of the position of subjects of COLONY to defray the Expenses of the War. HIS MAJESTY KING DWARD VII, be gradually brought back to their homes as soon as transport 10. As soon as conditions permit, a Commission, on can be provided and their means of subsistence which the local inhabitants will be represented, ensured. will be appointed in each District of the TRANS- VAAL and , under 3. The BURGHERS so surrendering or so returning the Presidency of a Magistrate or other official, will not be deprived of their personal liberty, or for the purpose of assisting the restoration of their property. the people to their homes and supplying those who, owing to war losses, are unable to provide 4. No proceedings CIVIL or CRIMINAL will be for themselves, with food, shelter, and the nec- taken against any of the BURGHERS so surren- essary amount of seed, stock, implements etc. dering or so returning for any Acts in connection indispensable to the resumption of their normal with the prosecution of the War. The benefit of occupations. this clause will not extend to certain Acts contrary to the usage of War which have been notified by His Majesty’s Government will place at the dis- the Commander in Chief to the Boer Generals, posal of these Commissions a sum of three million and which shall be tried by Court Martial imme- pounds sterling for the above purposes, and will al- diately after the close of hostilities. low all notes, issued under Law No. 1 of 1900 of the Government of the SOUTH AFRICAN REPUB- 5. The will be taught in Public LIC, and all receipts, given by the officers in the field Schools in the TRANSVAAL and the ORANGE of the late Republics or under their orders, to be pre- RIVER COLONY where the Parents of the Chil- sented to a JUDICIAL COMMISSION, which will dren desire it, and will be allowed in COURTS be appointed by the Government, and if such notes of LAW when necessary for the better and more and receipts are found by this Commission to have effectual Administration of Justice. been duly issued in return for valuable consideration they will be received by the first-named Commissions 6. The Possession of Rifles will be allowed in the as evidence of War losses suffered by the persons to TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY whom they were originally given. In addition to the to persons requiring them for their protection on above named free grant of three million pounds, His taking out a licence according to Law. Majesty’s Government will be prepared to make ad- vances as loans for the same purpose, free of interest 7. MILITARY ADMINISTRATION in the TRANS- for two years, and afterwards repayable over a period VAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY will at of years with 3 per cent interest. No foreigner or rebel the earliest possible date be succeeded by CIVIL will be entitled to the benefit of this Clause. 10 • AFRICA AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

Signed at Pretoria this thirty first day of May in the KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, MILNER, S W Year of Our Lord Thousand Nine Hundred and BURGER, F W REITZ, LOUIS BOTHA, J H DE Two. LA REY, L J MEYER, J C KROGH, C R DE WET, [Signed] J B M HERTZOG, WJ C BREBNER, C .H OL- IVIER

Document Themes and Analysis British first took over the Dutch colony in South Africa, This document lays out the peace terms that ended they imposed a strict English-only policy. This policy the Second Boer War between the British and the Boer alienated many of the Dutch colonists and provoked states of the South African Republic and the Orange them to migrate inland and eventually form the two Free State. As evidenced by this document, the British states that are being dissolved in this document. This were the victors. However, after a brutal war, even as provision implicitly acknowledges the problem with this victors the British were eager for an end to hostilities, previous policy and aims to rectify it in hopes of easing agreeing to terms in which peace and reconciliation are the former Boer states transition back under British major themes. control. The sixth provision promises that inhabitants This document attempts to establish peace from its of the former Boer states will be able to possess rifles first provision, which begins, “The BURGHER Forces in the future. While the first provision requires that the in the Field will forthwith lay down their Arms, hand- defeated Boers surrender their arms to ensure peace, ing over all Guns, Rifles, and Munitions of War, in the sixth assures them that they will be able to possess their possession or under their control.” Burgher here arms in the future in hopes of reconciliation. Finally, is a synonym for Boer. This initial provision attempts the document punts on a touchy subject: “The question to achieve peace by disarming the defeated side, an of granting the Franchise to Natives will not be decided unsurprising and common practice in peace treaties. until after the introduction of Self-Government.” Local After demanding the disarmament and surrender of the Africans would not vote until 1994. defeated Boers, the document shifts to the theme of reconciliation, reassuring the surrendering Boers that —Anthony Vivian, MA they will be well taken care of. Provision three plainly states, “The BURGHERS so surrendering or so return- Bibliography and Additional Reading ing will not be deprived of their personal liberty, or their Judd, Denis & Keith Surridge. The Boer War: A History. property.” This statement is necessary because in the : I.B. Tauris, 2013. Print. final phase of this brutal war, the British began moving Meredith, Martin. Diamonds, Gold, and War: The Brit- Boer civilians into concentration camps. In this provi- ish, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa. New sion and others, this inhuman practice is used as lever- York: PublicAffairs, 2008. Print. age to convince the Boers to surrender. Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War. Hachette, UK: Aba- The fifth provision reads, “The DUTCH language cus, 1991. Print. will be taught in Public Schools in the TRANSVAAL Worsfold, William Basil. Lord Milner’s Work in South and the ORANGE RIVER COLONY where the Par- Africa from Its Commencement in 1897 to the Peace ents of the Children desire it, and will be allowed in of Vereeniging in 1902 Containing Hitherto Unpub- COURTS of LAW when necessary for the better and lished Information. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, more effectual Administration of Justice.” When the 2010. Print.