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Download Product/4569/0 UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Ecological Genetics of Stipa pulchra in Environmental Restoration Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97d392j2 Author Rassbach, Kathleen Ida Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ecological Genetics of Stipa pulchra in Environmental Restoration By Kathleen Ida Rassbach A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Wildland Resource Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Lynn Huntsinger, Chair Professor James Bartolome Professor Ellen Simms Summer 2019 Copyright 2019, Kathleen Ida Rassbach Abstract Ecological Genetics of Stipa pulchra in Environmental Restoration by Kathleen Ida Rassbach Doctor of Philosophy in Wildland Resource Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Lynn Huntsinger, Chair Ecological restoration has become a large enterprise driven by regulatory policies and by public and private initiatives. Regulatory agencies and ecologists call for use of propagules that are adapted to project sites, compatible with other species, and genetically diverse. This project uses a native California grass, Stipa pulchra, to ask whether the cost-management practice of collecting seeds from dense stands of target species can have unintended selective effects on species used in restoration. Absolute cover, standing biomass, species composition, and S. pulchra density and culm count were recorded on plots in three central California sites. S. pulchra seeds from these plots were sown in pots allocated to two watering groups and three temporal blocks. Pot-study plants grown from seed collected from plots with greater S. pulchra density and absolute cover had significantly higher basal diameters, tiller counts, and root: shoot ratios. Plants derived from less-competitive plots set seeds earlier and gave rise to more culms. These results indicate that distribution of S. pulchra genotypes in the field may reflect a competition: colonization pattern, with more fecund S. pulchra plants inhabiting less-competitive patches than those occupied by their more-competitive conspecifics. Other aspects of pot-study plant growth appeared to correlate with background vegetation of the field plots. Although plants grown from seeds collected at the three sites were significantly different, there was no evidence that ecological distance reflected geographic distance. Plants receiving more water had relatively greater aboveground growth and lower root: shoot ratios. Statistical interactions of blocking and watering treatments with site may reflect plant adaptation to climate and soil at the various sites. Implications of these results apply to environmental restoration and extend to ecological research, where nonrandomly collected propagules are often used to represent genetic characteristics of entire populations. 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... i List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Intent of This Study ........................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2. Role of Population Genetics in Ecological Restoration ............................................ 7 Defining Restoration .......................................................................................................... 7 The Call for Local Germplasm .......................................................................................... 8 The Need for Genetic Diversity ....................................................................................... 11 Patchiness and Genetic Variation .................................................................................... 16 Chapter 3. Seed Production for Restoration Planting ................................................................ 19 Agronomic Increase of Wild-collected Seed ................................................................... 19 Collecting Wild Seed: Cost Versus Diversity .................................................................. 22 Chapter 4. Ecological Restoration Policy .................................................................................. 26 Evolution of Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Native Species Policies . 27 Development of Seed Zones ............................................................................................ 30 Assigning Costs and Responsibility ................................................................................. 32 Compensatory Mitigation: Restoration as Replacement .................................................. 33 Shifting Political Sands .................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5. Study Area and Problem Description ...................................................................... 37 Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 37 Restoration of California Grasslands: Limited Prospects ................................................ 40 Stipa pulchra .................................................................................................................... 41 Overview of This Research Project ................................................................................. 42 Chapter 6. Methods ................................................................................................................... 44 Field Study ....................................................................................................................... 44 Common Garden Study .................................................................................................... 50 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................... 59 Results: A Prelude ............................................................................................................ 61 Chapter 7. Results of Field Study .............................................................................................. 62 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 62 Results .............................................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 8. Results of Common Garden Study .......................................................................... 81 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 81 Seedling Emergence ......................................................................................................... 82 Unplanned Experimental Factors ..................................................................................... 87 Growth and Morphology .................................................................................................. 90 Reproduction by Seed .................................................................................................... 116 i Effect Size of Explanatory Variables ............................................................................. 133 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 143 Chapter 9. Discussion .............................................................................................................. 144 Differences Among Subpopulations .............................................................................. 144 Differences Among Populations .................................................................................... 150 Treatment Effects and Interactions ................................................................................ 152 Study Limitations ........................................................................................................... 152 Broader Implications of This Study ............................................................................... 155 Problems In Restoration Beyond Germplasm ................................................................ 158 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................... 161 ii List of Tables 1. Climate Conditions During Field Study Years (October 1 to September 30) ......................... 44 2. Distribution of Field Plots among Sites, Plot Pairs, and Plot Types ....................................... 47 3. Constituents of Plantex Fertilizer ...........................................................................................
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