Vegetation Classification, Descriptions, and Mapping of the Clear Creek

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Vegetation Classification, Descriptions, and Mapping of the Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, Monocline Ridge, and Environs in San Benito and Western Fresno Counties, California

Prepared By

California Native Plant Society

And

California Department of Fish and Game

Final Report

Project funded by

Funding Source: Resource Assessment Program California Department of Fish and Game

And

Funding Source: Resources Legacy Fund Foundation Grant Project Name: Central Coast Mapping Grant #: 2004-0173

2006

Vegetation Classification, Descriptions, and Mapping of the Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, Monocline Ridge, and Environs in San Benito and Western Fresno Counties, California

2006

Principal Investigators: California Native Plant Society staff: California Department of Fish and Game staff: Julie Evens, Senior Vegetation Ecologist Todd Keeler-Wolf, Ph.D., Senior Vegetation Anne Klein, Vegetation Ecologist Ecologist Jeanne Taylor, Vegetation Assistant Diana Hickson, Senior Biologist (Botany)

Addresses: California Native Plant Society California Department of Fish and Game 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Biogeographic Data Branch Sacramento, CA 95816 1807 13th Street, Suite 202 Sacramento, CA 95814

Reviewers: Bureau of Land Management: Julie Anne Delgado, Botanist

California State University: John Sawyer, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... 1

BACKGROUND...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 2

METHODS...... 3 Study Area...... 3 Figure 1. Map of study area for vegetation classification and fine-scale mapping in the inner Central Coast Ranges...... 5 Site Selection and Sampling ...... 6 Figure 2. Juxtaposition of serpentine barrens, dense chaparral, and open coniferous woodland within the heart of the Clear Creek Management Area...... 7 Figure 3. Map of the study area with locations of the vegetation rapid assessment surveys...... 8 Fine-scale Classification Analysis...... 10 Medium-scale Mapping Methodology ...... 13 Fine-scale Mapping Methodology ...... 14 Polygon Attributes and Issues of Compatibility...... 15 Assessing Accuracy of the Mapping Methods ...... 17 Figure 4. Project area showing study boundary, four Test Areas, BLM’s Management Areas lines, and sample points from the vegetation surveys...... 18 Fuzzy Logic Rules for Accuracy Assessment of Vegetation Mapping...... 19 Testing Spatial Accuracy of Mapping...... 20 Diagnostic Key to the Alliances and Associations ...... 21 Description Writing ...... 21

RESULTS ...... 23 Table 1. Rare plant species and number of occurrences found in vegetation surveys within the Clear Creek Management Area and adjacent lands, including the CNPS List ranking (per CNPS 2005)...... 24 Figure 5. Example of the cluster analysis output showing the arrangement and relationship of surveys in the clustering diagram and their final association names...... 26

CLASSIFICATION ...... 27 Table 2. Vegetation classification and geology in the study area of Clear Creek Management Area,

Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge in San Benito and W Fresno Counties, California...... 28 Table 3. List of high priority vegetation types in the study area based on their global and state rankings...... 32 Table 4. Vegetation types impacted by off-road vehicle (ORV) and non-native species impacts in the study area including Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge.... 33 Figure 6. Off-road vehicle impacts in study area, particularly in the sparsely vegetated areas of the Foothill Pine - Coulter Pine Barrens...... 36

CROSSWALKS TO OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS ...... 37

ASSESSMENT OF THE ASSOCIATED MAPPING EFFORTS...... 37 Table 5. The type and number of vegetation attributes (habitats, alliances, and/or associations) used in the two mapping efforts within the test areas of Congdon Peaks and Joaquin Rocks...... 38 Table 6. Accuracy assessment comparisons for Habitat type scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods...... 41 Table 7. Comparison of the vegetation types attributed in the two mapping efforts, organized by the Alliance names identified in the accuracy assessment (AA) surveys...... 41 Figure 7. Example of medium-scale map with 4 polygons mapped as Blue Oak within which the fine-scale map had 28 polygons with 11 mapped as Blue Oak ...... 43 Table 8. Accuracy assessment comparisons for under-delineation (or heterogeneity) scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods...... 45 Table 9. Accuracy assessment comparisons for Over-delineation scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods...... 45 Figure 8. Example of medium-scale map with one large polygon mapped as Lower Elevation Mixed Chaparral habitat within which the fine-scale map had 323 polygons with 21 different alliances and habitats mapped...... 46 Figure 9. Medium-scale map depicting 62 polygons with attributes of 5 vegetation types including Coastal Scrub, Blue Oak, and Chamise compared to the fine-scale map of 7 polygons including Herbaceous and Coastal Scrub...... 47 Conclusions of Accuracy Assessment ...... 48 Assessment of Feasibility and Recommendations for the Interagency MOU Mapping Standards .. 48 Figure 10. Finer image segmentation by USFS as compared to the medium-scale polygon by USFS and as compared to the fine-scale delineation by AIS...... 50

DIAGNOSTIC VEGETATION KEY AND DESCRIPTIONS ...... 52 Table 10. Field key to the defined vegetation associations of the Clear Creek Management Area,

Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge in the interior Central Coast, California...... 53

TREE-OVERSTORY VEGETATION...... 65 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata Association...... 65 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Association ...... 67 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Association...... 69 Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Association...... 71 Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association ...... 73 Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association...... 75 Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis Alliance (no association defined)...... 77 Pinus jeffreyi Alliance (no association defined)...... 79 Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association ...... 81 Populus fremontii Alliance (no association defined)...... 84 Quercus chrysolepis Association ...... 86 Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Association ...... 89 Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana Association ...... 92 Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus Association ...... 94 Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Association ...... 96 Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 99 Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Association...... 102 Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Association...... 105 Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 107 Quercus lobata Alliance (no association defined) ...... 109 Quercus wislizeni Alliance (no association defined) ...... 111 Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Association ...... 113

SHRUB-OVERSTORY VEGETATION ...... 115 Adenostoma fasciculatum Association...... 115 Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine Association ...... 117 Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Association...... 119 Adenostoma fasciculatum–Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia mellifera Association...... 121 Adenostoma fasciculatum - Salvia mellifera Alliance (no association defined) ...... 123 Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association ...... 125 Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual Herb Association...... 127 Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Unique Stand...... 129 Artemisia californica/Annual Herb Association...... 131

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Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association...... 133 Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera Alliance (no associaton defined) ...... 136 Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb Association ...... 138 Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Association...... 140 Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance (no association defined) ...... 142 Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance (no association defined)...... 144 Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association ...... 146 Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association ...... 149 Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance (no association defined)...... 151 Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association ...... 153 Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 155 Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association...... 157 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb Association ...... 159 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association .. 161 Eriogonum fasciculatum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 164 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association...... 166 Eriogonum heermannii Alliance (no association defined) ...... 168 Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Association.. 170 Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 172 Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 175 Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association...... 177 Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association.. 179 Lotus scoparius Alliance (no association defined) ...... 181 Lupinus albifrons Alliance (no association defined) ...... 183 Prunus ilicifolia Alliance (no association defined) ...... 185 Quercus berberidifolia Alliance (no association defined) ...... 187 Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association...... 189 Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni Association ...... 191 Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana Association ...... 193 Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Association ...... 195 Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association...... 197 Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides Association ...... 199 Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Association ...... 201 Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Association...... 203 Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Association...... 205 Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association ...... 207

Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association ...... 210 Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Association ...... 212 Tamarix Alliance ...... 214

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION ...... 216 Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance (no association defined)...... 216 Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides Association...... 218 Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance (no association defined) ...... 220 Elymus multisetus Alliance (no association defined) ...... 222 Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum Association...... 224 Juncus mexicanus Association ...... 226 Phragmites australis Alliance (no association defined)...... 228 Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance (no association defined)...... 229 Typha latifolia Association...... 230 Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat (no association defined) ...... 232 Serpentine Vernal Pool Habitat (placeholder)...... 235 Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta Herbaceous Association...... 236

ROCK OUTCROPS AND BARRENS ...... 238 Lichen-Moss Habitat (no association defined) ...... 238 Pinus coulteri Barren Association...... 240 Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren Association...... 242 Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren Association...... 244

LITERATURE CITED ...... 246

APPENDIX 1. List of scientific and common names for species occurring in the vegetation rapid assessments. Codes and common names follow the Plants Database (USDA 2003)...... 249

APPENDIX 2. Special status plant species that occurred in vegetation surveys in the inner Central Coast, California...... 258

APPENDIX 3. Crosswalk of vegetation classification systems from Alliances and Associations in the Floristic National Vegetation Classification (NVC) to the California Department of Fish and Game’s WHR types (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988) and US Forest Service’s CalVeg types (USFS 2004). 261

ABSTRACT

This report summarizes the findings based on vegetation data collected in the inner South Coast Ranges of California in an approximately 100,000-acre area. In the spring and summer of 2004 and 2005, a field crew of vegetation ecologists collected 570 vegetation rapid assessments. In the fall- winter of 2004-2005, these data were entered into a database and analyzed using multivariate statistical programs to develop a floristic classification, keys, and descriptions of the vegetation types identified in the area.

This project serves two complementary functions. The first is to develop a detailed vegetation inventory to assist the Bureau of Land Management in the development of long-range management decisions in the area, which has a range of uses from a wilderness study area to grazing, mining, and off-road vehicles. The second is to provide a test case for the development of vegetation mapping methodologies with recommendations to the California State Vegetation Memorandum of Understanding Committee. The classification and descriptions produced herein have been used to develop detailed maps of the area’s vegetation, and these maps are compared to other existing maps in the area to test their accuracy and efficiency of production.

BACKGROUND

Current, high quality vegetation data are critical for the preservation and management of California’s ecosystems. Various agencies and organizations collect and maintain information resources regarding vegetation and produce maps to illustrate vegetation resources. Natural resource agencies consider vegetation as one of most important, if not the most important, data sets for their planning. For example, it is useful for:

• Developing land management plans (such as Federal Resource Management Plans or County General plans), • Conducting watershed analysis, • Monitoring and evaluating the status, health, and trends of wildlife and other natural resources, • Assessing wildfire fuel loads and risks, • Making pre-fire and post-fire assessments and plans, • Modeling and predicting wildlife distributions and associated project impacts, • Identifying critical habitat and conservation priorities for endangered species, • Identifying potential habitat acquisitions, • Assessing risks of exotic species infestations, • Identifying restoration opportunities, • Planning for recreation and resource extraction, • Siting new facilities and infrastructure so as to minimize environmental impacts, and • Resolving conflicts prior to land use decisions that affect natural resources.

Because of the importance of vegetation data, various public agencies and private organizations have funded their own individual land cover mapping efforts to meet their specific needs. These mapping efforts have used different mapping standards mostly independently of each other, making their integration across larger areas very difficult.

To correct this problem, the agencies and organizations that collect and distribute vegetation data in the state signed a Vegetation Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in June 2000. They include the following: Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bureau of Reclamation, California Department of Forestry (CDF), California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), California Department of Parks and Recreation, California Native Plant Society (CNPS), California Department of Conservation, The

Resources Agency, University of California, US Forest Service (USFS), and US Fish and Wildlife Service. The purpose of the MOU is for the signatory organizations to work collaboratively in:

• Developing common standards for vegetation and land cover data content, data capture methods, field procedures, accuracy assessment and documentation.

• Completing a hierarchical vegetation classification system adaptable to varying goals of the signatories and improve vegetation and habitat classification and crosswalks between systems, and adhering to state and national standards for classification.

• Completing and maintaining a vegetation map of all public and private lands in California on a regional basis through interagency cooperative efforts as the basis for vegetation inventories and assessments of habitats, including detection of changes.

The Vegetation MOU Group has developed common mapping standards and identified the most essential information (attributes) to capture for each map unit (polygon or pixel), based on each organization’s most important business needs. The standards can be found on the following web site: http://ceres.ca.gov/biodiversity/vegmou.html. The team has also created a crosswalk of rules for identifying vegetation types across existing classification systems. This crosswalk is an interim step until the more standardized National Vegetation Classification System is completed and adopted by public agencies.

INTRODUCTION

One of the purposes of this project is to test the Vegetation MOU Group’s standards in a realistic mapping effort. This will help refine the standards, develop realistic ways for agencies to work together, and set the stage for improved land cover mapping throughout the state. In the long-term, the results from this project will guide future collaborative mapping efforts to cover all other parts of the state. The specific objectives of this project are to:

• Test land cover mapping standards for feasibility and cost-effectiveness; • Develop and test a process for multiple agencies to reduce overall costs and collaborate on an integrated land cover mapping effort; and • Combine and refine existing classification systems (i.e., USFS’s CalVeg, CNPS’s Manual of California Vegetation, CalFed’s ERP classification) to create a hierarchical system for the inner Central Coast region consistent with the National Vegetation Classification System.

In addition to testing the Vegetation MOU Group’s standards, the goal of this project from the BLM’s standpoint is to provide an improved land cover GIS data set for the project area, with medium-scale data covering a larger area and fine-scale data in BLM’s Clear Creek Management area and adjacent lands. The fine-scale map, in particular, will be useful in guiding management decisions in association with the Clear Creek Management Area Resource Management Plan and for adjacent areas. For example, it will produce more precise location information for specific habitats and vegetation types and the location of habitats for focal species. Also, detailed analysis may be possible on associated habitats, so that specific management issues can be addressed.

This project has benefited from the interest in its development by several cooperating agencies and organizations. Contributions from the cooperators include:

• Funding from the California Department of Fish and Game Resource Assessment Program to cover the cost of field data collection • Funding from the Resources Legacy Group to cover cost of analyzing the field data for the vegetation classification and descriptions and for the map accuracy assessment done by the California Native Plant Society

• In kind services from the California Department of Fish and Game Vegetation Classification and Mapping Program to assist with field sampling, classification and mapping of the vegetation and to maintain state and national classification and mapping standards • Funding from BLM to cover about half the cost of the fine-scale mapping, including air photo interpretation and delineation in the pilot study area, and a donation from BLM of recent digital color infrared aerial photography to assist with detailed photo interpretation of the study area. • Funding from CalFed to cover the initial medium-scale mapping effort produced by US Forest Service and California Department of Forestry • In kind services from the Remote Sensing Lab of the US Forest Service Region 5 office to provide segmented imagery for the entire study area. • Funding from The Resources Agency for about half of the costs of air photo interpretation and delineation in the pilot study

This report covers the project completed by the California Native Plant Society with funding from Resources Legacy Group. The five main objectives of this project are as follows:

1. Define standard methods for collecting vegetation data for mapping efforts and supervise/train field staff. 2. Systematically classify the vegetation/habitats to state and national standards. 3. Describe the vegetation/habitat types. 4. Organize the final vegetation data and database that will be used in the fine-scale mapping and the accuracy assessment of the fine and medium-scale mapping. 5. Analyze/compare accuracy of the map data.

The analysis includes a crosswalk of the fine-scale classification and map products with the medium- scale products, and a comparison of accuracy and resolution between the products. This analysis will assist in building capacity between the organizations and will guide future efforts for vegetation mapping. Further, the final vegetation classification and map products will directly apply to efforts for habitat conservation planning, modeling for rare plant and animal species, designation of rare plant communities, and restoration of habitats.

METHODS

Study Area

The study area is in the inner Central Coast Ranges of the Diablo Range, straddling the boundary between San Benito and Fresno Counties, California (Figure 1). Much of the area is mountainous with sloping summits and steep side slopes along the east-northeast side of the San Andreas Fault. The study area is comprised of two subareas within three USDA subsections (Miles and Goudey 1997):

1. A portion of Monocline Ridge, within the Westside Alluvial Fans and Terraces (262Aq) and Eastern Hills (M262Ad) ecological subsections, and 2. The Clear Creek Management Area and adjacent Joaquin Ridge, primarily within the Diablo Range (M262Ac) subsection and a small extent into the Eastern Hills (M262Ad) subsection.

Both areas are under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management of Hollister, California. Each area has its own unique geology and floristic composition, as described below.

The Monocline Ridge portion of the study area is approximately 5,000 acres located west of Highway 5 northwest of the town of Firebaugh in Fresno County. The Monocline Ridge study area has had a long history of cattle grazing and is actively grazed today. The majority of the area is annual grassland dominated by non-native annual grasses; however, there are several unique habitats within the area. Monocline Ridge is actually a series of sand dune peaks known as the Monvero Dunes. A theory suggests that these dunes have eroded in place from sandstone of the Miocene period. The dunes

consist of loose sand at the highest peaks and are host to a unique dune flora that includes several forb species characteristic of the Colorado and Mojave deserts (Holland 1986). Another theory by Mel Erskine, geological consultant in California, suggests that the sands have been blown in and deposited in place by the dominant storm winds coming northwesterly off the ocean. A wind driven air mass meets the coastal mountains and the velocity of the wind increases to get the same volume of air through a smaller area. The greater velocity picks up larger particles from the surface, sand size in this case. The air mass then reaches the elevation drop into the San Joaquin Valley and the air mass has more room, so the velocity drops and the heavier sand sized particles are dropped out as soon as the velocity drops. The sand dunes are on the southeast side of the topographic highs such as at Monocline Ridge, and they generally are larger near the high passes where the velocity of the wind first decreases. The finer particles remain airborne longer and are dispersed over a much larger area, such as Bakersfield (Mel Erskine, personal communication). On the lower slopes of the dunes where the soils have become consolidated are found native shrub communities. A second unique plant community within the Monocline Ridge study area is found on open barren slopes where the soils have high kaolinite (clay) content. These barrens host a unique plant association dominated by Eriogonum nudum var. indictum and Eriogonum vestitum, both CNPS list 4 species (CNPS 2005).

The Clear Creek Management Area and adjacent Joaquin Ridge are located in San Benito County. They are bounded by Highway 25 to the west, King City-Coalinga Road to the south, Interstate Highway 5 to the east, and Panoche Road to the north. The study area comprises approximately 100,000 acres, of which about 70,000 are in the Clear Creek Management Area and about 35,000 are serpentine soils. Vegetation ranges from dense shrub land on relatively mesic non-serpentine north- facing slopes to open serpentine barrens and serpentine chaparral and woodlands, to semi-desert scrub of California Juniper, rabbitbrush, and saltbush on the eastern, driest portions of the study area.

The study area was divided by soil type and the areas are referred to as Eastern Non-serpentine, Serpentine, and Western Non-serpentine. The Eastern Non-serpentine area includes the area from Wright Mountain east along the length of Joaquin Ridge to near Donut Rocks. Further west the area also includes the nearly 1550 m Condon Peak in the south and Tucker Mountain in the far northwest. The Serpentine portion of the study area covers the central portion of the Management Area west of Wright Mountain to the Clear Creek drainage and north to the New Idria Mines. The Clear Creek Management Area has also had a long history of human use including mining and logging. Today it is a popular site for off-road vehicle use.

The area including and immediately surrounding the Clear Creek Management Area has elevations ranging from about 800 m adjacent to the San Benito River up to 1579 m on San Benito Mountain. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 cm. Snowfall is rare at the lower elevations, but it is an occasional occurrence at the higher elevations where snow may remain on the ground for a few days.

The core of the study area is known geologically as the New Idria antiform (Alexander et al. 2005). Here is exposed the largest serpentine body in the south coast ranges of California, a block of highly sheared serpentinite approximately 15 km long and 5 km wide, parallel to the San Andreas fault. This serpentinite body is in fault contact with rocks of the Franciscan complex, Great Valley sediments, and Tertiary marine and nonmarine sediments. These serpentine rocks form a dome that has been continuing to rise since the Miocene (around 11 million years ago). Numerous tectonic inclusions of Franciscan complex rocks are found within the New Idria dome and some have been recrystallized under high pressure to glaucophane schist, indicating that these rocks were forced up from depths greater than 15 to 20 km in the Franciscan subduction zone (Alexander et al 2005).

The New Idria serpentinite contains highly sheared and crushed material that consists of soft crumbly aggregates and sheets of asbestos (Coleman 1996). Chrysotile is the predominant mineral, with some lizardite, brucite, and magnetite. Within the wet weathering zone many secondary minerals, such as artinite, coalingite, hydromagnesite, and pyroaurite, are present. These minerals do not persist in well- drained soils. Cinnabar (mercury) deposits were mined from 1856 to 1970 and asbestos was mined in the New Idria locality until very recently (Eckel and Myers 1946). Government regulations concerning the introduction of toxic mercury into local streams terminated the cinnabar mining (Coleman 1996).

Figure 1. Map of study area for vegetation classification and fine-scale mapping in the inner Central Coast Ranges.

Soils are predominately Lithic Argixerolls of the Henneke and Hentine series, Typic Argixerolls of the Atravesada Series, and other Mollisols. These soils have a cover of chaparral prevailing on steep slopes, except where they are severely eroded (Isgrig 1969, Arroues 2004). Foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana) trees are common, but sparse.

A striking feature of the New Idria locality is large areas of severely eroded, barren land with very shallow Entisols lacking vegetative cover (Figure 2). These soils consist of a thin layer of loose serpentine detritus, commonly less than 10 cm thick, over bedrock that has been weathered soft enough to dig into with a spade. They have been mapped as rock outcrop in the soil survey of San Benito County and as asbestos in the soil survey of western Fresno County (Isgrig 1969, Arroues 2004). Moderately deep to deep Mollisols are common on the summit slopes, along with shallow Mollisols. A moderately deep clayey-skeletal, magnesic, mesic Ultic Argixeroll with open stands of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) and an understory of leather oak (Quercus durata), buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), and Mexican manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens) was described near the summit of San Benito Mountain.

Site Selection and Sampling

A preliminary vegetation classification for the study area was developed from an existing California vegetation classification (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995) and from initial reconnaissance of the study area. The preliminary reconnaissance was completed in April 2004, by Julie Evens (CNPS), Todd Keeler-Wolf (CDFG), Diana Hickson (CDFG) and Julie Anne Delgado (BLM). This preliminary classification provided field staff with a list of actual and potential alliances and associations to look for during the course of the field season.

The primary goal of the field staff was to obtain as many replicate field samples of the different vegetation types as time and resources allowed. Survey sites were selected by subjectively identifying stands of vegetation. A “stand” is defined as vegetation that has a characteristic combination of plant species and that is similar in age and size occurring across a landscape. A stand may be a small seep measuring several square meters in size or a large brush stand measuring several acres in size. The majority of field data was collected over a 10-week period between May 4 and July 10, 2004. Another week of surveys was completed the week of July 26, 2004, and additional surveys were collected during a reconnaissance visit the week of April 18, 2005. Sau San and Jeanne Taylor, Vegetation Program Assistants with CNPS, conducted the majority of the field sampling. Julie Evens and Anne Klein, vegetation ecologists with CNPS, participated in three weeks of field supervision/ training, reconnaissance, and field data collection. Todd Keeler-Wolf and Diana Hickson, vegetation ecologists with CDFG, participated in four weeks of reconnaissance and data collection.

Over the course of the field season, the CNPS Vegetation Rapid Assessment method was used to collect vegetation samples of tree, shrub and herb alliances and associations (visit www.cnps.org for the protocol descriptions and forms). The focus of the field data collection was to collect as many Rapid Assessments as could be completed in the accessible portions of land in the study area (Figure 3). In addition to sampling across the entire study area, four sub-areas (Tucker Mountain, San Benito Mountain, Condon Peak and Joaquin Rocks) were selected for more intensive data collection. Within these sub-areas, one week each was dedicated to collecting as many stand summaries as possible to obtain a statistically significant number of samples for each of the main vegetation types. This intensive sampling was done to gain adequate data to classify the vegetation into alliances and associations and to assess the accuracy of the test mapping project.

In addition, the sampling was done to provide the photo-interpreters with a maximum number of on- the-ground data points to create an accurate vegetation map. Reconnaissance surveys were collected as well as the full Rapid Assessment surveys. These shortened versions of the Rapid Assessment method were collected to provide the photo-interpreters with supplementary ground points indicating the dominant species in a stand. Note that the data collected from reconnaissance surveys were not used to develop the classification.

Figure 2. Juxtaposition of serpentine barrens, dense chaparral, and open coniferous woodland within the heart of the Clear Creek Management Area.

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Figure 3. Map of the study area with locations of the vegetation Rapid Assessment surveys.

The Rapid Assessment protocol is a concise method for collecting environmental variables, species composition, and wildlife habitat information across an entire stand of vegetation. Each assessment takes about 30-45 minutes to complete, and they are recorded on one-page, paper field forms. Survey time depends on the size and accessibility of the stand.

With the rapid assessment protocol, data were collected on homogeneous “stands” of vegetation, which were identified by locating areas of homogeneous vegetation composition, species abundance, and site history. For each stand identified, a list of tree, shrub, and/or herb species was recorded (on average each Rapid Assessment list contained 12 native species and any additional non-native species). Each species was designated a height stratum (low=<0.5 m, medium=>0.5 to 5 m, and tall=>5 m), and the abundance or percent cover of each species was assessed by estimating the percentage of ground area covered by living parts. Sometimes, species were identified in more than one stratum (e.g., blue oak could be found in the low, medium and tall layers). In these instances, percent cover was estimated separately for each stratum in which the species occurred.

Throughout the field season, unknown plant specimens were identified using The Jepson Manual (Hickman 1993), A California Flora (Munz and Keck 1959), An Illustrated Field Key to the Flowering Plants of Monterey County (Matthews 1997) and a local plant list obtained from the BLM botanist. Additionally, staff from the University of California at Davis herbarium and the Jepson Herbarium helped identify unknown plant specimens.

All survey locations were recorded in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and North American 1983 datum (NAD 83) using global positioning system (GPS) receivers. One GPS location was recorded within a representative location of each rapid assessment survey. When a stand was inaccessible due to distance or terrain, and the stand could be clearly viewed, survey data were collected remotely. GPS location was collected at each survey point and a distance and bearing to the stand center were taken. Distance to the stand was measured using a digital rangefinder. Compass bearings were true north using a declination of 16° east. GPS points were later plotted, and these points were shifted to the stand center by calculating a trigonometric equation with the distance and bearing.

Standard sets of additional variables were collected as part of all field samples. These include elevation, degree aspect, degree slope, total vegetative cover, total overstory cover, total understory cover, geologic substrate, and soil texture. Survey data were entered directly into an Access database created by CNPS. All surveys were entered manually into a standardized database in July and August 2004. Error checking of the database was conducted in the fall of 2004. The information is archived in the MS Access database for Rapid Assessment surveys. All associated data survey information is located in the RAPlots, RAPlants, RAPlants_Analysis, RAImpacts, RAReports, and RA_AA tables. Other tables are look-up reference tables for the functionality of the forms and data tables.

Fine-scale Classification Analysis

Once all the field data were entered and quality checked, the process of developing a standardized, quantitative and fine-scale classification of the study area was performed. In the following paragraphs a detailed description of the processes and methods involved are described. In brief, the phases can be summarized as follows:

1. Accumulate existing literature and combine into preliminary classification of vegetation types. 2. Target the various vegetation types using current field sampling and survey to capture all bio- environments in the study area and fill in the gaps in the existing classification. 3. Analyze new plots to develop quantitative classification rules. 4. Bring the classification into accordance with the standardized National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS). 5. Develop keys and descriptions to all the alliances of the mapping area. 6. Review existing literature.

Beginning in early April 2004, information from a state California vegetation classification (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995), and other existing literature were reviewed to obtain a current view of the local vegetation with respect to the National Vegetation Classification (Grossman et al. 1998). This information was compiled into a preliminary, floristic classification of vegetation at the alliance and association levels. The initial reconnaissance of the study area in April 2004 also supplemented this classification. The initial inventory included around 50 alliances and suggested about 100 associations or phases (an informal subdivision of an association) in the mapping area. This was substantially revised following analysis of the samples.

Cluster analyses for vegetation classification

Following the 2004 sampling effort by the field staff, 565 rapid assessment surveys were statistically analyzed. A team of ecologists classified the data, including Julie Evens, Diana Hickson, Todd Keeler- Wolf, and Anne Klein. The analysis of sample data was undertaken using the PC-ORD software suite of classification and ordination tools (McCune and Mefford 1997). PC-ORD performs multivariate analyses to generate order out of complex biological patterns. It can be used to objectively define groups of samples into a formalized classification of community types. Using programs such as Cluster Analysis and Ordination (McCune and Mefford 1997), groups are defined by similarities in species composition and abundance.

Since plant community datasets are inherently complex and more than one environmental axis determines the heterogeneity in plant patterns, a hierarchical agglomerative Cluster Analysis technique was employed with Sorenson distance and flexible beta linkage method at -0.25 (McCune and Grace 2002). The cluster analysis technique was based on abundance (cover) values converted to seven different classes using the following modified Braun-Blanquet (1932/1951) cover categories: 1=<1%, 2=1-5%, 3=>5-15%, 4=>15-25%, 5=>25-50%, 6=>50-75%, 7=>75%. The majority of the species values fell within the first four cover classes. Prior to these analyses, data were screened for outliers (extreme values of sample units or species) using outlier analysis in PC-ORD. Outlier samples and species were removed to reduce heterogeneity and increase normality in the dataset. For samples, Sorenson distance was used for the outlier analysis. Species in less than two samples were removed. After outliers were removed from the dataset, a dendrogram was generated in the first-order cluster analysis run. This dendrogram was interpreted at group levels 6, 55 and 150 to display the main ecological groupings, the generic alliance levels, and the finest association levels, respectively.

The six ecological groupings included the following vegetation assemblages: 1) serpentine chaparral and mixed conifer, 2) chaparral, 3) riparian, pine barren, and canyon live oak, 4) desert transition, 5) blue oak, California juniper and mountain-mahogany, and 6) upland herbaceous, coastal sage, and disturbance samples.

After the main Cluster Analysis run, Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) was employed to decide objectively what group level to “cut” the dendrogram and explicitly interpret the groups. Further, ISA was used to designate species that indicate the different groups. ISA produced indicator values for each species in each of groups within the dendrogram, and these species were tested for statistical significance using a Monte Carlo technique (Dufrene and Legendre 1997). ISA was repeated at group levels for the 6 main groups of the dendrogram at 55 and 150 groups. At the 55 and 150 group levels, the analysis was evaluated to obtain the total number of significant indicator species (p-value ≤0.5) within each group level and the mean p-value for all species. Plant community names within floristic classes were applied to the samples of the different groups.

Naming conventions followed the floristic units of “associations,” as defined by the National Vegetation Classification System (Grossman et al. 1998) and the California Native Plant Society (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995). An association is defined by a group of samples that have similar dominant and characteristic species in the overstory and other important and indicator species, whereby these species are distinctive for a particular environmental setting. Further, significant indicator species were drawn from the analysis and applied to the associations. A set of similar associations is grouped hierarchically to the next level in the classification, the alliance-level. For example, different types of Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany Shrubland are classified to the association level depending on the characteristic overstory and understory species (e.g., Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus- Quercus john-tuckeri as compared to Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb), while there is a Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany Alliance based on the characteristic presence of this shrub in the overstory. Associations are usually differentiated by environmental factors as well as floristic characteristics.

Each sample was revisited within the context of the cluster to which it had been assigned to quantitatively define membership rules for each association. The membership rules were defined by species constancy, indicator species, and species cover values. Upon revisiting each sample, a few samples misclassified in earlier fusions of the cluster analysis were reclassified based on the membership rules. Additionally, the three outlier samples and the five 2005 samples were assigned membership rules based on dominant species in the overstory.

The set of data collected throughout the study area was used as the principal means for defining the association composition and membership rules; however, pre-existing classifications and floras were consulted to locate analogous/similar classifications or descriptions of vegetation.

A summary of the analysis process is provided in the following steps:

a. Screen all sample-by-species data for outliers. Samples that were outliers in Sorenson distance and species that were in fewer than two samples were removed. b. Run cover category Cluster Analysis to display a more specific arrangement of samples based on species presence and abundance. c. Run Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) at three different group levels in the Cluster Analysis output. d. Settle on the final representative grouping levels to use in the preliminary labeling. e. Preliminarily label alliance and association for each of the samples, and denote indicator species from the ISA. f. Develop decision rules for each association and alliance based on review of species cover on a sample-by-sample basis. g. Assign final alliance and association labels for each sample and arrange in table of database.

h. Use decision rules developed in the new data to assign alliance and association names to all analyzed data and all other samples within the dataset, including outliers.

Samples were classified first to the generic alliance-level, and then they were defined to the more specific association-level when at least three samples of similar species composition and cover were present. These designations are based on the standard floristic hierarchy of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification as supported by NatureServe (see www.naturerserve.org, NatureServe 2005). They are based on species composition, abundance, and habitat/environment. Samples were defined only at the alliance-level when less than three samples occurred in the study area. The alliance-only designations occurred in three main situations:

1. The alliance has been described elsewhere in the state as a widespread alliance (e.g., Fremont Cottonwood Alliance). Usually the one or two samples recorded in this project corresponded appropriately with an existing alliance definition, but the plots did not “fit” into any existing, specific association definition.

2. The alliance has been described elsewhere, but only at the alliance-level (e.g., Coulter Pine - Canyon Live Oak Alliance). The one to two samples corresponded suitably with an existing alliance description, but there were not enough samples of similar constitution to define a specific association.

3. The alliance has been defined as a new alliance in this study area. With few samples to define this new alliance, it is seen as a provisional alliance until additional samples are recorded from this or other regions.

