DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Depth Perception in Hand-Held Augmented Reality Using Autostereoscopic Displays

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Depth Perception in Hand-Held Augmented Reality Using Autostereoscopic Displays To appear in the International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) 2014. A Study of Depth Perception in Hand-Held Augmented Reality using Autostereoscopic Displays Matthias Berning∗ Daniel Kleinert Till Riedel Michael Beigl Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), TECO, Karlsruhe, Germany ABSTRACT AR. Different virtual objects were embedded in a real scene and Displaying three-dimensional content on a flat display is bound displayed to the user. The participants in our study had to align to reduce the impression of depth, particularly for mobile video them accurately with a real object. The goals were a) to verify see-trough augmented reality. Several applications in this domain if the autostereoscopic display can help an user to understand the can benefit from accurate depth perception, especially if there are spatial relation between real and virtual objects and b) to compare contradictory depth cues, like occlusion in a x-ray visualization. the effect to other depth cues. The use of stereoscopy for this effect is already prevalent in head- 2 DEPTH PERCEPTION AND STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS mounted displays, but there is little research on the applicability for hand-held augmented reality. We have implemented such a proto- According to Cutting [2], the relative importance of different depth type using an off-the-shelf smartphone equipped with a stereo cam- cues is determined by the distance of the objects to the user. There era and an autostereoscopic display. We designed and conducted an are three different areas: In personal space, from 0-2m directly in extensive user study to explore the effects of stereoscopic hand-held front of the observer, binocular disparity provides the most accu- augmented reality on depth perception. The results show that in this rate depth judgments. It is the most important depth cue provided scenario depth judgment is mostly influenced by monoscopic depth by stereoscopic vision and particularly useful to resolve ambigui- cues, but our system can improve positioning accuracy in challeng- ties created by other perceptual cues. Kyto¨ et al. [9] list some of ing scenes. its special benefits for AR, e.g. the layering of augmentations to increase the information density. Keywords: Autostereoscopy, mobile devices, depth perception, Current autostereoscopic displays are either of the lenticular augmented reality, user study sheet or the parallax barrier type [13]. Both have in common, that a Index Terms: H.5.1 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: normal display is used and the images for the left and right eye are Multimedia Information Systems—Artificial, augmented, and vir- arranged in interleaved columns. By applying a sheet to structure tual realities; H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User the emitted light, each image is only visible from a specific angle Interfaces—Ergonomics which should be the corresponding eye of the user. Due to this arrangement, stereopsis is only achieved in a specific distance and 1 INTRODUCTION orientation to the display, which is one of the major drawbacks. An- other problem is the conflict between accommodation and conver- Depth distortion is still one of the most common perceptual prob- gence, which are directly linked in normal vision. When consum- lems found in Augmented Reality (AR) today [8]. It describes the ing binocular content on a flat screen, the relative orientation of the issue that users cannot correctly identify the spatial relation be- eyes will change (convergence) but the focus has to stay fixed on the tween objects based on their viewpoint, which is especially the case screen (accommodation). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown for the combination of real and virtual objects. Depending on the that these devices can improve the user experience when consum- application this information can be crucial for a good performance, ing content on a hand-held device [14]. To this date, off-the-shelf e.g. in maintenance task, manuals or when visualizing occluded smartphones are only available with parallax barrier type displays. objects [16]. They structure light by superimposing fine vertical lines onto the There is already a large body of research in the area of depth display, blocking every second column for each eye. Through the perception for AR, which is focused on head-mounted displays [18, use of liquid-crystal arrays for this barrier, the stereoscopic function 10, 17, 5]. This is viable for professional applications, but due to can be controlled dynamically. commercial reasons, the current platform of choice for consumer oriented AR, are mobile hand-held devices. Since they are limited 3 RELATED WORK to video see-through AR and offer only a small field-of-view, these devices are even more prone to depth distortion. Understanding the perception of depth is a widely researched topic The availability of smartphones featuring an autostereoscopic in VR and AR, although most of it is focused on HMDs. The work display could enable the use of binocular depth cues in this area. of Swan et al. [18] is exemplary for the conducted studies and is The displays promise a high degree of immersion and increased listed here explicitly because of the survey on the field included spatial awareness through a single screen without the need for addi- in the publication. They conducted two experiments to investigate tional glasses worn be the user (i.e. polarized or shutter). In combi- the effects of stereoscopic vision on depth judgment in head-worn nation with the two cameras on the back of the device, it is possible AR. Both showed a main effect of stereoscopy on depth judgment, to realize true stereoscopic AR. resulting in greater accuracy. Our contribution in this work is an experimental