Israel Modifications

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Israel Modifications LA FRONTIERE AVEC LA SYRIE La Syrie acquit son indépendance en 1946. Lorsque l’indépendance d’Israël fut proclamée en 1948, la Syrie envahit le nouvel Etat, conquit le Banyas, le triangle de Mishmar Hayarden, la côte de Betiha et la rive orientale du Jourdain. En vertu des accords d’armistice de 1949, la Syrie accepta de retirer son armée de ces régions et d’en faire des zones démilitarisées. En fait, la Syrie demeura dans les bandes de territoire qui assuraient sa mainmise sur les rives du Jourdain et du lac de Tibériade, ainsi que sur le Banyas. Par la suite, la Syrie conquit Hamat Gader et Nuqeib au nord d’Ein Guev. Demeurés sous contrôle syrien jusqu’en 1967, ces territoires lui permettait de lancer des attaques incessantes contre Israël. Zone démilitarisée Secteur occupé par la Syrie MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS 16 ACCORD D’ARMISTICE DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS Zone acquise par Israël AVEC LA JORDANIE Zone acquise par la Jordanie No man’s land (1949) Secteur occupé par la Jordanie Signé à Rhodes avec la Jordanie, sous les auspices de l’ONU, le 4 avril 1949, l’accord Mer d’armistice stipule qu’il constitue une étape Méditerranée nécessaire vers le rétablissement de la paix dans le Pays d’Israël et précise qu’en aucun cas la ligne d’armistice ne doit être interprétée comme une frontière politique ou territoriale, Tel Aviv pas plus qu’elle n’interfère avec les droits, Jaffa Latrun revendications ou positions des parties Jerusalem concernant le règlement définitif de la question du Pays d’Israël. Cet accord établit les critères présidant aux échanges de prisonniers, aux zones démilitarisées, au no man’s land et aux mesures de contrôle. En vertu de cet accord, Israël reçut des territoires dans les régions du Sharon et du fleuve Irone, et des secteurs de la vallée de Beit Shean furent échangés. 0 40 km 0 40 mi 17 LOCALITE JUIVES 0 40 km PERDUES PENDANT LA GUERRE 0 40 mi D’INDEPENDANCE Au cours de la guerre d’Indépendance, un certain Mer Méditerranée nombre de localités juives furent conquises, principalement par l’armée jordanienne : le kibboutz Beit Ha-arava et Kalya, au nord de la mer Morte, les quatre kibboutzim de Goush Etzion à l’ouest de Bethléem, Atarot et Névé Yaakov au nord de Jérusalem et le quartier juif de la Vieille Ville de Jérusalem. Kfar Atarot Darom, près de Gaza, fut conquis Neve Ya’akov Beit Ha’arava Jerusalem, The Jewish Quarter par l’armée égyptienne. En outre, Kalya Revadim Masuot Yitzhak Ein Tzurim lorsque la guerre d’Indépendance Kfar Etzion fut déclenchée à la fin de l’année Hebron 1947, les derniers membres de la communauté juive de Hébron Kfar Darom s’enfuirent de la ville. MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS 18 JERUSALEM AVANT LA DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS Ligne de l’armistice israélo-jordanien, 1949-1967 GUERRE DES SIX JOURS Jérusalem Est, 1949-1967 (1949–1967) Frontière municipale, 1952 Territoire neutre sous contrôle de l’ONU A la fin de la guerre d’Indépendance, la ou no man’s land ville de Jérusalem fut divisée entre Israël Territoire israélien avant la guerre des et la Jordanie. Les lignes d’armistice Six jours furent déterminées en novembre 1948 par Moshé Dayan, le commandant du district de Jérusalem, et Abdallah el-Tal, le commandant de la Légion pour le front de Jérusalem. Entre les lignes tracées par les deux commandants, Sanhedria Mt.Scopus certaines zones constituaient un no Mea man’s land. Le territoire situé autour Shearim Beit Hakerem d’Armon Hanatziv fut consacré à l’ONU Old City City Center et le mont Scopus devint une enclave Mt. Herzl Yad Vashem Knesset israélienne comprenant l’Université Talbieh hébraïque, l’hôpital Hadassah et, German Colony officiellement le village d’Issawiyya. Talpiot Cette carte fut adoptée en avril 1949 par les signataires de l’armistice de Rhodes. Le point situé le plus à l’ouest de la ville se trouvait à l’extrémité du quartier de 0 1 km Mousrara, près de la maison de la 0 1 mi famille Mandelbaum, et fut ainsi appelé « Porte Mandelbaum ». 