These circumstances lead to the point that some vegetation types were under-represented in the sampling effort. Particularly for the third situation, they may be rare types that have been considered important and are described separately in the result section based on their rare edaphic environments. They are often the only representatives of rare alliances known from within the boundary of the study area, or they were the only representatives of rare alliances that are found scattered in California. In some cases, they represented unusual species groupings heretofore undescribed and were viewed as affording perspective into unusual vegetation types that deserve additional sampling.

Methods for Mapping Processes

Numerous techniques are available for fine-scale mapping of vegetation. Among the most promising are those relying on delineation and attribution of vegetation patches using expert interpretation of digital (computer-screen) geo-referenced aerial photography. This is generally faster than traditional methods of manual interpretation of hard-copy aerial photos through stereoscopes. Another method is based on computer-segmentation (computer decides where the lines are drawn) of satellite images, which are then attributed manually by experts or automatically by computer models. As more and more emphasis is being put on standard approaches to mapping vegetation throughout California, it is important to test the efficiency and accuracy of the most likely methods to be used. This project tests both of these methods and at the same time will result in a detailed vegetation map of an important management area in central California.

One of the principal goals of this project is to test the efficacy of using two different approaches to mapping vegetation. Another goal is to test the draft map attribute standards agreed upon by the California Interagency Vegetation MOU Committee (further known as “The Vegetation Committee”). The latter purpose will be used to make decisions within the Vegetation Committee for future cooperative vegetation mapping projects throughout the state. The former purpose is a comparison of a computer-automated approach of defining mapping units through image segmentation developed by the US Forest Service versus a standard manual approach of “head’s-up” digitizing mapping units on a computer-screen.

The underlying wishes of the US Forest Service (USFS) are to use a photo-interpreter modification of segmented imagery as a standard way to match more finely-delineated maps with a computer- automated segmentation approach that have been implemented by the USFS for their mid-scale products. The argument for this approach is that using segmented images as a base is a more standard method to defining vegetation polygons because it is “impartial” and does not vary based on “human opinion.” The counter-argument is that human interpretation of vegetation classification is important to enable incorporation of subtle distinctions of species composition, dominance by lifeform, and phenological and topographic variance, which otherwise might be interpreted just as spectral differences by the image segmentation process. The conclusions from this study will help us decide if image segmentation is a useful technique to reduce time and photo-interpreter error in manually delineating and labeling stands based on the National Vegetation Classification System.

Medium-scale Mapping Methodology

The medium-scale mapping classification used in this comparison is known as CalVeg. The CalVeg mapping classification is maintained and updated at the Remote Sensing Lab (RSL) of the US Forest Service in Sacramento, and it currently has 178 distinct vegetation and land use types (USFS 2002). CalVeg alliances are similar in resolution (though not always in formal definition) to those in the uppermost floristic level (Alliance) of the National Vegetation Classification hierarchy. Both are based on dominant and existing vegetation components in a given area, but mapping units stress woody economically important types and tend to aggregate or overlook vegetation that typically does not attain stands of the minimum mapping unit of 2.5 ha.

The methods for developing classified images for CalVeg mapping follow a prescribed sequence of steps including lifeform classification, data collection and descriptions, terrain model development, forest stand structure, field verification and map editing, and accuracy assessment.

1) Lifeform classification: Prior to modeling ecological relationships for vegetation type, a LANDSAT Thematic Mapper image, usually merged with a finer-scale satellite image such as IRS or SPOT is classified into several lifeforms: conifer, hardwood, mixed, shrub, wet herbaceous, dry herbaceous, barren, water, snow, agricultural and urban. Other more specific vegetation types that have unique spectral properties may be mapped at this time as well.

Image classification occurs on individual pixels, not stands. All recent work by RSL relies on a basic pixel size of 5 m. An additional step uses an image segmentation procedure, which delineates stand boundaries based on spectral similarities. When combined with the pixel classification, a "stand based" land cover map is produced. This map is generated through a decision rule process, which uses analyst-specified decision rules to label the stands or polygons, based on the membership of classified pixels. Editing is then carried out on these stands or polygons to resolve any ambiguous results for lifeform. This stand lifeform map is then used as input to the ecological terrain model.

2) Data collection and descriptions: Field and existing data collection drives the classification system to enable the development of models that predict the occurrence of existing vegetation alliances. However, the intensity of data collection and analysis is substantially lower than methods used to develop the classification, training, and accuracy assessment in this project. This process provides updated alliances for the CalVeg classification system as areas across the state are systematically mapped within regional or Ecological Unit boundaries. Field time is allocated to collect new information throughout the project's mapping boundaries, including, at the minimum, slope angle, elevation, slope aspect, and dominant species for each alliance in its varied expression throughout the mapping area. Since the mapping area of this CalVeg project included about 2.2 million acres, the actual amount of data collected in the study area (ca 100,000 acres) was limited to a few observations. In many cases, areas are "masked" in the models to exclude

alliances that are restricted in extent. Alliances are then described for the general mapping area or CalVeg Zone, often with the inclusion or updating of a general dichotomous key to the alliances.

3) Terrain model development: In addition to floristic information, terrain variables such as elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, soil and geologic or land form type, precipitation averages, fire history, etc. are addressed in the vegetation predictive models in ARC Macro Language scripts. Models are processed separately for each of four lifeform types - conifer, hardwood, mixed conifer/hardwood stands, and shrub. Herbaceous types are usually assessed from remotely sensed imagery corrected and edited by interpreting information from aerial photos. In cases where vegetation cannot be modeled, such as in serpentine or other edaphically defined vegetation types, ancillary data are used and superseded the model's output. Model results are analyzed for conformance with new field data and field observations. A final "run" of the model merges output from the four lifeform models with land cover classifications derived from edited remotely sensed data to assure the labeling of all map areas.

4) Forest stand structure: In addition to mapping the floristic composition, the structural characteristics of canopy closure and overstory tree size are also mapped for the tree land cover types. Stands that are mapped as conifer, hardwood, or conifer/hardwood mix are used as stratifications for independent canopy and size mapping approaches. Canopy closure is derived from a geometric optical canopy model that estimates canopy closure within each tree stand as a percent cover value. The resulting estimates of canopy closure in forested stands are evaluated using aerial photography to correct any errors in the GIS environment. Overstory tree size is generated from satellite imagery using a combination of supervised and unsupervised image classification techniques in conjunction with aerial photography. As with canopy closure, size estimates are reviewed against aerial photography to correct anomalous errors.

5) Field verification and final editing: Maps are provided for field reviewers and brought into the mapping area for comments and corrections that produce the final CalVeg data layers. The models are corrected and re-run, or the needed edits are made on the computer screen in ARC/INFO to produce a final CalVeg map product. The final completed map includes the results of tree crown and density models and tree size estimates. Crosswalks to the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (WHR) and regional descriptions of the vegetation alliances are supplied with the final map products.

Fine-scale Mapping Methodology

The fine-scale mapping methods used to compare with the medium-scale approach described above is called “Heads-up digitizing.” The process has been implemented by Aerial Information Systems (AIS), from Redlands, California. It involves a traditional air photo interpreter’s technique of delineation of individual stands or “mapping units” of vegetation based on a detailed understanding of the floristic classification developed in this report. The steps used by the AIS photo interpreters are as follows:

1) Familiarization of the study area’s vegetation into floristic and mapping classifications. Photo interpreters are trained and become familiarized with the specific vegetation features of the study area through a combination of field reconnaissance and indoctrination in the details and rules of the floristic classification derived from the field data. This work is done in collaboration with the ecologists who collected and analyzed the field data. Once the photo-interpreters interpret the information provided in the field reconnaissance, field data, and floristic mapping classification, they derive a mapping classification of vegetation that can be reliably and repeatedly mapped.

2) Manual delineation of vegetation through digital means. Instead of lines being drawn in pen and ink as an overlay over an aerial photographic print, a digitally ortho-rectified copy of the aerial photograph is displayed on the computer screen, and the AIS photo interpreter uses a mouse to digitally draw boundaries of the stands in a GIS environment, followed with attributing each

polygon with a set of vegetation codes and other descriptive attributes. Additional clues to the proper labeling and delineation of the vegetation are interpreted through the use of 30 meter digital elevation models – converted to contour backdrops depicting slope characteristics (direction-steepness-position) and elevation and Digital Raster Grids – showing backdrops of a USGS 1:24,000 topographic map including approximate locations of streams, roads, and other features.

3) Use of field samples to assist photo interpretation. The basis for the certainty of photo interpretation of all attributes comes from the approximately 360 individual field vegetation samples that were collected specifically for this study and provided to the photo interpreters. These samples contained all the information necessary to interpret all attributes and contained an array of examples of all major vegetation types in the study zone.

4) Attribution of vegetation type, cover, tree height, and disturbance. Test areas are interpreted to the highest level of floristic detail possible, which for the most part equate to sub-alliance and association mapping for lifeforms of shrub and trees based on the classification of the vegetation detailed in this report. In addition to the vegetation type attribution, the photo interpreters defined vegetation cover (density), height, and disturbance:

a. Stand Density (density determined on the dominant lifeform of the alliance or association; for example, the density for a tree type would be the tree cover not the understory cover) b. Stand Height (height determined on lifeform of alliance or association except where trees make up at least 10% of a shrub dominated association c. Stand Disturbance Intensity (Values for both exotic component and land disturbance, called “cleared” as an attribute)

Attribution of these variables was accomplished by AIS using the training data provided from the field crews and on the gauging of categories based on texture, shadowing, and other cues taken from the aerial photographs. Photo interpreters used disturbance categories for exotic vegetation and clearing. These categories are based on minimum standard of visible human or human- mediated impacts each ranked as high, moderate, or low impact. The “cleared” category is attributed using a standardized ranking of disturbance by roads, mining, and bulldozer clearing based on the percentage of each polygon covered by these types of disturbance. The exotics category was attributed from the photo-interpreters knowledge of signatures of non-native grasses or larger non-native species such as tamarisk.

5) Final editing. Maps are reviewed the by vegetation ecologists in an accuracy assessment process, and final results of accuracy are provided to the photo interpreters. The photo interpreters use the information to correct any misinterpreted vegetation types and other attributes. Crosswalks to the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (WHR) and regional descriptions of the vegetation alliances are supplied with the final map products.

The photo interpreters had access to two different photo imagery bases: high resolution (approximately 1 foot resolution or 1:12,000) color-infrared photography (CIR imagery) flown in the dry season in June 2004, and black and white (B&W) standard digital orthophoto quarter-quadrangle (DOQQ) imagery derived from aerial photography flown in 1994 (approximately 1 meter resolution). The high resolution imagery was available for the Clear Creek Management area (around 70,000 acres), and the other imagery was available for the entire study area (around 100,000 acres).

Polygon Attributes and Issues of Compatibility

One of the problems in this study was that different classification systems and different attributes were used in the medium-scale and the fine-scale efforts. The medium-scale segmented approach used a CalVeg classification system (USFS 2004) and indicated additional codes for size class and density

class of trees in both the CalVeg and WHR classification systems (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988, USFS 2002). The fine-scale approach used the Alliance and Association-level vegetation classification system based on the National Vegetation classification system (Grossman et al., 1998), which typically operates at a finer resolution than the CalVeg classification. Further, the fine-scale photo interpretation approach used a compatible density (cover) scale for the dominant vegetation overstory, using similar rules to the CalVeg approach (WHR density scale was used), while the fine-scale effort used different height category attributes (which were not readily comparable to any of the CalVeg attributes).

In addition to floristic attributes, the fine-scale polygon attribution contained the following stand characteristics:

a) Vegetation cover: Based on minimum standard of five cover classes of dominant stratum, including the following. 1 = Greater than 60%, 2 = 40-60%, 3 = 25-40%, 4 = 10-25%, 5 = 2-10%

b) Tree height: Based on minimum standard on five standard height classes, including the following. 1 = <0.5 m, 2 = 0.5 – 2 m, 3 = 2 – 5 m, 4 = 5 – 15 m, 5 = 15 – 35 m, 6 = > 35 m

c) Vegetation disturbance: Based on minimum standard of visible human or human-mediated impacts each ranked as high, moderate, or low impact. Clearing: 0 = <5%, 1 = 5-25%, 2 = 25-50%, 3 = >50%

Exotics: 0 = <5%, 1 = 5-25%, 2 = 25-50%, 3 = >50%

The CalVeg medium-scale approach did not have a vegetation height category, but it did have canopy closure categories for all tree types (defined as polygons with >10% cover of trees). The cover classes are similar to those used in the density attribute for the fine-scale approach:

Tree Cover Classes: S (Sparse Cover) = 10.0-24.9%, P (Open Cover) = 25.0-39.9%, M (Moderate Cover) = 40.0-59.9%, D (Dense Cover) >60%, X (Not Determined) = Not Applicable

CalVeg also uses a set of size class categories for all polygons dominated by trees, used in the mid scale but not in the fine-scale approach:

1 = Seedlings (<1”), 2 = Saplings (1-6”), 3 = Pole (6-11”), 4 = Small (11-25”), 5 = Medium to large (Greater than 25”), 6 = Multi-layered medium to large trees over smaller trees in densities >60%

Of course, the classification systems used by the medium-scale and the fine-scale were also not completely compatible. As described above, the CalVeg system has been developed stressing woody vegetation, particularly tree dominated types, while the National Classification system treats all forms of vegetation, woody or not, small or large size stands, equally. In order to make these systems comparable in the analysis of accuracy, the complexity of both systems was reduced and aggregated into an easily interpreted compatible system, which in this case equated to the WHR habitat classification (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988).

Assessing Accuracy of the Mapping Methods

As previously described, vegetation sampling was conducted at a higher level of intensity within pilot test areas with the idea that a number of these samples would be used by CNPS and CDFG ecologists to test the accuracy of the mapping and labeling of vegetation attributes. Over 150 vegetation samples were collected in the pilot areas.

Two of test areas of approximately 3,500 acres (or approximately 5 ½ square miles) each overlapped with both fine-scale and medium-scale efforts (see Congdon Peaks and Joaquin Rocks test areas in Figure 4). In these two test areas, a total of 80 field samples were reserved for accuracy assessment (31 in Congdon Peaks and 49 in Joaquin Rocks). These samples were conducted with the specific intention of testing of thematic accuracy on type, density, and other structural attributes, as well as spatial accuracy. Thus, somewhat more detailed notes were made by the field crews than would normally be done on a standard Rapid Assessment form.

Further, two additional test areas of approximately 3,500 acres each were also selected (see Figure 4), so that AIS could additionally map the four test regions in two approaches: using their standard heads-up digitizing on DOQQs and using a finer-tuned segmentation process than the medium-scale effort produced by USFS. All four test areas were attributed by AIS in an exercise to determine the extra effort needed to meet proposed standards of the Vegetation Committee. The Team tracked the time necessary to map using both methods and for the extra attribution.

The four test areas had been selected to cover the range of variability of the different types of vegetation and mapping conditions within the larger 100,000-acre study area. They represent the local variety of the vegetation within the study, in the following areas:

1. Tucker Mountain: Western largely non-serpentine chaparral and oak woodland. 2. San Benito Mountain: Largely high elevation serpentine coniferous woodland and serpentine chaparral. 3. Condon Peak: Mixture of higher elevation serpentine and non-serpentine chaparral and conifer woodland. 4. Joaquin Rocks: Eastern portion of the study area with drier oak woodlands, non-serpentine chaparral, grasslands, and juniper scrub.

Figure 4. Project area showing study boundary (thin black line), four Test Areas (labeled), serpentine areas (green lines), and sample points from the vegetation surveys (green dots).

Fuzzy Logic Rules for Accuracy Assessment of Vegetation Mapping

Using a traditional method of accuracy assessment, only one possible answer (considered to be the best answer by an 'expert' in the field) is compared to the map label. However, vegetation map classes do not always lend themselves to unambiguous measurements. While a map label of Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata may be considered absolutely correct for a particular site, a user might consider acceptable a map label of Arctostaphylos glauca, or if translating to a more general category, ultramafic chaparral might be considered accurate. An alternative method for evaluating map accuracy, and the one chosen for use in this assessment, is based on the use of fuzzy sets, first developed by Gopal and Woodcock (1994). With the fuzzy logic method of accuracy assessment, for each evaluation site, all map classes including the map label are assigned a ranking based on their degree of ecological similarity with the ground data. The ecological similarity is derived from the actual analysis of plot data defined by similarity values in the cluster analysis as well as similarities in lifeform. The numeric scoring, used in this assessment, is shown below:

0 = Completely wrong lifeform and very low ecological similarity 1 = Same life-form (e.g., shrub, tree, or herb-grass), not ecologically related in cluster analysis 2 = Same sub-lifeform (e.g., tall wetland herb, short annual grass), but not necessarily ecologically related in cluster analysis or could be different lifeform, but share diagnostic species or somewhat ecologically related (same super cluster) 3 = Same alliance or similar alliance within same meso-cluster, but diagnostic species not shared for association 4. = Same alliance or similar alliance within same meso-cluster and diagnostic species shared, but doesn’t meet key definitions 5 = Perfect, meets key definitions for the vegetation type or mapping unit

Using the ground-collected data with a set of decision rules (described below), a ranking of 0 to 5 was assigned to all map classes at each evaluation site. The rankings were modified when used to compare the generic categories of WHR habitats assigned to the mid scale and the fine-scale vegetation attributes. The ecological relationships identified in the detailed data analysis were translated to the WHR categories in order to accomplish this.

Fuzzy logic rules for disturbance: In order to rank the other attributes fuzzy logic was used as well. To score the accuracy of the disturbance attributes exotics and clearing, the following process was enacted: If the field data matched perfectly (for example an exotic or clearing code was identified as high intensity on the ground and also interpreted for the polygon), a score of 5 was given. If a disturbance attribute was identified from both the polygon interpretation and the field sample, but the intensity noted did not match, the attributed received partial credit (a score of 3). If the polygon either scored a disturbance attribute that was not seen on the ground or if one was seen on the ground but not interpreted for the polygon a score of 0 was given.

Fuzzy logic rules for spatial accuracy: To score the accuracy of the spatial attributes, fuzzy logic was also used. The testers used GIS to measure the degree of divergence from the vegetation stand as it was described by the field crew conducting the assessment point from the way the polygon was delineated in the mid-scale and the fine-scale delineations. A scoring system for under-delineation (or heterogeneity) and over-delineation was developed by estimating the percentage of polygon area that matched with the correct definition of the stand, as sketched and described by the ground-based field crew. Calculations were made “on-the-fly” in a GIS editing session, in which the addition and/or deletion of portions of the polygon were digitized, and the resulting area of the digitized portions were either added or subtracted from the correctly defined polygon identified in the field.

As an example, a polygon was given a score of 3 out of a possible 4 for “under-delineation” or heterogeneity if the delineated polygon included between 25 and 50% more area than the actual stand was estimated to cover. Conversely, a polygon was given a score of 3 out of a possible 4 for “over-

delineation” if the delineated polygon was between 25 and 50% smaller than the extent of the actual stand as it was described in the field. See below for additional explanation.

Testing Spatial Accuracy of Mapping

Since the CalVeg approach is considered a medium-scale mapping method while the AIS method is fine-scale, the size and detail of the mapping polygons, and their ability to depict actual vegetation stands, are assumed to be different. A way to show the difference between the two approaches in a spatial context is to compare their capacities to capture the spatial distribution of the “on-the-ground” vegetation. A method was devised to assess/score delineation based on the adherence of the polygon to the description in the field sample of the particular stand reserved for accuracy assessment.

For each of the accuracy assessment points, field biologists recorded notes on location of GPS within stand (whether center, south, north, west, or east edges) and also recorded an estimate of the size of stand and general position of stand (on entire slope, upper or lower portion, direction stand faced, etc.), by drawing stands on a print out of the aerial photos in the field. From these notes in addition to independent GIS analysis of the backdrop aerial photo imagery, there was a determination of how well each method interpreted the area compared to the field assessment of the stand. Two elements were devised in scoring the spatial representation. These included: 1) polygon over-delineation, defined as the degree to which the polygon delineated by each method over-divided the stand on the ground; and 2) polygon heterogeneity, defined as the degree to which the polygon drawn by each method represented the actual stand of vegetation as it was described from the field sample.

Polygon Under-delineation or heterogeneity is scored using a 4-rank system:

4 = between 0 and 25% heterogeneity within polygon 3 = between 25-50% heterogeneity within polygon 2 = between 50 and 75% heterogeneity within polygon 1 = between 75 and 100% heterogeneity within polygon

Polygon Over-delineation is also scored with a 4-rank system:

4 = between 0 and 25% of polygon over-delineated 3 = between 25 and 50% of polygon over-delineated 2 = between 50 and 75% of polygon over-delineated 1 = greater than 75% of polygon over-delineated

Both scores were also based on overlying the two delineation methods on top of the remotely sensed image used by the photo interpreters in a GIS session. These were matched with the location of the sample points and their descriptions on screen. Todd Keeler-Wolf and Julie Evens coded the test results independently and then cross-checked their results. These test results were summarized for the medium-scale and the fine-scale approaches in the two pilot test areas (Congdon Peaks and Joaquin Rocks) where the fine-scale and the mid-scale products overlapped.

These two scores are essentially the inverse of one another. A polygon with a poor score for “under- delineation” or heterogeneity indicates the inability of the delineation to capture the variety of vegetation within it. A polygon with a poor score for “over-delineation” indicates that the method over- divided the polygon and relied too heavily on non-vegetative information that was misinterpreted to be meaningful breaks in vegetation.

Diagnostic Key to the Alliances and Associations

A key was produced to identify all vegetation types detected in the fieldwork for the fine-scale mapping and classification project. The key provides general choices and information on the physiognomy of the vegetation and the different environments based on wetland/upland position. This approach in the key was chosen: 1) to reduce the length and redundancy that is common in dichotomous keys, and 2) to be a guide that can be easily used by non-botanists/plant ecologists. The vegetation key can be used as a stand-alone product, allowing anyone with some basic ecology background and knowledge of the main characteristic plant species to identify the vegetation. It is written from two perspectives: (1) a field team attempting to identify vegetation and (2) an office team attempting to place field samples into the proper category. Thus, heavy reliance is placed on correct identification of characteristic plant species and of estimation of cover of these species.

The key is first broken into major units based on dominant plant lifeform: trees, shrubs and herbs. Within these groups, it is further divided by habit, leaf morphology, stature, etc. The key and descriptions hopefully will afford further refinement to the understanding of the Clear Creek Management Area and Joaquin Ridge from the standpoint of both classification and mapping.

Description Writing

Following the classification analysis of field data, development of the brief association-level descriptions were written and based on field data and available literature. If alliances or habitats were defined without any associations, these also have brief descriptions in the same format as the association descriptions. In these descriptions, scientific names of plants follow Hickman (1993) and UCB (2004). Common names follow these sources and USDA (2004). The primary writers were Julie Evens, Anne Klein, and Jeanne Taylor (California Native Plant Society). Todd Keeler–Wolf and Diana Hickson (California Department of Fish and Game) reviewed and edited the descriptions. When writing the descriptions, the following standards were set:

1. Dominant or co-dominant species: Must be in at least 80 percent of the samples, with at least 30 percent relative cover in all samples. 2. Consistent/Characteristic/Diagnostic species: Must be present in at least 80 percent of the samples, with no restriction on cover. 3. Abundant species: Must be present in at least 50 percent of the samples, with an average of at least 30 percent relative cover in all samples. 4. Frequently/often/usually occurring species: Must be present in at least 50 percent of the samples, with no restriction on cover. 5. Infrequently occurring: present in less than 25 percent of the samples. 6. Minimum sample size for classification and description: n = 3. Descriptions of associations with fewer than three samples were attempted if (a) the association was sampled and described by previous authors or (b) the vegetation was confirmed as distinctive and repeatedly encountered based on field reconnaissance or by photo-interpretation signature. 7. Open: Used to describe individual layers of vegetation (tree, shrub, herb, or subdivisions of them) where the cover is generally less than 33 percent absolute cover 8. Intermittent: Used to describe individual layers of vegetation (tree, shrub, herb, or subdivisions of them) where there is 33-66 percent absolute cover 9. Continuous: Used to describe individual layers of vegetation (tree, shrub, herb, or subdivisions of them) where there is greater than 66 percent absolute cover 10. Relative cover: Refers to the amount of the surface of the stand sampled that is covered by one species (or physiognomic group) as compared to (relative to) the amount of surface of the stand covered by all species (in that group). Thus, 50 percent relative cover means that half of the total cover of all species or physiognomic groups is composed of the single species or group in question. Relative cover values are proportional numbers and, if added, total 100 percent for each stand (sample).

11. Absolute cover: Refers to the actual percentage of the ground (surface of the stand) that is covered by a species or group of species. For example, Pinus sabiniana covers between 5 percent and 10 percent of the stand. Absolute cover of all species or groups if added in a stand may total greater or less than 100 percent because it is not a proportional number. 12. Stand: Is the basic physical unit of vegetation in a landscape. It has no set size. Some vegetation stands are very small, such as wetland seeps, and some may be several square kilometers in size, such as desert or forest types. A stand is defined by two main unifying characteristics: A. It has compositional integrity. Throughout the site, the combination of species is similar. The stand is differentiated from adjacent stands by a discernable boundary that may be abrupt or gradual. B. It has structural integrity. It has a similar history or environmental setting, affording relatively similar horizontal and vertical spacing of plant species. For example, a hillside forest formerly dominated by the same species, but that has burned on the upper part of the slope and not the lower is divided into two stands. Likewise, a sparse woodland occupying a slope with shallow rocky soils is considered a different stand from an adjacent slope of a denser woodland/forest with deep moister soil and the same species. 13. Woody plant: Is any species of plant that has noticeably woody stems. It does not include herbaceous species with woody underground portions such as tubers, roots, or rhizomes. 14. Tree: Is a one-stemmed woody plant that normally grows to be greater than 5 meters tall. 15. Shrub: Is normally a multi-stemmed woody plant that is usually between 0.2 meters and 5 meters tall. Definitions are blurred at the low and the high ends of the height scales. 16. Herbaceous plant: Is any species of plant that has no main woody stem-development, and includes grasses, forbs, and perennial species that die-back seasonally. 17. Forest: In the National Vegetation Classification, a forest is defined as a tree-dominated stand of vegetation with 60 percent or greater cover of trees. 18. Woodland: In the National Vegetation Classification, a woodland is defined as a tree-dominated stand of vegetation with between 25 percent and 60 percent cover of trees; however, in this study we use 10% cover as the lower cut-off value. 19. Rare and endangered plants: Listed as per CNPS (2005) Online Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants 20. Conservation rank: Listed by the state Nature Conservancy Heritage Programs. All communities were ranked, though ones without much information were ranked with a “?” after the rank to denote that this rank may change with more information, but that the best knowledge to date (sometimes personal) was used in these situations. Otherwise, hard references were used to place rank. These ranks are the “Global” and “State” ranks as seen below: a. G1 and S1: Fewer than 6 viable occurrences worldwide and/or 2000 acres b. G2 and S2: 6-20 viable occurrences worldwide and/or 2000-10,000 acres c. G3 and S3: 21-100 viable occurrences worldwide and/or 10,000-50,000 acres d. G4 and S4: Greater than 100 viable occurrences worldwide and/or greater than 50,000 acres e. G5 and S5: Community demonstrably secure due to secure worldwide and statewide abundance 21. Sample(s): Listed by their survey numbers from the vegetation databases, and indicated using the alpha-code CCBLM (an abbreviation for Clear Creek Bureau of Land Management). Successive numeric codes follow each of the alpha-prefixes. 22. Con, Avg, Min, Max: A species table is provided at the end of each alliance description. The Con column provides the overall constancy value for each species within all rapid assessments classified as that alliance. The constancy values are between 0 and 100. Trees, shrubs, and herbs that occurred with at least 10% constancy are listed in the table. The Avg column provides the average cover value for each species, as calculated across all samples in that alliance. The Min and Max values denote the minimum and maximum cover values of species listed in the table.

RESULTS

From the beginning of April 2004 through July 2004, 565 Rapid Assessment surveys were collected in the Central Coast study area, and 92 reconnaissance surveys were collected. In April 2005, five additional surveys were collected. In these surveys, 347 vascular plant taxa were identified. Generic names were given to vascular plant species that were not identified to the species level. Additionally, non-vascular taxa were indicated by the following general names: algae, cryptogamic crust, lichen, and moss.

Appendix 1 provides a complete list of scientific and common names for all taxa identified and analyzed in the vegetation surveys. Scientific names of the taxa were converted to alpha-numeric codes for data analyses, as recorded in the appendix. Further, each hardwood and conifer tree species was given an alpha-numeric code with three different endings based on the three different height strata where the species occurred. Tree species sampled in the tall stratum have an alphanumeric code ending in “-t”, those sampled in a medium stratum have a code ending in “-m”, and those sampled in a low stratum have a code ending in “-l”. For example, Quercus douglasii sampled in tall and low strata are coded “QUDO-t” and “QUDO-l”, respectively. Records of all taxa were reviewed before the analyses, and groups of taxa that were inconsistently identified to species and genus levels were subsumed into a general name (e.g., Erodium sp., Erodium botrys, E. brachycarpum, and E. moschatum were merged into Erodium for the analysis).

Of the 347 plant taxa, 13 sensitive plants were observed in the vegetation surveys within the study area (Table 1). Appendix 2 describes the state and federal listing status and generalized habitat information for all 13 sensitive plants (per CNPS 2005), including two CNPS List 1B species.

Although the species below were observed in the study, they are not inclusive of all of recorded sensitive, rare species present in the study area. Six other rare plants occur in the study area: Fritillaria agrestis, F. viridea, F. falcata, Layia discoidea, Pentachaeta exilis subsp. aeolica, and Phacelia phacelioides (per CNPS 2005 and J.A. Delgado, personal communication). Many of these species were observed in early spring of 2004. However, they were not observed in late spring when the vegetation surveys occurred, mainly because low rainfall shortened the phenology and detectability of these species in this year of sampling.

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Table 1. Rare plant species and number of occurrences found in vegetation surveys within the Clear Creek Management Area and adjacent lands, including the CNPS List ranking (per CNPS 2005).

Scientific Name Common Name Lifeform CNPS List n-samples Acanthomintha lanceolata Santa Clara thorn-mint annual herb List 4 5 Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata San Benito thorn-mint annual herb List 4 7 Camissonia benitensis San Benito evening-primrose annual herb List 1B 1 South Coast Range morning- Calystegia collina subsp. venusta perennial rhizomatous herb List 4 18 glory Clarkia breweri Brewer's clarkia annual herb List 4 1 Eriogonum nudum var. indictum protruding buckwheat perennial herb List 4 13 Eriogonum umbellatum (subsp. bahiiforme) sulphur-flower buckwheat perennial herb List 4 7 Eriogonum vestitum Idria buckwheat annual herb List 4 7 Lessingia occidentalis western lessingia annual herb List 4 1 Malacothamnus aboriginum Indian Valley bush mallow perennial deciduous shrub List 1B 1 Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis San Benito monardella perennial rhizomatous herb List 4 55 Solidago guiradonis Guirado's goldenrod perennial rhizomatous herb List 4 16 Trichostema rubisepalum Hernandez bluecurls annual herb List 4 7

The cluster analysis was produced for the 565 surveys. This included data on 22 tree-overstory types, 49 shrub-overstory types, 11 herbaceous types, and 4 cryptogam and rock/barren vegetated types. After producing a cluster analysis run on the full dataset with species abundance values, Outlier analysis was performed and three outlier samples and 82 species were removed from the dataset. Next, Indicator Species Analysis was run and six clusters were differentiated as main groups for final analysis. The main groups are summarized as follows:

• 120 samples with indicator species such as Quercus durata, Arctostaphylos glauca, Arctostaphylos pungens, Pinus coulteri, Calocedrus decurrens; • 103 samples with indicators such as Adenostoma fasciculatum, Quercus john-tuckeri, Garrya; • 99 samples with indicators such as Quercus douglasii, Bromus hordeaceus, Juniperus californica, Ericameria linearifolia, Poa secunda; • 148 samples with indicators such as Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Avena, Yucca whipplei, Artemisia californica; • 60 samples with indicators such as Salix breweri, Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Quercus chrysolepis, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Pinus jeffreyi; • 32 samples with indicators such as Atriplex spinifera, Gutierrezia californica, Eriastrum pluriflorum, Chorizanthe membranacea.

Final cluster analyses were produced at group levels 55 and 150, and all but three of the 565 samples were classified to alliance level. Out of the full dataset, 519 samples were further classified to association level. See Figure 5 for an example dendrogram from the 32 samples of the sixth group.

