International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Pdf
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International thermonuclear experimental reactor pdf Continue For the type of medieval district court, see Eyre (legal term). For computer science terminology, see Iterator. Coordinates: 43'42'30N 5'46'39E / 43.70831'N 5.77741'E / 43.70831; 5.77741 ITERThirty-Five Participating CountriesForming24 October 2007HeadquartersSint-Paul-Le-Durans, FranceMegion China European Union Japan Japan Russia Russia USA: AustraliaDirector-GeneralBerard BigotWebsitewww.iter.org ITERSmall scale model ITERDevice TypeTokamakationSaint-Paul-ls-Durance, FranceTechnical specificationMajor Radius6.2 m (20 ft) Plasma Volume840 m3Magic field11.8 T (peak toroidal field on coil) 5.3 T (toroidal field on axis) 6 T (peak of the poloid field on coil) ) Heating power50 MWFusion power500 MWDischarge duration up to 1000 sHistoryDate (s) construction2013 - 2025 ITER (originally International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion of research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest experiment in magnetic plasma physics. This is an experimental nuclear thermonuclear tokamak reactor that is being built near the Cadares facility in Saint-Paul-Les-Durans, in Provence, southern France. THE aim of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of thermonuclear energy for peaceful use, and then strengthen the global nuclear thermonuclear industry. ITER thermonuclear thermonuclear thermonuclear reactor was designed to create 500 megawatt (thermal) plasma for about twenty minutes, while 50 megawatts of thermal energy is injected into the tokamak, resulting in a tenfold increase in plasma heating capacity. Thus, the machine aims to demonstrate, for the first time in a thermonuclear reactor, the principle of producing more thermal energy than is used to heat plasma. The total amount of electricity consumed by the reactor and facilities will range from 110 MW to a peak of 620 MW over 30-second periods during plasma operation. As a research reactor, the conversion of thermal to electrical is not intended, and ITER will not produce enough power for clean electricity generation. Instead, the heat emitted will be ventilated. The project is funded and managed by seven member organizations: the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, Korea and the United States; a total of 35 countries are directly or indirectly involved in the project. Construction of the ITER tokamak complex began in 2013, and by June 2015 the construction cost was more than $14 billion. The total cost of construction and operation is expected to be more than 22 billion euros. The U.S. Department of Energy has estimated total construction costs through 2025, including contributions per look, at $65 billion. ITER will be the largest of more than 100 thermonuclear reactors built since the 1950s. The DEMO phase is expected to lead to the creation of full-scale power plants and future commercial reactors. The ITER background will produce energy by alloying deuterium and tritium into helium. The power of thermonuclear fusion can provide sufficient energy to meet the growing demand and do so sustainably, which has a relatively small impact on the environment. 1 gram of deuterium-tritium mixture during nuclear fusion produces the amount of energy equivalent to burning 8 tons of oil. Nuclear fusion has many potential attractions. First, its isotope hydrogen fuel is relatively abundant - one of the necessary isotopes, deuterium, can be extracted from seawater, while another fuel, tritium, will be derived from a lithium blanket using neutrons derived in the synthesis reaction itself. In addition, the thermonuclear reactor will produce virtually no CO2 or atmospheric pollutants, and its radioactive waste will be largely short-lived compared to those produced by conventional nuclear reactors (split reactors). On 21 November 2006, seven participants officially agreed to finance the development of a nuclear thermonuclear reactor. The program is expected to last 30 years to 10 years for construction and 20 years of operation. ITER was originally expected to cost around 5 billion euros, but the rise in commodity prices and changes in the original design almost tripled to 13 billion euros. Construction of the reactor is expected to take 10 years, with construction scheduled for 2019, but construction continues until 2020. In Kadarach, France, the preparation of the site began and the purchase of large components began. With the supply of 300 MW of electricity, ITER is expected to produce the equivalent of 500 MW of thermal energy, sustainable for 1,000 seconds (this is comparable to JET 700 MW of electricity consumption and peak thermal capacity of 16 MW in less than a second) by merging about 0.5 grams of detheria/tritium mixture in the reactor chamber of approximately 840 m3. The heat produced in ITER will not be used to generate electricity, as after accounting for losses and minimum energy input, the capacity of 300 MW will be equivalent to a zero (clean) reactor. The history of the Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev