La Religiosidad De Franz Liszt -..::Revista De Espiritualidad

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La Religiosidad De Franz Liszt -..::Revista De Espiritualidad ESTUDIOS La religiosidad de Franz Liszt: «Genio obliga» MIRIAM GÓMEZ-MORÁN Conservatorio Superior de Música de Salamanca Sí, «Jesucristo crucificado», «la locura y la exaltación de la Cruz»: ésta fue siempre mi verdadera vocación. 1 F. LISZT Por lo general, cuando se habla de la personalidad de Franz Liszt (1811-1886), se olvida con frecuencia su faceta espiritual, de modo que gran parte de los autores que han escrito sobre el com- positor húngaro se centran casi en exclusiva en aspectos que, si bien tienen cierta importancia en su biografía (en especial en lo que a los años de juventud se refiere), no ofrecen ni mucho menos un retrato completo y preciso de lo que es el carácter complejo y aparentemen- te contradictorio del músico. Es más: el considerar a Liszt única- mente como el pianista virtuoso, sin rival en su tiempo, y como el Don Juan por excelencia del siglo XIX no es sino una tremenda injusticia cuyas consecuencias sufrimos aún a los ciento veintidós años de su muerte, ya que ello ha generado un rechazo injustificado hacia su ingente producción y ha provocado el que sea todavía relativamente difícil el encontrar sus obras en la programación ha- bitual de nuestras salas de conciertos, o el que su inmensa colección 1 LISZT, Franz: Testamento, escrito en Weimar el 14 de septiembre de 1860. Citado en WFL, vol. 2, p. 557. REVISTA DE ESPIRITUALIDAD 67 (2008), 337-369 338 MIRIAM GÓMEZ-MORÁN de música litúrgica yazca en el lecho del olvido, en lugar de ocupar el puesto que justamente se merece en la Iglesia Católica. ESBOZO BIOGRÁFICO Infancia y adolescencia Franz Liszt nace en Doborján (pequeña localidad húngara que actualmente se halla en la región austríaca del Burgenland) en 1811 y muere en Bayreuth (Alemania) en 1886. Su vida, por tanto, se extiende a lo largo de casi todo el siglo XIX. Su producción conecta el primer romanticismo de herencia beethoveniana con las principa- les corrientes musicales de comienzos del siglo XX. Como profesor influyó en varias generaciones de intérpretes y compositores, for- mando alumnos que luego serían profesionales del más alto nivel en sus respectivos campos. Su importancia en el desarrollo posterior de la música es tal, que hay quien ha declarado que, de no haber exis- tido Liszt, hubiera sido necesario inventarlo para explicar la evolu- ción de ésta. El compositor húngaro fue el único hijo del matrimonio forma- do por Adam y Anna Liszt. El padre había ingresado en el novicia- do del monasterio franciscano de Malacka a la edad de dieciocho años, de donde sería expulsado veintidós meses más tarde, tras varias peticiones suyas solicitando su salida de la orden, «por razones de temperamento inconstante y cambiante». A pesar de este fracaso en la vida religiosa, Adam mantuvo hasta su muerte una relación ex- tremadamente cordial con los franciscanos. A su hijo, bautizado precisamente con el nombre de Francisco, lo llevó en numerosas ocasiones a visitar los lugares en los que había estado de novicio. El mismo Franz retomó el contacto con los compañeros de su padre varios años después del fallecimiento de éste, en su visita a Pest durante su gira de 1840, lo cual marcó el comienzo de una amistad que duraría hasta el final de sus días. Tanto Adam como Anna eran buenos católicos, y fueron ellos quienes introdujeron al pequeño Franz en la práctica de su religión. El joven pianista, al llegar a la adolescencia, empezaría a mostrar un LA RELIGIOSIDAD DE FRANZ LISZT: «GENIO OBLIGA» 339 creciente interés por la oración y la lectura espiritual (uno de sus libros preferidos era la Imitación de Cristo). Éste se ve claramente reflejado en las anotaciones de su mal llamado «Diario de 1827» 2, que recoge textos religiosos que van desde los escritos bíblicos de los salmos, los evangelios o las cartas de San Pablo hasta los de Alexander Franz Emmerich von Hohenlohe, pasando por citas de San Agustín, San Alfonso María de Ligorio, Fénelon, Bossuet o Kempis. Sus cada vez más patentes inquietudes vocacionales le lle- varían incluso a plantearle a su padre la posibilidad de ingresar en el seminario, a lo que el padre se opuso rotundamente: «tú pertene- ces al mundo y no a la Iglesia». Y es que Liszt ya se había conver- tido en un pianista famoso (de los ocho a los doce años había vivido en Viena, período tras el cual se trasladó con su padre a París, por aquel entonces el principal centro musical del viejo continente), y su mayor promotor era precisamente Adam, que, con la ayuda de la casa de pianos Erard (su patrocinadora), había dado un impulso importantísimo a la carrera del adolescente al organizar varias giras de conciertos que le proporcionaron gran fama. A los dieciséis años, Liszt enferma. Los médicos le prescriben una temporada de