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Final class Sample ID Diagram (splits closest to left are ecologically more closely related than splits to right) Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CCBLM084 ------|------| Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CCBLM474 ------| |------| Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CCBLM496 | | | Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CCBLM499 |------| | Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CCBLM502 | | Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM472 ---| | Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM483 | |------| | Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM501 |-|| | | Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM487 | || |------||------| Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM484 --| | || Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM477 ------|-----| | || Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM485 |------| |------| || Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM500 | | || Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM478 --|------| || Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum CCBLM480 --| || Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb CCBLM473 ------|------| || Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb CCBLM489 |------| |------| | Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb CCBLM492 | | | | Upland Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM491 ------|------| | | Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM493 ------| |----| | Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM488 ------|------| | | | Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM495 ------| | | | | Upland Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM490 |-----| |------| | | Upland Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM494 | |------| | |---| Upland Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM498 ------| |------| | Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb CCBLM497 ------| | Achnatherum hymenoides (Alliance only) CCBLM475 ------|------| | Rumex hymenosepalus (Alliance only) CCBLM476 ------| |---| Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM479 |------| | Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM481 | |------| Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM482 |------| Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CCBLM486 |

Figure 5. Example of the cluster analysis output showing (from right to left) the arrangement and relationship of surveys in the clustering diagram and their final association names. In the diagram, splits closest to left are ecologically more closely related than splits to right, and the different colors in the diagram indicate the alliance.

CLASSIFICATION

The final analysis substantiated 85 vegetation types to the alliance level or below. Specifically, 50 different alliances and 4 habitat types were classified, including 10 tree-dominated alliances, 30 shrub- dominated alliances, and 10 herbaceous-dominated alliances. Of these alliances, 63 associations were additionally defined, including 17 tree-dominated associations, 37 shrub-dominated associations, 4 herbaceous-dominated associations, and 4 cryptogam-dominated or sparsely vegetated associations. See complete list of alliances and associations in Table 2. While some alliances/associations may have little data available for the classification and description, they have been provisionally defined for three different reasons:

1. To be established as types in situ and compared to other areas where the plant community is more common, 2. To be represented as rare communities to be compared to other similar locations, especially the wetland associations, and 3. So future projects can benefit from the definitions of alliances and associations in this project.

By providing as much information as possible in the classification and descriptions, it is hoped that future research and management efforts could build upon this framework of vegetation classification in the Central Coast and in other areas with serpentine outcrops.

This project has attempted to describe all the vegetation types in the study area, though it is possible that additional alliance and association characteristics could come out through further research after this project. Additional sampling and classification could be allocated to vegetation with an abundant herbaceous component, especially during a spring that follows early and continuous winter rains along with cool temperatures. At this time, some associations included the terms “Annual-Perennial Herb” or “Annual Herb” to denote the significantly herbaceous nature to the understory of certain associations. These common names have been similarly defined in other existing classifications (e.g., Allen et al. 1989), using a general term for grasses and herbs in the understory.

In reviewing the classification, a number of rare vegetation types exist in the region with respect to the state and national classification. Rarity in vegetation is primarily based on the number of occurrences worldwide and statewide and/or the amount of area covered worldwide and statewide. Table 3 provides a list of 39 vegetation types that are of highest rarity in the study area, including 9 tree associations, 24 shrub alliances/associations, and 3 herbaceous alliances/associations, and 3 sparsely vegetated associations. This accounts for around 45% of the vegetation types described in this project.

Regardless of rarity, almost 90% of the plant communities in the study area have impact by off-road vehicles and/or non-native plant species (Table 4). The most common impact is competition from non- native plant species, though off-road vehicles have observably impacted at least 35% of the vegetation types. Figure 6 provides a descriptive view of the impact of off-road vehicles, including disturbance of native plant species and erosion, which occurs particularly within the rare serpentine habitats.

Table 2. Vegetation classification and geology in the study area of Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge in San Benito and W Fresno Counties, California. Geology codes where vegetation types occur are translated as follows: ALLU = alluvium, SAND = sandstone, SETU = sedimentary (type unknown), SERP = serpentine, SHAL = shale, SLAT = slate

Alliance Association n-samples Geology Tree-Overstory Conifer Alliances Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata- 14 SERP Arctostaphylos glauca Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus 5 SERP, SETU tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus 6 SERP durata Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata- 20 SERP Arctostaphylos pungens Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca 4 SERP, SETU Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata 7 SERP Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis No association defined 2 SERP, SETU Pinus jeffreyi No association defined 2 SERP Pinus sabiniana Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb 7 SETU Hardwood Evergreen Alliances Quercus chrysolepis Quercus chrysolepis 7 SERP, SETU Quercus wislizeni No association defined 1 SETU Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis 5 SERP, SETU, SHAL Hardwood Deciduous Alliances Populus fremontii No association defined 1 ALLU Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides 6 SETU Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana 1 SERP Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb 3 SERP, SETU Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus 4 SETU Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus 37 SERP, SETU californica Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial 4 SETU Herb Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus 14 SETU betuloides Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john- 11 SERP, SETU tuckeri Quercus lobata No association defined 1 SERP

Shrub-Overstory Chaparral Alliances Adenostoma fasciculatum Adenostoma fasciculatum (pure) 17 SETU

Alliance Association n-samples Geology Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine 12 SERP Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine 10 SERP Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia 3 SETU mellifera Adenostoma fasciculatum-Salvia mellifera Alliance only 1 SETU Arctostaphylos glauca Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana 17 SERP Ceanothus cuneatus No association defined 2 SETU Ceanothus leucodermis No association defined 2 SETU Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john- 10 SERP, SETU tuckeri Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual- 11 SERP, SETU Perennial Herb Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum No association defined 1 SERP Prunus ilicifolia No association defined 2 SETU Prunus virginiana No association defined (placeholder) 0 SETU Quercus berberidifolia No association defined 1 SETU Quercus john-tuckeri No association defined 2 SLAT Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum 5 SERP, SETU Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria 22 SETU linearifolia Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala 5 SERP, SETU Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens 6 SETU, SHAL

Quercus durata Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana 8 SERP Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni 4 SETU Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana 29 SERP Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana 29 SETU Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya 1 SERP congdonii/Melica torreyana Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana 11 SERP Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides 4 SERP

Coastal Sage Scrub Alliances Artemisia californica Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual 2 ALLU, SETU Herb Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum 1 SETU Artemisia californica/Annual Herb 4 SETU Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra 8 SETU californica Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera No association defined 1 SETU

Alliance Association n-samples Geology Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum /Annual Grass-Herb 13 SETU, SERP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus 17 SETU, SERP californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Eriogonum fasciculatum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial 28 SETU, SERP Grass-Herb Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum 4 SETU Lotus scoparius No association defined 1 SETU Lupinus albifrons No association defined 1 SETU Salvia mellifera Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum - 5 SETU Eriodictyon tomentosum Desert Scrub And Desert Transition Alliances Atriplex spinifera Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb 4 SAND, SETU Chrysothamnus nauseosus Alliance only 1 SERP Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual- 11 SETU Perennial Herb Ephedra californica Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb 2 SETU Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum 6 SAND, SETU pluriflorum Eriogonum heermannii No association defined 1 ALLU Eriogonum wrightii Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella 3 SERP, SETU antonina subsp. benitensis Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial 5 SERP, SETU Herb Gutierrezia californica Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb 5 SETU, SLAT

Juniperus californica Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual- 13 SETU Perennial Herb Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria 5 SETU linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Riparian Scrub Alliances Baccharis salicifolia Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia 2 SETU, ALLU squarrosa Salix breweri Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia 12 SERP, SETU Tamarix spp. No association defined 1 ALLU

Herbaceous Upland Coastal and Coast Range Grasslands Elymus multisetus No association defined 1 SERP Eriogonum nudum Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum 5 SETU, SLAT

Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous No associations defined 18 SERP, SETU, SLAT Vulpia microstachys Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta 1 SETU Upland Desert Grasslands Achnatherum hymenoides No association defined 1 DUNE Rumex hymenosepalus No association defined 1 SETU Wet Meadow Alliances Carex spp. Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides 3 SERP, SETU Eleocharis macrostachya No association defined 2 SERP Juncus mexicanus Juncus mexicanus 2 SERP, SETU Phragmites australis No association defined 1 SERP Typha latifolia No association defined 2 SERP, SETU Serpentine Vernal Pool Habitat (placeholder) 0 SERP

Rock/Barren Lichen-Moss No association defined 2 SERP, SETU Sparsely Vegetated Pinus coulteri Barren 2 SERP Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren 7 SERP Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren 4 SERP

Table 3. List of high priority vegetation types in the study area based on their global and state rankings. See section on description writing for an explanation of the rankings.

Lifeform Rank Alliance or Association Name Tree-Overstory G2S2 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Association G2S2 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Association G3S3 Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association G3S3 Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association G3S3 Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca Association G3S3 Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Association G3S3 Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association G3S3 Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Association G3S3 Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Shrub-Overstory G2S2 Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Association G2S2 Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association G2S2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association G2S2 Eriogonum heermannii Alliance G2S2 Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Association G2S2 Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association G2S2 Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association G3S3 Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Association G3S3 Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association G3S3 Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual grass-herb Association G3S3 Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association G3S3 Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb Association G3S3 Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Association G3S3 Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association G3S3 Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association G3S3 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association G3S3 Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association G3S3 Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association G3S3 Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Association G3S3 Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Association G3S3 Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Association G3S3 Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Association G3S3 Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association G3S3 Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Association Herbaceous G2S2 Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum Association G2S2 Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance G2S2- Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat G4S4 G3S3 Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides Association Rock/Barren G2S2 Pinus coulteri Barren Association G2S2 Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren Association G2S2 Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren Association

Table 4. Vegetation types impacted by off-road vehicle (ORV) and non-native species impacts in the study area including Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge.

Non- Alliance Association ORV Native Tree-Overstory Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca X Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia X X Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata X Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens X Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca X Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata X Pinus jeffreyi No association defined X Pinus sabiniana Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Populus fremontii No association defined X Quercus chrysolepis Quercus chrysolepis X X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica X X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides X Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri X X Quercus lobata No association defined X Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis X X Shrub-Overstory Adenostoma fasciculatum Adenostoma fasciculatum X Adenostoma fasciculatum Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine X X Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine X X Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia mellifera X Arctostaphylos glauca Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana X Artemisia californica Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual Herb X Artemisia californica Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum X Artemisia californica Artemisia californica/Annual Herb X 33

Non- Alliance Association ORV Native Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica X Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera No association defined X Atriplex spinifera Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb X X Baccharis salicifolia Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa X Ceanothus cuneatus No association defined X Ceanothus leucodermis No association defined X X Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri X Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum No association defined X Chrysothamnus nauseosus Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X X Ephedra californica Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Ephedra californica Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum X X Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb X X Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb X Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum X X Eriogonum heermannii No association defined X Eriogonum wrightii Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis X Eriogonum wrightii Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Gutierrezia californica Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb X Juniperus californica Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb X Juniperus californica Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb X Lotus scoparius No association defined X Lupinus albifrons No association defined X Prunus ilicifolia No association defined X Quercus durata Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana X Quercus durata Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni X Quercus durata Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana X X Quercus durata Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana X Quercus durata Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides X Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum X X Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia X Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala X X Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens X X Salix breweri Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia X Salvia mellifera Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum -Eriodictyon tomentosum X Tamarix No association defined X

Non- Alliance Association ORV Native

Herbaceous Achnatherum hymenoides No association defined X Carex spp. Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides X Elymus multisetus No association defined X Eriogonum nudum Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum X Juncus mexicanus Juncus mexicanus X Rumex hymenosepalus No association defined X Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous No association defined X Serpentine Vernal Pool Habitat No association defined X Vulpia microstachys Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta X Rock/Barren Lichen-Moss No association defined X Sparsely vegetated Pinus coulteri Barren X Sparsely vegetated Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren X Sparsely vegetated Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren X

Figure 6. Off-road vehicle impacts in study area are particularly noticeable in the sparsely vegetated areas of the Foothill Pine - Coulter Pine Barrens.

CROSSWALKS TO OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS

The term “crosswalk” is commonly used in vegetation classification and mapping, referring to the development of relationships between different classification systems. The need for crosswalks arises when there is more than one classification system in use for a given area. The crosswalk produced for this project (Appendix 3) relates the principle state and national classification (c.f. Sawyer and Keeler- Wolf 1995) to the US Forest Service classification of CalVeg (USFS 2002) and to the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships or CWHR (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988). The CalVeg classification was used in the medium-scale mapping effort, and the CWHR is a common habitat typing system that is used in the state.

It is important to note that crosswalks are never exactly precise. Assuming that classifications arise independently, the meaning of one classification unit may not always completely encompass or be nested within the other classification unit(s) to which it is being related. Choices need to be made about those classification units that are partially included within two or more types of another classification system. For example, CalVeg’s classification type of “ultramafic mixed shrub” includes many associations and alliances of serpentine chaparral of the National Vegetation Classification. Likewise, the Wildlife Habitat Relationships (WHR) classification unit of “coastal sage scrub” actually includes many vegetation alliances.

The complexity and uncertainty of such relationships arise not only from independent evolution of classifications, but also from their imprecise definitions, without quantitative rules for proper interpretation. The best crosswalks are those that have been developed with a good understanding of the meaning and definitions of each classification system.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ASSOCIATED MAPPING EFFORTS

Table 5 provides a general summary of the types of vegetation attributed in each mapping effort within the two test areas. In comparing the vegetation or habitat types attributed, the medium-scale effort had fewer polygon delineations and fewer vegetation types as compared to the fine-scale effort. Specifically, the medium-scale effort had 10 alliance or habitat types that were mapped in 525 polygons of the two test areas, while the fine-scale effort had 35 alliances or habitats within which 42 associations (divisions of alliances) were mapped in 1231 polygons. Since the two test areas have a combined area of 6,501 acres, the size of the polygons representing vegetation is around 12.4 acres per polygon for the medium-scale in these two test areas, versus 5.3 acres per polygon of vegetation for the fine-scale (less than half the size of polygons in the medium-scale).

Table 5. The type and number of vegetation attributes (habitats, alliances, and/or associations) used in the two mapping efforts within the test areas of Congdon Peaks and Joaquin Rocks.

USFS CalVeg Count AIS Alliance Association Count Barren 17 Barren Barren with Lichen and Moss 42 Chamise 42 Barren Barren with Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri 54 Lower Montane 41 Bigberry Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus 104 Mixed Chaparral sabiniana Annual 56 Birchleaf Mountain Cercocarpus betuloides Alliance 4 Grasses/Forbs Mahogany Coulter Pine 15 Birchleaf Mountain Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus- 32 Mahogany Quercus john-tuckeri Gray Pine 19 Black Sage Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 3 foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Blue Oak 275 Blue Oak Quercus douglasii Alliance 6 California 50 Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb 27 Sagebrush Water 1 Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus 21 Unknown 9 Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia- 108 Juniperus californica Total polygon 525 Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum 39 number fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica- 2 Cercocarpus betuloides Blue Oak Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica- 52 Quercus john-tuckeri Blue Oak Quercus douglasii-Pinus 3 sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Blue Oak Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus 2 sabiniana Brewer Willow Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia 1 California Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 36 Buckwheat foliolosum/Annual Herb California Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum- 78 Buckwheat Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb California Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Yucca 43 Buckwheat whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb California Juniper Juniperus californica-Ericameria 38 linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb California Juniper Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala- 10 Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb California Artemisia californica/Annual Herb 2 Sagebrush California Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum- 5 Sagebrush - Ephedra californica Buckwheat Canyon Live Oak Quercus chrysolepis 2 Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Alliance 2 Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum 9 Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine 19 Chamise - Bigberry Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos 93 Manzanita glauca Serpentine

USFS CalVeg Count AIS Alliance Association Count Chamise - Bigberry Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos 64 Manzanita glauca-Salvia mellifera Coulter Pine Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca 13 Coulter Pine Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata 9 Coulter Pine Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus 2 durata-Arctostaphylos glauca Gray Pine Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual- 9 Perennial Herb Hollyleaf Cherry Prunus ilicifolia Alliance only 4 Interior Live Oak Quercus wislizeni Alliance 4 Interior Live Oak - Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis 20 Canyon Live Oak Leather Oak Quercus durata Alliance 1 Leather Oak Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana 5 Leather Oak Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum- 13 Quercus wislizeni Leather Oak Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus 49 sabiniana Leather Oak Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos 8 pungens/Pinus sabiniana Lichen-Moss Lichen Moss Habitat only 1 Mexican Rush Juncus mexicanus 1 Mulefat Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidium squamatum- 1 Hazardia squarrosa River- Lake Flats Riverine - Lacustrine Habitat only 2 Rubber Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus 17 Rabbitbrush californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Serpentine Barrens Serpentine Barrens Habitat only 10 Silver Bush Lupine Lupinus albifrons Alliance only 1 Small Fescue Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta 1 Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri Alliance 3 Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma 10 fasciculatum Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica- 38 Ericameria linearifolia Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica- 13 Fraxinus dipetala Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni- 6 Garrya flavescens Annual-Perennial Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat 67 Herbaceous only Urban - Developed Urban - Developed 3 Vacant Disturbed bare ground 2 Vernal Pool Vernal Pool Habitat only 1 Water Water 1 Buckbrush Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance only 11 Chaparral Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance only 2 Whitethorn Wright's Buckwheat Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus 2 californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Total polygon number 1231

Since the medium-scale effort used coarser vegetation and habitat types to attribute the map (alliance or habitat level), the accuracy comparisons for vegetation attributes were done at the alliance and habitat level for the fine-scale map (and not the more detailed association level). In interpreting the field data collected for accuracy assessment, lower scores of accuracy resulted for vegetation attributes used in the medium-scale mapping as compared to the vegetation attributes used in the fine-scale mapping.

Table 6 provides the average accuracy scores (on a scale from 1 to 5) for vegetation attribution per method. With regard to basic vegetation attribution, the fine-scale effort showed a higher accuracy within simple lifeform categories (tree, shrub, and herb) with values around 4.3 (or 86% accuracy), while the medium-scale effort showed values around 3.1 (or 72% accuracy). The fine-scale effort also shows significantly greater accuracy for many of the habitat categories presented in the table (e.g., Blue Oak - Foothill Pine, Ultramafic Chaparral, Coastal Scrub, and Juniper).

In further comparison of vegetation attribution, Table 7 provides a summary of the vegetation types confirmed in the ground-surveys (at the alliance level) as compared to the vegetation types that were represented within the two mapping methods. For example, the Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii) Alliance was identified in seven surveys. For polygons overlapping with these surveys, the medium-scale map attributed 2 of 7 survey areas as Blue Oak Alliance and the rest were attributed as Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral Habitat. In contrast, the fine-scale effort attributed 6 of 7 surveys as Blue Oak Alliance and the remaining one as Tucker Oak Alliance.

In a more complex example, the California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) Alliance was identified in 19 accuracy assessment surveys. None of the medium-scale map’s polygons that overlapped with these surveys represented the California Buckwheat Alliance. Instead, this map displayed attributes of five other vegetation alliances or habitats: California Sagebrush, Annual Grasses/Forbs, Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral, Chamise, and Blue Oak. In contrast, the fine-scale map represented 15 of the 19 polygons as California Buckwheat Alliance, and this map rarely used other vegetation attributes, including Rubber Rabbitbrush, California Juniper, and Blue Oak.

Figure 7 provides a visual comparison of the two mapping efforts, in which the medium-scale effort coarsely represented Blue Oak Alliance in four polygons. An accuracy assessment survey overlaps with the left-most polygon (see red dot found in open vegetation at edge of the polygon), and the survey was identified as California Buckwheat Alliance. In contrast, the fine-scale effort delineated 28 polygons of vegetation in the same area, of which 11 were represented as Blue Oak Alliance. The additional 17 polygons were represented as nine other vegetation types, such as California Buckwheat Alliance (including the polygon overlapping with the red dot).

Table 6. Accuracy assessment comparisons for Habitat type scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods. The “*” means that a two-tailed t-test showed a significant difference (<0.05) between the two means of samples.

Average Accuracy for Vegetation Coding USFS- AIS- Lifeform # Surveys CalVeg Heads-up Tree (T) 13 3.0* 4.3* Closed-cone Pine - Cypress 3 2.7 3.0 Blue Oak - Foothill Pine 7 2.9* 4.7* Montane Hardwood 3 3.7 4.7 Shrub (S) 63 3.1* 4.2* Chamise – Mixed Chaparral 12 3.1 3.7 Ultramafic Mixed Chaparral 14 3.0* 4.4* Coastal Scrub 23 3.1* 4.6* Desert Scrub 6 3.0 3.7 Juniper 8 3.0* 4.3* Herb (H) 4 3.8 4.8 Annual - Perennial Grassland 4 3.8 4.8 All types (H, S, T) 80 3.1* 4.3*

Table 7. Comparison of the vegetation types attributed in the two mapping efforts, organized by the Alliance names identified in the accuracy assessment (AA) surveys. Within the alliances identified by the AA surveys, the USFS medium-scale (CalVeg) vegetation types and the AIS fine-scale (Alliance) types are listed with the count of times that they were used.

AA Alliance USFS CalVeg Attributes Count AIS Alliance Attributes Count Tree-Overstory Alliances Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii) Blue Oak 2 Blue Oak 6 Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 5 Tucker Oak 1 Gray Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Blue Oak 2 Blue Oak 3 Annual Grasses/Forbs 1 Interior Live Oak - Canyon Live Oak (Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis) Blue Oak 1 Interior Live Oak - Canyon Live Oak 2 Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 2 Leather Oak 1 Shrub-Overstory Alliances Bigberry Manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 6 Bigberry Manzanita 2 Chamise 1 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita 3 Leather Oak 2 Birchleaf Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides) Chamise 2 Bigberry Manzanita 1 Gray Pine 1 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita 1

AA Alliance USFS CalVeg Attributes Count AIS Alliance Attributes Count Blue Oak 1 Blue Oak 1 Interior Live Oak - Canyon Live Oak 1 California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) California Sagebrush 3 California Buckwheat 15 Annual Grasses/Forbs 5 California Juniper 1 Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 5 Rubber Rabbitbrush 1 Chamise 2 Blue Oak 2 Blue Oak 4 California Juniper (Juniperus californica) California Juniper 2 Blue Oak 12 Blue Oak 4 Gray Pine 1 Tucker Oak 1 California Sagebrush - California Buckwheat (Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum) Annual Grasses/Forbs 2 California Buckwheat 1 California Sagebrush 1 California Sagebrush (Artemisia californica) California Sagebrush 2 California Buckwheat 2 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita (Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca) Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 1 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita 1 Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) Chamise 1 Chamise 1 Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 3 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita 3 Leather Oak (Quercus durata) Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 2 Bigberry Manzanita 1 Chamise 1 Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita 3 Coulter Pine 1 Rubber Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) Annual Grasses/Forbs 3 Upland Annual-Perennial 3 Herbaceous Chamise 1 California Buckwheat 1 Tucker Oak (Quercus john-tuckeri) Tucker Oak 2 Blue Oak 5 Blue Oak 2 Annual Grasses/Forbs 1 California Juniper 1 Interior Live Oak - Canyon Live Oak 1 Wright's Buckwheat (Eriogonum wrightii) Blue Oak 2 Upland Annual-Perennial 2 Herbaceous Herbaceous Alliance Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral 1 Annual-Perennial Herbaceous 3 Annual Grasses/Forbs 2 Blue Oak 1 California Sagebrush 1

Figure 7. Example of medium-scale map with 4 polygons mapped as Blue Oak (blue polygons in top picture) within which the fine-scale map had 28 polygons with 11 mapped as Blue Oak (yellow polygons in bottom picture). Scale was 1:3,000 for the image

The examples discussed above illustrate the issue of “under-delineation” for the medium-scale effort in representing the actual vegetation patterning, or the inherent “heterogeneity” of vegetation types within polygons depicted in the medium-scale effort. In comparing the two mapping efforts, the medium- scale effort clearly misrepresented the vegetation patterns and depicted the area too coarsely.

Polygons overlapping with the 80 AA surveys were scored on a scale of 0-4 for their “under- delineation” (or coarse misrepresentation) of obvious, observed vegetation patterns. The AA scores for the medium-scale effort were significantly lower for almost all lifeforms and habitat categories (see Table 8). This effort had average accuracy values of 1.9, while the fine-scale effort had average values of 3.6.

Figure 8 provides a pictorial comparison of the two mapping efforts for “under-delineation,” whereby the medium-scale coarsely represented one large polygon mapped as Lower Elevation Mixed Chaparral. Nine accuracy assessment survey locations occur within this one polygon representing different stands of vegetation (see the red dots in Figure 8). In great contrast, the fine-scale effort represented 323 polygons with 21 different alliances and habitats within the same area. These included serpentine chaparral associations of Chamise, Chamise with Bigberry Manzanita, and Leather Oak with Bigberry Manzanita. They also included large areas of Blue Oak woodlands and Upland Annual - Perennial Grasslands as well as areas of Serpentine Barrens.

The circumstance of “over-delineation” was also assessed for the two mapping efforts, which in contrast to under-delineation, indicates an unnecessary over-representation of the landscape with one or more adjacent polygons that contain the same vegetation features as the neighboring polygon. In general, the mapping efforts had little difference in the scoring for over-delineation (see Table 9). The medium-scale effort had average accuracy values of 4.0, and the fine-scale effort had average values of 3.8. Further, scores for the medium-scale effort were significantly greater for only one habitat type (i.e., Blue Oak and Pine woodlands).

Figure 9 provides a pictorial comparison of the two mapping efforts for “over-delineation.” The medium-scale divided the landscape too finely into 62 polygons, in which many neighboring polygons represented the same vegetation features but they were attributed with different vegetation types such as Coastal Scrub, Blue Oak woodland, Chamise, and Grassland. In contrast, the fine-scale effort more generally depicted the landscape into 7 polygons of Grassland and Coastal Scrub vegetation.

Table 8. Accuracy assessment comparisons for under-delineation (or heterogeneity) scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods. The “*” means that a two- tailed t-test showed a significant difference (<0.05) between the two means of samples.

USFS- AIS- Lifeform # Surveys CalVeg Heads-up Tree (T) 13 1.8* 3.4* Closed-cone Pine - Cypress 3 3.0 4.0 Blue Oak - Foothill Pine 7 1.4* 3.4* Montane Hardwood 3 1.3* 2.7* Shrub (S) 63 2.0* 3.6* Chamise - Mixed Chaparral 12 2.0* 3.7* Ultramafic Mixed Chaparral 14 1.4* 3.7* Coastal Scrub 23 1.7* 3.5* Desert Scrub 6 2.7 2.8 Juniper 8 3.1* 4.0* Herb (H) 4 2.0 3.8 Annual - Perennial Grassland 4 2.0 3.8 All types (H, S, T) 80 1.9* 3.6*

Table 9. Accuracy assessment comparisons for Over-delineation scores between the medium-scale (USFS-CalVeg) and fine-scale (AIS-Heads-up) methods. The “*” means that a two-tailed t-test showed a significant difference (<0.05) between the two means of samples.

USFS- AIS- Lifeform # Surveys CalVeg Heads-up Tree (T) 13 4.0 3.5 Closed-cone Pine - Cypress 3 4.0 3.3 Blue Oak - Foothill Pine 7 4.0* 3.3* Montane Hardwood 3 4.0 4.0 Shrub (S) 63 3.9 3.8 Chamise - Mixed Chaparral 12 3.7 3.8 Ultramafic Mixed Chaparral 14 4.0 3.9 Coastal Scrub 23 4.0 3.7 Desert Scrub 6 4.0 4.0 Juniper 8 4.0 3.8 Herb (H) 4 4.0 4.0 Annual - Perennial Grassland 4 4.0 4.0 All types (H, S, T) 80 4.0 3.8

Figure 8. Example of medium-scale map with one large polygon mapped as Lower Elevation Mixed Chaparral habitat (blue polygon in top picture) within which the fine-scale map had 323 polygons with 21 different alliances and habitats mapped (yellow polygons in bottom picture). Scale is 1:6,600.

Figure 9. Medium-scale map depicting 62 polygons with attributes of 5 vegetation types including Coastal Scrub, Blue Oak, and Chamise (picture on right with blue polygons) compared to the fine- scale map of 7 polygons including Herbaceous and Coastal Scrub (picture on left with yellow polygons). Scale is 1:5,000 for the images.

Conclusions of Accuracy Assessment

Based on the comparisons made between the two mapping efforts, the fine-scale effort had more accurate and reliable representations of the natural vegetation patterns found in the landscape. First, the fine-scale effort has better resolution and accuracy in representing the vegetation types (as seen through the vegetation classification and the vegetation accuracy scores). Second, the fine-scale effort better defines the boundaries between different stands of vegetation (as seen through the under- and over-delineation accuracy scores).

The validity of a vegetation map is accomplished when its accuracy is at least 80% or greater (USGS- NPS 2005). The fine-scale map showed legitimate accuracy for its vegetation attribution, with accuracy values averaging around 86%. On the other hand, the medium-scale effort provided a coarse view of vegetation, with accuracy values for vegetation attributes lower than 80%. The lack of accuracy in the medium-scale effort is further verified in its “under-delineation” scores.

In order to acceptably represent the vegetation, the USFS mapping needs to implement a refined image-segmentation process. Their accuracy could be improved with a finer tuned process for delineating and attributing the natural patterns of vegetation. While a more detailed process would increase the USFS’s overall cost, their overall product would become more valuable for multiple users of the map.

Assessment of Feasibility and Recommendations for the Interagency MOU Mapping Standards

Time spent for each method: The CalVeg method is far less labor intensive than the fine-scale approach. The total estimated cost for the equivalent area of overlap is difficult to calculate accurately. This is because the project area for CalVeg was more than 20 times more extensive than the overlapping study area and the amount of processing time involves economies of scale. For example, the modeling of lifeform, terrain and other variables necessary to develop the delineation and labeling process would be relatively more costly per acre on a small area than over a large area. However, the only way to calculate costs and time spent on the project is to assess the total cost of the area mapped (2.2 million acres), its cost per acre (8.5 cents) and then calculate the percentage of the area actually assessed, approximately 100,000 acres (R. Warbington RSL, personal communication 2006). Using these numbers, the estimated cost for the 100,000-acre study area would be around $8,500. This compares with the cost of $50,000 for field work, data analysis, and mapping at the fine-scale. Thus, the cost is almost six times greater for the fine-scale product. It is likely that the cost is actually closer to 3-4 times greater if the “economies of scale” are taken into account. Nevertheless, it is clear there is substantial savings in using the medium-scale approach.

Time taken is clearly much greater for the fine-scale than the medium-scale. The estimate from start to finish for mapping of the entire south coast range area of 2.2 million acres was less than 6 months, while time from beginning of sampling to completion of mapping of the 100,000-acre fine-scale effort (subtracting out duplicate method testing by the photo interpreters) is approximately 18 months.

Recommendation on Standards: In general, the value of the fine-scale methodology includes two basic components - its level of detail in the classification and how it matches the actual vegetation classification defined from field work, and the more spatially accurate match of actual stand boundaries as delineated by lifeforms. Although relatively costly, this is the only methodology that has been able to address the need for detailed vegetation classification mapping and detailed attributes such as disturbance categories and other site quality categories. These qualities are those most needed in sub-regional and project level assessments.

On the other hand, the CalVeg medium-scale approach has been successful in covering large areas of the state in a systematic way using a relatively low cost production method that serves basic needs of regional or statewide assessments. The CalVeg classification is tree-centric and its resolution is substantially reduced compared to the fine levels of the National Classification, thus it is not nearly as useful for assessing the detailed information of a relatively small site. Far fewer categories are used, and upon inspection, the mapping polygons are highly generalized both spatially and thematically compared to the detail that can be pulled out from interpretation of standard aerial photographs. For example, in this test only 10 main CalVeg categories were used while over 40National Classification categories were used. Those 10 categories completely missed major types present in the area such as Juniper and California Buckwheat. Part of this problem would be alleviated if more money was allocated to field checking for these projects and there was less reliance on the generic CalVeg classification, which assumes broad-scale distribution patterns of vegetation without adaptive modification from field checking.

Improving Image Segmentation resolution: One of the main values for collaboration between an AIS fine-scale and the USFS medium-scale approach to vegetation mapping is to investigate cost- savings through melding methodologies.

An independent test of an image segmentation approach to fine-scale mapping was also conducted in the study area (this will be discussed in more detail in a subsequent paper). At the beginning of the fine-scale mapping process, the USFS provided AIS, CDFG and CNPS with an example of a more detailed image-segmentation process. This additional USFS approach relied upon a more refined version of image segmentation, which was then attributed by photo interpreters.

With the refined USFS output, AIS tried attributing the image-segmentation polygons with vegetation codes in the four Test Areas that were established. The polygon sizes of the more refined segmentation approach were comparable to the heads-up delineations, and AIS spent a similar amount of time attributing these polygons and correcting minor mis-delineations as they did upon manually drawing and attributing their own fine-scale polygons. More importantly, the accuracy of labeling vegetation type and all other attributes were comparable. Spatial heterogeneity and over- delineation were also tested between the two fine-scale methods. Although the segmentation approach commonly “over-delineated” sites, especially including vegetation that was not dominated by woody species, both methods had equivalent results for “under-delineation” or heterogeneity. This suggests that the segmentation approach could be used for both medium-scale and fine-scale mapping and the accuracy of the fine-scale segmentation could be improved by more time editing and aggregating polygons to match the actual vegetation on the ground.

Figure 10 provides a pictorial comparison of USFS’s refined image-segmentation process and AIS’s manual-delineation process. The resulting accuracy for vegetation attribution was around 80% or greater when using the refined image-segmentation process, thus showing that refined processes of image-segmentation have their validity as long as more time is spent creating and working with better segmentation outputs.

Overall accuracy in the fine-scale, manual delineation and the refined image-segmentation was enabled by the availability of reference data. With over 350 vegetation field surveys and a resolved floristic classification, AIS was able to determine repeated signatures for the main vegetation types that they were attributing. Without these surveys, AIS would have had reduced consistency and precision. Regardless of the mapping project, ground data and resolved classifications will provide validity to and increase the accuracy of the final map product.

