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The Western-Pontic Steppe Vegetation in Bulgaria

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The Western-Pontic Steppe Vegetation in Bulgaria HACQUETIA 5/1 • 2006, 5–23 THE WESTERN-PONTIC STEPPE VEGETATION IN BULGARIA Rossen TZONEV*, Veska ROUSSAKOVA, Marius DIMITROV** Abstract The paper presents results of a syntaxonomic analysis of the herbaceous phytocoenoses on the steep stony slopes and the plainy watersheds along the Northern Black Sea Coast and in the internal part of the South Dobrudzha (North-Eastern Bulgaria). The specific patterns of the vegetation in this part of the Balkan-Moesian (Lower-Danubian) forest-steppe province of the Eurasian steppe area is discussed. The comparatively pre- served relict steppe vegetation includes relatively high numbers of endemic, rare and threatened species, which is the reason for its importance for conservation of biodiversity and the specific habitats. Two new associations are described: 1) Alysso caliacrae – Atremisietum lerchianae with two subassociations – typicum and camphoresmeto- sum monspeliacae, and 2) Paeonio tenuifoliae-Koelerietum brevis with three variants. The associations belong to the alliance Pimpinello-Thymion zigoidi – an endemic syntaxon for Bulgarian and Romanian Black Sea coasts. Key words: syntaxonomy, Festuco-Brometea, Festucetalia valesiacae, NATURA 2000 Izvleček V članku je predstavljena sintaksonomska analiza zeliščnih fitocenoz na strmih kamnitih pobočjih in ravnin- skih predelih ob severnih obalah Črnega morja in v notranjosti Južne Dobrudže (severovzhodna Bolgarija). Obravnava poseben vzorec vegetacije v tem delu Balkansko-Mezijske (Spodnje donavske) gozdno-stepske pro- vince Evroazijskega stepskega območja. Primerljivo ohranjen relikt stepske vegetacije vsebuje relativno veliko število endemnih, redkih in ogroženih vrst, zato je pomemben za ohranjanje biodiverzitete in posebnih habi- tatov. Opisani sta dve novi asociaciji: 1) Alysso caliacrae-Atremisietum lerchianae z dvema subasociacijama – typicum in camphoresmetosum monspeliacae, in 2) Paeonio tenuifoliae-Koelerietum brevis s tremi variantami. Asociaciji uvršča- mo v zvezo Pimpinello-Thymion zigoidi – endemni sintakson na obalah Črnega morja v Bolgariji in Romuniji. Ključne besede: sintaksonomija, Festuco-Brometea, Festucetalia valesiacae, NATURA 2000 1. INTRODUCTION tic) province (Stefanov 1943, Gribova et al. 1980, zenda 1994, Bozhilova 1982, 1985, Bozhilova & The object of study is the region of the Bulgarian Filipova 1986). In Bulgaria two subtypes represent Black Sea coast of Southern Dobrudzha. According typical steppes: meadow steppes (more mesophil- to the flora and vegetation of this area, phyto-geo- ous and rich in Dicotyledons) and mixtoherbose – graphically it belongs to the western border of the Stipa-Festuca steppes, which include the vegetation Pontic-Kazakhstanian sub-area of the vast Eurasian studied. In these steppes the species of genus Stipa steppe and forest-steppe area. It is in fact transi- are accompanied by Festuca valesiaca and many tional between the southern part of the Balkan- other cereals (Koeleria, Cleistogenes, Agropyron). The Moesian (Lower-Danubian) forest-steppe province communities have a very characteristic, rich, flow- (which is more clearly presented within the inte- ering spring spectrum composed by species of the rior part of the country), and the Black Sea (Pon- genera Tulipa, Gagea, Potentilla, Astragalus, Paeonia, * Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Sofi a University, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., Sofi a 1421, Bulgaria ** Department of Dendrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridsky Blvd., Sofi a 1756, Bulgaria 5 HHQ_5-1.inddQ_5-1.indd 5 226.7.20066.7.2006 110:21:330:21:33 HACQUETIA 5/1 • 2006, 5–23 Adonis, Iris etc. The subtype of Artemisia – Festuca because of the sea breeze. The strong northern – Stipa steppes also occurs, even though scarcely, and eastern winter winds are typical for the region. as an edaphic phenomenon on the steep slopes. It The mean annual rainfalls are lower than in other is different than the semi-desert steppes along the regions of the country, which is the reason for the Northern Black Sea regions, distributed on flat and xerothermic peculiarities of the vegetation (Dim- saline surfaces (Gribova et al. 1980). itrov & Vekilska 1966, Galabov 1982, Velev 1990). The flora on the territory of Southern Do- On the carbonate basic rocks, the soils are brudzha – between the towns of Balchik and Shab- rendzic leptosols with xerotermic soil processes; la – was partly investigated by Kozhuharov et al. on the molds (chernozems and haplic chernozem) (2001, 2002). More general information about the the soil processes are mezothermic. (Tanov 1968, flora and vegetation of the region could be found Ninov 1997). in the works of Davidov (1914), Yordanov (1936), The investigation of the vegetation was per- Stoyanov (1940, 