English Folk Music As World Music. In: International Association for the Study of Popular Music Conference, 1317 Jul 2009, University of Liverpool
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Winter, T and Keegan-Phipps, S (2009) English Folk Music as World Music. In: International Association for the Study of Popular Music Conference, 13-17 Jul 2009, University of Liverpool. Downloaded from: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/6272/ Usage guidelines Please refer to the usage guidelines at http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected]. Conference Proceedings Edited by Geoff Stahl and Alex Gyde International Association for the Study of Popular Music IASPM09 - LIVERPOOL (QJOLVK)RON0XVLFDV:RUOG0XVLF 'U7ULVK:LQWHUDQG'U6LPRQ.HHJDQ3KLSSV here has been, building over the last 10 years or PRYHPHQWWRZDUGVZRUOGPXVLFZLWKVSHFL¿FUHIHUHQFH Tso, a resurgence of interest in English folk arts to the band The Imagined Village, before going on to – that is, in folk or traditional music, and dance that consider what it means for English folk music to be H[SOLFLWO\RIWHQHPSKDWLFDOO\LGHQWL¿HVLWVHOIDVEnglish. reframed in this way, and in particular to examine the Folk festivals in England have become increasingly constructions of Englishness that are associated with popular; an increasing number of professional folk it. acts are foregrounding their Englishness; and it is now easier to secure bookings for English bands in England The discourse of ‘English folk music as world music’ WKDQIRU,ULVKRU&HOWLFLGHQWL¿HGEDQGV $ODQ%HDUPDQ has emerged and developed over the last decade. It LQWHUYLHZ 0DUFK 7KH SUR¿OH RI IRON KDV appears to enter into public circulation in April 1997 with increased beyond the boundaries of the folk scene: folk the publication of an issue of Folk Roots magazine with artists have been nominated for Mercury Music Awards the headline reading ‘England: last undiscovered exotic (Rachel Unthank in 2009; Seth Lakeman in 2006); the RXWSRVWRI:RUOG0XVLF¶)RONURRWV QRZI5RRWV LVD young English folk musician Jim Moray supported pop world music magazine produced in England; the lead VWDU:LOO<RXQJRQKLV8.WRXUDQGWKH%%& article, by music journalist Colin Irwin, ‘celebrates a proms featured a ‘folk day’ in which English acts were FXOWXUHHYHU\ELWDVH[RWLFDVWKHPRVWGLVWDQWRI:RUOG SURPLQHQW7KHPHGLDSUR¿OHRIIRONKDVVKLIWHGWRRZLWK Music destinations’ (Irwin, 1997, p. 36), and argues that greater media visibility for folk within arts and cultural Folk Roots has brought its readers exotic music from all programming (such as BBC2’s The Culture Show) and over the globe, but has ignored the exotic within its own popular entertainment shows (for example: Later with culture – England. Emphasising the bizarre and the Jools Holland; The Paul O’Grady Show). eccentric within English traditions, the cover features images of the Bacup Britannia coconut dancers, men This paper will examine a related tendency towards with blacked up faces, white hooped skirts, feathers and the framing of English folk or traditional music as world coconuts on their heads. The article itself is illustrated PXVLF :H ZLOO GHVFULEH WKLV GLVFXUVLYH DQG LGLRPDWLF with images including the antler-wearing Abbots Bromley 493 Horn Dancers, ‘the single most bizarre curio in a nation closely associated with this alignment of English folk full of them’ (Irwin, 1997, p. 37) (1). with world music, and is unique in that it is arguably born directly out of this discourse. Launched in 2007 In 1997 Folk Roots was able to characterise English DWWKH:20$'ZRUOGPXVLFIHVWLYDOWKHEDQGLVWKH traditional culture as ‘undiscovered’ within the world brainchild of world music producer and musician music industry. In subsequent years, however, it has Simon Emmerson. Emmerson’s professional musical become well and truly discovered by the genre: we background began in popular music during the 1980s, now see, for example, the booking of some higher- ZKHQ KH SOD\HG ZLWK WKH MD]]VRXO JURXS :RUNLQJ SUR¿OH (QJOLVK IRON DFWV LQ ZRUOG PXVLF FRQWH[WV VXFK :HHN +RZHYHU KLV PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW ZRUN KDV EHHQ DV WKH :20$' IHVWLYDOV DQG ZH DOVR VHH (QJOLVK as a producer and performer in the world music folk acts beginning sometimes to describe themselves genre: in 1992 he produced Manu Dibango’s acid jazz in this way. For example, the band Bellowhead had album Polysonik, and in 1996 he was nominated for WKH GHVFULSWRU µ(QJOLVK :RUOG 0XVLF¶ DWWDFKHG WR WKHLU a Grammy Award for his production of Baaba Maal’s website in 2007. In contradistinction to the conventional album Firin’ in Fouta; in the early 1990s he formed the positioning of English folk music, the world music genre globally successful fusion act Afro Celt Sound System can be generally regarded as a more commercially- who have gone on to sell over 1.2 million albums and orientated cultural realm – an integral facet of the wider UHFHLYHWZR*UDPP\$ZDUGQRPLQDWLRQV 5HDO:RUOG mainstream music industry (see for instance: Taylor, Records, 2009). 