evaluation on Dey et al. [3] looked at the effect of different hand-held screen the effect of stereopsis for depth perception in mobile hand-held sizes and resolutions on depth-perception. In several AR test sce- narios, they found a significant effect of resolution on distance esti- ∗e-mail: [email protected] mation. Autostereoscopic displays were not part of their evaluation. The authors of [1] conducted a Wizard-of-Oz study, using a cutout phone to simulate the effects of binocular vision on position- ing accuracy of a hand behind the device. They show that perfor- mance was worse using a monocular setting. A functional prototype 1 To appear in the International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) 2014. Tracker ing and rendering, mapped to the Android OS. The basic frame H processing is depicted in Figure 1. We extended the framework in (ARToolKitPlus) HHMM L 2 M several aspects to increase performance, while maintaining or even reducing resource consumption. This includes upgrading the track- rmCriap aremaC 3 M Renderer (Rajawali) ing library to ARToolKitPlus [19] and replacing the renderer with E Rajawali 4. To maximize throughput for the stereoscopic mode, we 3 4 H 5 HMME R M limit tracking to the left video stream and calculate the transfor- mation for the virtual objects in the right part based on the camera 1 offset. In addition to the lower resource consumption, this also pre- vents tracking errors from interfering with the stereoscopic effect. We had to find the optimal configuration for the LG Real3D API, Figure 1: Basic frame processing pipeline of our stereoscopic AR which provides fine grained control over the camera and display framework: (1) read camera frame from stereo pair, (2) detect hardware. Camera frames are set to be placed in top-bottom ar- markers in left image, (3) convert frame and draw it to the can- rangement in memory, meaning the left frame is located before the vas, (4) transform augmentations for left side and render, (5) apply right, allowing for sequential access to each one. By using the extrinsic camera transformation and render right side. YUV image format, the luminance component can be separated easily and is forwarded to the tracker. The used tracking resolu- tion is 640 × 480. Camera calibration from the OpenCV package using video see-trough could not be tested. produced the intrinsic camera parameters, as well as the extrinsic The Nintendo 3DS1 is a hand-held gaming console that supports transformation matrix ME from the left to the right camera image. stereoscopic AR. There are some games that use this feature, but After our first trials provided an unpleasant viewing experience the development on this platform is restricted by the manufacturer. due to unsatisfactory alignment, we identified the automatic dis- Structured evaluations on the effects of depth-perception were not parity remapping of the phone to be responsible. Disparity remap- possible with the available software. ping is used in stereoscopic video recordings to warp the source The work of Kerber et al. [7] is the most relevant for our own images to shift the perceived depth of the scene to a range, which is experiments. Similar to our work, they conducted an experiment comfortable for the user, based on the employed display [12]. Our to determine the depth discrimination ability of participants using hardware and also most other consumer electronics, enable such an a smartphone with an autostereoscopic display. For this purpose, algorithm by default. The algorithm interferes with our camera cal- two virtual textured cubes with varying size were displayed above ibration and the effects on depth perception are neither quantifiable, a real table and the subjects had to decide which one was closer. In nor correctable, so we disabled it completely by setting the param- auto-convergence their analysis, they found no significant effect of the stereoscopic eter . This is also necessary to ensure that condition on depth perception. Unfortunately, the paper does not the displayable depth range is not skewed and lies completely be- clarify how they handled the automatic disparity remapping per- hind the display from the user perspective.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stereoscopic Vision, Stereoscope, Selection of Stereo Pair and Its Orientation
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Stereoscopic Vision, Stereoscope, Selection of Stereo Pair and Its Orientation Sunita Devi Research Associate, Haryana Space Application Centre (HARSAC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Haryana, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar – 125 004, India , Abstract: Stereoscope is to deflect normally converging lines of sight, so that each eye views a different image. For deriving maximum benefit from photographs they are normally studied stereoscopically. Instruments in use today for three dimensional studies of aerial photographs. If instead of looking at the original scene, we observe photos of that scene taken from two different viewpoints, we can under suitable conditions, obtain a three dimensional impression from the two dimensional photos. This impression may be very similar to the impression given by the original scene, but in practice this is rarely so. A pair of photograph taken from two cameras station but covering some common area constitutes and stereoscopic pair which when viewed in a certain manner gives an impression as if a three dimensional model of the common area is being seen. Keywords: Remote Sensing (RS), Aerial Photograph, Pocket or Lens Stereoscope, Mirror Stereoscope. Stereopair, Stere. pair’s orientation 1. Introduction characteristics. Two eyes must see two images, which are only slightly different in angle of view, orientation, colour, A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of brightness, shape and size. (Figure: 1) Human eyes, fixed on separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of same object provide two points of observation which are the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.
