Jean de Brébeuf

“Brebeuf” redirects here. For other uses, see Brebeuf (disambiguation).

Saint Jean de Brébeuf (March 25, 1593 – March 16, 1649) was a French Jesuit missionary who traveled to (or ) in 1625. There he worked pri- marily with the Huron for the rest of his life, except for a short time back in France in 1629-1633. He learned their language and culture. In 1649 Brébeuf and several other missionaries were cap- tured when an raid took over a Huron village. Together with Huron captives, the missionaries were rit- ually tortured and eight were killed, martyred on March 16, 1649. Brébeuf was beatified in 1925 and canonized as a saint in the Roman in 1930.

1 Biography

1.1 Early years North American Martyrs Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in Condé-sur-Vire, Normandy, France.[1] (He was the uncle of poet Georges de Brébeuf). He joined the in 1617 at the with Father Anne Nouée. Brébeuf worked mostly with [2] age of 24, spending the next two years under the direc- the Huron, an Iroquoian-language group, as a missionary tion of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was in North America. Brébeuf briefly took up residence with a teacher at the college of Rouen. Brébeuf was nearly ex- the Bear Tribe at Toanché. Brébeuf met with no success. pelled from the Society when he contracted tuberculosis He was summoned to because of the danger to in 1620—an illness which prevented both studying and which the entire colony was then exposed by the English, [3] teaching for the traditional periods. and arrived there after an absence of two years, 17 July His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, 1628. On 19 July 1629, Champlain surrendered, and the but he was already beginning to show an aptitude for missionaries returned to France.[1] languages. Later in New France, he would become a In Rouen Brébeuf served as a preacher and confessor, [4] language teacher to missionaries and French traders. taking his final Jesuit vows in 1630.[3] Between 1631 and Brébeuf was ordained as a priest at Pontoise in February 1633, Brébeuf worked at the College of Eu in northern [3] 1622. France as a steward, minister and confessor. He returned to New France in 1633, where he spent the rest of his life. 1.2 Missionary Along with and Ambroise Davost, Brébeuf chose Ihonatiria (Saint-Joseph I) as the centre [1] After three years as Steward at the College of Rouen, for missionary activity with the Hurons. At the time, the Brébeuf was chosen by the Provincial of France, Fa- Huron suffered epidemics of newly introduced Eurasian ther Pierre Coton, to embark on the missions to New diseases contracted from the Europeans. Their death France. In June 1625 Brébeuf arrived in Quebec with rates were high, as they had no immunity to the diseases long endemic in Europe. They blamed the Europeans for Fathers Charles Lalemant and Énemond Massé, together [5] with the lay brothers Francois Charton and Gilbert Bu- the deaths, without understanding the causes. rel. For about five months Brébeuf lived with a tribe of Called ‘Echon’ by the Hurons,[3] he was personally in- Montagnais, and was later assigned in 1626 to the Huron volved with teaching and his conversations with Huron