reposo en Boulogne-sur-mer. Mientras que él se recupera con bastante rapidez, su padre contrae fiebres tifoideas y fallece a los pocos días (tenía cincuenta años). Este hecho fue no sólo un golpe durísimo para Franz, sino que le obligó a dejar a un lado sus inquietudes vocacionales, ya que se vio forzado a trabajar duramente para sacar adelante a su madre (que había acudido a Francia al producirse el fallecimiento de Adam) y a sí mismo. Además de continuar con sus conciertos, emprendió una frenética actividad docente dando clases particulares por todo París. Éste fue el inicio de su tarea como profesor, que no abandonaría durante el resto de su vida y en la cual encontraría una magnífica forma de servicio al Señor a través del prójimo. A los diecisiete años, abandonada la idea de ingresar en el se- minario, Liszt cae por primera vez presa del amor humano en la figura de la condesa Caroline de Saint-Criq, una de sus alumnas. El padre de ésta se opone a la relación al considerar que su hija no 2 LTB. 340 MIRIAM GÓMEZ-MORÁN puede casarse con alguien de condición social inferior, y lo despide. Comienza entonces un período oscuro en la vida de Liszt, que cae en una depresión que le durará hasta que el sonido de los cañones de la Revolución de 1830 lo saque de ese estado. Años más tarde, Liszt se referirá a este desgraciado episodio con los siguientes tér- minos: «por ese tiempo, tuve una enfermedad que me duró dos años, a continuación de la cual mi imperioso deseo de fe y de de- dicación, no encontrando otro objetivo, se absorbió en las austeras prácticas del catolicismo. Mi frente ardiente se inclinaba sobre las losas húmedas de «San Vicente de Paúl»; hice sangrar mi corazón y prosterné mi pensamiento. Una imagen de mujer casta y pura como el alabastro de los vasos sagrados fue la hostia que ofrecí con lágrimas al Dios de los cristianos; la renuncia a toda cosa terrenal fue el único móvil, la sola palabra de mi vida» 3. Juventud Los años que siguen le traen al joven Liszt toda clase de expe- riencias, algunas de ellas moralmente discutibles. Dotado por la naturaleza de un considerable atractivo, tanto en lo físico como en los aspectos más íntimos de su personalidad, el músico se convierte en la estrella de los salones parisienses. Se codea con las principales figuras del panorama artístico e intelectual de la época: Lamartine, Dumas, Victor Hugo, George Sand, Delacroix, Ingres, Chopin, Berlioz, Rossini... Se hace gran amigo de Lamennais, quien ejerce una gran influencia en su espiritualidad, y comparte algunos de los postulados de los discípulos de Saint-Simon. Su abanico de intere- ses es amplísimo, tal y como se puede comprobar al leer las Lettres d’un bachelier ès musique, colección de cartas publicadas entre 1837 y 1841 en la Gazette Musical de Paris. En ellas trata los temas más variados: música, pintura, literatura, teatro, religión, naturaleza… La conciencia social que posee lo lleva a visitar enfermos en los hospitales y condenados a muerte en las cárceles, además de a pro- mover numerosos conciertos benéficos y a participar en ellos. 3 Carta a George Sand, enero de 1837. LLB, p. 25. LA RELIGIOSIDAD DE FRANZ LISZT: «GENIO OBLIGA» 341 En el plano profesional, estos años son de una tremenda impor- tancia para Liszt. Desarrolla los principios de lo que denominará la «técnica trascendental» del piano (aquella que permite obtener el máximo rendimiento posible del instrumento con un esfuerzo proporcionalmente pequeño), influido por el ejemplo del violinista Paganini. Es curioso observar cómo une el trabajo meramente téc- nico con el del espíritu: «desde hace quince días, mi mente y mis dedos han estado trabajando como dos condenados. Homero, la Biblia, Platón, Locke, Byron, Hugo, Lamartine, Chateaubriand, Beethoven, Bach, Hummel, Mozart y Weber me rodean. Los estu- dio, medito sobre ellos, los devoro con furia; aparte de esto, hago de cuatro a cinco horas de ejercicios […]. ¡Ah! ¡Si no me vuelvo loco, encontrarás en mí a un artista! Sí, un artista… como se requie- re hoy día» 4. Comienza su actividad de transcriptor, a través de la cual explo- ra y amplía los recursos expresivos del piano. Su gran éxito como pianista lo lleva a recorrer toda Europa en sus giras de conciertos, en los que interpreta no sólo obras propias compuestas en esos años, sino también piezas de compositores contemporáneos (Chopin, Schumann, Mendelssohn, etc.) o históricos (Bach, Beethoven, etc.), asumiendo así un papel de «propagandista» de la producción ajena sin precedentes en el mundo de la música. Es el primer intérprete que sale al escenario con un programa ejecutado exclusivamente por él (con anterioridad, los conciertos eran compartidos y se parecían más a un espectáculo de variedades que a lo que conocemos hoy en día), con lo que se convierte en el inventor del «recital», término que establece él mismo.
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