Figure 10. Finer image segmentation by USFS as compared to the medium-scale polygon by USFS (black lines and blue polygon in top image) and as compared to the fine-scale delineation by AIS (yellow lines in bottom image).

Values of integrating fine-scale and medium-scale image segmentation for mapping would include a more standardized way of delineation throughout the entire state, cost-savings on labor for hand delineation, and better matching of projects when they abut at jurisdictional boundaries. For example, the boundary of a national park using a fine-scale approach surrounded by a national forest using a mid scale approach would be more comparable if the mapping methodology used by both agencies would rely on the same basic rules of image segmentation.

Improving compatibility in fine and mid scale vegetation classification: There also needs to be more comparability in the actual mapping classification used for both methods. CalVeg, as purveyed by the US Forest Service, traditionally has focused on mapping tree-dominated vegetation with more details on tree stand characteristics. This is clear from the attributes such as size and density being applied only to tree types and not to all types of vegetation. However, the US Forest Service has huge areas of non-tree dominated vegetation under its jurisdiction, including shrublands, grasslands, and deserts. Understanding the vegetation resources of these areas has become greater over the years for managing fire and fuels, habitat for economically important and endangered species, and for predicting resource values other than trees. Matching a classification hierarchically for medium-scale and fine-scale assessment is important. Currently this effort is being undertaken by a working group developing a more ecologically representative classification hierarchy that could be applied to mid- scale mapping as well as fine-scale mapping (International Vegetation Hierarchy Working Group 2006).

Thus, maps from different producers could be improved if standard and calibrated attributes were instituted. The USFS along with CDFG and other agencies should agree upon a similar set of attributes to be used for all maps, which could include vegetation code, size, height and overstory cover attributes. Moreover, these attributes should be applied to all polygons that are delineated (i.e., size and height should be produced for shrub and herb polygons as well as for tree polygons). A completely attributed map will serve many important purposes including the assessment of available timber, fire risk, conservation values, and restoration potentials across all vegetation types.

Collaboration at the beginning of future mapping projects would provide a beneficial outcome for the main map producers and the state vegetation ecologists, whereby knowledge could be shared and attributes could be standardized in creating vegetation maps. Since collaboration is dependent upon funding cycles and current priorities, the Vegetation MOU group plans to identify future projects and locations where this may be possible.

DIAGNOSTIC VEGETATION KEY AND DESCRIPTIONS

Table 10 contains the key for distinguishing the classified vegetation types. Due to the diversity of vegetation in the fine-scale mapping area, and to avoid an excessively long document, a series of paired statements (or couplets) was not developed for each option. Instead, sets of characteristics with choices beneath them are provided. The key will first lead the user to the general options, and the individual selections for the vegetation associations will be listed beneath these options. The user will need to work through the numbered list of types from the more general to the most specific options until the best fit is reached.

Choices in the key are identified by a combination of alphanumeric codes, using capital letters, numerals, upper- and lowercase letters, and decimal points to distinguish the different key levels. The most basic, general levels in the key are on the left side of the alphanumeric code, and the most specific are on the right side. This coding system in the key relates to a series of left indentations. Thus, down the left-hand side of the pages are the major groupings; nested within them are the sub- groupings.

The preliminary key will direct you to the major groups, such as forest/woodland, shrubland, and herbaceous, with the more specific choices beneath them. The more specific lists within these are generally based on presence/absence or dominance/sub-dominance of species until arriving at the optimum choice. Please note: SINCE THERE MAY BE MORE THAN TWO ALTERNATIVES IN A GROUP, BE SURE TO WORK THROUGH ALL OF THE OPTIONS IN A LIST BEFORE YOU DECIDE ON THE BEST CHOICE.

Vegetation descriptions follow the key, in which the alliances and associations are nested within the following groupings: tee-overstory (forest/woodland), shrub-overstory, herbaceous, and rock outcrop/barren. The key and descriptions hopefully will afford further refinement to the understanding of the project area’s vegetation, both from the standpoint of classification and mapping.

Table 10. Field key to the defined vegetation associations of the Clear Creek Management Area, Joaquin Ridge, and Monocline Ridge in the interior Central Coast, California

Class A. Vegetation with an overstory of trees (at least 5 m tall). Tree canopy may be as low as 10% over a denser understory of shrub and/or herbaceous species = Tree-Overstory Vegetation

Class B. Vegetation characterized by woody shrubs in the canopy. Tree species, if present, generally total less than 10% absolute cover. Herbaceous species may total higher cover than shrubs. Shrubs are always at least 10% cover = Shrub-Overstory Vegetation

Class C. Vegetation characterized by non-woody, herbaceous species in the canopy including grass, graminoid, and broad-leaved herbaceous species. Shrubs, if present, compose <10% of the vegetation, and trees, if present, generally compose <10% cover. Herbs are always at least 10% cover = Herbaceous Vegetation

Class D. Vascular plant species are less than 8% cover in any layer = Rock Outcrops and Barrens

Class A. Tree-Overstory Vegetation

Group I: Woodlands and forests characterized by needle or scale-leaved conifer trees, including pine (Pinus spp.) and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). The conifers may only occur intermittently in the overstory associated with tree oaks or shrubs.

I.A. Stands are mainly upland with pines alone in the overstory or with incense cedar or live oak in the overstory. The shrub understory may be higher in cover than the tree overstory.

IA.1. Foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana) occurs as the sole dominant conifer in the overstory, or it is the emergent dominant in the overstory…

IA1.a. Foothill pine occurs on non-serpentine substrates with California juniper and a well- developed herbaceous understory… Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IA1.b. Foothill pine occurs on serpentine substrates with bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) and/or leather oak (Quercus durata)…

IA1b.i. Bigberry manzanita is the dominant shrub, and leather oak and gray pine are usually present and sub-dominant... Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association

IA1b.ii. Pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens) is the dominant shrub, or it co- dominates with leather oak. If bigberry manzanita is present, it has cover is similar to or less than pointleaf manzanita... Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association

IA1b.iii. Leather oak co-dominates with bigberry manzanita, and other common chaparral shrubs may also co-dominate such as chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) or wedgeleaf ceanothus or buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus)… Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana Association

IA1b.iv. Leather oak is dominant while other, common chaparral shrubs may occur at low cover such as wedgeleaf ceanothus... Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association

IA.2. Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) occurs with foothill pine and interior live oak in the overstory, where blue oak is usually highest in cover… Quercus douglasii Alliance (see Group II below)

IA.3. Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) occurs with Coulter pine in the overstory, where they both usually co-dominate… Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis Alliance

IA.4. Coulter pine occurs as sole dominant conifer or it co-occurs with foothill pine, incense cedar or Jeffrey pine in the overstory and conifer cover is at least 10%… Pinus coulteri Alliance

IA4.a. Jeffrey pine and/or incense cedar provide at least 5% of combined cover. Foothill pine is often present at less cover than these two conifers combined…

IA4a.i. Jeffrey pine and incense cedar are both present and together provide 5% or greater cover in the overstory and understory, and Jeffrey pine contributes at least 2% cover or greater. The shrub understory contains leather oak and other shrubs… Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Association

IA4a.ii. Jeffrey pine is relatively absent (1% or less) in the overstory. Incense cedar provides 5% or greater combined cover in overstory and understory. The shrub understory contains leather oak and other shrubs… Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata Association

IA4.b. Jeffrey pine and/or incense cedar, if present, are <5% cover in combined cover. Foothill pine is usually present as a sub-dominant to co-dominant with Coulter pine…

IA4b.i. Bigberry manzanita is the dominant shrub, and leather oak (if present) is sub-dominant…. Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association

IA4b.ii. Leather oak is the dominant shrub or it co-dominates with bigberry manzanita and other chaparral shrubs including chamise and wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), and pointleaf manzanita is <1% cover… Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association

IA4b.iii. Leather oak shares dominance with wedgeleaf ceanothus and pointleaf manzanita, which is an indicator species (cover >1%)… Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Association

I.B. Stands are mainly riparian with incense cedar and pines in the overstory, including Coulter, Jeffrey and/or foothill pine. Shrub understory may be sporadic or higher in cover than the tree overstory… Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Association

I.C. Stands are mainly montane uplands with Jeffrey pine as the dominant conifer, or with Jeffrey pine co-dominating with foothill pine. The understory shrub layer may be well-developed, and greater in cover than the tree layer… Pinus jeffreyi Alliance

Group II. Woodlands and forests characterized mainly by broad-leaved evergreen and/or deciduous tree species such as oaks (Quercus), cottonwood (Populus), etc.

II.A. Stands are mainly upland with oaks, foothill pine, etc, in the overstory…

IIA.1. Stands are dominated by an evergreen oak, which can occur as overstory trees and sometimes regenerating in the understory…

IIA1.a. Stands are dominated by canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Other trees, including conifers and hardwoods, may be present but at relatively love cover … Quercus chrysolepis Alliance and Association

IIA1.b. Stands are dominated by interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni)… Quercus wislizeni Alliance

IIA1.c. Stands are co-dominated by interior live oak and canyon live oak … Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Alliance and Association

IIA.2. Stands are dominated by a deciduous oak, which occurs in the overstory and may also be regenerating in the understory, or the stands have a mixture of deciduous and evergreen oaks...

IIA2.a. The overstory is co-dominated by blue oak, interior live oak, and foothill pine. The understory may contain shrubs, including interior live oak, wedgeleaf ceanothus, and other chaparral species… Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana Association

IIA2.b. Stands are dominated by valley oak (Quercus lobata) in the overstory… Quercus lobata Alliance

IIA2.c. Stands are dominated by blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in the overstory. Foothill pine is often present in the overstory at relatively low cover. The herbaceous layer is usually well- developed with annual and perennial species, and the shrub layer may be well defined (i.e., >10% aerial cover)… Quercus douglasii Alliance

IIA2c.i. The understory has a defined shrub layer that is dominated mainly by wedgeleaf ceanothus, while other shrubs also may be present… Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus Association

IIA2c.ii The understory has a defined shrub layer that is dominated mainly by mountain- mahogany, while other shrubs may be present... Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Association

IIA2c.iii. The understory has a defined shrub layer that is co-dominated by mountain- mahogany and California juniper (Juniperus californica). Narrow leaf goldenbush is also usually present at low cover... Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Association

IIA2c.iv. The understory has a defined shrub layer that is co-dominated by Tucker oak (Quercus john-tuckeri) and California juniper (Juniperus californica), or it is dominated mainly by Tucker oak. Narrow leaf goldenbush (Ericameria linearifolia) is also usually present at low cover... Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Association

IIA2c.v. The understory has a defined shrub layer that is co-dominated by California juniper (Juniperus californica) and narrow leaf goldenbush, though sometimes one of the two species may be dominant. Other shrubs may be present in lower cover... Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Association

IIA2c.vi. The understory has a defined shrub layer that is dominated mainly by California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum)... Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIA2c.vii. The understory does not have a defined shrub layer but does have a defined herb layer that includes both grasses and herbs that are annual and perennial... Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb

II.B. Stands are mainly riparian with Fremont cottonwood as the dominant overstory tree… Populus fremontii Alliance

Class B. Shrub-Overstory Vegetation

Group I: Shrublands of sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved shrubs that are usually typical chaparral shrub genera, including chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), manzanita (Arctostaphylos), Ceanothus, scrub oaks (Quercus), mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus), coffeeberry (Rhamnus), etc.

I.A. Chaparral in uplands where chamise is the dominant shrub as the canopy … Adenostoma fasciculatum Alliance

IA1. Chamise is the sole dominant shrub (at least 60% relative cover), while other shrub or herb species such as wedgeleaf ceanothus exhibit relatively little cover. Non-native and native herb species occur at low cover in the understory. Found off serpentine … Adenostoma fasciculatum (pure) Association

IA2. Chamise is the sole dominant shrub, yet other species are frequently present at low cover including wedgeleaf ceanothus and bigberry manzanita. Mainly native herb species occur in the understory. Found on serpentine … Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine Association

I.B. Chaparral in uplands where chamise shares dominance with other shrub species as the canopy…

IB.1. Black sage (Salvia mellifera) shares dominance with chamise, where both shrubs exhibit at least 30% relative cover in the shrub layer, usually off serpentine … Adenostoma fasciculatum-Salvia mellifera Alliance

IB.2. Bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) shares dominance with chamise., while both shrubs exhibit at least 30% relative cover in the shrub layer... Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Alliance

IB2.a. Shrublands occur on serpentine where a variety of other chaparral species intermix at low cover with chamise and bigberry manzanita. They include leather oak, wedgeleaf ceanothus and hollyleaf redberry (Rhamnus ilicifolia)… Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Shrubland

IB2.b. Shrublands occur off serpentine where black sage (Salvia mellifera) usually occurs at lower cover with chamise and bigberry manzanita. Other chaparral species may occur at low cover such as wedgeleaf ceanothus and scrub oak (Quercus spp.)...

Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia mellifera Shrubland

IC. Chaparral in uplands where leather oak (Quercus durata) is dominant or shares dominance with other sclerophyll shrubs (such as bigberry manzanita) in the shrub canopy. Usually found on serpentine substrates but sometimes off serpentine… Quercus durata Alliance

IC.1. Leather oak is the sole dominant (>60% relative cover), while other shrubs such as wedgeleaf ceanothus, bigberry manzanita, hoaryleaf coffeeberry, and California yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum) are usually present at low cover. Foothill pine is present at varying cover (0.2-15%)... Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association

IC.2. Leather oak is co-dominant with bigberry manzanita in the shrub layer, while other shrubs such as silktassel and toyon are also present at low cover. Native grasses are usually abundant in cover, especially Torrey’s melic grass (Melica torreyana). Foothill pine, if present, has trace cover. Substrate usually serpentine … Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Shrubland

IC.3. Bigberry manzanita is co-dominant with leather oak in the shrub layer. Native grasses and forbs are usually low in cover (if present). Foothill pine is usually present at varying cover (0.2- 15%). Substrate usually serpentine… Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana Association

IC.4. Pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens) is dominant or co-dominant with leather oak in the shrub layer. If bigberry manzanita is present, its cover is similar to or less than pointleaf manzanita. Native grasses and forbs are usually present at low cover. Pinus sabiniana is consistently present in the tree layer with cover at less than 20%... Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association

IC.5. Leather oak shares dominance with chamise, interior live oak, and wedgeleaf ceanothus in the shrub layer, and interior live oak is sub-dominant. Trees and native herbs are frequently present at sparse cover. Usually found off serpentine … Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni Association

IC.6. Leather oak shares dominance with birchleaf mountain-mahogany in the shrub layer, and wedgeleaf ceanothus, silk tassel, and flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum) are frequently present at low cover. Trees and native herbs may be present at trace cover. Usually found off serpentine … Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides Association

I.D. Chaparral in serpentine and non-serpentine uplands where bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) is the dominant sclerophyll species, while other soft-leaved shrub species may be present and sub-dominant … Arctostaphylos glauca Alliance

ID.1. Bigberry manzanita is usually the dominant shrub (at least 60% relative cover) in serpentine uplands, while leather oak and chamise are usually present and sub-dominant. Pinus sabiniana is consistently present at less than 15% cover, and native grasses and forbs occur at trace cover… Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association

I.F. Chaparral in mostly exposed, south-facing non-serpentine uplands where chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis) is the sole dominant sclerophyll species, while other chaparral species such as wedgeleaf ceanothus or coastal sage species such as California buckwheat may be present... Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance

I.G. Chaparral on varied non-serpentine uplands where wedgeleaf ceanothus is the sole dominant sclerophyll species... Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance

I.H. Chaparral on rocky, serpentine or non-serpentine uplands where hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) is dominant or co-dominant as a shrub in the canopy, and sometimes rock gooseberry (Ribes quercetorum) may co-dominate… Prunus ilicifolia Alliance

I.I. Chaparral on cool, north-facing uplands where western chokecherry is dominant, while other shrubs may be present at lower cover... Prunus virginiana Alliance

I.J. Chaparral on cool, north-faces or neutral slopes where birchleaf mountain-mahogany is dominant or it is co-dominant with other shrubs such as scrub oak, California buckwheat, or California juniper...

IJ.1. California buckwheat is co-dominant with birchleaf mountain-mahogany, and other chaparral and coastal sage species are lower in cover... Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance

IJ.2. Birchleaf mountain mahogany is dominant, or it is co-dominant with more than one other shrub in the overstory… Cercocarpus betuloides Alliance

IJ2.a. California juniper is sub-dominant with birchleaf mountain-mahogany, and other chaparral or soft-leaved species are usually present with lower cover, including narrowleaf goldenbush... Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IJ2.b. Wedgeleaf ceanothus and Tucker oak are co-dominant with birchleaf mountain- mahogany... Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association

I.K. Chaparral on north-facing uplands where scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia) is dominant... Quercus berberidifolia Alliance

I.L. Chaparral on north-facing or variable slopes and flats where Tucker oak is dominant, though a variety of other shrubs occur as sub-dominants... Quercus john-tuckeri Alliance

IL.1. California juniper, Narrowleaf goldenbush, and golden yarrow (Eriophyllum confertiflorum) are characteristically present and usually sub-dominant to Tucker oak. Other shrubs may be present at low cover, including mountain-mahogany, bigberry manzanita, or California buckwheat... Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Association

IL.2. California juniper and Foothill ash are characteristically present and usually subdominant to Tucker oak. Mountain-mahogany and pipestem clematis (Clematis lasiantha) are also usually present at low cover... Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Association

IL.3. Chamise and wedgeleaf ceanothus are characteristically present and subdominant to Tucker oak. A variety of other shrubs may be present at low cover, including California juniper, bigberry manzanita, and California buckwheat... Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Association

IL.4. Interior live oak and ashy silk tassel are characteristically present and subdominant to Tucker oak. A variety of other shrubs may be present at low cover, including wedgeleaf ceanothus and ashy silk tassel... Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association

I.M. Riparian shrubland in mainly serpentine habitats where hoary coffeeberry (Rhamnus tomentella) is co-dominant with Brewer’s willow (Salix breweri). A variety of wetland herbs occur in the understory including alkali muhly (Muhlenbergia asperifolia) and Guirado’s goldenrod (Solidago guiradonis)... Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association

Group II. Scrub dominated mainly by scale-like or microphyllous leaved shrubs generally considered in desert-transition habitats. including California juniper, California ephedra (Ephedra californica), or rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). Chaparral or coastal sage scrub species may be present as sub-dominants.

II.A. Rubber rabbitbrush occurs at the dominant in the shrub understory. In the active growing season, a variety of herbs can be abundant in the understory... Chrysothamnus nauseosus Alliance

IIA.1. California juniper occurs at low cover while rubber rabbitbrush is usually dominant... Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

II.B. California juniper is the dominant in the shrub overstory, though a variety of soft-leaved, drought- deciduous shrubs also occur in the shrub layer. In the active growing season, a variety of herbs can be abundant in the understory... Juniperus californica Alliance

IIB.1. Foothill ash and narrowleaf goldenbush co-occur with California juniper as sub-dominants or co-dominants. Found primarily on north-facing slopes... Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIB.2. Narrowleaf goldenbush co-occurs with California juniper at low cover without foothill ash. Found on all aspects... Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

II.C. California ephedra is the dominant in the shrub overstory, though it may co-dominate with California matchweed (Gutierrezia californica). In the active growing season, an abundant herb understory can occur... Ephedra californica Alliance

IIC.1. California ephedra is the sole dominant species in the shrub overstory... Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIC.2. California ephedra is co-dominant with California matchweed... Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association

II.D. California juniper or California ephedra are co-dominant with other shrubs than matchweed in the overstory...

IID.1. California juniper is co-dominant with birchleaf mountain-mahogany... Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IID.2. California juniper is co-dominant with California buckwheat... Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IID.3. California ephedra is co-dominant with California sagebrush and buckwheat... Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association

II.E. California matchweed is the sole dominant overstory species. In the active growing season, an abundant herb understory occurs… Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

II.F. Spinescale is the sole dominant overstory species. A variety of herbs occur in the understory… Atriplex spinifera/Annual grass-herb

Group III. Shrublands dominated mainly by soft-leaved or succulent shrubs that are microphyllous or broad-leaved, including cactus, drought-deciduous, and cold-deciduous species. These are generally considered to be part of coastal sage scrub, montane deciduous scrub, or other more soft-leaved shrub habitats. Chaparral species may be present but not dominant. Includes California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), buckwheat (Eriogonum), sage (Salvia), chokecherry (Prunus) species, baccharis (Baccharis), shrub willow (Salix), etc.

III.A. Riparian stands dominated mainly by one or more wetland species, including mulefat (Baccharis salicifolia), scalebroom (Lepidospartum squamatum), tamarisk, and/or willow…

IIIA.1. Mulefat dominates in the overstory, while other shrubs are usually present at low cover including saw-toothed goldenbush (Hazardia squarrosa) and scalebroom. The understory may have an abundance of grasses and herbs… Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Association

IIIA.2 Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) dominates in the overstory, while other shrubs may be present and sub-dominant such as (Baccharis pilularis), California yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum), saw- toothed goldenbush, etc… Tamarix Alliance

IIIA.3 Brewer’s willow (Salix breweri) is dominant in the shrub layer, or it is co-dominant with other shrubs such as hoary coffeeberry (Rhamnus tomentella) and rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). A variety of wetland herbs occur in the understory including alkali muhly (Muhlenbergia asperifolia) and Guirado’s goldenrod (Solidago guiradonis)... Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association

III.B. Coastal sage scrub stands dominated by California sagebrush, or California sagebrush is co- dominant with disturbance-following species such as bushmallow (Malacothamnus) or scalebroom… Artemisia californica Alliance

IIIB.1. California sagebrush is the sole dominant, while other shrubs may occur at low cover. A variety of herbs occur in the understory… Artemisia californica/Annual Herb

IIIB.2. Indian Valley Bush Mallow is co-dominant with California sagebrush… Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Unique Stand

IIIB.3. Scalebroom is sub-dominant to co-dominant with California sagebrush. Other shrubs may also occur at low cover, while annual herbs including non-native grasses and native forbs may be higher in cover than the shrub overstory… Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual grass-herb

III.C. Coastal sage scrub stands co-dominated by California sagebrush and black sage… Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera Alliance

III.D. Coastal sage scrub stands dominated by black sage, while other shrubs may occur at lower cover… Salvia mellifera Alliance

IIID.1. A variety of shrubs occur as sub-dominants to black sage, including California sagebrush, California buckwheat, and wooly yerba santa (Eriodictyon tomentosum)… Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Association

III.E. Coastal sage or montane scrub stands dominated buckwheat species or co-dominated by buckwheat and other shrub species…

IIIE.1. California buckwheat is co-dominant with other coastal sage or chaparral shrub species such as California sagebrush, birch-leaf mountain mahogany, etc...

IIIE1.a. California sagebrush is co-dominant with California buckwheat, and California ephedra is sub-dominant to co-dominant with these two coastal sage scrub species... Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association

IIIE1.b. Birchleaf mountain-mahogany is present and co-dominant with California buckwheat, and other chaparral and coastal sage species may be present at low cover... Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance

IIIE.2. California buckwheat is the dominant shrub species while other species may be present, including California juniper, California ephedra, chaparral yucca (Yucca whipplei)... Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance

IIIE2.a. Chaparral yucca is present with at least 5% cover, and it is sometimes co-dominant with California buckwheat. If California juniper is present, it has lower absolute cover than chaparral yucca... Eriogonum fasciculatum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIIE2.b. California juniper is present with at least 1% cover, and it is sub-dominant to California buckwheat. If chaparral yucca is present, it has trace cover... Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIIE2.c. Microphyllous leaved shrubs may be present at low cover, including California ephedra, spinescale, and yellow mock aster (Eastwoodia elegans). Herbaceous understory usually includes native herbs such as Chorizanthe spp., many-flowered eriastrum (Eriastrum pluriflorum), and chia (Salvia columbariae) at low cover with non-native grass Spanish brome (Bromus madritensis)... Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association

IIIE2.d. Stands are solely dominated by California buckwheat. If California juniper or chaparral yucca is present, their cover is not like above. Herbaceous understory is usually well- developed with native and non-native species such as California melic grass (Melica

californica), one-sided bluegrass (Poa secunda), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceus), chia, Avena spp., etc... Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb Association

III.F. Heermann's buckwheat is dominant in the overstory as an open shrubland (cover may be <10%). On rocky, non-serpentine surfaces… Eriogonum heermannii Alliance

III.G. Wright’s buckwheat dominates in the overstory as a sub-shrub, or it may be co-dominated by Wright’s buckwheat and other sub-shrubs. In serpentine or non-serpentine, montane locations.… Eriogonum wrightii Alliance

IIIG.1. Other sub-shrubs co-occur with Wright’s buckwheat and may be sub-dominant to co- dominant, including golden yarrow (Eriophyllum confertiflorum) and chaparral yucca. A variety of herbaceous species also occur, including San Benito monardella (Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis), one-sided bluegrass, and Avena spp… Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Association

IIIG.2. California juniper is sub-dominant with Wright’s buckwheat dominant. Other shrubs may occur at low cover, including California buckwheat and golden yarrow. The understory is usually well developed with non-native and native species of grasses and forbs... Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

III.H. Rocky and sandy, non-serpentine surfaces dominated or co-dominated by California matchweed. In the active growing season, an abundant herb understory occurs…

IIIH.1. California matchweed is sole dominant shrub in the overstory… Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association

IIIH.2. California matchweed is co-dominant with California ephedra in the overstory… Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association

III.I. Stands with recent disturbance dominated by deerweed (Lotus scoparius) in the overstory, and other disturbance-following shrubs may be sub-dominant such as California yerba santa. The herbaceous layer may be higher in cover than the overstory, especially with non-native grasses and native forbs… Lotus scoparius Alliance

III.J. Usually steep or alluvial, rocky surfaces dominated by (Lupinus albifrons) in the overstory. The herbaceous layer may be diverse and high in cover with native and non-native species… Lupinus albifrons Alliance

Class C. Herbaceous Vegetation

Group I. Vegetation is dominated by mainly wetland forb species, including cattail (Typha), rush (Juncus), sedge (Carex), spikerush (Eleocharis), and common reedgrass (Phragmites australis). Woody species cover <10% of the ground surface.

I.A. Stands are dominated by wetland grasses and graminoids that are tall (generally > 1 m), including cattails (Typha), bulrushes and tules (Scirpus), and common reed (Phragmites australis), though there may sometimes be greater cover of shorter herbs and graminoids.

IA.1. Vegetation dominated by cattail species... Typha spp. Alliance

IA1.a. Broad-leafed cattail (Typha latifolia) is strongly dominant, while other wetland grasses, graminoids, or forbs may be present at low cover… Typha latifolia Association

IA.2. Vegetation is mainly dominated by common reedgrass, while other graminoids such as rushes and spikerushes may be present and sub-dominant... Phragmites australis Alliance

I.B. Stands are strongly dominated (>60% relative cover) by grasses and graminoids that are generally between 0.1-1 m tall, including rushes (Juncus) and sedges (Carex)...

IB.1. Vegetation dominated by the stoloniferous (clonal) rush Juncus mexicanus (and including individuals more closely resembling Juncus balticus), often associated with other taller or shorter herbaceous species. Of usually temporarily saturated wetlands not inundated for extensive periods… Juncus balticus-Juncus mexicanus Alliance

IB1.a. Stands strongly dominated by Mexican rush (Juncus mexicanus) with low cover of other herbaceous species… Juncus mexicanus Association

IB.2. Vegetation dominated by pale spikerush, though other spikerush or rush species may be present at low cover with variable forb component. Of usually periodically inundated and saturated wetlands with aboveground water present through the growing season... Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance

IB.3. Vegetation is usually dominated by sedges (e.g., Carex serratodens, Carex praegracilis), though Mexican rush and creeping ryegrass (Leymus triticoides) are also present and sub- dominant. Of usually temporarily saturated soils... Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides Association

I.C. Stands dominated by annual and perennial wetland forbs and graminoids...

IC.1. Vegetation comprised of forb and herb species in periodically inundated pools, including Eryngium castrense, Eleocharis spp., and Psilocarphus sp. No samples were taken to describe this habitat further, though it occurs in at least four different areas of the Spanish Lakes... Serpentine Vernal Pool Habitat

Group II. Vegetation dominated mainly by upland and mesic herbaceous species, including native and exotic grasses, forbs, and cryptogamic species. If woody species are present, they cover <10% of the ground surface.

II.A. Vegetation is predominantly forbs that are annual or perennial, including buckwheat (Eriogonum)...

IIA.1. Wild rhubarb (Rumex hymenosepalus) is dominant, or other forbs and grasses may sometimes be co-dominant. Occurring on sand dunes... Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance

IIA.2. Nude Buckwheat (Eriogonum nudum) is dominant or is co-dominant with other herbaceous species. Shrubs such as California buckwheat or golden yarrow may be present at <10% cover... Eriogonum nudum

IIA2.a. Nude buckwheat is dominant or co-dominant with red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens), while Idria Buckwheat is characteristically present. Occurring on rock-derived sedimentary substrates and slate... Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum Association

II.B. Vegetation is predominantly grasses that are annual or perennial, though forbs may also be present...

IIB.1. Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides) is dominant or co-dominant with bromes (Bromus spp.) on sand dunes... Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance

IIB.2. Big squirreltail (Elymus multisetus) is dominant or co-dominant with bromes (Bromus spp.). Torrey’s melic grass (Melica torreyana) may also be present and sub-dominant... Elymus multisetus Alliance

IIB.3. Small Fescue (Vulpia microstachys) is dominant or co-dominant with other annual grasses (including Bromus spp.) and California Plantain (Plantago erecta)... Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta Association

IIB.4. An abundance of annual non-native grasses such as bromes (e.g., Bromus hordeaceus, B. madritensis, B. diandrus, B. arenarius), annual fescue (Vulpia myuros), or wild oats (Avena barbata or A. fatua) occurs with a variety of annual forbs (e.g., Erodium spp., Achillea millefolium, Amsinckia menziesii, Micropus californica) as well as perennial native grasses (e.g., Poa secunda, Nassella pulchra)... Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat

Class D. Rock Outcrops and Barrens

Group I. Stands are open barrens of serpentine with sparse cover of mainly vascular species...

I.A. Jeffrey pine and foothill pine co-occur at relatively low cover in the overstory and understory (<10%), and shrubs may also be present at relatively low cover (<10%). Overall vegetation cover is less than 15%... Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren Association

I.B. Coulter pine occurs alone or with foothill pine at relatively low cover in the overstory and understory (<10%). Shrubs and herbs may also be present at relatively low cover (<5% in each layer)... IB.1. Coulter pine occurs without foothill pine at elevations usually above 4500 feet... Pinus coulteri Barren Association

IB.2. Coulter pine occurs with foothill pine at elevations usually below 4500 feet... Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren Association

I.C. Heermann's buckwheat is dominant in the overstory as an open shrubland (cover may be <10%)… Eriogonum heermannii Alliance

Group II. Stands are open rock outcrops with predominant cover by non-vascular vegetation and sparse cover by vascular vegetation...

II.A. Various species of lichen co-occur as well as moss on rock outcrops of serpentine or sedimentary substrate... Lichen-Moss Type

TREE-OVERSTORY VEGETATION

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata Association Coulter Pine - Incense-cedar / Leather Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (8-45%, mean 30.2%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Calocedrus decurrens is sub-dominant to or co-dominant with Pinus coulteri in the tree overstory. Calocedrus decurrens is most frequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to continuous (15-70%, mean 48.9%) at 0-5 m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0.2-3%, mean 0.5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 38-85%, mean 65.6%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana often occurs in the mixed tree overstory and may be regenerating in the understory. In the shrub layer, Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca are consistently present as co-dominants, while Rhamnus tomentella often intermixes as a sub-dominant. The herb layer is sparse and comprised of native forb and grass species, including Galium andrewsii, Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum, and Galium porrigens.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 2 of the 14 stands sampled. Eriogonum umbellatum was found in 3 of 14 stands, though there are no vouchers to confirm its variety designation. Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme, a CNPS List 4 species, occurs frequently on serpentinite soils and may occur within this association.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3986-4827ft, mean 4497ft Aspect: NE, NW Slope: moderate to steep, range 10-28 degrees, mean 20.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-26%, mean 15.6% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-3%, mean 1.1% Litter Cover: range 21.4-82%, mean 51.9% Bare Ground: range 10-59%, mean 27.5% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: medium to very fine loamy sand, moderately coarse sandy loam, medium loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Clear Creek, East Fork San Carlos Creek, Larious Canyon and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=14) CCBLM053, CCBLM077, CCBLM126, CCBLM127, CCBLM149, CCBLM156, CCBLM163, CCBLM196, CCBLM200, CCBLM291, CCBLM296, CCBLM307, CCBLM308, CCBLM309

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 19.1 8 30 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 100 8.9 2 22 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 64 2.1 0.2 15 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 14 0.1 1 1 Tree Understory CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 64 0.8 0.2 4 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 29 0.2 0.2 1 PICO3-l Pinus coulteri 14 0.1 0.2 1 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 28.0 7 46 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 93 16.3 1 40 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 64 0.7 0.2 3 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 50 2.6 1 11 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 43 2.0 1 10 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 29 0.6 0.2 8 subsp. mohavensis GARRY Garrya 29 0.2 0.2 1 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 21 0.0 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 57 0.2 0.2 1 GAPO Galium porrigens 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 quercetorum ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 29 0.1 0.2 1 LIBI Linanthus bicolor 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 LUCO Lupinus concinnus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis ERUM Eriogonum umbellatum 21 0.0 0.2 0.2

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Association Coulter Pine - Incense Cedar / Hoary Coffeeberry / Van Houtte's Columbine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (8-42%, mean 20.4%) at 5-20m tall. Pinus coulteri or Calocedrus decurrens usually dominates in the tree overstory, and they are frequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (20-55%, mean 33.0%) at 0.5-2m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (8-25%, mean 14.8%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-70%, mean 54.6%.