19 EVENEMENTS AYANT CONDUIT A LA Lebanon Blocus égyptien Advance of GUERRE DES SIX JOURS (1967) Lebanese Army Advance of Territoire israélien avant la guerre Syrian Army des Six jours Golan Heights Syria La guerre des Six jours fut la première grande tentative arabe Haifa de détruire Israël depuis 1948. En novembre 1966, un Mer Méditerranée accord militaire égypto-syrien fut signé, encourageant les 19 mai 1967. Les forces de Samaria Syriens à aggraver les tensions qui atteignirent un point l’ONU se retirent du désert du Sinaï à la demande de l’Egypte Tel Aviv culminant au printemps 1967. Jaffa Jerusalem Advance of Iraqi Army 14 mai : L’Egypte mobilise ses forces dans le canal de Suez et aux alentours. Judea 16 mai : L’Egypte déplace ses forces dans le désert du Sinaï Gaza Beer Sheba vers l’est en direction de la frontière israélienne, El Arish Suez réclamant le retrait des forces de l’ONU (UNEF) Canal Abu Aweigila Advance of stationnées le long de la frontière. Jordanian Army Advance of Egyptian Army 19 mai : Les Egyptiens expulsent les forces de l’ONU (UNEF) de la bande de Gaza et du Sinaï, et Jordan continuent à envoyer leurs soldats en masse dans Kuntilla ces régions. Sinai 22 mai : L’Egypte interdit aux navires israéliens de pénétrer Peninsula Ras Al-Nagb dans le détroit de Tiran, ce qui, pour Israël, Eilat constitue un casus belli. Gulf of 24 mai–4 juin : Répondant à l’appel lancé par les Egyptiens, Eilat Gulf Advance of les gouvernements de Jordanie, d’Irak, d’Arabie of Saudi Arabian Army Suez saoudite, de Syrie et du Liban dirigent leurs armées vers la frontière israélienne. Israël mobilise ses réservistes et lance une campagne diplomatique Egypt visant à gagner le soutien international pour mettre Sharm el Saudi Arabia 0 MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS 40 km Sheikh fin au blocus des bateaux israéliens par les Strait of Tiran 0 40 mi Egyptiens dans le détroit de Tiran. Red Sea 20 MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS Lebanon ISRAEL APRES LA GUERRE DES SIX JOURS Golan Heights Syria (10 JUIN 1967) Mer Méditerranée Haifa Lorsqu’il devint évident que la Samaria campagne diplomatique avait Tel Aviv échoué, et suite à la participation Jaffa Jerusalem de la Jordanie à l’alliance Judea égypto-syrienne, Israël lança, le Gaza 5 juin 1967, une opération Beer Sheba d’autodéfense contre la menace Suez que faisait peser l’Egypte. La Canal Jordanie et la Syrie ayant attaqué Israël, ces pays furent eux aussi Jordan impliqués dans la guerre. Durant les combats, les forces Sinai israéliennes atteignirent le canal Peninsula de Suez et conquirent les Eilat territoires de Judée et de Gulf Samarie, ainsi que le plateau du of Eilat Gulf Golan – d’où les Syriens of Saudi Arabia Suez bombardaient Israël. Territoire israélien avant la guerre des Egypt Six jours Sous contrôle 0 40 km israélien après la guerre des Six jours 0 40 mi Red Sea 21 JERUSALEM APRES LA GUERRE LA VIEILLE VILLE DE JERUSALEM DES SIX JOURS (1967) Ligne d’armistice israélo-jordanien- ne, 1949-1967 i Frontière municipale de Jérusalem après la guerre des Six jours Principaux quartiers juifs depuis la guerre des Six jours MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS i 22 MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS Quelques jours après la fin de la guerre des Six jours, le 27 juin 1967, le parlement israélien adopta une loi selon laquelle l’administration et la juridiction israéliennes s’appliquaient à tout le territoire de Jérusalem conquis pendant la guerre. Le lendemain, les frontières municipales de la capitale furent étendues pour inclure Jérusalem Est, ainsi qu’Atarot et Névé Yaacov au nord, et Guilo au sud. 23 LES LIGNES DU CESSEZ-LE-FEU Lebanon Territoire israélien avant la guerre des DE LA GUERRE DE KIPPOUR Six jours Golan Sous contrôle israélien après la guerre (24 OCTOBRE 1973) Heights Syria des Six jours Haifa Détenu par l’armée égyptienne La guerre de Kippour commença le 6 octobre 1973 Détenu par l’armée israélienne lorsque, simultanément, les armées de l’Egypte et de la Samaria Syrie attaquèrent Israël dans la région du canal de Suez et Tel Aviv sur le plateau du Golan. Après quelques jours de combats Mer Méditerranée Jaffa Jerusalem acharnés au cours desquels l’Egypte s’installa sur la rive Judea orientale du canal de Suez et les Syriens conquirent la Gaza majeure partie du plateau du Golan, l’attaque fut stoppée Beer Sheba et une contre-attaque de Tsahal réussit à refouler une Suez partie des forces égyptiennes, à franchir le canal et à Canal parvenir à 101 kilomètres du Caire. Sur le plateau du Golan, les armées syriennes furent entièrement repoussées ; Jordan les soldats de Tsahal conquirent une enclave au nord du plateau, en territoire syrien, et reconquirent également le Sinai mont Hermon. Peninsula Eilat Un accord de cessez-le-feu fut signé par Israël et l’Egypte Gulf le 24 octobre 1973. Le 18 janvier 1974, un accord de of Gulf Eilat séparation des forces fut conclu en vertu duquel les deux of Saudi Arabia parties acceptaient de respecter le cessez-le-feu, de réduire Suez leurs forces et d’installer une force d’urgence de l’ONU dans la zone démilitarisée. Les forces israéliennes se Egypt replièrent à une distance de 20 kilomètres à l’est du canal MODIFICATIONS DES FRONTIERES D’ISRAEL MODIFICATIONS 0 de Suez et l’armée égyptienne retira la majeure partie de 40 km Red Sea ses forces à l’ouest du canal.
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