1 2 1 BIOGRAPHY

friends left him with a good knowledge of their culture guage in his accounts collected in the Jesuit Relations.[8] and spirituality.[6] He learned their language and taught it [7] Jean de Brébeuf had a remarkable facility with language, to other missionaries and colonists. Fellow Jesuits such which was one of the reasons he was chosen for the Huron as Rageuneau describe his ease and adaptability to the [16] [7] mission in 1626. Brébeuf is distinguished for his com- Huron way of life. mitment to learning the Huron language. Linguistic data His efforts to develop a complete ethnographic under- suggests that people with a strong positive attitude to- standing of the Huron has been described as ‘the longest wards the language community often learn the language and most ambitious piece of ethnographic description in much more easily.[17] [8] all the Jesuit Relations. Brébeuf tried to find parallels Brébeuf was widely acknowledged to have best mastered between the Huron religion and Christianity, to facili- [9] the Native oratory style, which used metaphor, circum- tate conversion of the Huron to the European religion. locution and repetition. Learning the language was still Brébeuf was known by the Huron for his apparent [10] onerous, and he wrote to warn other missionaries of the shamanistic skills, especially in rainmaking. Brébeuf difficulties.[18] had an ambivalent relationship with the Natives. He con- sidered Huron spiritual beliefs to be ‘foolish delusions’ To explain the low number of converts to possibly dis- and was determined to convert them to Christianity.[11] appointed audiences, Brebeuf suggested this was due The priest did not enjoy universal popularity with the to the missionaries first having to master the Huron Huron, as many believed he was a sorcerer.[12] By 1640, language.[19] His commitment to this work demonstrates smallpox had killed as many as half the Hurons. The he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for disease devastated Huron society, killing children and el- communicating complex and abstract religious ideas and ders. With their loved ones dying before their eyes, many imperative for the future of the Jesuit missions. Also, it Hurons began to listen to the words of Jesuit missionaries was so difficult a task that it consumed most of the Priest’s who, unaffected by the disease, were clearly man of great time. Brébeuf felt his primary goal at this time was to power.[13] learn the language.[20] His progress as a missionary was very slow, and only in With increasing proficiency in Wyandot, Brébeuf became 1635 did some Huron agree to be baptized as Christians. optimistic about communicating with the Huron and ad- He claimed to have made 14 converts as of 1635, and by vancing his missionary goals. With a greater capacity the next year, he claimed 86. Among his important de- to understand Huron religious belief and to communi- scriptions of Huron ceremonies was his detailed account cate Christian fundamentals, he could secure converts to in 1636 of The Huron Feast of the Dead, a mass reburial Christianity, although he realized the people would not of remains of loved ones after a community moved the give up all their traditional beliefs.[21] location of its village. It was accompanied by elaborate Brébeuf worked tirelessly to become fluent in the lan- ritual and gift-giving. In the 1940s, an archeological ex- guage and to record his findings for the benefit of other cavation was made at the site Brébeuf had described, con- missionaries. He built on the work of Recollet Priests, but firming many of his observations. significantly advanced the study, particularly in his repre- In 1638, Brébeuf turned over direction of the mission at sentations of sounds.[22] He discovered and reported the Saint-Joseph I to Jerome Lalemant; he moved on to be- feature of compound words in Huron, which may have come Superior at his newly founded Saint-Joseph II.[3] In been his major linguistic contribution.[23] This break- 1640, after an unsuccessful mission into Neutral Nation through had enormous consequences for further study, territory, Brébeuf broke his collarbone. He was sent to becoming the foundation for all subsequent Jesuit lin- Quebec to recover, and worked there as a mission procu- guistic work.[24] He translated Ledesma’s catechism from rator. He taught the Huron, acting as confessor and advi- French to Huron, which was the first printed text in that sor to Ursulines and religious Hospitallers. On Sundays language.[25] He also compiled a dictionary of Huron and feast days, he preached to French colonists.[3] words, emphasizing translation of religious phrases, such as from prayers and the Bible. Brébeuf is credited with composing the "Huron Carol", 1.3 Linguistic work Canada’s oldest Christmas song, written around 1642.[26] Brébeuf wrote the lyrics in the native language of the The educational rigor of the Jesuit seminaries prepared Huron/Wendat people. The song’s melody is based on missionaries to acquire native languages.[14] As they a traditional French folk song, "Une Jeune Pucelle" (“A learned the classical and romance languages, they must Young Maid”). have had difficulty with the very different conventions of the New World indigenous languages. [15] His study of the language was also shaped by his religious training, as the 1.4 Death existing theological ideas tried to reconcile knowledge of world languages with accounts in the bible of the tower of Brébeuf was killed at St. Ignace in Huronia on March 16, Babel. This influence can be seen in his discussion of lan- 1649.[27] He had been taken captive with Gabriel Lale- 1.5 Relics, beatification and 3

emphasize his stoic nature and acceptance, claiming that he suffered silently without complaining.[32] Martyrdom was a central component of the Jesuit mis- sionary identity.[33] Missionaries going to Canada ex- pected to die in the name of God; they believed this was a chance to save converts and be saved.[34] Martyrdom was associated with holiness. Both were associated with the expansion of Christendom throughout the world.[35]

