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Reformation Handout The History of Christianity, Session 4: Reform and the Disciplines (1500-1700) By Dr. Matthew J. J. Hoskin Introduction 1517: October 31, Martin Luther attaches his 95 Theses to church door at Wittenberg 1521: Martin Luther condemned as heretic at Diet of Worms 1638: Murder of Cyril Lucaris, Calvinist Patriarch of Constantinople 1672: Confession of Dositheus of Jerusalem, a response to Lucaris The Reformation and the Spiritual Disciplines Rallying cry of Protestant Reformation: “justification by faith” (sola fide) See Martin Luther’s Freedom of a Christian (or On Christian Freedom) from 1520, as well as commentaries on Romans and Galatians This does not spell the end of the disciplines Martin Luther against monasticism – primarily against 2 things: 1. Lifelong vows 2. The creation of a spiritual elite who are more likely to be saved John Calvin on the disciplines, The Golden Booklet of the True Christian Life Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547; makes himself head of church in 1534) creates space for Reformers like Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1533-1555) to promote reform Particularly true under Edward VI (1547-1553) & Elizabeth I (1558-1603) The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) by Thomas Cranmer (1549) promotes spiritual disciplines, especially through Matins (spelled Mattyns!) and Evensong, reforming an ancient tradition Richard Hooker (1554-1600), Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity promote a Reformed theological position that explains the Church of England’s episcopal governance, liturgical worship, sacramental piety. 1603: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England. He prefers episcopal governance to Presbyterianism, and people start reading Richard Hooker, embedding “Anglicanism” as the Church of England until… 1649: Charles I behead. Oliver Cromwell’s Presbyterian Protectorate lasts a decade 1660: Restoration of Charles II along with BCP (1662) and bishops Jeremy Taylor suffered exile during Protectorate. Wrote Rule and Exercise of Holy Living in 1650 and its sequel, Holy Dying in 1651, promoting a disciplined life from a Protestant perspective. Roman Catholic and Orthodox, 1500-1700 Counter-Reformation = Catholic Reformation, about more than just countering Protestants, including monastic reform. Two famous Spanish Carmelites active in reforming their order: Teresa of Avila (1515-1582), wrote The Interior Castle (1577) and an autobiography. She convinced a friend of hers to join the Carmelites: John of the Cross (1542-1591), most famously wrote The Dark Night of the Soul (btwn 1578 & 1585) as well as The Ascent of Mount Carmel and numerous Spanish mystical poems Mediterranean Orthodoxy is all under Muslim rule by now, but Russia is expansionist and so is its church. 1700: Peter the Great calls for evangelisation of Siberia and China. 1702: Philotei of Kiev answers the call and becomes Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia. 1702-1711: Philotei founds 37 new churches. European Missionary Expansion Jesuits. Founded in 1541 by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) along the lines of disciplined military but without wielding swords (Robert de Niro aside). Their aims: Combat Protestantism Reform Roman Catholicism They were also missionaries around the world, including Canada! 1615: Mission that will become Ste-Marie among the Hurons (near Midland, Ontario, today) founded among the Wendat people who live in Wendake. 1634: Jesuits take over the mission. 1638: Mission station is constructed. 1648: Hostility from Iroquois begins taking Jesuit lives. The Canadian Martyrs: Antoine Daniel (4 July 1648) Jean de Brébeuf (16 March 1649) – wrote the Huron Carol, “’Twas in the Moon of Wintertime” Gabriel Lalemant (17 March 1649) Charles Garnier (7 December 1649) Noël Chabanel (8 December 1649) Jesuits and Roman Catholicism killed off in Japan in this same era; see Shusaku Endo, Silence (adapted to film by Martin Scorsese) Recommended Reading - If this were a university course, I would assign the following readings: Three Protestants Hooker, Richard. 1585. A Learned Discourse of Justification. https://ccel.org/ccel/hooker/just/ Luther, Martin, “On Faith and Coming to Christ,” a sermon from 1528 https://ccel.org/ccel/luther/sermons/sermons.vii.html Taylor, Jeremy. 1550. The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living, chapter 1: https://ccel.org/ccel/taylor/holy_living/holy_living.iii.html A Carmelite John of the Cross. 1575. “The Dark Night of the Soul” (the poem). https://ccel.org/ccel/john_cross/dark_night/dark_night.vi.html Bibliography Primary Sources Book of Common Prayer. 1549: http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1549/BCP_1549.htm ---. 1662: http://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/index.html Calvin, John. 1550. The Golden Booklet of the True Christian Life. Available on Scribd with subscription. ---. Institutes of the Christian Religion. https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/ de Brébeuf, Jean. 1642. “The Huron Carol," on YouTube in Wendat, French, and English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6IG6F6E5Ac. The popular English lyrics are not reflective of the Wendat, which the Wendat themselves still sing on Christmas Eve. Here’s a translation of the Wendat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_Carol#English_Translation_of_the_Wendat Dositheus of Jerusalem. 1672. Confession. http://www.crivoice.org/creeddositheus.html Hooker, Richard. 1589-1600. Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hooker-the-works-of-richard-hooker-vol-1 However, see the modernised version of W. Bradford Littlejohn from the Davenant Institute: https://davenantinstitute.org/product/laws-4-volume-set/ John of the Cross. The Dark Night of the Soul. https://ccel.org/ccel/john_cross/dark_night/dark_night?queryID=3647298&resultID=730 Lucaris, Cyril. 1629. Orthodox Confession. http://www.crivoice.org/creedcyril.html Luther, Martin. 1517. 95 Theses in Latin and English: https://ccel.org/ccel/luther/theses/theses?queryID=3645877&resultID=1818 ---. 1520. The Freedom of a Christian. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1911 ---. Commentary on Romans. https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/luther/romans/ ---. Commentary on Galatians. https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/luther/galatians/ Teresa of Avila. 1565. The Life of St Teresa (her autobiography). http://www.carmelitemonks.org/Vocation/teresa_life.pdf ---. 1577. The Interior Castle. https://ccel.org/ccel/teresa/castle2/ Modern Studies Endo, Shusaku. 1966. Silence. (This is a novel, not a study.) Hoskin, Matthew J. J. “Becoming Holy with Richard Hooker,” Ad Fontes, web exclusive: https://davenantinstitute.org/becoming-holy-with-richard-hooker Littlejohn, W. Bradford. 2015. Richard Hooker: A Companion to His Life and Work. Eugene, OR. Available on Scribd with a subscription. Peters, Greg. The Story of Monasticism. Baker Publishing, 2015. Available on Scribd with subscription. Ryrie, Alexc. Protestants: The Faith the Made the Modern World. New York, 2017. .
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