    [Show full text]
  • CS 534: Computer Vision Stereo Imaging Outlines
    CS 534 A. Elgammal Rutgers University CS 534: Computer Vision Stereo Imaging Ahmed Elgammal Dept of Computer Science Rutgers University CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 1 Outlines • Depth Cues • Simple Stereo Geometry • Epipolar Geometry • Stereo correspondence problem • Algorithms CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 2 1 CS 534 A. Elgammal Rutgers University Recovering the World From Images We know: • 2D Images are projections of 3D world. • A given image point is the projection of any world point on the line of sight • So how can we recover depth information CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 3 Why to recover depth ? • Recover 3D structure, reconstruct 3D scene model, many computer graphics applications • Visual Robot Navigation • Aerial reconnaissance • Medical applications The Stanford Cart, H. Moravec, 1979. The INRIA Mobile Robot, 1990. CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 4 2 CS 534 A. Elgammal Rutgers University CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 5 CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 6 3 CS 534 A. Elgammal Rutgers University Motion parallax CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 7 Depth Cues • Monocular Cues – Occlusion – Interposition – Relative height: the object closer to the horizon is perceived as farther away, and the object further from the horizon is perceived as closer. – Familiar size: when an object is familiar to us, our brain compares the perceived size of the object to this expected size and thus acquires information about the distance of the object. – Texture Gradient: all surfaces have a texture, and as the surface goes into the distance, it becomes smoother and finer. – Shadows – Perspective – Focus • Motion Parallax (also Monocular) • Binocular Cues • In computer vision: large research on shape-from-X (should be called depth from X) CS 534 – Stereo Imaging - 8 4 CS 534 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Interacting with Autostereograms
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336204498 Interacting with Autostereograms Conference Paper · October 2019 DOI: 10.1145/3338286.3340141 CITATIONS READS 0 39 5 authors, including: William Delamare Pourang Irani Kochi University of Technology University of Manitoba 14 PUBLICATIONS 55 CITATIONS 184 PUBLICATIONS 2,641 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Xiangshi Ren Kochi University of Technology 182 PUBLICATIONS 1,280 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Color Perception in Augmented Reality HMDs View project Collaboration Meets Interactive Spaces: A Springer Book View project All content following this page was uploaded by William Delamare on 21 October 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Interacting with Autostereograms William Delamare∗ Junhyeok Kim Kochi University of Technology University of Waterloo Kochi, Japan Ontario, Canada University of Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada Winnipeg, Canada [email protected] [email protected] Daichi Harada Pourang Irani Xiangshi Ren Kochi University of Technology University of Manitoba Kochi University of Technology Kochi, Japan Winnipeg, Canada Kochi, Japan [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Figure 1: Illustrative examples using autostereograms. a) Password input. b) Wearable e-mail notification. c) Private space in collaborative conditions. d) 3D video game. e) Bar gamified special menu. Black elements represent the hidden 3D scene content. ABSTRACT practice. This learning effect transfers across display devices Autostereograms are 2D images that can reveal 3D content (smartphone to desktop screen). when viewed with a specific eye convergence, without using CCS CONCEPTS extra-apparatus.