1.5 Relics, beatification and canonization

Bressani map of 1657 depicts the martyrdom of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant

Statue of Jean de Brébeuf on the site of the Martyrs’ Shrine, Midland, Ontario

Grave Father Brébeuf and Lalement were together buried in a Sainte Marie cemetery after their deaths.[36] However, Brébeuf’s relics became important objects within the mant when the Iroquois destroyed the Huron mission vil- Catholic New France. On 21 March 1649, Jesuit in- lage at Sainte-Louis. The Iroquois took the priests to spectors found the bodies of Brébeuf and Lalement and the occupied village of Taenhatenteron, where they sub- buried them.[37] Their exhumation coincided with the jected the French men to ritual torture. The Iroquois 1649 withdrawal of the Jesuits from New France, and the finally killed them. Five Jesuits: Antoine Daniel, Lale- remains of Brébeuf were prepared by Christophe Reg- ment, Charles Garnier, Noel Charbanel, and Brébeuf, nault for transportation. Regnault boiled away any re- were killed in this conflict. The Jesuits considered their maining flesh, scraped the bones then dried them in an martyrdom proof that the mission was blessed by God oven, wrapped each relic in separate silk, deposited them and would be successful.[28] in two small chests, and sent them to Québec.[38] Throughout the torture, Brébeuf was reported to have Brébeuf’s family later donated his skull in a silver been more concerned for the fate of the others and the reliquary,[36] and it was held by the Québec Hôtel-Dieu captive Native converts than for himself. As part of the nuns and the Ursuline convent from 1650 until 1925, ritual, the Iroquois drank his blood, as they wanted to ab- when the relics were moved to the Québec Seminary for sorb Brébeuf’s courage in enduring the pain.[29] The Iro- his beatification.[39] These relics provided physical access quois mocked baptism by pouring boiling water over his to the influence of the saint whom they are a part.[40] head. In 1652 Paul Raguenau went through the Relations and The Jesuits Christophe Regnault and Paul Ragueneau pulled out material relating to the martyrs of New France provided the two accounts of the deaths of Jean de and formalized them all in a document, to be used for the Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalement. According to Reg- foundation of canonization proceedings, entitled “Mem- nault, the Jesuits learned of the tortures and deaths from oires touchant la mort et les vertus (des Pères Jesuits)" Huron refugee witnesses, who had escaped from Saint- or the Manuscript of 1652.[41] The religious communi- Marie.[30] Regnault went to see the bodies to verify the ac- ties in New France saw the Jesuit martyrs as imitators of counts, and his superior Rageuneau’s account was based previous saints in the Catholic Church.[42] In this sense, on him.[31] The main accounts of Brébeuf’s death come Brébeuf in particular, and others like him, reinforced the from the Jesuit Relations. Jesuit accounts of his torture notion that "...Canada was a land of saints”.[43] 4 2 REFERENCES

Brébeuf is claimed to have appeared to Catherine de Saint-Augustine at the Québec Hôtel-Dieu while she was in a state of “mystical ecstasy,” and acted as her spiritual advisor.[42] One story exists in which Catherine de Saint- Augustine ground up part of his bone and fed it in a drink to a heretical and mortally ill man. It is said that the man was cured of his disease.[44] Continuing this trend, a pos- sessed woman was exorcised using one of his ribs, again under the care of Catherine de Saint-Augustine in 1660- 61; however, the exact circumstances of this event are disputed.[45] Brébeuf’s relics even managed to be used by nuns who were treating wounded Huguenot soldiers, who “reported that his assistance [bone slivers put in soldiers’ drinks] helped rescue these patients from heresy”.[46] Jean de Brébeuf was canonized by Pius XI on 29 June 1930, and proclaimed one of the patron saints of Canada by Pope Pius XII on 16 October 1940.[3] A con- temporary newspaper account of the canonization de- clares: “Brébeuf, the ‘ajax of the mission’ stands out among them [others made saints with him] because of his giant frame, a man of noble birth, of vigorous passions tamed by religion” (New York Times, 19 June 1930), so- lidifying both the man and his defining drive.

