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Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA Carolina de Almeida Garcia Sistemática de Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) São Paulo 2018 Carolina de Almeida Garcia Sistemática de Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) Versão Original Dissertação apresentada ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências (Sistemática e Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade). Orientador: Dr. Carlos José Einicker Lamas Co-orientadora: Dra. Maria Virginia Urso- Guimarães São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. I authorize the reproduction and dissemination of this work in part or entirely by any means eletronic or conventional, for study and research, provide the source is cited. Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Catalogação na Publicação Garcia, Carolina de Almeida Sistemática de Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) / Carolina de Almeida Garcia ; orientador Carlos José Einicker Lamas ; co-orientadora Maria Virginia Urso-Guimarães. São Paulo, 2018. 126 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. Versão original 1. Diptera. 2. Cecidomyiidae. 3. Análises cladística. 4. Taxonomia. 5. Região Neotropical. I. Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, orient. II. Urso-Guimarães, Maria Virginia, co-orient. III. Título. CDU 595.77 Nome: Garcia, Carolina de Almeida Título: Sistemática de Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências (Sistemática e Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade). Aprovado: _____ / _____ / _______ Comissão Julgadora Prof. Dr. ___________________________ Julgamento: ________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. ___________________________ Julgamento: ________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Assinatura: _________________________ Prof. Dr. ___________________________ Julgamento: ________________________ Instituição: _________________________ Assinatura: _________________________ “Mesmo quando tudo parece desabar, cabe a mim decidir entre rir ou chorar, ir ou ficar, desistir ou lutar, porque descobri, no caminho incerto da vida, que o mais importante é o decidir.” Cora Coralina AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço imensamente aos meus queridos orientadores, Prof. Dr. Carlos José Einicker Lamas e Profa. Dra. Maria Virginia Urso-Guimarães, pela amizade e compreensão, por confiarem em meu trabalho e pela oportunidade de estarem mais uma vez me guiando no caminho científico. A eles todo o meu carinho, respeito e admiração. A Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) por terem financiado esse trabalho (processo n° 2016/19010-4). Aos pesquisadores e suas instituições: Dr. Raymond Gagné (SMNH) e Dra. Valéria Mais (MNRJ) pelo empréstimo do material. Agradeço em especial pelo MSc. Ayman Elsayed (KUEC) por ter me enviado as fotografias de alguns espécimes e por ter tirado todas as minhas dúvidas quando precisei. Aos funcionários do Museu, em especial às bibliotecárias Dione e Tânia por terem conseguido alguns dos trabalhos científicos utilizados para essa dissertação, meu muito obrigado! Às queridas e iluminadas pessoas do laboratório de Diptera e do Museu de Zoologia, Camila, Rafa, Laura, Carol, Kamila e Fernanda pelas risadas, conversas, compreensão, ajuda e por me encorajarem nos momentos de dúvida. Aos meus amados amigos da vida Mia, Neto, Thais, Yohans, Aline, Paloma e Evelin pela amizade maravilhosa, pelo carinho, pelos conselhos dados, por sempre me apoiarem e por estarem ao meu lado quando precisei. Às irmãs que a vida me trouxe, Sara e Mariana, que mesmo não estando perto no meu dia-a-dia, estão no meu coração onde quer que eu vá. Ao meu amado irmão Marco Garcia pela confecção da capa desse trabalho. À minha família por todo amor incondicional, pela força, pelo exemplo e por compreenderem e me ajudarem nas minhas escolhas. Sem eles nada disso seria possível. SUMÁRIO Tabelas ....................................................................................................................................vii Figuras ...................................................................................................................................viii Resumo ....................................................................................................................................xi Abstract ..................................................................................................................................xii 1. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 ............................................................................................... 5 2. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................................................. 9 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ........................................................................................................ 10 3.1. Seleção dos terminais ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2. Estudo do material ................................................................................................................. 11 3.3. Dados de coleta ..................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Dados de distribuição geográfica e confecção dos mapas..................................................... 13 3.5. Chave de identificação para as espécies ................................................................................ 13 3.6. Levantamento, codificação e construção dos caracteres ....................................................... 13 3.7. Análise cladística................................................................................................................... 14 4. RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................ 16 4.1. Análise cladística .................................................................................................................. 16 4.2. Lista de caracteres ................................................................................................................. 21 4.3. Descrição de Bruggmanniella sp. nov .................................................................................. 40 4.4. Chave dicotômica para as espécies de Bruggmanniella ........................................................ 45 5. DISCUSSÃO ................................................................................................................................ 50 5.1. Relações filogenéticas entre as espécies de Bruggmanniella ............................................... 51 5.2. Posicionamento de Bruggmanniella byrsonimae Maia & Couri, 1992 ................................ 51 5.3. O gênero Pseudasphondylia Monzen, 1955 .......................................................................... 52 5.4. Considerações sobre a distribuição geográfica e ocupação de hospedeiro das espécies de Bruggmanniella ..................................................................................................................................... 53 6. CONCLUSÕES ........................................................................................................................... 61 7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...................................................................................... 62 8. APÊNDICES ................................................................................................................................ 67 9. ANEXOS .................................................................................................................................... 103 vii TABELAS Tabela I. Gêneros de Asphondyliini agrupados segundo classificação de Gagné & Jaschhof (2017) com número de espécies e distribuição geográfica. ...................................................................................................................... 3 Tabela II. Espécies do gênero Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 associadas as suas plantas hospedeiras. ............... 7 Tabela III. Lista de táxons utilizados para compor o grupo-interno, distribuição nas regiões biogeográficas e instituições depositárias. ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Tabela IV. Lista de táxons utilizados para compor o grupo-externo, distribuição nas regiões biogeográficas e instituições depositárias. ........................................................................................................................................ 11 viii FIGURAS Figura 1. Sinapomorfias de Bruggmanniella. A. Dente do gonóstilo do macho de B. perseae dividido em duas partes. B. Chifres antenais da pupa de B. braziliensis. C. Espátula protorácica de B. doliocarpi. Figuras modificadas de Gagné, 2004, Mohn, 1963 e Maia, 2010, respectivamente. ...............................................................................
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