1941a, 1941b, 1950), Stefanov formed during the year 2004 according to the (1943) etc. Phytocoenotic analysis of the vegeta- methods of the sigmatic school (Braun-Blanquet tion be means of the dominant method was pub- 1964, Westhoff & Maarel 1978). A total of 82 phy- lished by Velchev (2002). tocoenotic relevés were described, but 19 of them The steppes and forest-steppes along the Black were rejected during the process of analysis. The Sea parts of Russia and Ukraine share similar char- expanded scale of Braun-Blanquet for abundance/ acteristics with the studied vegetation (Gribova et dominance (Barkman et al. 1964) was used, trans- al. 1980), but the most similar is the vegetation formed according to Maarel (1979) during the in Northern Dobrudzha (Romania). However, statistical processing. The cluster analysis was per- the petrophyllous steppes in Babadag (Dihoru & fomed by means of the software Syntax (Podani Donita 1970, Ivan et al. 1993) have been formed 2002). Average linkage method (UPGMA) was used on green shists, while those along the Bulgarian and floristic similarity among relevés was evaluated Black Sea coast are on marls and limestone. These according to Horn’s index (Krebs 1999). and some other ecological conditions affected the The taxonomic nomenclature followed Kozhu- development of different groups of phytocoenoses harov, ed. (1992). The new syntaxa were compared in Northern and Southern Dobrudzha. with the similar syntaxa from Northern Dobrudzha (Dihoru & Donita 1970, Ivan et al. 1993, Sanda et al. 1999) and were described according the rules 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS of the International Code of Phytosociological No- menclature (Weber et al. 2000). The region of study includes the territory starting from the northern part of Balchik and reaches northward to the village of Kamen bryag and the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION “Yaylata” locality (the whole territory of “Kaliakra” reserve falls into it). To the west, in goes to the in- The cluster and syntaxonomic analysis of the steppe ner part of Southern Dobrudzha and reaches the vegetation in North-Eastern Bulgaria revealed that surroundings of the villages Vidno and Irechek the syntaxa could be included into the next hierar- (“Gyorensko dere” locality). The relief includes chical syntaxonomic classification: slopes with rocky (saltificated to a different extent Sarmatian marls as well as chalks) revelations near Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. in Br.-Bl. 1949 the Black Sea coast. They are mainly landslides (Bal- Festucetalia valesiacae Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. in Br.-Bl. chik-Kavarna) and flat calcareous watersheds. The 1949 latter ones are specific forms along the line over the Pimpinello-Thymion zygoidi Dihoru 1970 Black Sea cliff coast (Kaliakra – Kamen bryag) and Alysso caliacrae-Atremisietum lerchianae ass. in the interior of the studied territory – the slopes nov. typicum subass. nov. of the dry valleys named “kayryatsi”(Gyorensko Alysso caliacrae-Atremisietum lerchianae cam- dere), in Dobrudzha plateau. phoresmetosum monspeliacae subass. nov. The climate along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast Paeonia tenuifoliae-Koelerietum brevis ass. north from Balchik is transitional – Continental- nov. var. typicum Mediterranean. Temperature amplitudes are lower Teucrium chamaedrys var. nov. than inside the country and air humidity is higher, Rhodax canus var. nov 6 HHQ_5-1.inddQ_5-1.indd 6 226.7.20066.7.2006 110:21:340:21:34 ROSSEN TZONEV, VESKA ROUSSAKOVA, MARIUS DIMITROV: THE WESTERN-PONTIC STEPPE VEGETATION IN BULGARIA A B a1 a2 b3 b1 b2 Figure 1: Classification of all relevés. Average linkage method and Horn`s index of dissimilarity. A – ass. Alysso caliacrae- Atremisietum lerchianae, a1 – subass. typicum, a2 – subass. camphoresmetosum monspeliacae; B – ass. Paeonio tenuifoliae-Koe- lerietum brevis, b1 – var. typicum, b2 – var. Teucrium chamaedrys, b3 – var. digressive. Slika 1: Klasifikacija vseh popisov. Kopičenje na osnovi povezovanja srednjih razdalj in Hornov indeks različnosti. A – aso- ciacija Alysso caliacrae-Atremisietum lerchianae, a1 – subasociacija typicum, a2 – subasociacija camphoresmetosum monspelia- cae; B – asociacija Paeonio tenuifoliae-Koelerietum brevis, b1 – var. typicum, b2 – var. Teucrium chamaedrys, b3 – odstopajoča varianta. Western-Pontic wormwood steppes Ass. Alysso caliacrae-Atremisietum lerchianae The phytocoenoses forming this group (cluster A – Figure 1) are distributed on the steep slopes (60–90°) with carbonate rocks (Sarmatian marls), along the Black sea coast between Balchik and Ka- varna. The most representative of them were in the region of Balchik Tuzla and between the vil- lage of Topola and Kavarna (“Chirakman” local- ity). The exposition is mostly eastern and the soil cover is poorly developed or lacking. Most of the phytocoenoses occur
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