    [Show full text]
  • Stereopsis and Stereoblindness
    Exp. Brain Res. 10, 380-388 (1970) Stereopsis and Stereoblindness WHITMAN RICHARDS Department of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (USA) Received December 20, 1969 Summary. Psychophysical tests reveal three classes of wide-field disparity detectors in man, responding respectively to crossed (near), uncrossed (far), and zero disparities. The probability of lacking one of these classes of detectors is about 30% which means that 2.7% of the population possess no wide-field stereopsis in one hemisphere. This small percentage corresponds to the probability of squint among adults, suggesting that fusional mechanisms might be disrupted when stereopsis is absent in one hemisphere. Key Words: Stereopsis -- Squint -- Depth perception -- Visual perception Stereopsis was discovered in 1838, when Wheatstone invented the stereoscope. By presenting separate images to each eye, a three dimensional impression could be obtained from two pictures that differed only in the relative horizontal disparities of the components of the picture. Because the impression of depth from the two combined disparate images is unique and clearly not present when viewing each picture alone, the disparity cue to distance is presumably processed and interpreted by the visual system (Ogle, 1962). This conjecture by the psychophysicists has received recent support from microelectrode recordings, which show that a sizeable portion of the binocular units in the visual cortex of the cat are sensitive to horizontal disparities (Barlow et al., 1967; Pettigrew et al., 1968a). Thus, as expected, there in fact appears to be a physiological basis for stereopsis that involves the analysis of spatially disparate retinal signals from each eye. Without such an analysing mechanism, man would be unable to detect horizontal binocular disparities and would be "stereoblind".
    [Show full text]
  • Algorithms for Single Image Random Dot Stereograms
    Displaying 3D Images: Algorithms for Single Image Random Dot Stereograms Harold W. Thimbleby,† Stuart Inglis,‡ and Ian H. Witten§* Abstract This paper describes how to generate a single image which, when viewed in the appropriate way, appears to the brain as a 3D scene. The image is a stereogram composed of seemingly random dots. A new, simple and symmetric algorithm for generating such images from a solid model is given, along with the design parameters and their influence on the display. The algorithm improves on previously-described ones in several ways: it is symmetric and hence free from directional (right-to-left or left-to-right) bias, it corrects a slight distortion in the rendering of depth, it removes hidden parts of surfaces, and it also eliminates a type of artifact that we call an “echo”. Random dot stereograms have one remaining problem: difficulty of initial viewing. If a computer screen rather than paper is used for output, the problem can be ameliorated by shimmering, or time-multiplexing of pixel values. We also describe a simple computational technique for determining what is present in a stereogram so that, if viewing is difficult, one can ascertain what to look for. Keywords: Single image random dot stereograms, SIRDS, autostereograms, stereoscopic pictures, optical illusions † Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland. Phone (+44) 786–467679; fax 786–467641; email [email protected] ‡ Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Phone (+64 7) 856–2889; fax 838–4155; email [email protected]. § Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromostereo.Pdf
    ChromoStereoscopic Rendering for Trichromatic Displays Le¨ıla Schemali1;2 Elmar Eisemann3 1Telecom ParisTech CNRS LTCI 2XtremViz 3Delft University of Technology Figure 1: ChromaDepth R glasses act like a prism that disperses incoming light and induces a differing depth perception for different light wavelengths. As most displays are limited to mixing three primaries (RGB), the depth effect can be significantly reduced, when using the usual mapping of depth to hue. Our red to white to blue mapping and shading cues achieve a significant improvement. Abstract The chromostereopsis phenomenom leads to a differing depth per- ception of different color hues, e.g., red is perceived slightly in front of blue. In chromostereoscopic rendering 2D images are produced that encode depth in color. While the natural chromostereopsis of our human visual system is rather low, it can be enhanced via ChromaDepth R glasses, which induce chromatic aberrations in one Figure 2: Chromostereopsis can be due to: (a) longitunal chro- eye by refracting light of different wavelengths differently, hereby matic aberration, focus of blue shifts forward with respect to red, offsetting the projected position slightly in one eye. Although, it or (b) transverse chromatic aberration, blue shifts further toward might seem natural to map depth linearly to hue, which was also the the nasal part of the retina than red. (c) Shift in position leads to a basis of previous solutions, we demonstrate that such a mapping re- depth impression. duces the stereoscopic effect when using standard trichromatic dis- plays or printing systems. We propose an algorithm, which enables an improved stereoscopic experience with reduced artifacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Perspective Stereoscopy from Light Fields