In this association, Pinus coulteri or Calocedrus decurrens are usually the dominant trees. Other conifer species such as Pinus sabiniana or Pinus jeffreyi may intermix in the tree overstory and understory, and they could be co-dominant to dominant. Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis and Rhamnus tomentella are characteristically present, and they may be co-dominant or one may be dominant. Native grass and forb species that are characteristic in the understory include Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Aquilegia eximia, Sisyrinchium bellum, Achillea millefolium, Solidago guiradonis, and Castilleja miniata subsp. miniata.

Solidago guiradonis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 4 of 5 stands sampled. Trichostema rubisepalum and Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, which are also CNPS List 4 species, were found in 2 of 5 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3708-4651ft, mean 4244ft Aspect: most often NW, sometimes variable Slope: gentle, range 1-2 degrees, mean 1.7 degrees Topography: concave or undulating; bottom Small Rock Cover: range 35-55%, mean 46.2% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-21%, mean 7.9% Litter Cover: range 1-25%, mean 11.4% Bare Ground: range 22-35%, mean 29.3% Parent Material: most often serpentine, less often sedimentary Soil Texture: medium sand, moderately coarse sandy loam, or medium loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek, East Fork San Carlos Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM155, CCBLM192, CCBLM274, CCBLM299, CCBLM566

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 100 5.6 0.2 20 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 80 10.0 1 35 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 80 3.2 0.2 10 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 80 2.2 0.2 5 Tree Understory PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 PICO3-l Pinus coulteri 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 120 17.5 0.2 33 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 80 10.0 6 20 subsp. mohavensis ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 80 3.2 0.2 10 SABR2 Salix breweri 80 1.6 0.2 5 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 20 0.8 4 4 QUDU4 Quercus durata 20 0.4 2 2 Herb MUAS Muhlenbergia asperifolia 100 6.0 1 15 AQEX Aquilegia eximia 100 0.7 0.2 2 SIBE Sisyrinchium bellum 100 0.4 0.2 1 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 80 2.0 0.2 6 SOGU Solidago guiradonis 80 2.0 1 3 CAMIM5 Castilleja miniata subsp. 80 0.3 0.2 1 miniata

LETR5 Leymus triticoides 40 0.8 2 2 CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 venusta ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 TRRU Trichostema rubisepalum 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELGL Elymus glaucus 20 0.6 3 3 STPY Stachys pycnantha 20 0.2 1 1 AICA Aira caryophyllea 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLPE Claytonia perfoliata 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ELTRT2 Elymus trachycaulus subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 teslinensis EPMI Epilobium minutum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO17 Eriogonum covilleanum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MIGU Mimulus guttatus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 POMO5 Polypogon monspeliensis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 venenosus

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Association Coulter Pine - Incense-cedar - Jeffrey Pine / Leather Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Woodland form an open tree layer (10-25%, mean 19.3%), with conifers at 5-15m tall. Pinus coulteri, Calocedrus decurrens and Pinus jeffreyi are generally co-dominating in the tree overstory and are frequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to continuous (0-68%, mean 21.7%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and medium to tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0-0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0- 0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 18-75%, mean 39.6%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana characteristically intermixes in the mixed conifer overstory as a sub-dominant tree and is occasionally regenerating in the understory. In the shrub layer, Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca are consistently present as co-dominants, and Arctostaphylos pungens is characteristic at sparse cover. Rhamnus tomentella often intermixes as a sub-dominant. The herb layer is sparse and comprised of native forb and grass species, including Galium andrewsii, Cordylanthus rigidus, and Lupinus concinnus.

Eriogonum umbellatum was found in 1 of 6 stands, though there are no vouchers to confirm its variety designation. Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme, a CNPS List 4 species, occurs frequently on serpentinite soils and may occur within this association.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4057-4868ft, mean 4366ft Aspect: most often NW or NE, less often SE Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 8-22 degrees, mean 17.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-40%, mean 25.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-10%, mean 3.2% Litter Cover: range 15-70%, mean 32.8% Bare Ground: range 15-73%, mean 35% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: coarse sand to moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam

This association was sampled in the East Fork San Carlos Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=6) CCBLM018, CCBLM060, CCBLM279, CCBLM280, CCBLM281, CCBLM301

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus jeffreyi/Quercus durata Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 100 8.7 3 18 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 5.7 2 10 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 100 4.3 1 10 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 83 2.4 0.2 11 Tree Understory CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 83 1.0 0.2 5 PIJE-m Pinus jeffreyi 83 0.6 0.2 1 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 67 1.4 0.2 8 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 50 1.3 1 5 PIJE-l Pinus jeffreyi 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CADE27-l Calocedrus decurrens 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 PICO3-l Pinus coulteri 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 14.3 1 33 QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 8.9 0.2 23 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 83 1.4 0.2 4 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 67 1.5 0.2 6 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 33 0.5 0.2 3 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERUM Eriogonum umbellatum 17 0.3 2 2 LUCO Lupinus concinnus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 quercetorum Cryptogam MOSS Moss 17 0.2 1 1

Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Association Coulter Pine - Foothill Pine / Leather Oak - Pointleaf Manzanita Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (6-55%, mean 24%), with conifers at 5-20m tall. Pinus coulteri dominates or co-dominates with Pinus sabiniana in the tree overstory, and both species are sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to continuous (25-82%, mean 59.2%) at 0-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0-1%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 32-90%, mean 72.0 %.

In this association, Pinus coulteri is dominant and P. sabiniana is sub-dominant to co-dominant, while other conifers such as Calocedrus decurrens and Pinus jeffreyi may occur in the tree overstory at sparse cover and may be regenerating in the understory. In the shrub layer, Quercus durata dominates or co-dominates with other shrubs. Arctostaphylos pungens is characteristically present and may be low in cover to co-dominant with Quercus durata. Ceanothus cuneatus is also characteristically present as a sub-dominant. The sparse understory herb layer is comprised of mostly native grasses and forbs, including Galium andrewsii and Elymus multisetus.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 2 of 20 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, also a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 1 of 20 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4192-5235ft, mean 4736ft Aspect: all aspects (except flat) Slope: most often somewhat steep, less often gentle to moderately steep, range 5-25 degrees, mean 16.7 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; bottom to top slopes, most often middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-55%, mean 17.2% Large Rock Cover: range 0-6%, mean 1.3% Litter Cover: range 19-89%, mean 60.2% Bare Ground: range 3-48%, mean 17.2% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: varies from coarse loamy sand to moderately fine, sandy clay loam to silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Canada Azul, Clear Creek, East Fork San Carlos Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=20) CCBLM013, CCBLM057, CCBLM058, CCBLM071, CCBLM075, CCBLM107, CCBLM154, CCBLM161, CCBLM194, CCBLM201, CCBLM202, CCBLM283, CCBLM284, CCBLM285, CCBLM286, CCBLM310, CCBLM311, CCBLM313, CCBLM314, CCBLM315

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 17.1 1 50 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 90 6.9 0.2 30 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 65 0.4 0.2 3 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 0.8 0.2 5 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 40 1.5 0.2 12 CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 36.6 5 80 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 100 12.8 1 35 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 90 3.1 0.2 10 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 80 0.8 0.2 3 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 70 6.7 0.2 25 GARRY Garrya 50 0.6 0.2 3 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 40 0.1 0.2 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 35 0.2 0.2 2 subsp. mohavensis RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 10 0.2 0.2 4 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 45 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 10 0.1 0.2 1 benitensis GAPO Galium porrigens 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 LUCO Lupinus concinnus 10 0.0 0.2 0.2

Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association Coulter Pine / Bigberry Manzanita Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Woodland form an open tree layer (12-25%, mean 17%), at 5-35m tall. Pinus coulteri dominates in the tree overstory and is frequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (12-55%, mean 32.5%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and with tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-8%, mean 3.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 30-55%, mean 44.5%.

In the Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association, Pinus coulteri is dominant though other conifer species such as Pinus sabiniana, Calocedrus decurrens, and Pinus jeffreyi frequently intermix at low cover in the tree overstory and understory. Arctostaphylos glauca is consistently present as the dominant shrub, while shrubs Rhamnus tomentella, Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis, and Eriodictyon californicum are characteristically present at sparse cover. Native grass Elymus multisetus is characteristic in the herb understory, while a variety of other herbs may also occur (see species table).

Eriogonum umbellatum was found in 2 of 4 stands, though there are no vouchers to confirm its variety designation. Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme, a CNPS List 4 species, occurs frequently on serpentinite soils and may occur within this association.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4229-4481ft, mean 4379ft Aspect: NE and SW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 20-35 degrees, mean 26.5 degrees Topography: undulating or flat; low to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 7-30%, mean 17% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-12%, mean 3% Litter Cover: range 47-69%, mean 57% Bare Ground: range 5.8-30%, mean 19% Parent Material: frequently serpentine, occasionally sedimentary Soil Texture: medium sand, medium to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the East Fork San Carlos Creek and the Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine and the Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM070, CCBLM297, CCBLM300, CCBLM306

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 11.3 2 18 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 4.5 1 13 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 75 0.6 0.2 2 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 50 1.3 1 4 Tree Understory PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 75 0.8 0.2 2 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 0.3 0.2 1 CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 PIJE-m Pinus jeffreyi 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 26.8 6 50 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 100 1.0 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 1.0 1 1 subsp. mohavensis ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 100 0.9 0.2 2 QUDU4 Quercus durata 75 0.8 0.2 2 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 50 2.0 0.2 8 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 25 0.5 2 2 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 dictyota RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 100 2.8 0.2 8 ERCA14 Erysimum capitatum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 25 0.5 2 2 ASAC Astragalus accidens 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SIBE Sisyrinchium bellum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERUM Eriogonum umbellatum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association Coulter Pine / Leather Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Woodland form an open tree layer (10-25%, mean 16.7%) at 5-20m tall. Pinus coulteri dominates in the tree overstory and is infrequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is intermittent to continuous (35-75%, mean 57.4%) at low: 0-2, tall: 2-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0.2-7%, mean 1.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 48-75%, mean 65.4%.

In the Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association, Pinus coulteri is dominant though other conifer species such as Pinus sabiniana, Pinus jeffreyi, and Calocedrus decurrens may also occur at low cover in the tree overstory and understory. Quercus durata is consistently present as the dominant shrub species, while Arctostaphylos glauca, Ceanothus cuneatus, and Rhamnus tomentella are characteristically present as sub-dominant shrubs. The herb layer is sparse and may include species such as Galium andrewsii, Achillea millefolium, and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found on 2 of the 7 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3369-4880ft, mean 4435ft Aspect: most often NE, less often NW, rarely SW Slope: somewhat steep, range 15-26 degrees, mean 20.5 degrees Topography: frequently undulating, rarely convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-60%, mean 25.4% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-2.4%, mean 1% Litter Cover: range 12-74%, mean 47.7% Bare Ground: range 5-60%, mean 22.3% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: coarse to very fine loamy sand, moderately coarse sandy loam, medium loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Canada Azul, Clear Creek, Larious Canyon and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=7) CCBLM056, CCBLM068, CCBLM101, CCBLM105, CCBLM110, CCBLM151, CCBLM159

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 15.4 10 25 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 86 0.9 0.2 3 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 43 0.5 0.2 2 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 43 0.3 0.2 1 Tree Understory PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 14 0.7 5 5 CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 14 0.1 1 1 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 31.4 20 40 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 13.7 2 30 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 9.7 0.2 30 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 100 1.9 0.2 4 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 86 0.4 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 57 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis GARRY Garrya 57 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 43 0.2 0.2 1 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 dictyota TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 71 0.1 0.2 0.2 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 29 0.3 0.2 2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 29 0.2 0.2 1 benitensis GAPO Galium porrigens 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 LUCO Lupinus concinnus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 quercetorum

Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis Alliance (no association defined) Coulter Pine - Canyon Live Oak Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis Woodland form an intermittent tree layer (48-50%, mean 49%), with conifers at 15-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-15m tall. In the two stands sampled, Quercus chrysolepis is dominant and Pinus coulteri is sub-dominant in the tree overstory, and both species can be regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (5-45%, mean 25%) with low shrubs at 0-0.5 tall and with tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 53-85%, mean 69%.

In this alliance, Calocedrus decurrens and Pinus sabiniana may be present at sparse cover in the overstory tree layer, and they may be regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer may include species such as Toxicodendron diversilobum, Quercus durata, and Ceanothus cuneatus. The herb understory consists of native grasses and forbs such as Claytonia perfoliata, Poa secunda, and Melica torreyana.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4000-4497ft, mean 4249ft Aspect: NE Slope: steep, range 30-40 degrees, mean 35 degrees Topography: convex; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 13-15%, mean 14% Large Rock Cover: range 1-4%, mean 2.5% Litter Cover: range 72-74%, mean 73% Bare Ground: range 5-5%, mean 5% Parent Material: serpentine or sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam

This alliance was sampled in the East Fork San Carlos Creek and the Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine and the Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM011, CCBLM303

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast, montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

Pinus coulteri-Quercus chrysolepis Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 100 46.0 40 52 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 7.5 7 8 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 0.5 1 1 Tree Understory PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 50 2.5 5 5 PICO3-l Pinus coulteri 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 100 2.1 0.2 4 QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 1.1 0.2 2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 50 11.5 23 23 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 50 1.0 2 2 californicum RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 1.0 2 2 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 dictyota CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis PRVID2 Prunus virginiana subsp. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 demissa RICAC Ribes californicum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 californicum Herb CLPE Claytonia perfoliata 50 1.0 2 2 METO Melica torreyana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

Pinus jeffreyi Alliance (no association defined) Jeffrey Pine Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus sabiniana jeffreyi Woodland form an open tree layer (13-17%, mean 15.0%), with conifers at 10-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Pinus jeffreyi dominates in the tree overstory, or it may co-dominate with Pinus sabiniana. The shrub layer is open to continuous (25-70%, mean 47.5%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and with tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to continuous (3-30%, mean 16.5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 37-80%, mean 58.5%.

In this alliance, Pinus jeffreyi is dominant in the tree overstory, or it may sometimes co-dominate with Pinus sabiniana. Both tree species may be regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer has higher cover than the tree layer in the two stands sampled, with Prunus virginiana highly abundant in one stand and Arctostaphylos glauca dominant in the other. The herb understory exclusively contains native species, with Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum characteristic in two stands and with Claytonia perfoliata highly abundant in one stand.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3675-4013ft, mean 3844ft Aspect: NE or NW Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 11-24 degrees, mean 17.5 degrees Topography: concave; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 20-24%, mean 22% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0.3%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 45-64%, mean 54.5% Bare Ground: range 8-33%, mean 20.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, medium loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM001, CCBLM016

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane North Coast Ranges, montane Central Coast Ranges, low elevations of the Klamath Ranges, montane Klamath Ranges, subalpine Klamath Ranges, inner montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005, Jimerson et al. 1995, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986, Kruckeberg 1984

Pinus jeffreyi Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 100 10.0 10 10 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 4.0 3 5 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 50 1.0 2 2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 1.5 3 3 PIJE-m Pinus jeffreyi 50 1.0 2 2 PIJE-l Pinus jeffreyi 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub PRVID2 Prunus virginiana subsp. 50 35.0 70 70 demissa ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 50 9.0 18 18 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 50 1.5 3 3 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 1.5 3 3 AMUT Amelanchier utahensis 50 0.5 1 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 50 0.5 1 1 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 dictyota Herb VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 100 1.0 1 1 quercetorum CLPE Claytonia perfoliata 50 15.0 30 30 CRYPT Cryptantha 50 0.5 1 1 LILE3 Linum lewisii 50 0.5 1 1 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ALBU Allium burlewii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARDO3 Artemisia douglasiana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SILE2 Silene lemmonii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 50 1.0 2 2

Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Foothill Pine / California Juniper / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Woodland form an open tree layer (10-20%, mean 14.0%), with conifers at 10-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Pinus sabiniana dominates in the tree overstory and is infrequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (13-65%, mean 30.1%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and with tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to continuous (20-70%, mean 45%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-90%, mean 69.7%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana is dominant in the tree overstory, while Quercus douglasii is occasionally present in at lower cover in the overstory or understory. In the shrub layer, Juniperus californica and Eriophyllum confertiflorum are characteristically present at low cover, and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum often occurs and may be dominant in this layer. Non-native grasses Bromus madritensis and Avena spp., and native grasses Vulpia microstachys, and Poa secunda are often present with a variety of other grass and forb species in the herb understory.

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum, Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata, Clarkia breweri and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis are CNPS List 4 species. Each species was found in 1 of the 7stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1970-3768ft, mean 3203ft Aspect: most often NW, less often SW or SE Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 25-40 degrees, mean 31.1 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often flat, concave or convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-75%, mean 14.6% Large Rock Cover: range 0-7%, mean 1.3% Litter Cover: range 4.2-76%, mean 40.7% Bare Ground: range 7-91%, mean 39.8% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse sand, moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, fine sandy clay

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=7) CCBLM420, CCBLM425, CCBLM467, CCBLM469, CCBLM507, CCBLM537, CCBLM549

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Coast Ranges, western Transverse Ranges, Sierra Nevada

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 11.4 9 15 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 43 1.3 0.2 5 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 29 1.1 2 6 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 14 0.4 3 3 QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 86 4.6 1 10 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 71 1.7 0.2 7 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 71 1.2 0.2 5 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 43 6.0 0.2 40 foliolosum QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 29 2.6 5 13 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 29 1.1 1 7 subsp. mohavensis CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 14 2.9 20 20 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 14 0.7 5 5 polifolium FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 14 0.7 5 5 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 14 0.6 4 4 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 14 0.1 1 1 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 14 0.1 1 1 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 14 0.1 1 1 CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 laevigatus SYMO Symphoricarpos mollis 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 71 8.9 5 25 AVENA Avena 71 7.7 1 30 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 71 2.3 0.2 10 POSE Poa secunda 71 0.3 0.2 1 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 57 15.0 5 45 VUMY Vulpia myuros 57 5.3 0.2 25 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 57 2.9 0.2 20 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 29 1.7 2 10 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 14 0.3 2 2 PLER3 Plantago erecta 14 0.3 2 2

Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 14 0.1 1 1 indictum MOVI2 Monardella villosa 14 0.1 1 1 NAPU2 Navarretia pubescens 14 0.1 1 1 ACOB Acanthomintha obovata 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLBR Clarkia breweri 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 LINAN2 Linanthus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 LOUT Lomatium utriculatum 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis MODO Monardella douglasii 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 TRWI3 Trifolium willdenowii 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 LUPIN Lupinus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2

Populus fremontii Alliance (no association defined) Fremont Cottonwood Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Populus fremontii Woodland, the tree layer is open (12%), with hardwoods at 10-15m tall. Populus fremontii dominates in the tree overstory. The shrub layer is open (20%) with low shrubs at 0.5-1, and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 16%.

In one stand of this alliance, Tamarix sp. is present in the tree understory. A combination of xeric and riparian shrubs may occur in the shrub layer (see species table), with Baccharis salicifolia dominant. A variety of non-native herbs occupy the herb understory, including various grasses such as Bromus spp., Distichlis spicata, and Vulpia myuros, and the forb Centaurea melitensis.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: 1672ft Aspect: SW Slope: gentle, 2 degrees Topography: undulating; bottom Small Rock Cover: 65.4% Large Rock Cover: 4.4% Litter Cover: range 10.9% Bare Ground: range 17.4% Parent Material: sandy alluvium Soil Texture: medium to very fine sandy loam

This alliance was sampled in the Pine Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM506

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, northern Central Coast, Central Valley, Klamath foothills, Cascade Range foothills, Sierra Nevada foothills, South Coast, inner montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, Great Basin, Mojave Desert, Colorado Desert, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Thomas et al. 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Populus fremontii Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory POFR2-t Populus fremontii 100 10.0 10 10 Tree Understory TAMAR2 Tamarix 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub BASA4 Baccharis salicifolia 100 18.0 18 18 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 2.0 2 2 HASQ2 Hazardia squarrosa 100 1.0 1 1 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 NIGL Nicotiana glauca 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 3.0 3 3 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 2.0 2 2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 1.0 1 1 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 DISP Distichlis spicata 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

Quercus chrysolepis Association Canyon Live Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus chrysolepis Woodland and Forest form an open to continuous tree layer (9-75%, mean 44.3%), with conifers at 10-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus chrysolepis dominates the overstory and may be regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to continuous (3-70%, mean 30.4%) with low shrubs at 0-2m and tall shrubs at 0.5-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (1-60%, mean 19.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-80%, mean 74.4%.

In this association, Quercus chrysolepis is dominant as an overstory tree or as a regenerating, understory tree. Pinus sabiniana, Quercus douglasii, and Pinus jeffreyi may occur in the tree canopy and in the understory at low cover. In the shrub layer, Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus and Garrya (flavescens) are often present at low cover, and they co-occur with a variety of other chaparral species (see species table). Mixtures of native and non-native forbs and grasses occupy the herb understory.

Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 1 of the 7 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3290-4644ft, mean 4090ft Aspect: most often NE, less often NW, rarely none/flat Slope: somewhat steep to steep (rarely flat), range (0)26-35 degrees, mean 25 degrees Topography: most often convex, less often flat, concave or undulating; mid to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-20%, mean 11.5% Large Rock Cover: range 1-23%, mean 7.8% Litter Cover: range 38-85%, mean 62% Bare Ground: range 3-39%, mean 15.3% Parent Material: most often sedimentary, less often serpentine Soil Texture: varies from coarse loamy sand to moderately fine clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona and Urruttia Canyon watersheds in the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; the Duckworth Canyon and Larious Canyon watersheds within the western non-serpentine portion of the study area; and the Sawmill Creek and East Fork San Carlos Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=7) CCBLM017, CCBLM024, CCBLM121, CCBLM124, CCBLM 380, CCBLM545, CCBLM553

Rank: G5S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Probably the same as the alliance: outer North Coast, montane North Coast, montane Central Coast Ranges, low elevations of the Klamath Ranges, montane Klamath Ranges, montane Cascade Range, montane Sierra Nevada, montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Borchert 2004, Ertter and Bowerman 2002, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

Quercus chrysolepis Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 86 47.7 25 75 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 71 1.5 0.2 8 QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 14 0.7 5 5 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 14 0.1 1 1 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 43 0.2 0.2 1 QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 29 1.2 0.2 8 QUCH2-m Quercus chrysolepis 14 8.6 60 60 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 57 2.7 0.2 18 laevigatus GARRY Garrya 57 1.6 0.2 10 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 43 0.9 0.2 4 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 43 0.7 0.2 3 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 43 0.2 0.2 1 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 29 3.1 2 20 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 29 0.3 0.2 2 LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 14 0.6 4 4 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 14 0.6 4 4 RICAC Ribes californicum var. 14 0.1 1 1 californicum ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 FRCA6 Fremontodendron californicum14 0.0 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 breviflora LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 denudata PRIL Prunus ilicifolia 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub YUWH Yucca whipplei 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 57 6.4 5 30 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 57 2.3 0.2 10 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 43 0.3 0.2 1 POSE Poa secunda 43 0.2 0.2 1 GAAN Galium andrewsii 43 0.1 0.2 0.2

Quercus chrysolepis Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 29 5.7 5 35 GALIU Galium 29 0.3 0.2 2 GAPO Galium porrigens 29 0.3 0.2 2 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 29 0.2 0.2 1 BRCA5 Bromus carinatus 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 OSBR Osmorhiza brachypoda 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 14 1.4 10 10 BRTE Bromus tectorum 14 0.7 5 5 CLPE Claytonia perfoliata 14 0.3 2 2 ACOBO Acanthomintha obovata 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. obovata APAN Apiastrum angustifolium 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 COHE Collinsia heterophylla 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 DEHEP Delphinium hesperium 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. pallescens LEFI11 Lessingia filaginifolia 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 venenosus Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 14 0.7 5 5 MOSS Moss 14 0.3 2 2 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 14 0.1 1 1 CASTI2 Castilleja 14 0.0 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Association Blue Oak - Foothill Pine / Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Woodland form an open to continuous tree layer (34-55%, mean 41.7%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-15m tall. Quercus douglasii is usually dominant while Pinus sabiniana is sub-dominant to co-dominant in the tree overstory. Both species are sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (9-50%, mean 23.2%) at low: 0-2, tall: 2-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (8-60%, mean 33.3%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 53-90%, mean 76.7%.

In this association, Cercocarpus betuloides is consistently present in the understory usually as the dominant shrub. Shrubs Fraxinus dipetala, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Ericameria linearifolia and Juniperus californica are often present at relatively low cover. Bromus hordeaceus, Avena sp., and Poa secunda consistently occur in the herb layer with a variety of other native and non-native grass and forb species.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 6 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 6 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2684-4320ft, mean 3492ft Aspect: NE, NW and variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 23-40 degrees, mean 29.7 degrees Topography: undulating; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-15%, mean 7.7% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-20%, mean 4.4% Litter Cover: range 17-84%, mean 61% Bare Ground: range 2-68%, mean 22.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often moderately fine clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Duckworth Canyon and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Eastern and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=6) CCBLM047, CCBLM166, CCBLM176, CCBLM220, CCBLM237, CCBLM246

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner North Coast, montane Central coast, South Coast, Central Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills

REFERENCES CITED Allen et al. 1989, Holland 1986

Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 32.7 30 40 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 9.0 4 20 AECA-t Aesculus californica 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 50 1.0 2 2 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 33 0.3 1 1 QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 12.0 2 25 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 67 2.0 0.2 5 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 67 1.0 1 3 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 67 0.7 0.2 2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 67 0.4 0.2 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 33 4.2 0.2 25 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 33 0.3 1 1 laevigatus ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 17 0.3 2 2 CEIN3 Ceanothus integerrimus 17 0.3 2 2 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 17 0.2 1 1 LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 17 0.2 1 1 denudata ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 foliolosum HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUAL2 Quercus ×alvordiana 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 83 9.5 0.2 30 AVENA Avena 83 9.2 0.2 35 POSE Poa secunda 83 0.6 0.2 1 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 67 0.4 0.2 1 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 50 0.7 0.2 3 MADIA Madia 33 0.5 0.2 3 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 33 0.5 1 2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 33 0.2 0.2 1 californicus ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 17 0.5 3 3 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 BLCR Bloomeria crocea 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRCA5 Bromus carinatus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus betuloides Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 venusta CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN2 Galium angustifolium 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAVAR Navarretia 17 0.0 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana Association Blue Oak - Interior Live Oak - Foothill Pine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana Woodland, the tree layer is intermittent (40%) with conifers at 10-15m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus douglasii and Pinus sabiniana dominate in the tree overstory and may be regenerating in the understory. Quercus wislizeni occurs as a sub-dominant in the tree overstory. The shrub layer is intermittent (40%) with low shrubs at 0-0.5m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (10%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65%.

In the one stand sampled, Quercus wislizeni dominates the shrub layer while other shrubs occur at low cover including Ceanothus cuneatus, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Cercocarpus betuloides, and Rhamnus ilicifolia. The herb understory may include a variety of native and non-native forbs and grasses.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 4462ft Aspect: SE Slope: steep, 30 degrees Topography: undulating, upper slope Small Rock Cover: 16% Large Rock Cover: 0.2% Litter Cover: range 70.8% Bare Ground: 8% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=1) CCBLM037

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, Sierra Nevada foothills

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005, Ertter and Bowerman 2002, Allen et al. 1989, Holland 1986

Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 10.0 10 10 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 10.0 10 10 QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 100 5.0 5 5 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 100 20.0 20 20 Shrub CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 4.0 4 4 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 1.0 1 1 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 100 1.0 1 1 ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 8.0 8 8 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 100 1.0 1 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 1.0 1 1 GAAN Galium andrewsii 100 1.0 1 1 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 100 1.0 1 1 quercetorum COHE Collinsia heterophylla 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus Association Blue Oak / Wedgeleaf Ceanothus Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus Woodland form an open tree layer (12-21%, mean 16%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory and is sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (14-60%, mean 38.5%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0.2-25%, mean 17.0%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-80%, mean 63.2%.

In this association, Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory while other hardwood and conifer species such as Quercus wislizeni and Pinus sabiniana can be found. In the shrub layer, Ceanothus cuneatus is consistently present as the dominant (or co-dominant with Ceanothus leucodermis), and it also intermixes with a variety of other species (see species table). Native and non-native grasses occupy the open herb understory.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3609-4366ft, mean 3932ft Aspect: neutral, mainly NW, SE Slope: moderate to steep, range 7-32 degrees, mean 19.3 degrees Topography: convex, concave, or undulating; middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-55%, mean 22% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-4%, mean 1.4% Litter Cover: range 25-79%, mean 49.8% Bare Ground: range 10-40%, mean 20.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Domengine Creek and Pine Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and Duckworth Canyon watershed in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM239, CCBLM385, CCBLM533, CCBLM535

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, Central Valley

REFERENCES CITED Allen et al. 1989

Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 12.3 8 20 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 6.0 1 11 QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 25 0.5 2 2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 25 0.8 3 3 Shrub CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 19.8 6 45 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 75 2.8 2 5 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 75 2.0 1 5 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 75 0.3 0.2 1 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 1.3 2 3 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.3 0.2 1 foliolosum CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 25 7.5 30 30 ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 25 1.5 6 6 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 25 1.3 5 5 ERFA2 Eriogonum fasciculatum 25 0.5 2 2 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 25 0.3 1 1 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 25 0.3 1 1 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 25 0.3 1 1 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 75 4.3 2 12 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 75 2.3 1 7 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 50 0.5 1 1 POSE Poa secunda 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 25 2.5 10 10 VUMY Vulpia myuros 25 2.0 8 8 AVFA Avena fatua 25 1.3 5 5 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 25 1.3 5 5 AVENA Avena 25 0.8 3 3 KOMA Koeleria macrantha 25 0.3 1 1 CHORI2 Chorizanthe 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SNAG Standing snag 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Association Blue Oak / Narrowleaf Goldenbush - California Juniper Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (10-57%, mean 26.4%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-15m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory and is often regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (0.2-45%, mean 18.5%) with low shrubs at 0-2m and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (10-60%, mean 34%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 30-85%, mean 65.2%.

