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Wear and Tear in Early Iron Age Europe Wear and Tear in Early Iron Age Europe An experimental approach to use-wear analysis on selected assemblages of household ware pottery from the settlements Mont Lassois and the Heuneburg Master Thesis by Nicole de Koning Cover images: Vessels: Photographs of experimental vessels by the author House: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Idealised-reconstruction-of-the-large-apsidal-building-on-Mont- Lassois-after-Chaume-et_fig7_305307085 Logo’s : University of Leiden Bedeutungen und Funktionen Mediterraner Importe im Früheisenzeitlichen Mitteleuropa (BEFIM) Wear and Tear in Early Iron Age Europe An experimental approach to use-wear analysis on selected assemblages of household ware pottery from the settlements Mont Lassois and the Heuneburg Name: Nicole de Koning Student number: s1763369 Course: Master Thesis Archaeology Course code: 4ARX-0910ARCH Supervisors: Drs. Martina Revello-Lami and Prof. Annelou van Gijn Specialisation: Material Culture Studies University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Ermelo, 5th of June 2018 Final version 1 List of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................... 4 Research outline ............................................................................................... 4 Research questions .......................................................................................... 7 Research methods ............................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1. Methodological Framework ............................................................... 10 1.1. A chaîne opératoire approach for studying ancient ceramics’ function and use ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Use and discard ................................................................................. 12 1.2. Experimental archaeology and pottery studies ..................................... 14 1.3 Use-wear analysis .................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Low power and high power method .................................................... 18 1.3.2 Post-depositional processes ............................................................... 19 Chapter 2. The contribution of use-wear analysis to determine ceramic vessels function and use ................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Determine ceramic usage: the contribution of ethnoarchaeology .............. 22 2.2 Pottery function ......................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Intended function ................................................................................ 24 2.2.2 Actual function .................................................................................... 25 2.2.3 Use alteration and function ................................................................. 25 2.3 Traces of use: carbonization ..................................................................... 26 2.3.1 External carbonization ........................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Internal carbonization ......................................................................... 27 2.4 The application of use-wear analysis in ceramic studies ........................... 29 2.4.1 Attrition ............................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Abrasion resistance ............................................................................ 31 2.5 Concluding remarks .................................................................................. 33 Chapter 3. Case studies and dataset ................................................................. 34 3.1 The Heuneburg ......................................................................................... 35 3.1.1 Fortifications ....................................................................................... 35 3.2 Mont Lassois............................................................................................. 36 3.2.1 Grave of Vix ....................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Town planning .................................................................................... 39 3.3 The ceramic material from Heuneburg and Mont Lassois ......................... 40 3.3.1 The Heuneburg .................................................................................. 40 3.3.2 Mont Lassois ...................................................................................... 41 3.4 Environment and nutrition in Iron Age Central Europe .............................. 43 3.4.1 Cereals ............................................................................................... 44 3.4.2 Pasturage and meadows .................................................................... 44 3.4.3 Herbs ................................................................................................. 44 Chapter 4. Use-wear analysis on experimental and archaeological pottery ........ 46 4.1 Manufacturing performance characteristics ............................................... 46 4.1.1 Morphology ........................................................................................ 46 4.1.2 Paste and temper ............................................................................... 49 4.1.3 Firing temperature .............................................................................. 50 4.1.4 Surface treatment ............................................................................... 50 4.2 Chaîne opératoire in the lab: ceramic replicas .......................................... 52 4.2.1 Materials ............................................................................................. 53 4.2.2 Shaping techniques ............................................................................ 53 2 4.2.3 Surface finish ..................................................................................... 55 4.2.4 Firing .................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 5. Use-wear analysis on experimental and archaeological pottery ........ 59 5.1 Using pots in the past: analyzing use-wear traces on archaeological ceramics ......................................................................................................... 59 5.1.1 Heuneburg ......................................................................................... 59 5.1.2 Mont Lassois ...................................................................................... 64 5.1.3 Interpretation of the traces .................................................................. 66 5.2 Using the pots in the lab: Performing experiments on pottery replicas ...... 70 5.3 Use-wear traces on pottery replicas .......................................................... 73 5.3.1 “Rim” experiments .............................................................................. 73 5.3.2 "Handling vessels” experiments .......................................................... 75 5.3.3 “Consumption and food preparing” experiments ................................. 76 Chapter 6. Discussion of the results ................................................................... 81 6.1 Comparing traces on experimental and archaeological material ............... 81 6.2 Use-wear as result of ceramic activities .................................................... 83 6.3 Critical evaluation of post-depositional processes ..................................... 88 6.4 Concluding remarks and future research paths ......................................... 88 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 90 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 91 List of figures ...................................................................................................... 97 List of tables ....................................................................................................... 98 Appendices ........................................................................................................ 99 Appendix 1: Experiment forms ........................................................................ 99 Appendix 2: Description of use-alteration traces experimental vessels ......... 117 Appendix 3: Replica catalogue ...................................................................... 121 3.1 Vessels ............................................................................................... 121 3.2 Tools ................................................................................................... 123 Appendix 4: Description of use-alteration traces Mont Lassois assemblage . 125 Appendix 5: Heuneburg pottery catalogue .................................................... 127 Appendix 6: Mont Lassois pottery catalogue ................................................. 132 3 Introduction Ceramics are one of the most important artefacts manufactured by ancient societies and are also one of the best preserved archaeological materials. As all everyday objects, pots and bowls were handled, moved around and used for preparing food on a regular basis. In fact, the handling of prehistoric vessels may be considered
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