1997; Frith 2000; Feld, 2005) The current resurgence of English folk music is occurring in close alignment with The Imagined Village project has encompassed an a developing ‘folk industry’ (of which detailed discussion album and live touring performances since 2007. The falls outside the scope of this paper), and it is possible project claims to to track the allegiance of English folk music with world music as a move into a more mainstream cultural ‘recast age-old traditions in the shape of the context. WZHQW\¿UVWFHQWXU\$GDULQJPL[RIDQFLHQWDQG The Imagined Village PRGHUQ7KH,PDJLQHG9LOODJHIXVHV¿GGOHVDQG squeezebox with dub beats and sitars.’ The band The Imagined Village is the act perhaps most (The Imagined Village, 2009) 494 As this statement suggests, the band draws on a large early- and mid-twentieth century. The Young Coppers pool of musicians and performers, all of whom explicitly DUH KRZHYHU WKH ¿UVW WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKDW WKH\ DUH identify themselves as ‘English’, but who fall into three not renowned for their singing abilities per se – rather, generic categories: English folk musicians; world music they present themselves simply as ordinary people who performers; and those most readily associated with enjoy singing. Clearly, then, they are involved in the :HVWHUQSRSPXVLF(QJOLVKIRONPXVLFLVUHSUHVHQWHG Imagined Village project because of who they are (or here by a number of artists. The involvement of father- what they represent) rather than what they can do. and-daughter team Martin and Eliza Carthy is particularly FHQWUDOWKH:DWHUVRQ&DUWK\IDPLO\ RIZKLFKWKH\DUH :RUOG 0XVLF SHUIRUPHUV LQYROYHG LQ WKH ,PDJLQHG the most visible members) is often referred to as the Village include the Dhol Foundation front-man “Royal Family” of English folk music, and very closely and prolific percussionist, Johnny Kalsi; the associated with the second period of revival (1950- singer Sheila Chandra; and performance poet 1970s); Eliza is also well known for her combination of Benjamin Zephaniah. The members of Transglobal folk and popular music styles in earlier albums (such as Underground are heavily involved in producing Red Rice 7KH\DUHMRLQHGE\&KULV:RRG ¿GGOHU sequencing for the project, whilst their sitar player, singer, guitarist and outspoken, self-styled champion Sheema Mukherjee takes a particularly prominent of English traditional music and culture). Also involved role in the band’s music and live performances. Pop are two Ceilidh (traditional English social dance) bands, musicians involved include the popular Brit-Pop artist the Gloworms and the Tiger Moths, representing the 3DXO:HOOHU DOWKRXJKKHRQO\VLQJVOHDGYRFDOVRQ younger and older generations, respectively. one track of the album, and never appears live with the group) and the kit-drummer Andy Gangadeen, Finally, English folk music is represented in the project formerly a drummer for Lisa Stansfield and The by The Young Coppers, who are presented as the Spice Girls. Finally, a central figure to the Imagined seventh generation of a family of traditional singers. Village’s live performances is the singer-songwriter Here, they are offered as the embodiment of a direct and left-wing activist Billy Bragg, whose outspoken link with preindustrial rural England: singers from political orientations have enabled his bridging – in earlier generations of the Copper family have played recent years – of the divide between the English folk important roles in the revival movements of both the music culture and pop music. 495 Since its inception, The Imagined Village has obtained a QRW¿[HGEXWLQWKHSURFHVVRIEHLQJQHJRWLDWHG7KH FRQVLGHUDEOHSUR¿OHZLWKLQWKHQDWLRQDOPHGLDWKHWRXULQJ debate around Englishness is acknowledged as a band has appeared live on the popular television music political one, too. The Imagined Village doesn’t speak programme Later with Jools Holland, and was awarded DVDXQL¿HGIURQWRQWKLVEXWRQHRIWKHGRPLQDQWYRLFHV the BBC Radio 2 Folk Award for Best Traditional Song is that of Billy Bragg, who has written a book on English in 2008. The project is signed to the world music label identity and is associated with the endorsement of a 5HDO:RUOG5HFRUGVDQGVLQFHLWVSUHPLHUDW:20$' left wing ‘radical patriotism’ that seeks to reclaim the KDV DSSHDUHG DW ERWK )RON DQG :RUOG 0XVLF IHVWLYDOV celebration of English identity from the domain of the nationally – although it has not toured outside of extreme right (2). England. Secondly, a pervasive discourse around the couching That this is a project to do with Englishness is very much of English folk music as world music is the notion of foregrounded by the band. They have made it their Englishness as a lost identity – an identity that needs mission to generate debate about the nature of English WR EH UHGLVFRYHUHG