Organization at the Geneva Summit in 1985, ITER, began in 1985 as an initiative of Reagan-Gorbachev with equal participation of the Soviet Union, the European Atomic Energy Community, the United States and Japan through The initial design stages of 1988-1998. Preparations for the first Gorbachev- Reagan summit showed that there were no tangible agreements in the work on the summit. One of the projects on energy research, however, was considered calmly by two physicists, Alvin Trivelshtek and Evgeny Velikhov. The project envisages cooperation in the next stage of magnetic fusion research - the construction of demonstration models. At the time, magnetic fusion research weighed in Japan, Europe, the Soviet Union and the United States. Velikhov and Trivels believed that the next step in the fusion study would be outside the budget of any of the key countries and that cooperation would be useful internationally. A major bureaucratic struggle broke out in the U.S. government because of the project. One argument against cooperation is that the Soviets will use it to steal American technology and know-how. The second was symbolic - Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov was in exile, and the U.S. pushed the Soviet Union to violate human rights. The U.S. National Security Council convened a meeting led by William Flynn Martin, which resulted in a consensus that the U.S. should advance the project. Martin and Velikhov concluded an agreement that was agreed at the summit and announced in the last paragraph of this historic summit, ... The leaders of the two countries stressed the potential importance of working to use controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes, and in this regard advocated the broadest feasible development of international cooperation in obtaining this source of energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, for the benefit of all mankind. The conceptual and engineering stages of the design carried out under the auspices of the IAEA led to an acceptable, detailed design in 2001, backed up by the research and development of the US$650 million ITER Parties to establish its feasibility. (quote is necessary) China, Korea and Canada (which then withdrew from the project in 2003) joined these parties, namely the EU, Japan, the Russian Federation (replacing the Soviet Union) and the United States (which withdrew from the project in 1999 and returned in 2003). India officially became part of ITER in December 2005. On 28 June 2005, it was officially announced that ITER would be built in the European Union in the south of France. The negotiations that led to the decision ended with a compromise between the EU and Japan, in that Japan was promised 20% of the research staff on the French location of ITER, as well as the head of the administrative body ITER. In addition, another research centre will be built in Japan for this project, and the European Union has agreed to contribute about 50% of the cost of it On 21 November 2006, an international consortium signed agreement on the construction of the reactor. On 24 September 2007, the People's Republic of China became the seventh party to submit the ITER Agreement to the IAEA. Finally, on 24 October 2007, the ITER Agreement came into force and the ITER Organization legally entered into force. In 2016, ITER signed a technical cooperation agreement with Australia's National Nuclear Fusion Agency to give the country access to ITER research in exchange for the construction of parts of the ITER machine. The project began its five-year assembly phase in July 2020, launched by French President Emmanuel Macron in the presence of other ITER project participants. The Project's CEO had three CEOs. The Director-General is reporting to the ITER Council, which consists of two representatives from each of the national agencies. ITER does not publicly disclose the names of members of the Council. 2005-2010: Kaname Ikeda 2010-2014: Osamu Motojima 2015-current: Bernard Bigo's mission is to demonstrate the feasibility of thermonuclear energy, and to prove that it can work without negative consequences. Specifically, the project aims to: Momentarily produce thermonuclear plasma with thermal energy ten times more than injected thermal energy (value 10). Produce a stable condition plasma with a value above 5. (No.1 is a scientific break-even.) Maintain a fusion pulse of up to 8 minutes. Develop the technologies and processes needed for a thermonuclear power plant, including superconducting magnets and remote processing (robot maintenance). Check the concept of tritium reproduction. Improve the technology of converting neutron shield/heat (most of the energy in the reaction of the synthesis of DDT is released in the form of fast neutrons). The goals of the ITER project are not limited to the creation of a nuclear thermonuclear device, but much broader, including the creation of the necessary technical, organizational and logistical capabilities, skills, tools, supply chains and a culture that enable the management of such mega-projects between participating countries, the loading of their local nuclear fusion industries.