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Archetype of the Bathou Religion: an Analytical Study 34-42 ====== LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 19:10 October 2019 ISSN 1930-2940 Editors Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. T. Deivasigamani, Ph.D. Pammi Pavan Kumar, Ph.D. Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D. Managing Editor and Publisher: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Contents Dr. S. Chelliah, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt. Solitude and Isolation as the Inevitable Penalty of Sin and Evil: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Story World 1-10 Snigdha Ramkumar, B.Tech. Final year and Dr Rajasekaran V. Perceptions and Effects of Large Classes in Higher Education in India 11-20 Dr. C. Ramya, M.B.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Arun Joshi’s Art and Skill: Depicting East and West and Tradition and Modernity 21-28 Dr. Sivakami B. Maya Angelou’s Works Mapped on to the Writings of Select Journalists for the Voiceless Community 29-33 Mrs. Kanery Basumatary, M.A. Archetype of the Bathou Religion: An Analytical Study 34-42 ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 19:10 October 2019 Contents List i Dr. S. Chelliah, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt. and J. Kavithanjali, Ph.D. Scholar (PT) Women and Children Glorified in the Poems and Songs of Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram 43-47 Kiramat Shah, Younas Muhammad, Abubakar, Samina Khalid & Noor Uzma Using 5E’s Instructional Model to Study the Concept of Magnetic Hysteresis Curve in Physics 48-62 Prof. B. Mallikarjun Draft National Education Policy 2019 & Language Policy for Education in India: A Critical Appraisal 63-75 Dr. M. Raja Vishwanathan, M.A. (English), M.Phil., Ph.D. (ELT) and Jimmy K Joseph, Research Scholar Plant Life and Richard Powers’ The Overstory 76-81 Md. Minhazul Islam Portrayal of Women Characters in Selected African Writing in English 82-116 R. Muthuselvi, M.A., M.Phil. Representation of Child Abuse and Treatment of Colourism in Toni Morrison’s God Help The Child and The Bluest Eye, M.Phil. Dissertation 117-167 Rohit S. Kawale, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Conflict and Opposition in Game of Thrones 168-177 Sonam Meena, Research Scholar, JNU Reduplication in Dhundhari and Adi 178-201 Tanzin Ara Ashraf, M.A. in English Literature Strategies to Overcome Speaking Anxiety among Saudi EFL Learners 202-223 T. Deivasigamani, Ph.D. W. E. B. Du Bois’ The Souls of Black Folk: Freedom, Equality and Racial Discrimination 224-231 Hafizah Hajimia, M.A. (Applied Linguistics), Ph.D. Scholar, Dr. Manvender Kaur Sarjit Singh, Ph.D. (TESL), Prof. Madya Dato’ Dr. Nuraini Yusoff, Ph.D. (Education) and Dr. Mohan Rathakrishnan, Ph.D. (Instructional Designing) 232-240 Application of Corpus-Based Approach in Teaching and Learning: How do the Students React? ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 19:10 October 2019 Contents List ii Swarnadevi Thirumalai, M.A. Teaching English to Indian Learners – A Pragmatic Approach 241-248 Anand Prakash Pathak, M.Phil. English and Dr. Radhika Bansal, Ph.D. English From Hieroglyphs to Digital Glyphs – Are the Millennials Bidding Adieu to Words? 249-266 Prof. Rajendran Sankaravelayuthan Acoustic Phonetics and Text to Speech Processing and Speech to Text Processing (Tamil) – Monograph Pages 1-332 Kandiah Shriganeshan, Ph.D. Using Theatre To Enhance Learner Language In English Classrooms: A Sri Lankan Experiment – Ph.D. Dissertation Pages 1-287 Gayathri S G., MSc (Speech& Hearing), PGD Nutrition and Dietetics Aspects of Vowels Analysis for Speech & Hearing Diagnostics, Volume 2 Pages 1-41 ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 19:10 October 2019 Contents List iii ================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 19:10 October 2019 ================================================================ Solitude and Isolation as the Inevitable Penalty of Sin and Evil Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Story World Dr. S. Chelliah, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt. Dean of Arts, Humanities & Languages Professor & Head, Department of English & Comparative Literature Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021, Tamilnadu [email protected] ============================================================================== Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Courtesy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne Abstract This paper attempts to project Nathaniel Hawthorne as one of the major novelists of America, belonging not only to the tradition of America but also to the tradition of genius playing the dual role of a novelist and a short story writer. The paper will also show how he was preoccupied with the problems of sin, guilt, responsibility, and evil. It neatly portrays the divided self as a major theme with his fictional forte in blending the marvelous and the natural as his romantic theory, bringing home the essential point that there is constant interaction between the actual and the imaginary. The world of Hawthorne is romantic, symbolic, allegoric and ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 19:10 October 2019 Dr. S. Chelliah, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt. Solitude and Isolation as the Inevitable Penalty of Sin and Evil: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Story World 1 ambiguous projecting the problem of solitude and isolation as the inevitable penalty of sin, guilt and evil. Keywords: Nathaniel Hawthorne, solitude, isolation, sin, guilt, responsibility, tradition, marvelous and natural, actual and imaginary. Nathaniel Hawthorne, one of the major novelists of America, belongs not only with the tradition of American writers, but also with the tradition of genius. Almost all his novels and short stories are based on New England setting which are rotten, in his attempt to convey the fundamental meaning and significance of mortal life. His basic reputation was that of a short story writer and sketch-writer till the publication of the Scarlet Letter is 1850. Twice Told Tales in 1837 reprinted with some enlargement in 1842 and Mosses from an Old Manse (1946) had built up his reputation as a writer of fine and delicate craftsmanship. But his best was in the creation of The Scarlet Letter, which was his first full-length story, rather superior to any full length story that he ever wrote. Truly speaking, with the publication of The Scarlet Letter, the American Novel came of age. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, of a distinguished puritan family which had played an active role in the history of Massachusetts. His early years were spent as a dependent of his uncles, one of whom had a flourishing stage-coach business. When he was twelve years old, his mother took him to live with another uncle in Raymond, Maine. In 1817, a severe leg injury crippled him, and this forced him to stay mostly at home and develop a habit of reading; however, he went through school and finally joined Bowdon College in New Brunswick, Maine in 1820-21, graduating from there in 1825. One of the results of his stay at Bowdon College was his first book namely Fanshawe a gothic romance which came out in 1828. Then, he was encouraged by Halation Bridge to become a full-time writer and he consequently decided to devote himself wholly to this task. From 1825 to 1837, National Hawthorne spent his time in seclusion, reading and writing, living at the family home and sending stories to magazines and annuals of Christmas gift books of the time; over a hundred stories poured from his pen between 1830 and 1852 got gathered in three collections namely Twice Told Takes (1837), Mosses from an old Manse (1846) and The Snow Image (1852). Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody in 1842 and on all accounts, led a very happy married life, a part of which got recorded in that wonderful book Mosses from an old Manse (1845). Through his literary composition, he merited attention in comparison with the finest that contemporary Europe could produce – Thackeray, Dickens, Balzac, Hugo, Stendhal, George Eliot, Proust, Emile Zola, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. ==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 19:10 October 2019 Dr. S. Chelliah, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt. Solitude and Isolation as the Inevitable Penalty of Sin and Evil: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Story World 2 Hawthorne was preoccupied with the problems of sin, guilt, responsibility and was primarily concerned with moral issues. As he is said to have descended from Puritan ancestors his writings significantly reflect the elements of Puritanism. The Puritan theory rested primarily upon the doctrine of pre-destination, which preached that an elect few were destined to be saved by god’s grace while the vast majority was doomed to damnation. The Puritans also placed great emphasis on the inherent sinfulness of all men. Religion was nothing but morality and objective evidence was replaced by inner assurance. Every facet of behavior of the individual took on a symbolic value. The Puritans of the 17th century were blunt men with not much capacity for mysticism and talent for deep thinking. It is crystal clear that Hawthorne recorded the special flavor of the puritan life and culture, highlighting the puritan morality, the crushing authoritarianism among its leaders and the individual consciousness against downright dogma. Hawthorne is found to be exhibiting a marked love of cases of conscience, the taciturn and scornful cast of mind - the habit of seeing sin everywhere and hell gaping open, a nature draped in mourning which prefers the lonely conversation of the imagination with conscience. The readers get exposed to the perpetual torture of the hearts of men close before men and open to God. All the elements of the Puritan character have been passed to Hawthorne through successive generations. In the words of Michael Davits Bell, “Hypocrisy emerges as an even more pervasive characteristic of the narrow Puritans than fanaticism”. (P 91) Nathaniel Hawthorne as a major writer in American literature goes back to the earlier times, to the colonial life of his ancestors.
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