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Dizertační Práce Univerzita Karlova Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra zoologie Dizertační práce Interakce rostlin a hmyzu ve spodním miocénu střední Evropy v paleoklimatologických a paleoekologických souvislostech Plant – insect interactions in lower Miocene of Central Europe: palaeoclimatological and palaeoecological implications RNDr. Stanislav Knor Praha 2015 Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Jakub Prokop, Ph.D. DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Tímto prohlašuji, že jsem uvedenou práci vypracoval samostatně, s využitím uvedené metodiky a citované literatury. V Praze dne 1. dubna 2015. Stanislav Knor 2 DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Abstrakt Paleoekologie vzájemných vztahů členovců a rostlin a jejich trofických asociací představuje velmi významný zdroj znalostí o fylogenezi a koevoluci obou skupin. Fosilní stopy herbivorie členovců na fosilních listech jsou zachovány ve formě tzv. typů poškození (Damage Types), seskupených do odlišných funkčně potravních skupin (FFGs). Rozmanitost a četnost tohoto typu interakcí byly v minulosti výrazně ovlivněny okolními environmentálními a klimatickými podmínkami. Tato studie byla zaměřena na bohaté paleobotanické soubory z oblasti mostecké pánve v severozápadních Čechách. Výzkum zahrnoval diagnózu jednotlivých typů poškození na základě jejich specifických morfologických znaků, počtu, velikosti, tvaru a rozmístění na povrchu listů. Poté následovalo statistické zpracování, které se zaměřilo zejména na rozdíly v četnosti a rozmanitosti typů poškození a funkčně potravních skupin mezi dvěma na sebe navazujícími fosiliferními celky, jmenovitě staršími uloženinami bílinské delty a stratigraficky mladšími břešťanskými jíly. V tomto směru byly potvrzené významné rozdíly, které se týkaly zejména vyšší četnosti a proporcionálního výskytu odlišných funkčně potravních skupin dosažených v souboru bílinské delty. Jedinou výjimkou byla tvorba hálek, která dosahovala v souboru břešťanských jílů až čtyřnásobně vyšší hodnoty oproti uloženinám bílinské delty. Tato zjištění nasvědčují spíše teplejším klimatickým podmínkám v prostředí bílinské delty a zjevně suššímu prostředí břešťanských jílů. Sledované jednotlivé rostlinné taxony vykazují rovněž značné rozdíly v četnosti různých funkčně potravních skupin a diverzně odlišných typů poškození. Mezi jednotlivými funkčně potravními skupinami převažuje dutinový žír, následován okrajovým žírem a tvorbou hálek. Nejvíce zasaženými různými typy žírů se jeví být tenkolisté opadavé dřeviny, zvláště druhy Carya sp a Populus zaddachii. Tento typ dřevin, mezi něž patří i rody, Acer, Alnus, Fraxinus, Nyssa a Populus také dosahují nejvyšší rozmanitosti odlišných typů poškození. Na druhou stranu, stálezelený dub druhu Quercus rhenana se svými kožovitými listy vykazuje rovněž poměrně velkou rozmanitost poškození. Zbývající taxony až na několik výjimek pak dosahují spíše vyrovnaných hodnot diverzity v rámci odlišných typů poškození. Porovnání závislosti dosažené diverzity všech typů poškození na četnosti jejich výskytu v rámci početně dostatečně zastoupených rostlinných taxonů poškození prokazuje mírně pozitivní korelaci, podobně jako je tomu v případě hálek. V některých zvláště vhodných případech specifických interakcí bylo možné dosáhnout detailního taxonomického určení původců, což usnadňuje vhledem ke známým ekologickým nárokům jejich recentních příbuzných stanovení tehdejších environmentálních podmínek. Mezi ty nejdůležitější náleží zejména různí původci hálek z čeledí Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) a Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), dále minující larva nočního motýla z čeledi Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera). Diagniostikována byla rovněž ovipozice šidélka (Odonata: Lestidae) a otisky schránek červců (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Zajímavý je rovněž nález schránek chrostíků, popřípadě motýlů z čeledi Psychidae (Lepidoptera) zbudované výlučně z taxodiových jehlic. Mezi další zajímavé vzorky patří například výskyt apothécií hub (Pyrenomycetes) na zkamenělé kůře povrchu a dalších, dosud neidentifikovaných hub na povrchu listů, indikujících rozkladné procesy. 