In this association, Quercus douglasii is dominant, and Pinus sabiniana is characteristically present in the tree overstory at low cover. Both of these trees are often regenerating in the understory, especially Quercus douglasii. Ericameria linearifolia and Juniperus californica are the two main shrub species that are characteristically present at low cover to moderate cover in the shrub layer. Non- native grasses Bromus hordeaceus and Avena spp., and native grass Poa secunda are characteristically present in the herb understory.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 8 of 37 stands sampled. Lessingia occidentalis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 1 of 37 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2060-4139ft, mean 3506ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: gentle to steep, range 5-40 degrees, mean 22.1 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex, rarely flat; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-33%, mean 8.2% Large Rock Cover: range 0-8%, mean 0.9% Litter Cover: range 16.5-94%, mean 57.7% Bare Ground: range 1-73%, mean 28.7% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, rarely serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine clay loam or medium to fine silty clay loam; less often medium loamy sand, medium loam, fine sandy clay or fine silty clay

This association was sampled in Byles Canyon, Hernandez Reservoir, Larious Canyon, Lopez Creek and Picacho Creek watersheds in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; the Domengine Creek, Duckworth Canyon, Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon, Twentyfive Canyon, Upper White Creek and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and Duckworth Creek and Picacho Creek watersheds in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=37) CCBLM025, CCBLM034, CCBLM042, CCBLM100, CCBLM129, CCBLM130, CCBLM134, CCBLM139, CCBLM142, CCBLM203, CCBLM214, CCBLM230, CCBLM319, CCBLM322, CCBLM333, CCBLM336, CCBLM337, CCBLM343, CCBLM344, CCBLM358, CCBLM361, CCBLM364, CCBLM366, CCBLM367, CCBLM374, CCBLM379, CCBLM509, CCBLM510, CCBLM515, CCBLM516, CCBLM531, CCBLM536, CCBLM540, CCBLM542, CCBLM560, CCBLM562, CCBLM565

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Low to mid elevations of the Central Coast, and possibly extending into Central Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills, and Cascade Range foothills

REFERENCES CITED Allen et al. 1989

Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 22.5 6 55 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 97 3.8 0.2 25 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 57 2.2 0.2 25 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 41 0.2 0.2 1 QUDO-l Quercus douglasii 27 0.1 0.2 2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 19 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 97 8.6 0.2 25 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 95 4.6 0.2 15 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 54 1.8 0.2 20 foliolosum ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 46 1.0 0.2 10 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 32 0.5 0.2 5 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 32 0.5 0.2 3 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 32 0.3 0.2 3 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 27 0.1 0.2 3 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 24 0.0 0.2 0.2 laevigatus CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 19 0.5 0.2 6 subsp. mohavensis YUWH Yucca whipplei 14 0.7 0.2 15 LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 denudata ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 11 0.1 0.2 3 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 92 13.4 1 38 AVENA Avena 89 8.3 0.2 45 POSE Poa secunda 86 1.3 0.2 7 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 68 2.0 0.2 10 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 62 3.8 0.2 25 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 43 0.9 0.2 10 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 43 0.6 0.2 5 californicus GAAN Galium andrewsii 43 0.2 0.2 1 VUMY Vulpia myuros 41 1.6 0.2 30 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 30 0.5 0.2 7 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 27 0.7 0.2 10 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 27 0.4 0.2 5 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 27 0.2 0.2 3 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 24 0.6 0.2 10

Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus californica Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 22 0.1 0.2 1 benitensis GAPO Galium porrigens 22 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 19 0.1 0.2 1 PLER3 Plantago erecta 14 0.2 0.2 4 NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata 11 0.1 0.2 4 BLCR Bloomeria crocea 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 11 0.0 0.2 0.2

Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Blue Oak / California Buckwheat / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Woodland form an open tree layer (2-36%, mean 16.8%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-15m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory and is sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (12-45%, mean 25.5%) at low: 0-1, tall: 1-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is intermittent (35-45%, mean 40%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 70-85%, mean 78.8%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana is characteristically present as a sub-dominant in the tree overstory. In the understory, Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is characteristically present as the dominant shrub, while Rhamnus ilicifolia is characteristically sub-dominant. A variety of native and non-native grasses intermix in the moderately dense herb layer (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 2869-3855ft, mean 3410ft Aspect: SE, SW Slope: moderate to steep, range 8-30 degrees, mean 21.3 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-30%, mean 10.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-35%, mean 10.1% Litter Cover: range 35-70%, mean 55.6% Bare Ground: range 10-28%, mean 19.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium to very fine loamy sand to moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona and Ne Hi Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and the Clear Creek watershed within the Western non- serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM181, CCBLM225, CCBLM236, CCBLM416

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 18.0 10 35 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 1.8 0.2 4 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUDO-l Quercus douglasii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 25.3 10 40 foliolosum RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 100 0.6 0.2 1 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 75 1.5 0.2 5 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 0.6 0.2 2 ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata 25 5.0 20 20 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 25 1.5 6 6 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 25 0.5 2 2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 25 0.5 2 2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 25 0.3 1 1 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 25 0.3 1 1 PRIL Prunus ilicifolia 25 0.3 1 1 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 GARRY Garrya 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 breviflora LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus YUWH Yucca whipplei 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 3.3 1 5 AVENA Avena 75 13.8 5 25 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 75 10.5 10 20 POSE Poa secunda 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 12.5 25 25 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 50 4.0 1 15 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 50 0.8 1 2 MECA2 Melica californica 50 0.6 0.2 2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 50 0.3 0.2 1 NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 25 0.5 2 2 californicus BRTE Bromus tectorum 25 0.3 1 1 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 25 0.3 1 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

100

Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual-Perennial Herb Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb SACO6 Salvia columbariae 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 25 2.5 10 10 MOSS Moss 25 1.3 5 5

101

Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Association Blue Oak / California Juniper - Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (6-45%, mean 21.1%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-15m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory and is sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (20-60%, mean 35.0%) at low: 0.5-2, tall: 1-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (5-65%, mean 30.3%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 48-90%, mean 70.4%.

In this association, Quercus douglasii is dominant, and Pinus sabiniana is characteristically present in the tree overstory at low cover. Juniperus californica and Cercocarpus betuloides are usually co- dominant in the shrub layer, and Ericameria linearifolia is characteristically present as a sub-dominant. There usually is a variety of chaparral species that also occur (see species table). Mixtures of native and non-native species occupy the herb understory, including characteristically present grasses Poa secunda, Bromus hordeaceus, and Vulpia microstachys.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 2 of the 14 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2526-4117ft, mean 3675ft Aspect: most often NE, less often NW or SE Slope: moderate to steep, range 13-40 degrees, mean 26.9 degrees Topography: undulating, convex or flat; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-15%, mean 6.0% Large Rock Cover: range 0-10%, mean 0.9% Litter Cover: range 24-90%, mean 59.8% Bare Ground: range 3-66%, mean 28.7% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon, Twentyfive Canyon, Upper White Creek and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern non-serpentine portion of the study area and Byles Canyon and Larious Canyon watersheds in the Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=14) CCBLM135, CCBLM136, CCBLM247, CCBLM318, CCBLM320, CCBLM321, CCBLM370, CCBLM511, CCBLM518, CCBLM528, CCBLM539, CCBLM541, CCBLM551, CCBLM552

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

102

Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 16.0 3 38 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 86 3.2 0.2 12 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 43 2.2 0.2 15 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 14 0.1 0.2 1 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 14.9 2 40 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 10.9 3 30 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 93 5.2 0.2 16 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 64 0.7 0.2 3 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 43 1.1 0.2 8 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 43 0.4 0.2 4 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 29 0.3 1 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 21 0.7 3 4 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 21 0.5 0.2 5 foliolosum LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 21 0.0 0.2 0.2 denudata ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 14 0.6 3 6 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb POSE Poa secunda 100 2.7 0.2 9 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 86 8.1 1 20 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 86 6.6 0.2 20 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 71 1.4 0.2 5 AVENA Avena 57 3.4 1 15 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 50 0.9 0.2 6 GAPO Galium porrigens 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 29 1.0 0.2 10 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 29 0.4 0.2 3 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 29 0.3 0.2 3 californicus ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 29 0.1 0.2 1 MECA2 Melica californica 29 0.1 0.2 1 GAAN Galium andrewsii 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 MADIA Madia 21 0.3 0.2 4 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 21 0.0 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 14 0.3 2 2 DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 14 0.1 0.2 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLARK Clarkia 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 COHE Collinsia heterophylla 14 0.0 0.2 0.2

103

Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus betuloides association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis Cryptogam MOSS Moss 29 0.8 0.2 5

104

Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Blue Oak / California Juniper - Tucker Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Woodland form an open to intermittent tree layer (5.2-36%, mean 20.8%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates in the tree overstory and is sometimes regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to intermittent (12-75%, mean 34.0%) with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (1-65%, mean 31.9%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-85%, mean 70.4%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana is characteristically present in the tree overstory and may be regenerating in the understory. Juniperus californica and Quercus john-tuckeri are usually co-dominant and characteristically present with Ericameria linearifolia in the shrub layer, and mixtures of other shrubs also occur in this layer (see species table). A variety of native and non-native grass and forb species can be found in the herb understory, including characteristically present Bromus hordeaceus, B. madritensis and Poa secunda and often present Avena sp. and Vulpia microstachys.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 2 of 11 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta and Eriogonum nudum var. indictum, also CNPS list 4 species, were both found in 1 of 11 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 3008-4210ft, mean 3475ft Aspect: most often NE or NW, rarely SE or variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 18-30 degrees, mean 23.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; most often lower to middle slopes, rarely upper to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-30%, mean 6.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0-1%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 30-90%, mean 62.3% Bare Ground: range 5-66%, mean 26.4% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, rarely serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often moderately coarse sandy loam and moderately fine silty clay loam, rarely fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Ne Hi Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Byles Canyon, Hernandez Reservoir and Larious Canyon in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and East Fork San Carlos Creek watershed in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=11) CCBLM108, CCBLM133, CCBLM179, CCBLM221, CCBLM325, CCBLM330, CCBLM339, CCBLM359, CCBLM426, CCBLM428, CCBLM513

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

105

Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 19.6 5 35 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 73 0.7 0.2 1 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 45 0.2 0.2 1 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 27 0.5 1 2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 27 0.1 0.2 1 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 5.3 0.2 30 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 91 11.7 5 25 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 91 3.1 0.2 8 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 73 1.5 0.2 5 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 55 3.3 0.2 15 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 45 0.2 0.2 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 36 1.2 0.2 8 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 27 1.0 0.2 8 foliolosum GARRY Garrya 27 0.2 0.2 1 LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 27 0.1 0.2 1 LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 denudata SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 18 0.5 1 5 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 91 12.1 2 25 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 82 4.1 2 8 POSE Poa secunda 82 0.7 0.2 2 AVENA Avena 64 10.3 1 50 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 64 2.6 0.2 7 MECA2 Melica californica 45 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 36 1.2 0.2 10 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 36 0.6 0.2 3 GAAN Galium andrewsii 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 27 0.5 0.2 5 GAPO Galium porrigens 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 18 0.2 0.2 2 californicus LICI Linanthus ciliatus 18 0.1 0.2 1 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis

106

Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Blue Oak / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb Woodland form an open tree layer (8.2-27%, mean 20.1%), with conifers at 5-15m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus douglasii dominates the tree overstory and is frequently regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open (0-0.2%, mean 0.2%) with low shrubs at 1-2m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open to continuous (32-70%, mean 57.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 35-85%, mean 66.7%.

In this association, hardwood and conifer species such as Pinus sabiniana and Quercus lobata can be found in the tree overstory at low cover, and they may be regenerating in the understory. Shrubs occur in the understory at sparse cover, including Symphoricarpos albus. Non-native grasses Bromus hordeaceus and Avena spp. may be abundant, though a variety of native grasses often occur such as Vulpia microstachys, Melica californica, and Nassella pulchra. Forb species vary depending on yearly rainfall, and they may be diverse (see species table for partial list).

Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 1 of the 3 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2489-3028ft, mean 2810ft Aspect: SW or variable Slope: somewhat steep, range 15-20 degrees, mean 17.5 degrees Topography: undulating; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-34%, mean 13.9% Large Rock Cover: range 0-9%, mean 3% Litter Cover: range 5.1-92%, mean 34.3% Bare Ground: range 7-86%, mean 47.8% Parent Material: sedimentary, serpentine Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek and Duckworth Canyon watersheds within the Serpentine and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=3) CCBLM021, CCBLM023, CCBLM045

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner North Coast, South Coast, Sierra Nevada foothills

REFERENCES CITED Allen et al. 1989, Holland 1986

107

Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 19.0 7 25 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 QULO-t Quercus lobata 33 0.7 2 2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 100 1.0 1 1 QUDO-l Quercus douglasii 67 0.7 1 1 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 33 0.3 1 1 Shrub SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 foliolosum ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 18.0 9 30 AVENA Avena 100 15.1 0.2 30 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 67 1.7 1 4 MECA2 Melica californica 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 NAPU2 Navarretia pubescens 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 PLER3 Plantago erecta 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 33 6.7 20 20 CESO3 Centaurea solstitialis 33 5.0 15 15 TACA8 Taeniatherum caput- 33 3.3 10 10 medusae BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 33 2.7 8 8 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 33 0.3 1 1 ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica 33 0.3 1 1 MADIA Madia 33 0.3 1 1 ACMO2 Achyrachaena mollis 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 venusta KOMA Koeleria macrantha 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 LOPU3 Lotus purshianus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 SABI3 Sanicula bipinnatifida 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 67 0.1 0.2 0.2

108

Quercus lobata Alliance (no association defined) Valley Oak Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Quercus lobata Woodland Alliance, the tree layer is open (20.2%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus lobata dominates in the tree overstory, and no oak regeneration was found. The shrub layer is open (1%) at 1-2m tall, and the herbaceous layer is intermittent (40%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 55%.

In the one stand sampled, Quercus douglasii is present at sparse cover in the tree overstory while Quercus lobata is dominant. The understory has no shrub species, though it includes a variety of native and non-native grasses and forbs (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2484ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat, 0 degrees Topography: undulating; bottom Small Rock Cover: 5% Large Rock Cover: 0.2% Litter Cover: range 64.8% Bare Ground: range 25% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam

This alliance was sampled in the Byles Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM028

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, Central Coast, Central Valley, Klamath foothills, Cascade Range foothills, Sierra Nevada foothills, South Coast

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Allen et al. 1989, Shuford and Timossii 1989, Holland 1986

109

Quercus lobata Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QULO-t Quercus lobata 100 20.0 20 20 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 25.0 25 25 ELGL Elymus glaucus 100 5.0 5 5 POSE Poa secunda 100 1.0 1 1 AVENA Avena 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 CHENO Chenopodium 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 venustum HIIN3 Hirschfeldia incana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

110

Quercus wislizeni Alliance (no association defined) Interior Live Oak Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Quercus wislizeni Woodland Alliance, the tree layer is intermittent to continuous (60.2%) with conifers at 15-20m tall and hardwoods at 10-15m tall. Quercus wislizeni dominates in the tree overstory and may be regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is intermittent (33%) with low shrubs at 1-2m and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (20%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 70%.

In one stand of this alliance, Quercus douglasii, Populus fremontii, and Pinus sabiniana occur at low cover in the tree overstory while Quercus wislizeni is dominant. A variety of chaparral shrubs and native and non-native herbs occur in the understory (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2586ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat, 0 degrees Topography: flat; lower slope Small Rock Cover: 20% Large Rock Cover: 1% Litter Cover: 44% Bare Ground: 30% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam

This alliance was sampled in the Arroyo Leona watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM175

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION southern part of outer North Coast, inner North Coast, Central Coast, Klamath foothills, Cascade Range foothills, Sierra Nevada foothills, inner montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Borchert 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Allen et al. 1989, Holland 1986

111

Quercus wislizeni Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 100 60.0 60 60 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 1.0 1 1 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POFR2-t Populus fremontii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 100 32.0 32 32 CEIN3 Ceanothus integerrimus 100 1.0 1 1 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 100 1.0 1 1 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 100 1.0 1 1 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 laevigatus Herb ARDO3 Artemisia douglasiana 100 5.0 5 5 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 5.0 5 5 POMO5 Polypogon monspeliensis 100 5.0 5 5 CIVU Cirsium vulgare 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GNLU Gnaphalium luteoalbum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 JUXI Juncus xiphioides 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MICA3 Mimulus cardinalis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 RUMEX Rumex 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

112

Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Association Interior Live Oak - Canyon Live Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Woodland form an open to continuous tree layer (0.2-82%, mean 30.5%), with conifers at 5-20m tall and hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Quercus chrysolepis is dominant and Quercus wislizeni is sub-dominant in the tree overstory. Both species are often regenerating in the understory. The shrub layer is open to continuous (10-90%, mean 51%) at low: 1- 2, tall: 1-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0.2-30%, mean 6.2%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-90%, mean 80%.

In this association, Quercus chrysolepis and Quercus wislizeni may have moderate to high cover in the understory as well as in the overstory. Pinus sabiniana is often present in the tree layer and understory at sparse cover. Cercocarpus betuloides is often present in the shrub layer. The herb layer consists of native and non-native forbs and grasses, including occasionally present Bromus hordeaceus, Poa secunda, and Galium andrewsii.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3871-4822ft, mean 4412ft Aspect: most often NE, less often SW Slope: somewhat steep, range 20-25 degrees, mean 22.8 degrees Topography: undulating, convex or concave; mid to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-35%, mean 14.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-30%, mean 6.3% Litter Cover: range 29-84%, mean 59.6% Bare Ground: range 5-30%, mean 15.6% Parent Material: most often sedimentary, sometimes shale or serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately coarse sandy loam, less often coarse to very fine loamy sand

This association was sampled in the Domengine Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; the Clear Creek and East Fork San Carlos Creek watersheds in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and the Duckworth Canyon watershed in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM041, CCBLM050, CCBLM204, CCBLM263, CCBLM412

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Montane Central Coast, Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

113

Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 60 23.0 30 50 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 60 1.0 0.2 3 QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 40 7.4 2 35 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 100 28.2 5 55 QUCH2-m Quercus chrysolepis 40 11.2 26 30 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 60 2.2 0.2 10 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 40 4.0 5 15 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 40 2.0 0.2 10 QUAL2 Quercus ×alvordiana 20 1.0 5 5 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 20 0.4 2 2 CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 20 0.4 2 2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 20 0.2 1 1 foliolosum FRCA6 Fremontodendron 20 0.2 1 1 californicum TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 20 0.2 1 1 ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 spathulata ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 breviflora LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 denudata RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 40 3.0 0.2 15 POSE Poa secunda 40 0.6 0.2 3 GAAN Galium andrewsii 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 20 2.0 10 10 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLARK Clarkia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb ERFO2 Erigeron foliosus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 GANU Galium nuttallii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MENTZ Mentzelia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MIFR2 Mimulus fremontii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 quercetorum

114

SHRUB-OVERSTORY VEGETATION

Adenostoma fasciculatum Association Chamise Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (45- 90%, mean 75.2%), where Adenostoma fasciculatum dominates. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with lo shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-12%, mean 2.3%) at 0-1m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0-4% cover, mean 0.7%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-90%, mean 75.7%.

In this association, Adenostoma fasciculatum is the obvious dominant in the shrub layer. Other chaparral species can intermix at low cover, including Ceanothus cuneatus which is often present. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii are often present at sparse cover as emergent trees. Annual non-native grass Bromus madritensis is often present in the herb layer with other native and non- native grass and forb species.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2360-4496ft, mean 3480ft Aspect: frequently SE to SW, infrequently NW or variable Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 12-33degrees, mean 19.8 degrees Topography: convex or undulating; bottom to top slopes; most often middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-71%, mean 17.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-11%, mean 2.6% Litter Cover: range 10.7-90%, mean 44.5% Bare Ground: range 5-77%, mean 30.8% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine clay loam or sandy clay loam; can vary from coarse sand to fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Byles Canyon, Canada Azul, Duckworth Canyon, East Fork San Carlos Creek, Hernandez Reservoir, Larious Canyon and Pine Canyon watersheds within the Eastern and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=17) CCBLM029, CCBLM046, CCBLM087, CCBLM164, CCBLM219, CCBLM234, CCBLM238, CCBLM240, CCBLM242, CCBLM302, CCBLM334, CCBLM341, CCBLM345, CCBLM353, CCBLM355, CCBLM362, CCBLM559

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner North Coast, Central Coast, inner Klamath Ranges, South Coast, Sierra Nevada foothills, inner Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Borchert 2004, Evens and San 2004, Gordon & White 1994, Shuford and Timossii 1989, Holland 1986

115

Adenostoma fasciculatum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 59 0.3 0.2 3 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 53 0.4 0.2 3 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 18 0.1 0.2 1 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 68.6 42 84 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 65 3.9 0.2 18 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 47 1.4 0.2 15 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 47 0.6 0.2 5 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 41 0.3 0.2 3 YUWH Yucca whipplei 35 0.2 0.2 2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 35 0.2 0.2 1 foliolosum QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 29 0.3 0.2 2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 29 0.1 0.2 1 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 24 0.1 0.2 1 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 18 0.2 0.2 3 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 18 0.1 0.2 1 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 12 0.1 0.2 2 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 12 0.1 0.2 1 laevigatus LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 denudata LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 65 1.0 0.2 8 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 35 0.4 0.2 5 VUMY Vulpia myuros 24 0.1 0.2 1 GAAN Galium andrewsii 24 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 24 0.0 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 12 0.1 0.2 1 APAN Apiastrum angustifolium 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 18 0.2 1 2 LICHEN Lichen 12 0.1 0.2 1

116

Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine Association Chamise Serpentine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (65-90%, mean 77.7%), where Adenostoma fasciculatum dominates. Shrubs often occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0-3%, mean 0.8%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0-7% cover, mean 1.7%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-90%, mean 77.8%.

In this association, Adenostoma fasciculatum is the obvious dominant in the shrub layer while Ceanothus cuneatus and Arctostaphylos glauca are characteristically present with a variety of other chaparral species. Pinus sabiniana is frequently found in the tree layer at trace cover. Native forbs and grasses predominate in the sparse herb layer, including Galium andrewsii.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3001-4393ft, mean 3705ft Aspect: frequently SE or SW, rarely NW or variable Slope: moderate to steep, range 10-33 degrees, mean 18.3 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 15-77%, mean 41.3% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-4%, mean 1.5% Litter Cover: range 1.2-71%, mean 29.75% Bare Ground: range 3-60%, mean 22.1% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, though also varies from coarse loamy sand to fine sandy clay

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek, Duckworth Canyon, Picacho Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=12) CCBLM005, CCBLM027, CCBLM030, CCBLM091, CCBLM095, CCBLM096, CCBLM099, CCBLM114, CCBLM116, CCBLM172, CCBLM251, CCBLM258

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986, Kruckeberg 1984

117

Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 75 0.9 0.2 4 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 25 0.1 0.2 1 Shrub ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 68.8 50 90 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 2.5 0.2 15 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 92 2.6 0.2 15 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 67 1.1 0.2 10 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 50 0.5 0.2 4 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 0.4 0.2 4 YUWH Yucca whipplei 50 0.3 0.2 2 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 42 2.4 0.2 25 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUDU4 Quercus durata 25 0.6 0.2 7 GARRY Garrya 25 0.1 0.2 1 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 17 0.2 1 1 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 17 0.1 0.2 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 foliolosum Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 42 0.1 0.2 0.2 HEDI4 Hesperolinon disjunctum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 LODA Lomatium dasycarpum 25 0.3 0.2 3 MECA2 Melica californica 25 0.1 0.2 1 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 17 0.1 0.2 1 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 17 0.2 1 1

118

Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Association Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita Serpentine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (52-85%, mean 72.2%), where Adenostoma fasciculatum and Arctostaphylos glauca co-dominate. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-2%, mean 0.5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-5% cover, mean 2.7%) at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 55-85%, mean 73.1%.

In this association, a variety of chaparral species intermix at low cover in the shrub layer, including characteristically present Garrya sp., Quercus durata, Ceanothus cuneatus, and Rhamnus ilicifolia, while Adenostoma fasciculatum and Arctostaphylos glauca are the most abundant, co-dominant species. Pinus sabiniana and Pinus coulteri may occur in the tree layer at trace cover. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, Galium andrewsii, and Elymus multisetus are often to occasionally present in the herb layer with other native forbs and grasses.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found on 5 of 10 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3200-4443ft, mean 3792ft Aspect: most often SW, less often SE, NE or variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 20-35 degrees, mean 25 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 16.1-66%, mean 45.4% Large Rock Cover: range 0-12%, mean 2.3% Litter Cover: range 0-64%, mean 23.6% Bare Ground: range 13-36%, mean 24.3% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: often coarse loamy sand or moderately coarse sandy loam, less often medium loam to moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek, Larious Canyon and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=10) CCBLM004, CCBLM090, CCBLM103, CCBLM111, CCBLM112, CCBLM173, CCBLM209, CCBLM210, CCBLM213, CCBLM257

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Scattered in Central and Northern California, where serpentine occurs

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

119

Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 80 2.1 0.2 5 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 20 0.4 1 3 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 60 0.2 0.2 1 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 35.7 20 55 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 33.5 15 45 GARRY Garrya 90 0.2 0.2 0.2 QUDU4 Quercus durata 80 3.2 0.2 12 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 80 1.3 0.2 5 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 80 0.2 0.2 0.2 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 60 0.2 0.2 1 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 30 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 20 0.2 0.2 2 QUBE5 Quercus berberidifolia 20 0.1 0.2 1 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 foliolosum GUCA Gutierrezia californica 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 50 0.2 0.2 1 benitensis GAAN Galium andrewsii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 30 0.1 0.2 1 HEDI4 Hesperolinon disjunctum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LODA Lomatium dasycarpum 10 0.1 1 1 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 10 0.0 0.2 0.2

120

Adenostoma fasciculatum–Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia mellifera Association Chamise - Bigberry Manzanita - Black Sage Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum - Arctostaphylos glauca Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (60-90%, mean 75%) off of serpentine, where Adenostoma fasciculatum and Arctostaphylos glauca co-dominate. Shrubs often occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0- 2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0-6%, mean 2.4%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-1.2% cover, mean 0.5%) with conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-90%, mean 76.7%.

In the shrub layer, Adenostoma fasciculatum and Arctostaphylos glauca are co-dominant, and Salvia mellifera is characteristically present and sub-dominant with a variety of other chaparral species. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii can be found in the tree layer at trace cover. Native forbs and grasses often occur in the herb layer at sparse cover, and non-native Bromus madritensis also may regularly occur at low cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 2350-2964ft, mean 2565ft Aspect: SE Slope: moderate, range 17-18 degrees, mean 17.5 degrees Topography: undulating; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-5%, mean 3.5% Large Rock Cover: range 1-1%, mean 1% Litter Cover: range 58-69%, mean 63.5% Bare Ground: range 20-34%, mean 27% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium loamy sand to fine silty clay

This alliance was sampled in the Duckworth Canyon and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Western and Eastern Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=3) CCBLM048, CCBLM215, CCBLM570

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, possibly to the South Coast, inner montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, and Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Borchert 2004, Evens and San 2004, Ertter and Bowerman 2002, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

121

Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca-Salvia mellifera Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 33 0.3 1 1 Shrub ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 39.3 33 45 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 27.7 18 35 SAME3 Salvia mellifera 100 7.0 1 12 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 67 3.7 1 10 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 33 0.3 1 1 foliolosum YUWH Yucca whipplei 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 67 1.4 0.2 4 GAAN Galium andrewsii 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 67 0.1 0.2 0.2 APAN Apiastrum angustifolium 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CAGR14 Camissonia graciliflora 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 FIGA Filago gallica 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 HEDI4 Hesperolinon disjunctum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 LOWR2 Lotus wrangelianus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 NALE2 Nassella lepida 33 0.1 0.2 0.2

122

Adenostoma fasciculatum - Salvia mellifera Alliance (no association defined) Chamise - Black Sage Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION One stand of Adenostoma fasciculatum - Salvia mellifera Shrubland forms an intermittent shrub layer (50%), where Adenostoma fasciculatum and Salvia mellifera co-dominate. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (7%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0.5% cover) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 55%.

In this stand, the dominant shrub species are the Adenostoma fasciculatum and Salvia mellifera. Other shrubs such as Arctostaphylos glauca or Eriodictyon tomentosum may be present but at low cover. Emergent trees, particularly Quercus douglasii, may be present at sparse cover. Non-native and native grasses and herbs are present, including Bromus madritensis, Castilleja foliolosa, and Lotus spp.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2270 ft Aspect: most often SE to SW Slope: somewhat steep, usually >25 degrees (26 degrees in one stand) Topography: concave to convex, lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: 15% Large Rock Cover: 5% Litter Cover: 6% Bare Ground: 70% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: no data

This alliance was sampled in the Upper White Creek watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM569

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, Southern CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Evens and San 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

123

Adenostoma fasciculatum-Salvia mellifera Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 23.0 23 23 SAME3 Salvia mellifera 100 23.0 23 23 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 5.0 5 5 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 1.0 1 1 ERFA2 Eriogonum fasciculatum 100 1.0 1 1 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 6.0 6 6 LOSAS Lotus salsuginosus var. 100 1.0 1 1 salsuginosus CAFO2 Castilleja foliolosa 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

124

Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association Bigberry Manzanita - Leather Oak / Foothill Pine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Shrubland form an open to continuous shrub layer (11-87%, mean 62.4%), where Arctostaphylos glauca is dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0-1%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-12% cover, mean 7.8%) at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 15-90%, mean 65.8%.

In this association, Quercus durata is usually present at low cover while Arctostaphylos glauca is dominant. Other shrubs often intermix in the shrub layer, including Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus cuneatus, and Eriodictyon californicum. Pinus sabiniana is consistently present in the tree layer at less than 15% cover. Other trees occurring at low cover include Pinus coulteri, Calocedrus decurrens, and Pinus jeffreyi. Native grasses and forbs occur at trace cover in the simple herb layer.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3419-4542ft, mean 3956ft Aspect: most often SW, less often NW, NE or variable Slope: moderate to steep, range 10-40 degrees, mean 19.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often concave or convex; mid to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 3-45%, mean 22.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-10%, mean 2.5% Litter Cover: range 5-88%, mean 49.7% Bare Ground: range 2-62%, mean 21.1% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: varies from coarse sand to moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek, Picacho Creek, Sawmill Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=17) CCBLM098, CCBLM243, CCBLM245, CCBLM249, CCBLM252, CCBLM254, CCBLM255, CCBLM259, CCBLM260, CCBLM261, CCBLM264, CCBLM265, CCBLM266, CCBLM268, CCBLM269, CCBLM270, CCBLM317

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

125

Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 6.4 0.2 12 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 35 0.9 0.2 7 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 12 0.5 1 8 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 76 1.4 0.2 5 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 29 0.1 0.2 1 Shrub ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 43.5 10 63 QUDU4 Quercus durata 88 8.5 0.2 25 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 76 5.4 0.2 33 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 71 1.2 0.2 5 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 65 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 59 3.5 0.2 24 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 47 0.4 0.2 3 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 35 0.3 0.2 3 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 35 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis GARRY Garrya 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 35 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 24 0.0 0.2 0.2 METO Melica torreyana 12 0.2 0.2 3 GAPO Galium porrigens 12 0.0 0.2 0.2

126

Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual Herb Association California Sagebrush - Scalebroom Scrub / Annual Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual Herb Shrubland form an open shrub layer (18-18%, mean 18%), where Artemisia californica is dominant. Shrubs may occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (30-38%, mean 34%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 45-52%, mean 48.5%.

In this association, Artemisia californica is dominant in the shrub layer while Lepidospartum squamatum is sub-dominant. Eriodictyon californica and Hazardia squarrosa also often occur. Non- native grasses and forbs (e.g., Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus madritensis, and Centaurea melitensis) frequent the herb layer.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1712-1755ft, mean 1734ft Aspect: none/flat or SW Slope: flat to somewhat steep, range 0-25 degrees, mean 12.5 degrees Topography: undulating; bottom to mid slope Small Rock Cover: range 1-3%, mean 2% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-0.2%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 62-65%, mean 63.5% Bare Ground: range 30-30%, mean 30% Parent Material: sedimentary, sandy alluvium Soil Texture: medium to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon and Pine Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM505, CCBLM524

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

127

Artemisia californica-Lepidospartum squamatum/Annual Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 10.5 10 11 LESQ Lepidospartum squamatum 100 3.1 0.2 6 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 100 0.6 0.2 1 HASQ2 Hazardia squarrosa 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 50 3.0 6 6 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 50 1.5 3 3 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.5 1 1 polifolium EPCA2 Ephedra californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME3 Salvia mellifera 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 25.0 20 30 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 4.0 3 5 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 50 3.0 6 6 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 AVENA Avena 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

128

Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Unique Stand California Sagebrush - Indian Valley Bush Mallow Unique Stand

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Shrubland, the shrub layer is open (14%), where Artemisia californica and Malacothamnus aboriginum co-dominate. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-2m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (33%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 37%.

In the one stand sampled, Malacothamnus aboriginum is co-dominant with Artemisia californica in the shrub layer. Gutierrezia californica and Ephedra californica also occur at low cover. Non-native grasses predominate in the simple understory.

Malacothamnus aboriginum, a CNPS list 1B species, was found in the stand. Eriogonum nudum var. indictum, a CNPS list 4 species, also was found in the stand.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 1675ft Aspect: NE Slope: steep, 28 degrees Topography: undulating; low to upper slope Small Rock Cover: 1% Large Rock Cover: 15% Litter Cover: 20% Bare Ground: 60% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium loam

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=1) CCBLM523

Rank: G2S2?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

129

Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub MAAB2 Malacothamnus aboriginum 100 6.0 6 6 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 4.0 4 4 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 2.0 2 2 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 100 1.0 1 1 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 polifolium LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 20.0 20 20 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 5.0 5 5 ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 indictum PEAN2 Pellaea andromedifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 PETR7 Pentagramma triangularis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 100 2.0 2 2

130

Artemisia californica/Annual Herb Association California Sagebrush / Annual Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Artemisia californica/Annual Herb Shrubland form an open to continuous shrub layer (25- 75%, mean 48.8%), where Artemisia californica is dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (0.2-45%, mean 21.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur often as emergents (0-1% cover, mean 0.4%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 35- 85%, mean 65%.

In this association, Artemisia californica is dominant in the shrub layer. Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is also frequently present but al low cover. Juniperus californica is characteristically present at trace cover in the four plots sampled, and Quercus douglasii and Pinus sabiniana are often present at trace cover in the tree layer. Various non-native and native grasses and forbs occupy the herb understory, including often present Avena sp., Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus madritensis.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2378-3203ft, mean 2965ft Aspect: SE, SW Slope: gentle to steep, range 4-45 degrees, mean 24.3 degrees Topography: undulating or concave; bottom to mid slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-52%, mean 16% Large Rock Cover: range 0.3-4%, mean 1.8% Litter Cover: range 1.2-43%, mean 14.5% Bare Ground: range 39-90%, mean 63.1% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Canada Azul, Duckworth Canyon and Ne Hi Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM036, CCBLM088, CCBLM397, CCBLM398

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner South Coast

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005

131

Artemisia californica/Annual Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 50 0.3 0.2 1 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 43.3 23 60 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 75 0.8 0.2 2 foliolosum YUWH Yucca whipplei 50 3.3 3 10 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 50 0.6 0.2 2 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 polifolium ISME5 Isocoma menziesii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 25 1.3 5 5 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ISACB Isocoma acradenia var. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 bracteosa Herb AVENA Avena 75 0.6 0.2 2 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 50 6.3 10 15 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 50 3.8 0.2 15 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 25 5.0 20 20 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 25 1.3 5 5 ERNU3 Eriogonum nudum 25 0.5 2 2 CAMIS Camissonia 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CAEXE Castilleja exserta subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 exserta CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera POSE Poa secunda 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 TRWI3 Trifolium willdenowii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

132

Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association California Sagebrush - California Buckwheat - California Ephedra Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (18-60%, mean 42.3%), where Artemisia californica co-dominates with Eriogonum fasciculatum. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (9-50%, mean 29.6%) at 0- 1m tall. Trees occur infrequently as emergents (0-0.2% cover, mean 0.1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 35-75%, mean 58.8%.

