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Gendered Experiences of Nursing Job Demands and Resources

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Gendered Experiences of Nursing Job Demands and Resources GENDERED EXPERIENCES OF NURSING JOB DEMANDS AND RESOURCES Katherine Barlow A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2020 Committee: Clare Barratt, Advisor Margaret Brooks William O’Brien © 2020 Katherine Barlow All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Clare Barratt, Advisor Nursing is an extremely demanding occupation, with challenges ranging from physical demands of lifting and patient aggression to psychological and organizational demands of coworker incivility, time pressure, and understaffing. Past research has not answered the question of how demanding requirements are distributed between male and female nurses in this predominantly female profession. Gender theory research has indicated that men and women often have very different experiences at work due to stereotypes of masculinity, femininity, and traditional work roles. Therefore, this research utilizes the job demands and resources model to examine the different ways that male and female nurses experience negative demands, helpful resources, and physical, psychological, and attitudinal outcomes. Male nurses reported greater physical and interpersonal job demands as well as greater supervisor support than their female colleagues, while female nurses reported greater demands related to understaffing and long work shifts as well as more social support. Male nurses showed higher levels of stress, intent to leave nursing, and injury frequency, while female nurses report more frequent instances of pain. Implications for gendered occupations, health and safety, and interventions are discussed. iv This thesis is dedicated to the nurse who never fails to support me. Thanks, Mom. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to my committee: Dr. Clare Barratt, Dr. Maggie Brooks, and Dr. Bill O’Brien for their valuable feedback and encouragement throughout the thesis process. I am incredibly grateful for the continual support of my family and friends near and far. I would also like to thank Dr. Gordon Gillespie, Dr. Kate York, Ann Barlow, R.N., and representatives from the American Association for Men in Nursing for helping me to better understand the everyday experiences of nurses. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the vital work being done by nurses around the world, particularly in the time of Covid-19. Their courage and altruism cannot be overstated. This research study was supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through the Pilot Research Project Training Program of the University of Cincinnati Education and Research Center Grant #T42OH008432. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Nursing: Demanding Work ........................................................................................ 2 Organizational Demands ................................................................................ 2 Time Demands. .................................................................................. 2 Shiftwork................................................................................ 2 Understaffing. ........................................................................ 3 Attention Switching. .............................................................. 3 Physical Demands .......................................................................................... 4 Psychological Demands ................................................................................. 5 Patient Interactions............................................................................. 5 Coworker Interactions. ....................................................................... 5 Burnout. ............................................................................................. 5 Resource Provision for Nurses....................................................................... 6 Gendered Work .............................................................................................. 7 Men in Nursing .............................................................................................. 9 The Current Study ...................................................................................................... 10 Job Demands and Resources in Nursing ........................................................ 10 Differing Demands............................................................................. 11 Physical Job Demands. .......................................................... 12 Gender and physical workload................................... 12 Hypothesis 1............................................................... 13 vii Psychological Demands. ........................................................ 13 Gender and psychological workload. ......................... 13 Hypothesis 2............................................................... 13 Organizational Demands. ....................................................... 13 Research Question 1 .................................................. 14 Differing Resources. .......................................................................... 14 Autonomy. ............................................................................. 14 Gender and autonomy resources. ............................... 14 Hypothesis 3............................................................... 15 Social Support. ....................................................................... 15 Gender and social support. ......................................... 15 Hypothesis 4............................................................... 15 Supervisor Support................................................................. 16 Gender and supervisor support. ................................. 16 Hypothesis 5............................................................... 16 Outcomes. .......................................................................................... 16 Research Question 2 .................................................. 17 Research Question 3 .................................................. 17 METHOD .............................................................................................................................. 18 Participants and Procedure ......................................................................................... 18 Measures .................................................................................................................... 19 Physical Demands. ......................................................................................... 19 Interpersonal Demands. ................................................................................. 19 viii Organizational Demands. ............................................................................... 20 Autonomy. ..................................................................................................... 21 Support. .......................................................................................................... 21 Stress. ............................................................................................................. 21 Burnout. ......................................................................................................... 21 Job Satisfaction. ............................................................................................. 22 Organizational Commitment. ......................................................................... 22 Absenteeism. .................................................................................................. 22 Turnover Intentions. ....................................................................................... 22 Injury Frequency. ........................................................................................... 23 Musculoskeletal Pain. .................................................................................... 23 Demographics. ............................................................................................... 23 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 24 Job Demands .............................................................................................................. 24 Physical Workload. ........................................................................................ 24 Interpersonal Demands. ................................................................................. 24 Organizational Demands. ............................................................................... 25 Job Resources............................................................................................................. 26 Psychological Outcomes ............................................................................................ 26 Physical Outcomes ..................................................................................................... 27 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 29 Job Demands .............................................................................................................. 29 Job Resources............................................................................................................. 31 ix Physical and Psychological
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