    Multi-Perspective stereoscopy from light fields The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Changil Kim, Alexander Hornung, Simon Heinzle, Wojciech Matusik, and Markus Gross. 2011. Multi-perspective stereoscopy from light fields. ACM Trans. Graph. 30, 6, Article 190 (December 2011), 10 pages. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2070781.2024224 Publisher Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73503 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Multi-Perspective Stereoscopy from Light Fields Changil Kim1,2 Alexander Hornung2 Simon Heinzle2 Wojciech Matusik2,3 Markus Gross1,2 1ETH Zurich 2Disney Research Zurich 3MIT CSAIL v u s c Disney Enterprises, Inc. Input Images 3D Light Field Multi-perspective Cuts Stereoscopic Output Figure 1: We propose a framework for flexible stereoscopic disparity manipulation and content post-production. Our method computes multi-perspective stereoscopic output images from a 3D light field that satisfy arbitrary prescribed disparity constraints. We achieve this by computing piecewise continuous cuts (shown in red) through the light field that enable per-pixel disparity control. In this particular example we employed gradient domain processing to emphasize the depth of the airplane while suppressing disparities in the rest of the scene. Abstract tions of autostereoscopic and multi-view autostereoscopic displays even glasses-free solutions become available to the consumer. This paper addresses stereoscopic view generation from a light field. We present a framework that allows for the generation However, the task of creating convincing yet perceptually pleasing of stereoscopic image pairs with per-pixel control over disparity, stereoscopic content remains difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • Binocular Vision
    BINOCULAR VISION Rahul Bhola, MD Pediatric Ophthalmology Fellow The University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences posted Jan. 18, 2006, updated Jan. 23, 2006 Binocular vision is one of the hallmarks of the human race that has bestowed on it the supremacy in the hierarchy of the animal kingdom. It is an asset with normal alignment of the two eyes, but becomes a liability when the alignment is lost. Binocular Single Vision may be defined as the state of simultaneous vision, which is achieved by the coordinated use of both eyes, so that separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in each eye are appreciated as a single image by the process of fusion. Thus binocular vision implies fusion, the blending of sight from the two eyes to form a single percept. Binocular Single Vision can be: 1. Normal – Binocular Single vision can be classified as normal when it is bifoveal and there is no manifest deviation. 2. Anomalous - Binocular Single vision is anomalous when the images of the fixated object are projected from the fovea of one eye and an extrafoveal area of the other eye i.e. when the visual direction of the retinal elements has changed. A small manifest strabismus is therefore always present in anomalous Binocular Single vision. Normal Binocular Single vision requires: 1. Clear Visual Axis leading to a reasonably clear vision in both eyes 2. The ability of the retino-cortical elements to function in association with each other to promote the fusion of two slightly dissimilar images i.e. Sensory fusion. 3. The precise co-ordination of the two eyes for all direction of gazes, so that corresponding retino-cortical element are placed in a position to deal with two images i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • STAR 1200 & 1200XL User Guide
    STAR 1200 & 1200XL Augmented Reality Systems User Guide VUZIX CORPORATION VUZIX CORPORATION STAR 1200 & 1200XL – User Guide © 2012 Vuzix Corporation 2166 Brighton Henrietta Town Line Road Rochester, New York 14623 Phone: 585.359.5900 ! Fax: 585.359.4172 www.vuzix.com 2 1. STAR 1200 & 1200XL OVERVIEW ................................... 7! System Requirements & Compatibility .................................. 7! 2. INSTALLATION & SETUP .................................................. 14! Step 1: Accessory Installation .................................... 14! Step 2: Hardware Connections .................................. 15! Step 3: Adjustment ..................................................... 19! Step 4: Software Installation ...................................... 21! Step 5: Tracker Calibration ........................................ 24! 3. CONTROL BUTTON & ON SCREEN DISPLAY ..................... 27! VGA Controller .................................................................... 27! PowerPak+ Controller ......................................................... 29! OSD Display Options ........................................................... 30! 4. STAR HARDWARE ......................................................... 34! STAR Display ...................................................................... 34! Nose Bridge ......................................................................... 36! Focus Adjustment ................................................................ 37! Eye Separation ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Walk-Through 3D Display