In this association, Ephedra californica is sub-dominant to co-dominant with Artemisia californica and Eriogonum fasciculatum in the shrub layer, and Yucca whipplei is also characteristically present. Quercus douglasii occurs infrequently in the tree layer at sparse cover. Non-native annual grasses such as Avena spp., Bromus hordeaceus, and Bromus madritensis occur characteristically in the herb understory, and a variety of native grasses and forbs often intermix such as Poa secunda, Nassella pulchra, and Salvia columbariae.

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of the 8 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1720-3731ft, mean 2680ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 20-36 degrees, mean 28 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.3-77%, mean 23.3% Large Rock Cover: range 0.3-10%, mean 4.4% Litter Cover: range 0.3-75%, mean 29.6% Bare Ground: range 15-84%, mean 39.6% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam however, varies from coarse loamy sand to fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Ne Hi Canyon, Oil Canyon, Pine Canyon, Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=8) CCBLM178, CCBLM387, CCBLM435, CCBLM436, CCBLM504, CCBLM512, CCBLM526, CCBLM556

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

133

Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 16.9 8 35 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 88 4.6 0.2 25 YUWH Yucca whipplei 88 0.9 0.2 3 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 75 2.3 0.2 10 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 63 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 11.0 3 35 foliolosum ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 7.4 2 25 polifolium JUCA7 Juniperus californica 50 1.8 0.2 5 SAME3 Salvia mellifera 25 0.9 3 4 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 25 0.8 1 5 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 13 0.4 3 3 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 13 0.1 1 1 ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 spathulata QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 100 3.2 0.2 12 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 88 13.5 0.2 40 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 88 10.3 1 30 POSE Poa secunda 63 1.4 0.2 7 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 50 2.8 1 10 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 38 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 25 0.3 0.2 2 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 25 0.2 0.2 1 DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 25 0.2 0.2 1 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 25 0.2 0.2 1 californicus BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CAFO2 Castilleja foliolosa 13 0.1 1 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRTE Bromus tectorum 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 CAMIS Camissonia 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 CAAPD Castilleja applegatei subsp. 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 disticha CHME2 Chorizanthe membranacea 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERSP3 Eriastrum sparsiflorum 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 indictum

134

Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum-Ephedra californica Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb FICA2 Filago californica 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 NALE2 Nassella lepida 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam CRYPTO Cryptogamic crust 13 1.9 15 15 MOSS Moss 13 0.6 5 5

135

Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera Alliance (no association defined) California Sagebrush - Black Sage Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera Shrubland the shrub layer is intermittent (55%), where Artemisia californica and Salvia mellifera co-dominate. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 1-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is intermittent (35%) at 0- 0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 75%.

In one stand of this alliance, the shrub layer is co-dominated by Artemisia californica and Salvia mellifera, while a mixture of other shrubs also occur at low cover (see species table). Native and non- native grasses and forbs occupy the herb understory, including Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, and the uncommon species Eriogonum vestitum.

Eriogonum vestitum, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in the one stand sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2355ft Aspect: SE Slope: somewhat steep, 25 degrees Topography: undulating; mid-slope Small Rock Cover: 5% Large Rock Cover: 8% Litter Cover: range 64% Bare Ground: range 18% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine silty clay loam

This alliance was sampled in the Canada Azul watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM086

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, South Coast, inner montane Transverse Ranges, montane Peninsular Ranges, Mojave Desert

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Evens and San 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

136

Artemisia californica-Salvia mellifera Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub SAME3 Salvia mellifera 100 30.0 30 30 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 25.0 25 25 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 100 1.0 1 1 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 polifolium GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ISACB Isocoma acradenia var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 bracteosa Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 20.0 20 20 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 5.0 5 5 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 100 5.0 5 5 VUMY Vulpia myuros 100 5.0 5 5 AVENA Avena 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERVE4 Eriogonum vestitum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 FICA2 Filago californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 NAPU2 Navarretia pubescens 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 TRLA4 Trichostema lanceolatum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

137

Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb Association Spinescale / Annual Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (15-60%, mean 27.3%), where Atriplex spinifera dominates. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (25- 60%, mean 36.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 40-90%, mean 60.5%.

In this association, Atriplex spinifera is the sole dominant species in a simple shrub overstory. Shrubs Isocoma acradenia var. bracteosa and Gutierrezia californica occur occasionally at trace cover. Non- native annual grasses such as Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, and Avena spp. are most frequent in the herb understory, while a variety of other native grasses and forbs also occur (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1203-1819ft, mean 1437ft Aspect: NE, SE, SW, or none/flat Slope: flat to steep, range 0-40 degrees, mean 17.5 degrees Topography: undulating, convex, or flat; bottom to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-72%, mean 41.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-1%, mean 0.4% Litter Cover: range 0-29%, mean 9.5% Bare Ground: range 24-65%, mean 44.9% Parent Material: sedimentary, sandstone Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM473, CCBLM489, CCBLM492, CCBLM497

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, Central Valley, Mojave Desert

REFERENCES CITED Thomas et al. 2004, Holland 1986

138

Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ATSP Atriplex spinifera 100 27.8 15 60 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ISACB Isocoma acradenia var. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 bracteosa Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 26.3 15 40 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 75 2.8 0.2 10 AVENA Avena 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 LENI Lepidium nitidum 50 0.3 0.2 1 POSE Poa secunda 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 25 1.5 6 6 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 25 0.8 3 3 VUMY Vulpia myuros 25 0.8 3 3 ACSP12 Achnatherum speciosum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 HOMUL Hordeum murinum subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 leporinum POAN Poa annua 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

139

Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Association Mulefat - Scalebroom - Saw-toothed Goldenbush Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Shrubland form an open shrub layer (15-19%, mean 17%), where Baccharis salicifolia is dominant. Shrubs may occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (15-27%, mean 21%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0-0.2% cover, mean 0.1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 29-45%, mean 37%.

In this association, Baccharis salicifolia is dominant while Lepidospartum squamatum and Hazardia squarrosa are characteristically present at low cover. Artemisia californica is often present at trace cover in the shrub overstory. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii may occur as emergent trees. Non-native annual grasses and forbs such as Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, Vulpia myuros, and Medicago polymorpha occur in the herb understory, and native species may include Eremocarpus setigerus and Heliotropium curassavicum.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1728-4134ft, mean 2931ft Aspect: SE or SW Slope: gentle, range 3-3 degrees, mean 3 degrees Topography: concave or undulating; bottom Small Rock Cover: range 17-45%, mean 31% Large Rock Cover: range 35-37%, mean 36% Litter Cover: range 2-30%, mean 16% Bare Ground: range 12-15%, mean 13.5% Parent Material: sedimentary, silty alluvium Soil Texture: coarse sand, medium silt

This association was sampled in the Pine Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM525, CCBLM548

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION South Coast, Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005

140

Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidospartum squamatum-Hazardia squarrosa Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub BASA4 Baccharis salicifolia 100 14.0 13 15 HASQ2 Hazardia squarrosa 100 2.5 2 3 LESQ Lepidospartum squamatum 100 0.6 0.2 1 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 foliolosum GUCA Gutierrezia californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 NIGL Nicotiana glauca 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 9.5 9 10 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 5.0 2 8 VUMY Vulpia myuros 100 1.0 1 1 MEPO3 Medicago polymorpha 100 0.6 0.2 1 AVENA Avena 50 2.5 5 5 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CYDA Cynodon dactylon 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERSE3 Eremocarpus setigerus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 HECU3 Heliotropium curassavicum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

141

Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance (no association defined) Wedgeleaf Ceanothus Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In two stands of Ceanothus cuneatus Shrubland Alliance, the shrub layer is intermittent to continuous (62-80%, mean 71%), where Ceanothus cuneatus dominates. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (10-20%, mean 15%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur as emergents (0.2-0.4%, mean 0.3%) at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 75-85%, mean 80%.

While the dominant shrub is Ceanothus cuneatus in the overstory, other shrubs such as Juniperus californica, Quercus john-tuckeri and Q. wislizeni also occur at low cover. Emergent trees, particularly Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii, may occur at trace cover. A variety of herbs occur in the understory, including Bromus hordeaceus, B. madritensis, Marah fabaceus, and Poa secunda.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3875-3884ft, mean 3880ft Aspect: NE, SE Slope: 20-22 degrees, mean 22 degrees Topography: flat; middle to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: 16% Large Rock Cover: 0% Litter Cover: 75% Bare Ground: 5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium loam

This alliance was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM514, CCBLM567

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, montane Central Coast Ranges, Klamath Ranges, Cascade Ranges, Sierra Nevada, outer montane Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, OR, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Borchert 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

142

Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 100 0.6 0.2 1 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 100 1.6 0.2 3 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 100 1.1 0.2 2 Shrub CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 65.0 55 75 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 0.6 0.2 1 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 50 2.5 5 5 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 50 2.5 5 5 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.5 1 1 foliolosum ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 6.5 5 8 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 3.0 1 5 POSE Poa secunda 100 1.1 0.2 2 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 100 0.6 0.2 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 50 0.5 1 1 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 50 0.5 1 1 MAVU Marrubium vulgare 50 0.5 1 1 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 0.5 1 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CRYPT Cryptantha 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

143

Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance (no association defined) Chaparral Whitethorn Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Ceanothus leucodermis Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (60-85%, mean 72.5%), where Ceanothus leucodermis dominates. Shrubs may occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (5-15%, mean 10%) at 0-1m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (1-1% cover, mean 1%) at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-85%, mean 75%.

In two stands sampled, Ceanothus leucodermis is predominant while other shrubs may occur as sub- dominants such as Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Quercus john-tuckeri, and Ceanothus cuneatus. Quercus douglasii occurs at trace cover in the tree layer. Non-native and native grasses and forbs occupy the herb understory (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3474-3773ft, mean 3624ft Aspect: SW Slope: moderate, range 12-12 degrees, mean 12 degrees Topography: flat or undulating; upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-10%, mean 6% Large Rock Cover: range 1-15%, mean 8% Litter Cover: range 60-70%, mean 65% Bare Ground: range 15-22%, mean 18.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam to clay loam

This alliance was sampled in the Coyote Canyon and Ne Hi Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM383, CCBLM410

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Sierra Nevada foothills, montane Central Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Holland 1986

144

Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 100 60.0 45 75 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 7.6 0.2 15 foliolosum QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 3.5 1 6 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 50 5.0 10 10 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 50 0.5 1 1 KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. 50 0.5 1 1 breviflora ARCA11 Artemisia californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 spathulata ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 50 2.5 5 5 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 50 0.5 1 1 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 50 0.5 1 1 EREL6 Eriogonum elongatum 50 0.5 1 1 POSE Poa secunda 50 0.5 1 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

145

Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany - Wedgeleaf Ceanothus - Tucker Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Shrubland form an open to continuous shrub layer (33-85%, mean 69.5%), where Cercocarpus betuloides co-dominates with Ceanothus cuneatus and Quercus john-tuckeri. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (1- 40%, mean 13.9%) at 0-1m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0-3% cover, mean 0.4%) with at hardwoods at 2-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 43-86%, mean 75.6%.

In this association, Cercocarpus betuloides, Ceanothus cuneatus and Quercus john-tuckeri generally co-dominate though one may sometimes be higher in cover than the other two. A mixture of other shrubs also occur in this layer, including Garrya spp., Adenostoma fasciculatum, and Rhamnus ilicifolia. Hardwood and conifers such as Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii can be found as emergents at trace cover. A variety of non-native and native grasses and forbs occur in the herb understory (see species table).

Eriogonum umbellatum was found in 1 of 10 stands sampled, though there are no vouchers to confirm its variety designation. Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme, a CNPS List 4 species, occurs frequently on serpentinite soils and may occur within this association.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3078-4679ft, mean 4176ft Aspect: all aspects (sometimes none/flat), most often SE Slope: gentle to steep, range 1-34 degrees, mean 20 degrees Topography: most often convex, less often undulating or flat; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-23%, mean 8.3% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-20%, mean 3.8% Litter Cover: range 32-85%, mean 67.7% Bare Ground: range 5-36%, mean 14.9% Parent Material: most often sedimentary, less often serpentine Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam or silty clay loam

This association was sampled in Domengine Creek, Oil Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; the East Fork San Carlos Creek watershed in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and Arroyo Leona and Larious Canyon watersheds in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=10) CCBLM063, CCBLM066, CCBLM082, CCBLM122, CCBLM304, CCBLM305, CCBLM386, CCBLM406, CCBLM413, CCBLM465

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas.

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

146

Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUCH2-m Quercus chrysolepis 20 0.6 0.2 6 QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 10 0.2 2 2 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 23.0 2 45 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 16.3 8 35 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 80 16.4 2 50 GARRY Garrya 60 1.9 0.2 10 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 50 3.4 1 30 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 1.4 0.2 6 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 50 0.4 0.2 2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 30 1.4 2 8 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 30 1.1 2 7 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 30 0.9 0.2 7 ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata 30 0.6 0.2 5 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 30 0.3 0.2 3 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 30 0.3 0.2 2 californicum QUBE5 Quercus berberidifolia 20 3.1 1 30 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 20 1.7 7 10 foliolosum CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 20 0.1 0.2 1 SYMO Symphoricarpos mollis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 10 0.2 2 2 denudata QUDU4 Quercus durata 10 0.1 1 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 laevigatus

147

Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus-Quercus john-tuckeri Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 60 3.9 1 20 POSE Poa secunda 40 1.7 0.2 15 VUMY Vulpia myuros 20 3.5 5 30 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 20 1.4 4 10 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 20 1.0 0.2 10 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 20 0.8 0.2 8 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 10 2.0 20 20 AVENA Avena 10 0.1 1 1 CLRH Clarkia rhomboidea 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN2 Galium angustifolium 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 LODA Lomatium dasycarpum 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 NASSE Nassella 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 PHACE Phacelia 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 SNAG Standing snag 10 0.9 9 9 Herb ERUM Eriogonum umbellatum 10 0.1 1 1

148

Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany - California Juniper / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (35-80%, mean 51.8%), where Cercocarpus betuloides is dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (4-40%, mean 28.6%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0.2-6.2% cover, mean 2.6%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 50-80%, mean 71.6%.

In this association, Juniperus californica is sub-dominant while Cercocarpus betuloides is dominant in the shrub overstory. Ericameria linearifolia and Rhamnus ilicifolia often intermix as sub-dominant shrubs. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii are often present in the tree layer at trace cover. Native and non-native grasses Poa secunda, Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus madritensis, and Vulpia microstachys often occur in the herb understory.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2451-4440ft, mean 3601ft Aspect: NE, NW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 22-40 degrees, mean 26.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or flat; low to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-50%, mean 13.1% Large Rock Cover: range 0-45%, mean 4.7% Litter Cover: range 5.5-84%, mean 44.2% Bare Ground: range 5-66%, mean 33.7% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, infrequently serpentine Soil Texture: moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, fine sandy clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Byles Canyon, Larious Canyon, Lopez Creek watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=11) CCBLM026, CCBLM137, CCBLM141, CCBLM184, CCBLM226, CCBLM273, CCBLM338, CCBLM368, CCBLM424, CCBLM520, CCBLM561

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

149

Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 82 0.9 0.2 2 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 64 1.6 0.2 5 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 18 0.8 1 8 Shrub CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 38.5 15 80 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 91 5.2 0.2 25 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 64 2.0 0.2 7 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 64 0.5 0.2 4 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 55 4.3 0.2 20 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 55 0.5 0.2 5 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 45 1.6 1 5 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 27 0.6 1 5 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 27 0.2 0.2 1 foliolosum SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus FRCA6 Fremontodendron 18 0.8 4 5 californicum CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 18 0.3 0.2 3 subsp. mohavensis SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 18 0.2 1 1 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 18 0.1 0.2 1 GARRY Garrya 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 RICAC Ribes californicum var. 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 californicum Herb POSE Poa secunda 100 2.0 0.2 8 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 91 14.8 0.2 35 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 82 2.7 0.2 12 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 73 3.8 0.2 25 GAPO Galium porrigens 45 0.2 0.2 1 VUMY Vulpia myuros 36 1.2 0.2 10 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 36 0.9 1 5 AVENA Avena 36 0.8 0.2 5 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 36 0.1 0.2 1 MADIA Madia 27 2.0 5 10 MECA2 Melica californica 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 18 0.6 2 5 Herb BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 18 0.2 1 1 SACR2 Sanicula crassicaulis 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 18 1.8 5 15

150

Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance (no association defined) Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany - California Buckwheat Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION One stand of Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Shrubland forms an intermittent shrub layer (3535%), where Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is co-dominant with Cercocarpus betuloides. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (25%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0.4%) with hardwoods at 2-5m tall and conifers at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60%.

In the shrub overstory, Cercocarpus betuloides co-dominates with Eriogonum fasciculatum. Pinus sabiniana, Quercus chrysolepis, and Quercus douglasii may be found in the tree layer at trace cover. Non-native and native grasses may predominate in the herb understory, including Avena spp., Bromus spp., and Poa secunda.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 4372ft Aspect: variable Slope: steep, 40 degrees Topography: undulating Small Rock Cover: 40% Large Rock Cover: 2% Litter Cover: 38% Bare Ground: 15% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam

This alliance was sampled in the Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM032

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION South Coast, inner montane Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, western Mojave Desert, western Colorado Desert

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994

151

Cercocarpus betuloides-Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 25.0 25 25 foliolosum CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 15.0 15 15 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 2.0 2 2 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 100 1.0 1 1 californicum JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 1.0 1 1 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 100 22.0 22 22 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 1.0 1 1 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 100 1.0 1 1 POSE Poa secunda 100 1.0 1 1 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera LENI Lepidium nitidum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

152

Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Rubber Rabbitbrush - California Juniper / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open shrub layer (7-30%, mean 17.9%), where Chrysothamnus nauseosus is dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is intermittent to continuous (35-80%, mean 60.9%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur infrequently as emergents (0-2% cover, mean 0.2%) at 10-35m tall. Total vegetation cover is 55-85%, mean 73.3%.

In this association, Chrysothamnus nauseosus is dominant in the shrub overstory while Juniperus californica is characteristically present at low cover, and Ericameria linearifolia often intermixes at trace cover. Pinus sabiniana is infrequently present as an emergent tree at sparse cover. The herb layer is moderately dense to dense and is comprised of a variety of native and non-native grass and forb species, including Bromus hordeaceus, Poa secunda, Avena spp., Vulpia microstachys, and Navarretia prostrata.

Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata, Eriogonum nudum var. indictum and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis are CNPS list 4 species. Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata was found in 3 of 11 stands sampled. Eriogonum nudum var. indictum was found on 2 of 11 stands sampled. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found on 1 of 11 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3178-3768ft, mean 3509ft Aspect: all aspects (sometimes none/flat) Slope: moderate to steep, range 8-28 degrees, mean 19 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often concave or convex; middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-3%, mean 0.9% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0.2%, mean 0.1% Litter Cover: range 1.3-87%, mean 49.8% Bare Ground: range 8-91%, mean 44.3% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine silty clay loam, infrequently moderately fine clay loam or fine sandy clay

This association was sampled in Coyote Canyon, Domengine Creek, Ne Hi Canyon, Twentyfive Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and Hernandez Reservoir within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=11) CCBLM357, CCBLM388, CCBLM399, CCBLM402, CCBLM403, CCBLM423, CCBLM427, CCBLM454, CCBLM464, CCBLM529, CCBLM530

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

153

Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 16.2 6 27 subsp. mohavensis JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 1.6 0.2 5 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 55 0.2 0.2 1 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 15.9 2 35 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.8 0.2 4 AVENA Avena 91 27.2 3 52 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 91 9.5 0.2 30 NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata 82 0.6 0.2 3 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 73 2.0 0.2 15 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 64 0.3 0.2 2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 55 1.2 0.2 5 BLCR Bloomeria crocea 55 0.2 0.2 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 55 0.2 0.2 1 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 45 0.6 0.2 5 VUMY Vulpia myuros 36 0.7 0.2 5 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 36 0.6 0.2 3 californicus PLER3 Plantago erecta 36 0.2 0.2 2 CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera ACOB Acanthomintha obovata 27 0.1 0.2 1 ACMO2 Achyrachaena mollis 27 0.1 0.2 1 LODA Lomatium dasycarpum 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRTE Bromus tectorum 18 1.4 0.2 15 ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 18 0.2 0.2 2 indictum ALPE Allium peninsulare 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 CASUS2 Calystegia subacaulis subsp. 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 subacaulis LASE Lactuca serriola 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 TRWI3 Trifolium willdenowii 18 0.0 0.2 0.2

154

Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Ephedra / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open shrub layer (7-7%, mean 7%), where Ephedra californica dominates. Shrubs may occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-2m tall. The herbaceous layer is continuous (70-75%, mean 72.5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 75-80%, mean 77.5%.

In this association, Ephedra californica is dominant in open shrub stands, and other xeromorphic shrubs such as Gutierrezia californica, Atriplex spinifera, and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium may intermix at trace cover in the overstory. The understory is dense and comprised of a variety of native and non-native grasses and forbs, where grasses such as Bromus diandrus may occur at high cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1277-1320ft, mean 1299ft Aspect: NW Slope: steep, range 30-36 degrees, mean 33 degrees Topography: undulating; low to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-2%, mean 1.1% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-0.2%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 63-82%, mean 72.5% Bare Ground: range 15-32%, mean 23.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM482, CCBLM486

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

155

Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub EPCA2 Ephedra californica 100 7.0 7 7 ATSP Atriplex spinifera 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 polifolium Herb BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 70.0 70 70 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 3.0 1 5 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 100 0.6 0.2 1 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 SATR12 Salsola tragus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 TRWI3 Trifolium willdenowii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 50 1.0 2 2 LOSC6 Loeseliastrum schottii 50 0.5 1 1 CAEXE Castilleja exserta subsp. exserta 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERSE3 Eremocarpus setigerus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MENTZ Mentzelia 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHCIH2 Phacelia cicutaria var. hispida 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

156

Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association California Ephedra - California Matchweed / Many-flowered Eriastrum Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (10-35%, mean 22.2%), where Ephedra californica and Gutierrezia californica co-dominate. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-2m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (5-42%, mean 22.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 17-75%, mean 43.3%.

In this association, shrubs such as Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium and Eastwoodia elegans characteristically intermix in the overstory while Ephedra californica and Gutierrezia californica are most abundant and co-dominant. The herb understory is comprised of a variety of native and non- native grasses and forbs. Bromus madritensis and Eriastrum pluriflorum are including characteristically present while Erodium cicutarium, Chorizanthe membranacea, and Phacelia cicutaria var. hispida are often present.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1103-1800ft, mean 1539ft Aspect: variable (NW, NE, SW) Slope: gentle to steep, range 0-40 degrees, mean 18.2 degrees Topography: convex or undulating; low to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 3-36%, mean 15.4% Large Rock Cover: range 0-11%, mean 4.5% Litter Cover: range 0-14%, mean 4.2% Bare Ground: range 55-85%, mean 71.7% Parent Material: sedimentary, sandstone Soil Texture: most often coarse loamy sand, less often medium sand or moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=6) CCBLM472, CCBLM477, CCBLM478, CCBLM480, CCBLM485, CCBLM500

Rank: G2S2?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

157

Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 10.0 1 20 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 100 9.3 2 15 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 1.1 0.2 5 polifolium EAEL Eastwoodia elegans 83 0.3 0.2 1 ERIOP2 Eriophyllum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 ATSP Atriplex spinifera 17 1.2 7 7 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 10.5 2 30 ERPL2 Eriastrum pluriflorum 100 6.9 0.2 38 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 67 5.3 1 19 CHME2 Chorizanthe membranacea 67 0.6 0.2 3 PHCIH2 Phacelia cicutaria var. hispida 67 0.1 0.2 0.2

BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 50 0.7 0.2 2 POAN Poa annua 50 0.4 0.2 1 ACHY Achnatherum hymenoides 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CHPE4 Chorizanthe perfoliata 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 OEDEC2 Oenothera deltoides subsp. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 cognata POSE Poa secunda 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 URLI5 Uropappus lindleyi 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO17 Eriogonum covilleanum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 LEGLG Lessingia glandulifera var. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 glandulifera MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 californicus PHLOX Phlox 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 33 0.2 0.2 1 MOSS Moss 17 0.0 0.2 0.2

158

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb Association California Buckwheat / Annual Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum /Annual Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (25-60%, mean 41.9%), where Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum dominates. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-6m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (5-57%, mean 23.2%) at 0-1m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-1.2% cover, mean 0.2%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 10-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 30-80%, mean 58.5%.

In this association, Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is dominant though other shrubs may occur in low cover including Ericameria linearifolia, Artemisia californica, Ceanothus cuneatus, and Juniperus californica. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii can be found in the tree layer at trace cover. A variety of forbs and grasses occupy the herb layer, the most abundant species being non- native annual grasses (e.g., Avena spp., Bromus madritensis, and Bromus hordeaceus).

Acanthomintha lanceolata, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 13 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, a CNPS list 4 species was found on 2 of 13 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2533-4832ft, mean 3500ft Aspect: most often SW, less often SE or none/flat Slope: gentle to steep, range 1-35 degrees, mean 24.9 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or flat; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-86%, mean 24.7% Large Rock Cover: range 0-11.5%, mean 2.9% Litter Cover: range 0.2-85%, mean 30.9% Bare Ground: range 0.2-78%, mean 37.1% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, infrequently serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine clay loam, less often coarse loamy sand, moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Byles Canyon, Hernandez Reservoir and Duckworth Canyon watersheds in the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Coyote Canyon and Ne Hi Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=13) CCBLM031, CCBLM038, CCBLM131, CCBLM244, CCBLM324, CCBLM329, CCBLM349, CCBLM365, CCBLM378, CCBLM382, CCBLM384, CCBLM389, CCBLM438

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION South Coast and Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005

159

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 38 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 38.6 20 60 foliolosum ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 62 1.5 0.2 10 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 62 0.2 0.2 1 YUWH Yucca whipplei 46 0.5 0.2 2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 38 0.5 0.2 2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 31 0.3 0.2 2 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 31 0.2 0.2 1 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 31 0.1 0.2 1 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 23 0.2 0.2 1 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 23 0.1 0.2 1 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 15 0.2 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 15 0.1 0.2 1 subsp. mohavensis Herb AVENA Avena 92 8.3 0.2 27 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 92 2.9 0.2 15 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 85 9.6 0.2 30 MECA2 Melica californica 54 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 38 1.1 0.2 10 POSE Poa secunda 38 0.1 0.2 1 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 31 0.4 0.2 4 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 23 0.5 1 5 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 15 0.8 5 5 californicus BRTE Bromus tectorum 15 0.4 0.2 5 CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 15 0.2 0.2 2 venusta CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 DEPA2 Delphinium parryi 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 15 0.0 0.2 0.2

160

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Buckwheat - California Juniper / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (18-55%, mean 38.5%), where Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is dominant and Juniperus californica is sub-dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (8-65%, mean 27.6%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur often as emergents (0- 6% cover, mean 1.2%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 40-90%, mean 58.8%.

In this association, Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is usually dominant in the shrub layer, though Juniperus californica is characteristically present as a sub-dominant to co-dominant. A variety of other species intermix at low cover, where Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Ericameria linearifolia, and Quercus john-tuckeri are often present. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii can be found in the tree layer at trace cover. In the herb understory, non-natives species Avena spp., Bromus madritensis, Erodium cicutarium, and Bromus hordeaceus and native species Poa secunda are characteristically present.

Acanthomintha lanceolata and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis are CNPS list 4 species. Acanthomintha lanceolata was found on 3 of 17 stands sampled, and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found on 1 of 17 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2081-4803ft, mean 3358ft Aspect: most often SE or SW, less often NW Slope: steep, range 23-45 degrees, mean 31.6 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often flat; bottom to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.3-60%, mean 14.6% Large Rock Cover: range 0-7%, mean 1.1% Litter Cover: range 0.2-63%, mean 23.6% Bare Ground: range 25-92%, mean 55.8% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, rarely serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often medium to very fine sandy loam, medium silt loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, moderately fine clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in Byles Canyon, Hernandez Reservoir and Larious Canyon watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; and Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=17) CCBLM040, CCBLM326, CCBLM331, CCBLM332, CCBLM335, CCBLM342, CCBLM369, CCBLM372, CCBLM375, CCBLM396, CCBLM401, CCBLM432, CCBLM442, CCBLM456, CCBLM461, CCBLM468, CCBLM527

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner South Coast, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, bordering the Mojave and Colorado Deserts

161

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 65 1.0 0.2 6 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 24 0.2 0.2 2 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 12 0.1 0.2 1 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 8.6 1 25 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 94 27.5 10 45 foliolosum ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 65 1.0 0.2 8 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 59 0.9 0.2 8 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 53 0.8 0.2 5 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 35 0.7 0.2 5 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 35 0.7 0.2 8 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 35 0.2 0.2 1 YUWH Yucca whipplei 29 0.2 0.2 2 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 24 0.2 0.2 3 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 24 0.2 0.2 3 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 24 0.2 0.2 1 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 12 0.1 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 12 0.1 0.2 2 subsp. mohavensis LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 94 7.7 0.2 30 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 94 5.7 0.2 25 POSE Poa secunda 94 1.3 0.2 10 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 71 10.6 2 65 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 71 1.9 0.2 8 MECA2 Melica californica 47 0.2 0.2 1 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 41 0.1 0.2 0.2 californicus SACO6 Salvia columbariae 41 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 35 2.2 0.2 30 VUMY Vulpia myuros 24 0.6 1 6 GAAN2 Galium angustifolium 24 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRTE Bromus tectorum 18 0.5 1 5

162

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb PLER3 Plantago erecta 18 0.1 0.2 2 ACLA2 Acanthomintha lanceolata 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 CAAPD Castilleja applegatei subsp. 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 disticha CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 LOMI Lotus micranthus 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 12 0.5 3 5 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 12 0.1 0.2 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 HESPE10 Hesperevax 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 LOTUS Lotus (argophyllus) 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 LOHU2 Lotus humistratus 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 NALE2 Nassella lepida 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 12 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 12 0.5 4 5 Epiphyte PHJU Phoradendron juniperinum 12 0.1 0.2 1

163

Eriogonum fasciculatum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Buckwheat - Chaparral Yucca / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum fasciculatum -Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open to continuous shrub layer (30-75%, mean 51.5%), where Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum is dominant and Yucca whipplei is sub-dominant to co-dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (4-45%, mean 16.8%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur occasionally as emergents (0- 8% cover, mean 1.1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 39-83%, mean 63.5%.

In this association, Eriogonum fasciculatum and Yucca whipplei are usually the most abundant species in the shrub overstory, while Juniperus californica is characteristically present and can sometimes be similar in cover to Yucca whipplei. A variety of chaparral and drought deciduous species also occur in this layer at low cover, including Ericameria linearifolia. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii are sometimes present in the tree layer at sparse cover. Grasses are most abundant and frequent in the herb understory, including non-natives Avena spp., Bromus madritensis, and Bromus hordeaceus, and native Poa secunda.

Acanthomintha lanceolata was found in 1 of 28 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta and Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found in 2 of 28 stands. Both are CNPS list 4 species.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2705-4306ft, mean 3559ft Aspect: most often SW, less often SE, NE or variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 15-40 degrees, mean 28.3 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex, flat or concave; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-75%, mean 17% Large Rock Cover: range 0-16%, mean 2.6% Litter Cover: range 2.8-72%, mean 33.3% Bare Ground: range 8-84%, mean 42.4% Parent Material: frequently sedimentary, rarely serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately coarse sandy loam, moderately fine clay loam, or moderately fine sandy clay loam; less often medium loam to moderately fine silty clay loam, or fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Coyote Canyon, Domengine Creek, Duckworth Canyon, Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon, Upper White Creek and Urruttia Canyon watersheds in the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Byles Canyon and Duckworth Canyon watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Duckworth Canyon watershed in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=28) CCBLM033, CCBLM035, CCBLM138, CCBLM177, CCBLM216, CCBLM222, CCBLM231, CCBLM232, CCBLM235, CCBLM390, CCBLM392, CCBLM395, CCBLM418, CCBLM421, CCBLM433, CCBLM443, CCBLM447, CCBLM450, CCBLM452, CCBLM462, CCBLM470, CCBLM471, CCBLM517, CCBLM521, CCBLM532, CCBLM534, CCBLM538, CCBLM564

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

164

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Yucca whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 43 0.5 0.2 4 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 18 0.1 0.2 2 Shrub YUWH Yucca whipplei 100 14.2 5 30 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 86 29.4 18 50 foliolosum ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 86 3.1 0.2 15 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 82 3.5 0.2 15 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 54 0.4 0.2 3 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 39 0.6 0.2 5 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 29 0.2 0.2 1 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 25 0.2 0.2 3 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 21 0.1 0.2 1 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 18 0.3 0.2 3 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 18 0.1 0.2 2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 18 0.1 0.2 1 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 14 2.8 5 26 polifolium ARCA11 Artemisia californica 11 0.2 0.2 4 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 89 6.8 0.2 20 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 86 2.5 0.2 10 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 57 5.1 0.2 20 POSE Poa secunda 57 0.6 0.2 4 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 36 0.4 0.2 5 GAAN2 Galium angustifolium 32 0.1 0.2 1 CAAPD Castilleja applegatei subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 1 disticha MECA2 Melica californica 25 0.1 0.2 1 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 25 0.1 0.2 1 ERIOG Eriogonum 21 0.0 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 18 0.1 0.2 2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 14 0.1 0.2 2 californicus VUMI Vulpia microstachys 14 0.1 0.2 2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 11 0.4 0.2 10 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 11 0.4 2 5 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 PEMU Pellaea mucronata 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 PLER3 Plantago erecta 11 0.0 0.2 0.2

165

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association California Buckwheat / Many-flowered Eriastrum Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Shrubland form an open shrub layer (12-22%, mean 17.8%), where Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium dominates. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (5-15%, mean 10%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 20-32%, mean 25.5%.