1.6 Modern Times

It is said that the modern name of the Native North Amer- ican sport of lacrosse was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of Statue of Jean de Brébeuf at Trois-Rivières a bishop’s crosier (crosse in French, and with the feminine definite article, la crosse). He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the re- St-Jean de Brebeuf in Sudbury, Ontario. There is also an constructed Jesuit mission of Sainte-Marie among the elementary school in Brampton, Ontario, Canada named Hurons across Highway 12 from the Martyrs’ Shrine after him; called St. Jean Brebeuf Roman Catholic El- Catholic Church near Midland, Ontario. A plaque near ementary School as well as one in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was Canada called St. John Brebeuf Catholic School which is unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The part of the St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish. letters read “P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le There is also a unit at Camp Ondessonk in the Shawnee 17 de mars l'an/1649” (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned National Forest named after Jean de Brébeuf. The by the Iroquois, 17 March 1649.[47] Catholic camp is named for all of the North American In September, 1984, Pope John Paul II prayed over Martyrs and those who helped them. Brébeuf’s skull before saying an outdoor Mass on the The parish municipality of Brébeuf, Quebec is named af- grounds of the Martyrs’ Shrine. Thousands of people ter him, as is rue de Brébeuf on the Plateau Mont-Royal came to hear him speak from a platform built especially in Montreal. for the day. The Orenda, a 2013 novel by , is said to Many Jesuit schools are named after him, such as Collège be based on the life of Jean de Brebeuf. The novel won Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal, Brébeuf College School the 2014 Canada Reads competition. in Toronto and Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis, Indiana. St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School in Abbots- 2 References ford, British Columbia, Canada[48] and St. Jean de Bre- beuf Catholic High School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada [1] Campbell, Thomas. “Jean de Brébeuf.” The Catholic En- are also named in his honour. cyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Com- pany, 1907. 10 Jun. 2014 There is a high school St-Jean de Brebeuf Catholic High School in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. There is also Eglise [2] Francis X. Talbot, Saint Among the Hurons: The Life of 5

Jean de Brébeuf, (New York: Harper, 1949), p. 7. [29] Pearson (2008), Becoming Holy, p. 98

[3] “Jean de Brébeuf”, Dictionary of Canadian Biography [30] Francis Parkman, The Jesuits in North America in the Sev- enteenth Century, (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, [4] Leahey p.106. 1888), p. 101.

[5] Bruce Trigger, Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic [31] Parkman pp. 96-97. Age” Reconsidered, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Univer- sity Press, 1986), p. 229. [32] Talbot, p. 297.

[6] Allan Greer, (ed.) The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Mis- [33] Pearson, p. 74. sionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America, (Boston: [34] Pearson p. 72. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000), p. 37. [35] Pearson p. 70. [7] Margaret J. Leahey, “‘Comment peut un muet prescher l'évangile’; Jesuit Missionaries and the Native Languages [36] Parkman, p. 391. of New France”, French Historical Studies 95, vol. 19, issue 1 (1995): 105-131, p. 119 [37] Pearson, p. 101.

[8] Greer (2000), Jesuit Relations, p. 38. [38] Pearson p. 112.

[9] Greer (2000), Jesuit Relations, pp. 41; 61 [39] Pearson, p. 123.