    A Novel Walk-through 3D Display Stephen DiVerdia, Ismo Rakkolainena & b, Tobias Höllerera, Alex Olwala & c a University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA b FogScreen Inc., Tekniikantie 12, 02150 Espoo, Finland c Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT We present a novel walk-through 3D display based on the patented FogScreen, an “immaterial” indoor 2D projection screen, which enables high-quality projected images in free space. We extend the basic 2D FogScreen setup in three ma- jor ways. First, we use head tracking to provide correct perspective rendering for a single user. Second, we add support for multiple types of stereoscopic imagery. Third, we present the front and back views of the graphics content on the two sides of the FogScreen, so that the viewer can cross the screen to see the content from the back. The result is a wall- sized, immaterial display that creates an engaging 3D visual. Keywords: Fog screen, display technology, walk-through, two-sided, 3D, stereoscopic, volumetric, tracking 1. INTRODUCTION Stereoscopic images have captivated a wide scientific, media and public interest for well over 100 years. The principle of stereoscopic images was invented by Wheatstone in 1838 [1]. The general public has been excited about 3D imagery since the 19th century – 3D movies and View-Master images in the 1950's, holograms in the 1960's, and 3D computer graphics and virtual reality today. Science fiction movies and books have also featured many 3D displays, including the popular Star Wars and Star Trek series. In addition to entertainment opportunities, 3D displays also have numerous ap- plications in scientific visualization, medical imaging, and telepresence.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Intermittent Stereoscopy: Its Effects on Perception and Visual Fatigue
    ©2016 Society for Imaging Science and Technology DOI: 10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.5.SDA-041 INVESTIGATING INTERMITTENT STEREOSCOPY: ITS EFFECTS ON PERCEPTION AND VISUAL FATIGUE Ari A. Bouaniche, Laure Leroy; Laboratoire Paragraphe, Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis; France Abstract distance in virtual environments does not clearly indicate that the In a context in which virtual reality making use of S3D is use of binocular disparity yields a better performance, and a ubiquitous in certain industries, as well as the substantial amount cursory look at the literature concerning the viewing of of literature about the visual fatigue S3D causes, we wondered stereoscopic 3D (henceforth abbreviated S3D) content leaves little whether the presentation of intermittent S3D stimuli would lead to doubt as to some negative consequences on the visual system, at improved depth perception (over monoscopic) while reducing least for a certain part of the population. subjects’ visual asthenopia. In a between-subjects design, 60 While we do not question the utility of S3D and its use in individuals under 40 years old were tested in four different immersive environments in this paper, we aim to position conditions, with head-tracking enabled: two intermittent S3D ourselves from the point of view of user safety: if, for example, the conditions (Stereo @ beginning, Stereo @ end) and two control use of S3D is a given in a company setting, can an implementation conditions (Mono, Stereo). Several optometric variables were of intermittent horizontal disparities aid in depth perception (and measured pre- and post-experiment, and a subjective questionnaire therefore in task completion) while impacting the visual system assessing discomfort was administered.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INFLUENCES of STEREOSCOPY on VISUAL ARTS Its History, Technique and Presence in the Artistic World
    University of Art and Design Cluj-Napoca PhD THESIS SUMMARY THE INFLUENCES OF STEREOSCOPY ON VISUAL ARTS Its history, technique and presence in the artistic world PhD Student: Scientific coordinator: Nyiri Dalma Dorottya Prof. Univ. Dr. Ioan Sbârciu Cluj-Napoca 2019 1 CONTENTS General introduction ........................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1: HISTORY OF STEREOSCOPY ..............................................................................4 1.1 The theories of Euclid and the experiments of Baptista Porta .........................................5 1.2 Leonardo da Vinci and Francois Aguillon (Aguilonius) .................................................8 1.3 The Inventions of Sir Charles Wheatstone and Elliot ...................................................18 1.4 Sir David Brewster's contributions to the perfection of the stereoscope .......................21 1.5 Oliver Wendell Holmes, the poet of stereoscopy ..........................................................23 1.6 Apex of stereoscopy .......................................................................................................26 1.7 Underwood & Keystone .................................................................................................29 1.8 Favorite topics in stereoscopy ........................................................................................32 1.8.1 Genre Scenes33 .........................................................................................................33
    [Show full text]