3 DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Abstract The paleoecology of plant – arthropod herbivory associations constitute very important source of knowledge about the phylogeny and co-evolution of both groups. The traces of herbivory interactions between plants and arthropods on the fossil leaves are preserved as so called damaged types (DTs) clustered into distinct functional feeding groups (FFGs). The diversity and frequency of these damage traces also seem to have been strongly influenced by environmental and climatic conditions. This research has been focused on rich fossil plant assemblages from the area of the Most Basin in the north-western Bohemia. The undergoing work has comprised the diagnosis of the individual damages on the basis of their specific morphological traits as their number, size, shape and distributional pattern on the leaf surface. The next issue has involved the statistical analyses concerning the differences in the frequency and diversity of the types of damage and functional feeding groups between two separate fossiliferous layers, namely those of the stratigraphically older Bílina Delta and younger Břešťany Clay. Significant differences were confirmed in this regard, especially in connection with achieved frequency and proportional occurrences of distinct functional feeding groups in the Bílina Delta. The galls were the only exception, being much more frequent in Břešťany Clay. The obtained differences concerning the damage diversity were less significant. These circumstances indicate possibly a little bit warmer climatic condition in the Bílina Delta, but certainly the drier one in Břešťany Clay. The observed individual taxa also show significant differences in frequencies of various functional feeding groups and the diversity of the distinct damage types. Among individual functional feeding groups, those of hole feeding, followed by margin feeding and galling are the most common. Arboreal deciduous elements, such as Populus zaddachii and Carya sp., seem to be the most affected. Taxa with chartaceous leaf texture (Acer, Alnus, Fraxinus, Nyssa and Populus) also attain the highest diversity of distinct damage types. On the other hand, Quercus rhenana, with its coriaceous texture of foliage, shows also fairly high diversity of damage. Otherwise, the comparison of the DT diversity among these individual taxa provides rather uniform outputs. There is no substantial difference with the exception of the few taxa with extreme values. Comparing how the diversity of DTs depends on DT frequency confirms a slight increase in tendency, although this correlation appears to be very weak. Corresponding results are also recorded for the different types of arthropod galls. Taxonomic attribution of some possible causers has been also made in especially suitable cases, allowing the setting of a certain palaeoenvironmental conditions due to their known ecological requirements. The most important findings are represented by various cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera) and cecidomyid flies (Diptera) galls, nepticulid moths (Lepidoptera) leaf mine, odonatan (probably Lestidae) oviposition on the willow leaf and a spectacular impression of the scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on the leaf of ash. One remarkable non- herbivore plant-arthropod interaction was newly characterized by several records of caddisfly cases (immature stage of the family Psychidae (Lepidoptera) can be the alternative explanation) built exclusively of needles of Taxodium. The other interesting specimens show for instance the presence of fungal apothecia (Pyrenomycetes) on the fossilized bark surface and the other ones on the unidentified leaf surface, indicating progressive decaying processes. 4 DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Obsah Abstrakt 3 Abstract 4 1 Úvod do problematiky 6 1.1 Stopy interakcí rostlin a členovců ve fosilním záznamu 6 1.1.1 Interakce jako doklad koevoluce členovců a rostlin 7 1.1.2 Interakce jako paleoenvironmentální a paleoklimatická proxy 8 1.1.3 Rostlinná společenstva jako paleoklimatická proxy 10 1.2 Klasifikace jednotlivých typů interakcí 11 2 Mostecká pánev 13 2.1 Geologie a stratigrafie 13 2.2 Paleoekologie holešických a libkovických vrstev 15 3 Cíle práce 17 4 Materiál a metodika 18 5 Shrnutí výsledků a diskuze 21 6 Závěr 27 7 Poděkování 29 8 Literatura 30 Článek I 37 Supplement - Článek I 38 Článek II 39 Článek III 40 Příloha I 41 Příloha II 42 5 DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE 1 Úvod do problematiky 1.1 Stopy interakcí rostlin a členovců ve fosilním záznamu Hned na počátku je třeba konstatovat, že ač v názvu této práce zaznívá explicitně slovo hmyz, do výzkumu jsou zahrnuty i projevy působení ostatních členovců (Arthropoda), zejména pak roztočů (Acari). Samotné počátky vzájemného působení hmyzu resp. členovců a rostlin se datují hluboko do minulosti. Nejstarší doklady pravděpodobně hmyzího žíru, popsaného na listech kapraďosemenné rostliny druhu Triphyllopteris austrina, sice pocházejí až z konce spodního karbonu Austrálie (Iannuzzi a Labandeira, 2008), původ členovčí herbivorie je však nepochybně ještě mnohem staršího data. Pro tuto skutečnost svědčí kupříkladu nálezy povrchové abraze peridermálních a epidermálních pletiv na fotosyntetizujících stoncích dvou různých zástupců bezlistého rodu Psilophyton z oddělení Trimerophytophyta z kanadského spodního devonu (Banks a Colthart, 1993, Trant a Gensel, 1985). Obě poškození vykazují stopy regenerativní proliferace okolního pletiva včetně tvorby závalu, což jednoznačně hovoří pro konzumaci vitální rostliny. Obdobného stáří je i nejstarší dochovaný list náležející druhu Eophyllophyton bellum ze skupiny Progymnosperma,
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