[10] Trigger (1986), Natives and Neighbors, p. 202 [40] Pearson p. 128. [41] Pearson p. 116. [11] Greer (2000), Jesuit Relations, p. 37. [42] Pearson p. 123. [12] Trigger (1986), Natives and Neighbors, p. 290. [43] Pearson p. 165. [13] J. De Brebeuf, “The Mission to the Hurons (1635-37)", in C.G. Calloway, First People: A Documentary of Ameri- [44] Pearson p. 124. can Indian History. 3rd Ed Boston: Bedford, 2008), 121. [45] Pearson p. 125. [14] Leahey, p. 108. [46] Allan Greer, “Colonial Saints”, in The William and Mary [15] Leahey p.109. Quarterly Third Series, vol. 57, no. 2 (2000): pp. 323- 348. p. 333. [16] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, p. 112. [47] Charlotte Gray 'The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms [17] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, p. 113 of Wonder' Random House, 2004

[18] Carol Blackburn, Harvest of Souls: The Jesuit Missions [48] St John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School and Colonialism in North America, 1632-1650, (Montréal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2000), p. 88.

[19] Blackburn (2000), Harvest of Souls, p. 111 3 Sources

[20] Blackburn (2000), Harvest of Souls, p. 117 • Huron Relations for 1635-1636; Jean de Brébeuf, a [21] Blackburn (2000), Harvest of Souls, p. 88 translation by Fr. William Lonc.

[22] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, p. 116 • Blackburn, Carol. Harvest of Souls: The Jesuit Mis- sions and Colonialism in North America, 1632-1650, [23] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, p. 122 Montréal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2000. [24] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, p. 129 • Boyden, Joseph. The Orenda (novel, 2013): While [25] Leahey (1995), “Jesuit Missionaries”, pp. 115-116 not specifically stated it is Brebeuf, a central Jesuit character named 'Christophe' bears many similari- [26] Timothy J. McGee, The Music of Canada (New York ties to him: Summoning rain, size, athleticism and and London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1985): facility with language and ultimate martyrdom. He 13. ISBN 0-393-02279-X (cloth); ISBN 0-393-95376-9 is assisted to by two other Jesuits, Gabriel and Isaac, (pbk). who may possibly represent Gabriel Lalemant and [27] Timothy G. Pearson, Becoming Holy in Early Canada: . Performance and the making of holy persons in society and • Greer, Allan. “Colonial Saints: Gender, Race, culture, PhD diss., McGill University (Canada), 2008., p. 96. and Hagiography in New France,” The William and Mary Quarterly Third Series, vol. 57, no. 2 (2000): [28] Pearson (2008), Becoming Holy, p. 68 323-348. 6 4 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Greer, Allan, ed. The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America, Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000.

• Latourelle, René. “Brébeuf, Jean de,” In Dictio- nary of Canadian Bibliography Online. Université Laval/University of Toronto, 2000. • Leahey, Margaret J. “‘Comment peut un muet prescher l'évangile’ Jesuit Missionaries and the Na- tive Languages of New France,” French Historical Studies 95, vol. 19, issue 1 (1995): 105-131. • Parkman, Francis. The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1888.

• Pearson, Timothy G. Becoming holy in early Canada: Performance and the making of holy per- sons in society and culture, PhD diss., McGill Uni- versity (Canada), 2008. • Talbot, Francis X. Saint Among the Hurons: The Life of Jean de Brébeuf, New York: Harper, 1949. • Trigger, Bruce G.. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic Age” Reconsidered, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1986.

4 External links

• “Jean de Brebeuf”, Dictionary of Canadian Biogra- phy Online

• Free scores by Jean de Brébeuf in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) 7

