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Routes of Human Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorinated Compounds (Pfcs) In Routes of Human Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Winnipeg Homes by Neda Nikoobakht A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2014 by Neda Nikoobakht Abstract Per and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) include a large group of chemicals which are known to be toxic, bioaccumulative and resistant to hydrolysis, photolysis, mi- crobial degradation and metabolism. However, human exposure pathways and toxic ef- fects to humans are still widely unknown and more data is needed over time. The concen- trations of 7 PFCs were measured in indoor air from homes in Winnipeg, Manitoba using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 16 PFCs were measured in house dust from Winnipeg, Manitoba using on-line solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatog- raphy mass spectrometry. For commonly detected PFCs in indoor air and dust, concentra- tions were found at pg/m3 and ng/g levels, respectively, similar to that observed in other recent studies. Appropriate statistical tests and principal component analysis were used to evaluate possible associations between PFC concentrations and home characteristics. PFCs in indoor air and dust were associated with each other and home characteristics but not with indoor ambient temperature nor type of room (child room or the most used room). Furthermore PFCs did not show significant association with infant wheezing. None of the neutral PFCs in indoor air showed an association with seasonal temperature variation, except 8:2 FTOH and MeFOSE that had significantly higher concentrations in winter than summer. I Acknowledgments It gives me great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to all those people who have accompanied and continuously supported me during the last years. I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Charles Wong for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, knowledge, encouragement and providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Allan Becker, Dr. Helene Perreault, and Dr. Feiyue Wang for their comments, questions and advices during committee meet- ings. Funding for this project from the following groups was greatly appreciated: Mani- toba Health Research Council (MHRC), Canada Research Chairs Program, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). I also acknowledge with thanks the sincere effort made by many people who were involved in the CHILD study and the volunteers for the study. It took a great team to or- ganize the vast amount of survey results and samples collected. I would like to thank eve- ryone in the Wong research group for their help and support through the past years par- ticularly Zhe Lu and Clare McConkey for helpful technical assistance and discussion, Julie Anderson for her suggestions in editing my dissertation and Alistair Brown for his contribution in this project. Last but not least I would like to thank my family with unconditional support and love. II Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................I Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................II List of Tables.....................................................................................................................VI List of Figures....................................................................................................................IX List of Copyrighted Material for which Permission was Obtained...................................XI 1. INTRODUCTION TO PFCs-BACKGROUND, PRODUCTION, USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR.................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction for this Thesis ................................................................................. 1 1.2. Per and Poly Fluorinated Compounds (PFCs)-Background ............................... 2 1.3. Physical-Chemical Properties of PFCs ............................................................... 6 1.4. Production ......................................................................................................... 11 1.5. Uses and Consumer Applications ..................................................................... 13 1.6. PFCs in the Environment .................................................................................. 14 1.6.1. Air.......................... .......................................................................................... 16 1.6.2. Water....... ......................................................................................................... 20 1.6.3. Biota and Human ............................................................................................. 23 1.6.4. Soil and Sediment ............................................................................................ 26 1.6.5. Indoor Air......................................................................................................... 28 1.6.6. Dust........ .......................................................................................................... 31 1.6.7. Degradation ...................................................................................................... 34 1.6.8. Toxicity................. ........................................................................................... 40 1.6.9. Human Exposure .............................................................................................. 41 1.6.10. PFCs and Incidence of Asthma in Infants ........................................................ 44 1.6.11. Analytical Method of Analysing PFCs in Indoor Air and Dust....................... 46 1.7. References ......................................................................................................... 50 2. EVALUATION OF PFC CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR AIR AND HOUSE DUST AND ASSOCIATIONS AMONG THOSE CONCENTRATIONS AND HOME CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................................................77 2.1 Methods and Materials ....................................................................................... 77 III 2.1.1. Chemicals and Reagents .................................................................................. 77 2.1.2. Air Sample Collesion and Extraction.........................................................78 2.1.3. Preprations of Standard Solutions for Air Samples..........................................80 2.1.4. GC-MS Analysis of Air Samples ..................................................................... 81 2.1.5. Dust Sample Collection and Extraction ........................................................... 81 2.1.6. Preparation of Standard Solutions for Dust Samples ....................................... 82 2.1.7. Instrumental Analysis of Dust Samples ........................................................... 83 2.1.8. Statistics ........................................................................................................... 84 2.2. Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 85 2.2.1. Method Validation ........................................................................................... 85 2.2.1.1. Method Validation of Indoor Air Samples.......................................................86 2.2.1.2. Method Validation of House Dust Samples ..................................................... 90 2.2.2. Concentrations of PFCs in Indoor Air ............................................................. 97 2.2.3. Correlations Among PFCs in Indoor Air ....................................................... 100 2.2.4. Concentrations of PFCs in House Dust ......................................................... 102 2.2.4.1. Correlations Among PFCs in House Dust...................................................... 107 2.2.4.2. PFC Correlations Between House Dust and Indoor Air................................ 110 2.2.5. Correlation of PFCs and Home Characteristics ............................................. 112 2.2.6. Indoor Ambient Temperature Dependence of Neutral PFCs ......................... 116 2.2.7. Seasonal Dependence of PFC Concentrations ............................................... 117 2.2.8. Distribution of PFCs in House Dust Between Rooms in the Same House...............................................................................................................................119 2.2.9. PFC Concentrations in Indoor Air and Dust and Incidence of Wheezing in Infants............................. ................................................................................................ 122 2.2.10. Principal Component Analysis ................................................................ ......125 2.2.10.1. Exposure and Trends of PFCs From Home Characteristics............................125 2.2.10.2 . PCA Results.................................................................................................... 128 2.2.10.2.1. PCA Results of Indoor Air............................................................................. 128 2.2.10.2.2. PCA Results of House Dust..........................................................................
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