5 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

5.1 Text

• Jean de Brébeuf Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brébeuf?oldid=630453325 Contributors: William Avery, Ahoerstemeier, Big iron, Adam Bishop, Mirv, P.T. Aufrette, Andycjp, Alexf, Necrothesp, Klemen Kocjancic, Trevor MacInnis, D6, Discospinster, Sfa- hey, Bobo192, Elipongo, Hooperbloob, Alansohn, Gary, Raymond, McMuff, Fawcett5, Carcharoth, WadeSimMiser, Kelisi, Hailey C. Shannon, Cuchullain, BD2412, ScottJ, Srleffler, YurikBot, Murphyj87, Rapomon, Stormbay, Chick Bowen, UDScott, Nick C, Zzuuzz, NYArtsnWords, Whobot, SmackBot, Mikeycanuck, Jab843, Peter.mottola, HeartofaDog, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, Darth Panda, Rrburke, Mister Jinxy, Lisasmall, BrownHairedGirl, Dwpaul, Avé, Ceraurus, Avant Guard, Bwpach, PaulGS, Iridescent, Joseph Solis in Australia, Mikay, Angeldeb82, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Apfox, Cydebot, Cristian Cappiello, Victoriaedwards, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Missvain, Merkurix, Hanschool618, Fayenatic london, North Shoreman, XyBot, Bahar101, Kirrages, Acroterion, Richardson mcphillips, VoABot II, Jjasi, Der- Hexer, R'n'B, Johnpacklambert, S.dedalus, Tgeairn, Uncle Dick, Cephlapod, Coreshea, Cmichael, Cmasthay, Philip Trueman, Andreas Kaganov, John Carter, Cremepuff222, Synthebot, Tomaxer, Illumini85, AlleborgoBot, Dornalej, Jc3schmi, Mk32, Bbfrodo, Tradereddy, Jons63, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Hjfreeland, CounterVandalismBot, Blanchardb, Park- wells, Puchiko, Excirial, Monobi, Davis11881, Rhatsa26X, Dabobasta, SoxBot III, Greek til i die, Spoonkymonkey, MystBot, Addbot, CanadianLinuxUser, Cst17, Download, Blue954, ShepBot, Chzz, Mercurydean, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Roltz, Tango7174, IRP, Materialscientist, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Capricorn42, Fuferito, FrescoBot, MADaboutforests, Cannolis, Oracleofottawa, Vrena- tor, Chnou, Reaper Eternal, MaxEspinho, RjwilmsiBot, Pjposullivan, Heracles31, Wikipelli, ZéroBot, KuduIO, Gaarmyvet, IGeMiNix, Donner60, Orange Suede Sofa, ClueBot NG, Mechanical digger, Jack Greenmaven, Mannanan51, Widr, BG19bot, Michaelmschulze, Vanischenu, Klilidiplomus, Cottongin360, EuroCarGT, Mogism, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Flat Out, IQ125, Cranberrycross, OccultZone, Matinpopo, Shaniqualoooooool, Barry Morton, Nickofbeer, Juletasb, Ivana1975 and Anonymous: 198

5.2 Images

• File:Brébuef-jesuits04jesuuoft.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Br%C3% A9buef-jesuits04jesuuoft.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brébuef-jesuits04jesuuoft.jpg Original artist: Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 1853-1913 • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Jesuit_map_NF.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Jesuit_map_NF.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://images.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.emse.fr/~{}bsimon/documents%2520p%25E9dagogiques/ p%25E9dagogie/cours%2520Canada/IMAGES%2520POUR%2520COURS/jesuit%2520map.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.emse. fr/~{}bsimon/documents%2520p%25E9dagogiques/p%25E9dagogie/cours%2520Canada/IMAGES%2520POUR%2520COURS/ &usg=__H0KyChGsZyZXLt5x9cKSg8k3FUs=&h=1348&w=2035&sz=1141&hl=fr&start=127&tbnid=ccup_ALVjfRWFM: &tbnh=99&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djesuites%2Bnouvelle%2Bfrance%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dfr% 26sa%3DN%26start%3D126 Original artist: Père Jésuites • File:North_American_Martyrs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/North_American_Martyrs.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Patron Saints Index Original artist: Unknown • File:ON_Midland4_tango7174.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/ON_Midland4_tango7174.jpg Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tango7174 • File:Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_ King_Louis_XIV.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sodacan • File:Sainte-Marie_among_the_Hurons_Brebeuf_and_Lalement_grave_site.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/cd/Sainte-Marie_among_the_Hurons_Brebeuf_and_Lalement_grave_site.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pjposullivan • File:StatueStJeanDeBrebeuf1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/StatueStJeanDeBrebeuf1.jpg Li- cense: Attribution Contributors: Photography Original artist: Daniel Robert

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