In this association, narrow-leaved and microphyllous species such as Atriplex spinifera, Ephedra californica, Eastwoodia elegans, and Gutierrezia californica frequently intermix in the shrub overstory as sub-dominants. Herbs Bromus madritensis, Erodium cicutarium, Micropus californicus, and Eriastrum pluriflorum are characteristically present in the understory at low cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1200-1840ft, mean 1520ft Aspect: most often SE, less often variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 19-35 degrees, mean 27.3 degrees Topography: undulating; lower to upper slope Small Rock Cover: range 10-15%, mean 12.5% Large Rock Cover: range 1-5%, mean 3% Litter Cover: range 6-15%, mean 12.5% Bare Ground: range 60-73%, mean 67% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium sand, coarse loamy sand, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM483, CCBLM484, CCBLM487, CCBLM501

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast, San Joaquin Valley, Central Valley, inner South Coast

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

166

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum pluriflorum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 14.3 7 20 polifolium ATSP Atriplex spinifera 75 1.5 0.2 5 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 75 1.5 1 3 EAEL Eastwoodia elegans 75 0.6 0.2 1 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 75 0.3 0.2 1 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 7.0 3 10 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 100 2.8 1 5 ERPL2 Eriastrum pluriflorum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 californicus CHPE4 Chorizanthe perfoliata 75 0.3 0.2 1 CHME2 Chorizanthe membranacea 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 CAMIS Camissonia 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 POAN Poa annua 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 OEDEC2 Oenothera deltoides subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 cognata VUMY Vulpia myuros 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

167

Eriogonum heermannii Alliance (no association defined) Heermann's Buckwheat Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Eriogonum heermannii Shrubland, the shrub layer is open (6%), and Eriogonum heermannii dominates. Shrubs occur in one stratum, at 0.5-1m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur as emergents (0.2%) at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 6%.

In one stand of this alliance, Eriogonum heermannii is the dominant species, and it occurs with Arctostaphylos glauca in the shrub layer. Pinus sabiniana is present at trace cover in the tree layer. Grasses and native forbs occupy a simple herb understory (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2497ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat, 0 degrees Topography: undulating; bottom Small Rock Cover: 30% Large Rock Cover: 4% Litter Cover: 1% Bare Ground: 64% Parent Material: sandy alluvium Soil Texture: coarse sand

This alliance was sampled in the Clear Creek watershed within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM020

Rank: G2S2?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

168

Eriogonum heermannii Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub ERHE Eriogonum heermannii 100 5.0 5 5 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 CABOD Camissonia boothii subsp. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 decorticans ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MUAS Muhlenbergia asperifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

169

Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Association Wright’s Buckwheat - Golden Yarrow / San Benito Monardella Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Shrubland form an intermittent shrub layer (35-52%, mean 40.7%), where Eriogonum wrightii dominates or co-dominates with Eriophyllum confertiflorum. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-0.5m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-1m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (4- 25%, mean 16.3%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-0.2% cover, mean 0.1%) at 10-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 50-58%, mean 53.3%.

In this association, dwarf to low shrubs mainly occupy the overstory with Eriophyllum confertiflorum sub-dominant to co-dominant with Eriogonum wrightii, and Yucca whipplei also can intermix as a co- dominant or sub-dominant. The most frequent herbs in the understory include native species Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, Poa secunda and Achillea millefolium.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis and Calystegia collina subsp. venusta are CNPS list 4 species. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found on 3 of 3 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta was found on 2 of 3 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4458-4565ft, mean 4520ft Aspect: SW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 22-30 degrees, mean 25.7 degrees Topography: convex or undulating; upper to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 10-15%, mean 11.7% Large Rock Cover: range 1-20%, mean 8.7% Litter Cover: range 55-65%, mean 60% Bare Ground: range 10-24%, mean 14.7% Parent Material: sedimentary or serpentine Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand

This association was sampled in the East Fork San Carlos Creek watershed within the Serpentine and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=3) CCBLM052, CCBLM064, CCBLM065

Rank: G2S2?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

170

Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 100 20.7 7 28 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 100 10.0 7 15 YUWH Yucca whipplei 67 9.3 3 25 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 100 2.3 1 5 benitensis POSE Poa secunda 100 1.1 0.2 2 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 100 0.5 0.2 1 AVENA Avena 67 13.3 20 20 CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 67 1.0 1 2 venusta VUMY Vulpia myuros 67 0.7 1 1 GAAN Galium andrewsii 67 0.4 0.2 1 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 33 0.3 1 1 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRCA5 Bromus carinatus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CAVE3 Calochortus venustus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 venustum CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera DEPA2 Delphinium parryi 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 GILIA Gilia 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 LIBI Linanthus bicolor 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHHE2 Phacelia heterophylla 33 0.1 0.2 0.2

171

Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Wright’s Buckwheat - California Juniper / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (18-45%, mean 30.6%), where Eriogonum wrightii is usually dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (15-65%, mean 44%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-4% cover, mean 0.8%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 10-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60-80%, mean 70.2%.

In this association, Eriogonum wrightii is abundant in the shrub layer, and Juniperus californica is sub- dominant to co-dominant. Other soft-leaved and sclerophyllus species are infrequently to occasionally present in this layer at trace cover (see species table). Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii may be present in the tree layer at trace cover. The herb understory is characterized by non-native annual grasses such as Avena sp., Bromus hordeaceus, and Bromus madritensis, though native herbs are often present such as Micropus californicus, Plantago erecta, Poa secunda and other grasses.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3527-4598ft, mean 4139ft Aspect: NE, SE, SW Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 10-15 degrees, mean 14 degrees Topography: undulating, convex, concave, or flat; bottom to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.4-60%, mean 24.7% Large Rock Cover: range 0-11%, mean 3.3% Litter Cover: range 0.4-80%, mean 30.1% Bare Ground: range 15-95%, mean 39.2% Parent Material: sedimentary or serpentine Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam, moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam, fine sandy clay

This association was sampled in the Domengine Creek and Ne Hi Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and Duckworth Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM039, CCBLM043, CCBLM381, CCBLM415, CCBLM546

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

172

Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 40 0.6 0.2 3 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 20 0.2 1 1 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 100 24.4 15 45 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 4.5 0.2 20 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 40 1.6 3 5 foliolosum ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 40 0.6 0.2 3 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUAL2 Quercus ×alvordiana 20 0.2 1 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 californicum QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 80 16.4 2 40 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 80 10.4 2 20 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 80 3.3 0.2 15 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 60 0.8 1 2 californicus POSE Poa secunda 40 2.4 2 10 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 40 0.6 1 2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 40 0.2 0.2 1 PLER3 Plantago erecta 40 0.2 0.2 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 LIBI Linanthus bicolor 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 20 4.0 20 20 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 20 3.0 15 15 BRTE Bromus tectorum 20 2.0 10 10 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 20 0.4 2 2 quercetorum RILE2 Rigiopappus leptocladus 20 0.2 1 1 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 20 0.2 1 1 ACMO2 Achyrachaena mollis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 AGGR Agoseris grandiflora 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 20 0.0 0.2 0.2

173

Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb CESO3 Centaurea solstitialis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 DUCY Dudleya cymosa 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LEFI11 Lessingia filaginifolia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LUBI Lupinus bicolor 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2

174

Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Matchweed / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (5-35%, mean 16.6%), where Gutierrezia californica dominates. Shrubs infrequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-0.5m tall and tall shrubs at 0-2m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to continuous (10-85%, mean 47%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 22-85%, mean 59%.

In this association, Atriplex spinifera and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium occasionally intermix in the shrub layer with other narrow-leaved species (see species table). Herbs that are characteristically present in the understory include non-natives Bromus madritensis, Erodium cicutarium, Bromus hordeaceus, and natives Poa secunda and Amsinckia menziesii.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1466-2112ft, mean 1678ft Aspect: NW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 23-35 degrees, mean 30.4 degrees Topography: undulating or flat; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-83%, mean 39.7% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0.2%, mean 0.1% Litter Cover: range 0.2-24%, mean 8.3% Bare Ground: range 11-86%, mean 47.3% Parent Material: slate, sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Lower Tumey Gulch and Monocline Ridge watersheds within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM479, CCBLM481, CCBLM488, CCBLM493, CCBLM495

Rank: G4S4?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

175

Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 9.6 5 15 ATSP Atriplex spinifera 40 1.0 0.2 5 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 polifolium ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 20 4.0 20 20 EAEL Eastwoodia elegans 20 0.4 2 2 ISME5 Isocoma menziesii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 11.6 1 45 POSE Poa secunda 100 1.1 0.2 3 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 80 5.0 0.2 20 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 80 1.1 0.2 5 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 80 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 60 32.0 0.2 80 CHME2 Chorizanthe membranacea 60 1.1 0.2 5 PHCIH2 Phacelia cicutaria var. hispida 60 0.5 0.2 2

VUMY Vulpia myuros 60 0.3 0.2 1 AVENA Avena 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 CLPE Claytonia perfoliata 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 STREP2 Streptanthus 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 TRICH9 Trichostema 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica 20 0.6 3 3 CABOD Camissonia boothii subsp. 20 0.2 1 1 decorticans APAN Apiastrum angustifolium 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CESO3 Centaurea solstitialis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 DEHEP Delphinium hesperium subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 pallescens LEGLG Lessingia glandulifera var. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 glandulifera LOWR2 Lotus wrangelianus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MAVU Marrubium vulgare 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 OEDEC2 Oenothera deltoides subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 cognata Cryptogam MOSS Moss 20 0.2 1 1

176

Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Juniper - Narrowleaf Goldenbush / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (8-58%, mean 27.2%), where Juniperus californica is dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to continuous (12-75%, mean 42.9%) at 0-1m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-6% cover, mean 1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 40-85%, mean 67.2%.

In this association, Ericameria linearifolia is characteristically present and sub-dominant while Juniperus californica is dominant in the shrub layer. Eriogonum fasciculatum also intermixes at low cover with a variety of other, less frequent, shrub species (see species table). Quercus douglasii and Pinus sabiniana occur infrequently in the tree layer at sparse cover. Grasses frequently occur in the herb understory, including non-native species Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus madritensis and native species Poa secunda.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2060-3668ft, mean 3069ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: moderate to steep, range 6-36 degrees, mean 22.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; most often on low to mid slopes, less often on upper to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-11%, mean 1.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-1%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 0.2-88%, mean 33.2% Bare Ground: range 7-96%, mean 60.4% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine silty clay loam, less often moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Byles Canyon and Hernandez Reservoir watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and the Ne Hi Canyon, Pine Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=13) CCBLM360, CCBLM371, CCBLM400, CCBLM422, CCBLM430, CCBLM434, CCBLM439, CCBLM449, CCBLM457, CCBLM458, CCBLM459, CCBLM508, CCBLM563

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner South Coast, Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

177

Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 23 0.9 0.2 6 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 23 0.1 0.2 1 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 23 0.1 0.2 1 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 15 0.2 0.2 2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 24.2 5 50 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 85 2.7 0.2 8 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 54 0.4 0.2 2 foliolosum ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 38 1.8 1 12 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 31 0.1 0.2 1 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 23 1.2 0.2 15 YUWH Yucca whipplei 23 0.2 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 23 0.2 0.2 2 subsp. mohavensis QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 15 0.1 0.2 1 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 laevigatus Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 24.1 2 50 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 92 4.2 0.2 10 POSE Poa secunda 77 1.5 0.2 15 AVENA Avena 62 9.8 0.2 30 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 62 3.2 0.2 20 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 54 3.5 0.2 20 PLER3 Plantago erecta 46 1.0 0.2 7 VUMY Vulpia myuros 38 1.5 0.2 10 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 38 0.3 0.2 2 californicus BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 38 0.1 0.2 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 31 0.1 0.2 1 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 23 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata 23 0.0 0.2 0.2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 15 0.2 1 2 BLCR Bloomeria crocea 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb CLARK Clarkia 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 quadrivulnera LINAN2 Linanthus 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 15 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 15 0.8 1 10 Epiphyte PHJU Phoradendron juniperinum 31 0.1 0.2 0.2

178

Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association California Juniper - Foothill Ash - Narrowleaf Goldenbush / Annual - Perennial Herb Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (35-75%, mean 49%), where Juniperus californica is dominant and Fraxinus dipetala and Ericameria linearifolia are sub-dominant to co- dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-0.5m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (25-55%, mean 39%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0.2-8% cover, mean 3.3%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 10-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-80%, mean 76%.

In this association, Fraxinus dipetala and Ericameria linearifolia are sub-dominant to co-dominant with Juniperus californica in the shrub overstory. A variety of chaparral and drought deciduous species are also characteristically present as subdominants including Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Rhamnus ilicifolia, and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum. Quercus douglasii and Pinus sabiniana can be found in the tree layer at trace cover. Non-native and native grass species such as Bromus hordeaceus, Poa secunda, Vulpia microstachys, and Bromus madritensis characteristically occur in the understory.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 5 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2896-3092ft, mean 2973ft Aspect: NE or NW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 25-28 degrees, mean 25.8 degrees Topography: flat; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-2%, mean 2% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-0.2%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 67.8-78%, mean 73.2% Bare Ground: range 15-25%, mean 19.6% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM444, CCBLM445, CCBLM446, CCBLM448, CCBLM451

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner South Coast, Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

179

Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 80 3.1 0.2 8 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 22.6 3 60 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 100 12.6 8 20 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 9.0 5 12 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 100 3.6 1 8 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 80 1.6 1 5 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 80 1.4 0.2 3 foliolosum ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 40 0.2 0.2 1 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 24.4 12 35 POSE Poa secunda 100 3.2 2 5 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 100 2.8 1 5 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 80 5.0 4 10 VUMY Vulpia myuros 60 1.6 1 5 AVENA Avena 40 1.0 0.2 5 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 40 0.2 0.2 1 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 20 0.2 1 1 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 20 0.2 1 1 benitensis

180

Lotus scoparius Alliance (no association defined) Deer Weed Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Lotus scoparius Shrubland the shrub layer is open (20%), where Lotus scoparius dominates. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-2m tall. The herbaceous layer is intermittent (45%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60%.

In one stand of this alliance, the most abundant shrub species is Lotus scoparius, occurring with Eriodictyon californicum and non-native grasses Bromus spp. Overall, there is more shrub diversity than herb diversity (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3292ft Aspect: SW Slope: somewhat steep, 18 degrees Topography: concave; upper slope Small Rock Cover: 5% Large Rock Cover: 15% Litter Cover: 38% Bare Ground: 37% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium to very fine loamy sand

This alliance was sampled in the Arroyo Leona watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM180

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION South Coast and Peninsular Ranges, Anza-Borrego Desert, Sierra Nevada foothills (personal observation)

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, CDFG 1998

181

Lotus scoparius Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 100 12.0 12 12 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 100 5.0 5 5 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 100 2.0 2 2 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 foliolosum Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 15.0 15 15 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 8.0 8 8 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 100 5.0 5 5

182

Lupinus albifrons Alliance (no association defined) Silver Bush Lupine Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Lupinus albifrons Shrubland, the shrub layer is open (26%), where Lupinus albifrons dominates. Shrubs occur in one stratum, at 0.5-1m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (16%) at 0.5- 1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 42%.

In one stand of this alliance, Lupinus albifrons is the sole dominant shrub in the overstory. The most abundant species in the herb understory are Avena spp., Melica californica, and Eriogonum nudum var. indictum.

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in the one stand sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 2128ft Aspect: NE Slope: steep, 28 degrees Topography: concave; middle slope Small Rock Cover: 61% Large Rock Cover: 29% Litter Cover: 4% Bare Ground: 5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: unknown

This alliance was sampled in the Pine Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM550

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, Central Coast, Sierra Nevada

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005

183

Lupinus albifrons Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons 100 19.0 19 19 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 1.0 1 1 foliolosum ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 100 9.0 9 9 ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 100 7.0 7 7 indictum MECA2 Melica californica 100 7.0 7 7 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 6.0 6 6 CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 venustum PHACE Phacelia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

184

Prunus ilicifolia Alliance (no association defined) Hollyleaf Cherry Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Prunus ilicifolia Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (50-90%, mean 70%), where Prunus ilicifolia dominates. Shrubs may occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-15%, mean 7.6%) at 0- 0.5m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0-0.2%, mean 0.1%) at 2-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 77.5%.

In this alliance, Ribes quercetorum and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum are examples of species that may intermix in the shrub layer while Prunus ilicifolia is usually dominant. Pinus sabiniana may be present in the tree layer at trace cover. Grasses are most frequent in the herb understory, including non-natives Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus madritensis and native Poa secunda.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3746-3867ft, mean 3807ft Aspect: SE, SW Slope: somewhat steep, range 15-24 degrees, mean 19.5 degrees Topography: concave; middle to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-0.3%, mean 0.3% Large Rock Cover: range 10.7-42%, mean 26.4% Litter Cover: range 28-54%, mean 40.8% Bare Ground: range 28-32%, mean 30% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: medium loam, moderately fine clay loam

This alliance was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM417, CCBLM419

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, inner montane Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, Channel Islands

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, NatureServe 2005, Borchert 2004, Evens and San 2004, Sawyer and Keeler- Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

185

Prunus ilicifolia Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub PRIL Prunus ilicifolia 100 47.5 45 50 RIQU Ribes quercetorum 50 22.5 45 45 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 1.0 2 2 foliolosum ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 breviflora SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 2.5 5 5 AVENA Avena 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHACE Phacelia 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 50 7.5 15 15 MOSS Moss 50 2.5 5 5

186

Quercus berberidifolia Alliance (no association defined) Scrub Oak Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Quercus berberidifolia Shrubland, the shrub layer is intermittent (37%), where Quercus berberidifolia dominates. Shrubs occur in one stratum, at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (7%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur as emergents (0.2%) at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 39%.

In one stand of this alliance, chaparral species such as Fraxinus dipetala and Arctostaphylos glauca intermix in the shrub overstory at low cover while Quercus berberidifolia is dominant. Native and non- native forbs and grasses create a sparse herb understory (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3025ft Aspect: NW Slope: somewhat steep, 26 degrees Topography: undulating; mid to upper slope Small Rock Cover: 0.2% Large Rock Cover: 0.2% Litter Cover: 79% Bare Ground: 19% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: fine sandy clay

This alliance was sampled in the Picacho Creek watershed within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM022

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION inner North Coast, Central Coast, Cascade Range foothills, Sierra Nevada foothills, Southern CA, Baja CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Borchert 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Gordon & White 1994, Allen et al. 1989, Holland 1986

187

Quercus berberidifolia Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub QUBE5 Quercus berberidifolia 100 32.0 32 32 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 100 7.0 7 7 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 100 4.0 4 4 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 3.0 3 3 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 laevigatus Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MEIM Melica imperfecta 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

188

Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association Leather Oak / Foothill Pine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (50-85%, mean 70.6%), where Quercus durata is dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-2%, mean 0.4%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-20% cover, mean 4.7%) at 2- 15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60-88%, mean 73.5%.

In this association, Quercus durata is dominant while other chaparral species may occur at low cover, including characteristic presence of Ceanothus cuneatus. Pinus sabiniana is frequently present in the tree layer at low cover (15% or less), and Calocedrus decurrens and Pinus coulteri infrequently intermix at trace cover. Galium andrewsii are characteristically present in the herb layer, and a variety of other native forbs or grasses may occur.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis and Calystegia collina subsp. venusta are CNPS list 4 species. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found on 2 of 8 stands. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta was found on 1 of 8 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 3222-5018ft, mean 4389ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: somewhat steep, range 18-26 degrees, mean 21.6 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or flat; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 10.7-60%, mean 23.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-12%, mean 4% Litter Cover: range 1.5-80%, mean 49.2% Bare Ground: range 5.4-30%, mean 19.8% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: medium to very fine sandy loam, medium loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine clay loam

This association was sampled in the Canada Azul, Clear Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=8) CCBLM007, CCBLM067, CCBLM069, CCBLM076, CCBLM092, CCBLM106, CCBLM289, CCBLM292

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges, and possibly other serpentine zones in California including North Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

189

Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 88 4.0 0.2 15 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 13 0.6 5 5 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 63 0.2 0.2 1 CADE27-m Calocedrus decurrens 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 58.4 40 70 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 5.6 1 15 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 75 4.1 0.2 15 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 75 1.0 0.2 3 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 63 0.9 0.2 5 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 63 0.5 0.2 3 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 63 0.3 0.2 1 subsp. mohavensis GARRY Garrya 50 0.8 0.2 5 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 38 0.2 0.2 1 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 38 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 25 0.6 1 4 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 RHCA Rhamnus californica 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 75 0.4 0.2 2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 38 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 38 0.1 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 benitensis BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 venusta CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 venustum MECA2 Melica californica 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 METO Melica torreyana 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 SCUTE Scutellaria 13 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 13 0.1 1 1

190

Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni Association Leather Oak - Chamise - Interior Live Oak Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni Shrubland form a continuous shrub layer (76-95%, mean 87.8%), where Quercus durata co-dominates with a variety of chaparral species off of serpentine. Shrubs infrequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 1-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0.2-3% cover, mean 1.1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 76-95%, mean 87.8%.

In this association, a variety of shrubs intermix. Adenostoma fasciculatum and Ceanothus cuneatus co-dominate with Quercus durata in the overstory, and Quercus wislizeni is characteristically sub- dominant to co-dominant. A mixture of other chaparral species frequently occurs including Fremontodendron californicum (see species table). Pinus sabiniana and Quercus chrysolepis may occur in the tree layer at trace cover. Salvia columbariae is often present in the herb understory with other native forb and grass species.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4628-4794ft, mean 4732ft Aspect: SE, SW or variable Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 12-15 degrees, mean 14 degrees Topography: undulating or convex; mid to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 4-26%, mean 11.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-8%, mean 2.4% Litter Cover: range 61-88%, mean 73.5% Bare Ground: range 3-21%, mean 8.6% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Duckworth Canyon and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Eastern and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM044, CCBLM248, CCBLM275, CCBLM277

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

191

Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus wislizeni Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 75 0.8 0.2 2 QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 100 13.3 1 30 QUCH2-m Quercus chrysolepis 25 2.5 10 10 Shrub CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 26.3 5 45 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 26.0 20 34 QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 24.5 6 35 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 75 0.8 0.2 2 californicum CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 50 3.3 5 8 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 50 0.3 0.2 1 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 25 0.8 3 3 GARRY Garrya 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb SACO6 Salvia columbariae 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 EPBR3 Epilobium brachycarpum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 MIFR2 Mimulus fremontii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 PEGR8 Penstemon grinnellii 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 50 7.5 15 15

192

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana Association Leather Oak - Bigberry Manzanita Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca Shrubland form an open to continuous shrub layer (25-88%, mean 69.5%), where Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca co-dominate. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0-3%, mean 0.6%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-15% cover, mean 5.5%) at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 25-90%, mean 71%.

In this association, Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca co-dominate in the shrub overstory, though Adenostoma fasciculatum and/or Ceanothus cuneatus may also be co-dominant in this layer. Rhamnus tomentella and Rhamnus ilicifolia are characteristically present at sparse cover. Pinus sabiniana is characteristically present with cover up to 15% in the tree layer while Pinus coulteri, Pinus jeffreyi, and Calocedrus decurrens may be found at low cover. The simple herb layer is comprised of native forbs and grasses, including frequently present Galium andrewsii.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, and Trichostema rubisepalum are CNPS list 4 species. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis was found on 11 of 29 stands sampled. Calystegia collina subsp. venusta was found on 2 of 29 stands sampled. Trichostema rubisepalum was found on 1 of 29 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3187-4807ft, mean 4072ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 12-38 degrees, mean 21.4 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-65%, mean 27.3% Large Rock Cover: range 0-20%, mean 3.8% Litter Cover: range 10-86%, mean 42.5% Bare Ground: range 3-45%, mean 21.8% Parent Material: serpentine (rarely sedimentary-1 sample) Soil Texture: most often moderately coarse sandy loam; less often coarse sand, coarse to very fine loamy sand, medium loam, medium to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine clay loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Byles Canyon, Clear Creek, East Fork San Carlos Creek, Larious Canyon, Picacho Creek, Sawmill Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area. One sample was collected in the Upper White Creek watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=29) CCBLM002, CCBLM003, CCBLM019, CCBLM059, CCBLM062, CCBLM097, CCBLM109, CCBLM115, CCBLM118, CCBLM123, CCBLM140, CCBLM143, CCBLM145, CCBLM146, CCBLM148, CCBLM160, CCBLM165, CCBLM168, CCBLM171, CCBLM188, CCBLM189, CCBLM191, CCBLM199, CCBLM212, CCBLM250, CCBLM253, CCBLM271, CCBLM288, CCBLM290

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

193

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus sabiniana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 83 4.6 0.2 15 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 52 0.5 0.2 5 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 28 0.1 0.2 1 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 17 0.1 0.2 2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 41 1.1 0.2 7 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 32.2 5 70 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 28.8 3 48 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 86 2.0 0.2 10 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 69 0.5 0.2 5 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 62 5.9 0.2 28 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 59 0.2 0.2 1 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 45 0.5 0.2 7 GARRY Garrya 41 0.5 0.2 10 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 41 0.2 0.2 2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 38 0.3 0.2 5 subsp. mohavensis HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 28 0.2 0.2 3 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 17 0.1 0.2 3 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 dictyota YUWH Yucca whipplei 10 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb GAAN Galium andrewsii 55 0.1 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 38 0.3 0.2 3 benitensis ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 17 0.1 0.2 1 GAPO Galium porrigens 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 METO Melica torreyana 14 0.0 0.2 0.2

194

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Association Leather Oak - Bigberry Manzanita - Congdon Silktassel / Torrey's Melicgrass Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Shrubland the shrub layer is intermittent (65%). Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca are co-dominant. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 1-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is intermittent (45%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur as emergents (1%) at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 75%.

In one stand of this association, Garrya congdonii is characteristically present while Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos glauca are co-dominant in the shrub overstory. Pinus sabiniana is present at trace cover in the tree layer. Native forbs and grasses comprise the herb understory, including an abundance of Melica torreyana.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in the one stand sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3149ft Aspect: NW Slope: somewhat steep, 26 degrees Topography: undulating; mid-slope Small Rock Cover: 7% Large Rock Cover: 0.3% Litter Cover: 84% Bare Ground: 7% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: moderately coarse sandy loam

This association was sampled in the Larious Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=1) CCBLM207

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Evens and San 2004

195

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya congdonii/Melica torreyana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 1.0 1 1 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 35.0 35 35 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 30.0 30 30 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 5.0 5 5 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 100 3.0 3 3 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 100 1.0 1 1 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GARRY Garrya 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb METO Melica torreyana 100 30.0 30 30 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 5.0 5 5 VUMY Vulpia myuros 100 5.0 5 5 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 100 2.0 2 2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 100 1.0 1 1 benitensis AMME Amsinckia menziesii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 PHHE2 Phacelia heterophylla 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

196

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association Leather Oak - Pointleaf Manzanita / Foothill Pine Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (60-90%, mean 74.5%), where Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos pungens co-dominate. Shrubs often occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 0.5-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-16% cover, mean 4.9%) at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 62-90%, mean 76.6%.

In this association, Quercus durata and Arctostaphylos pungens co-dominate in the shrub overstory, though Arctostaphylos glauca or Ceanothus cuneatus may also be co-dominant in this layer. Eriodictyon californicum is characteristically present at low cover. Pinus sabiniana is consistently present in the tree layer with cover at less than 20%, and Pinus coulteri and Calocedrus decurrens may also intermix at trace cover. Native forbs and grasses occupy the sparse herb understory.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 1 of the 11 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3330-4834ft, mean 4373ft Aspect: most often SW, less often NE, SE or variable Slope: gentle to somewhat steep, range 6-22 degrees, mean 13.7 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; middle to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-50%, mean 26.1% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-4%, mean 1.6% Litter Cover: range 20-89%, mean 50% Bare Ground: range 3-40%, mean 17.8% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often coarse loamy sand, moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Clear Creek, Picacho Creek, Sawmill Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=11) CCBLM093, CCBLM158, CCBLM167, CCBLM169, CCBLM170, CCBLM174, CCBLM195, CCBLM282, CCBLM294, CCBLM295, CCBLM316

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

197

Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus sabiniana Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 4.1 0.2 16 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 18 0.7 3 5 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 45 0.8 0.2 6 Shrub QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 29.3 0.2 40 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 100 23.5 8 50 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 3.6 0.2 14 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 91 10.9 1 35 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 91 0.4 0.2 2 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 64 6.4 0.2 23 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 36 0.1 0.2 1 GARRY Garrya 27 0.1 0.2 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 METO Melica torreyana 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 MODO Monardella douglasii 18 0.0 0.2 0.2

198

Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides Association Leather Oak - Birchleaf Mountain-mahogany Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides Shrubland form a continuous shrub layer (70-90%, mean 80%), where Quercus durata and Cercocarpus betuloides co-dominate. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 1-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (0.2-1%, mean 0.6%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0.2-3% cover, mean 1.1%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 10-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 70- 90%, mean 80%.

In this association, Quercus durata and Cercocarpus betuloides co-dominate in the shrub overstory. Other chaparral shrubs also frequently occur in this layer as sub-dominants, including Ceanothus cuneatus, Garrya sp., and Fremontodendron californicum. Pinus sabiniana, Quercus chrysolepis, and Pinus coulteri may occur in the tree layer at trace cover. The herb understory is virtually devoid of species, but occasionally includes natives Viola purpurea spp. quercetorum and Sanicula crassicaulis.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3884-4920ft, mean 4408ft Aspect: NE, SE, variable Slope: moderate to somewhat steep, range 10-20 degrees, mean 15.3 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; low to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-12%, mean 6.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-1%, mean 0.6% Litter Cover: range 65-85%, mean 77% Bare Ground: range 5-25%, mean 10.8% Parent Material: serpentine (especially at edge with sedimentary) Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona and East Fork San Carlos Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM051, CCBLM080, CCBLM081, CCBLM153

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges, scattered in Central and Northern California, where serpentine occurs

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

199

Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 75 1.0 0.2 3 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 30.8 20 40 QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 26.3 10 40 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 75 5.0 3 10 GARRY Garrya 75 4.8 2 15 FRCA6 Fremontodendron 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 californicum ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 50 3.8 0.2 15 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 50 3.8 5 10 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 50 0.3 0.2 1 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 50 0.3 0.2 1 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 laevigatus TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 25 3.8 15 15 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 25 0.3 1 1 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACR2 Sanicula crassicaulis 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 quercetorum

200

Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Association Tucker Oak - Chamise Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (50-80%, mean 65.8%), where Quercus john-tuckeri is dominant and Adenostoma fasciculatum is sub-dominant to co-dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-0.5m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (1- 25%, mean 8.4%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.2-11% cover, mean 4.9%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-35m tall. Total vegetation cover is 57-85%, mean 73.2%.

In this association, Adenostoma fasciculatum is sub-dominant to co-dominant with Quercus john- tuckeri in the shrub overstory. Ceanothus cuneatus and Juniperus californica also characteristically occur in this layer but at low cover. Pinus sabiniana is consistently present in the tree layer at low cover (<10%), and Quercus douglasii may also be present as an emergent tree. Non-native and native grasses and native forbs occupy the open herb understory (see species table).

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2852-3593ft, mean 3103ft Aspect: variable, none/flat, or SE Slope: flat or gentle to steep, range 1-30 degrees, mean 15.6 degrees Topography: convex, flat or undulating; most often lower to middle slopes (sometimes to top slopes) Small Rock Cover: range 1-17%, mean 6.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-1.1%, mean 0.7% Litter Cover: range 22-88%, mean 65.6% Bare Ground: range 5-55%, mean 22.6% Parent Material: sedimentary or serpentine Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Byles Canyon watershed within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and the Clear Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area. .

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM094, CCBLM267, CCBLM327, CCBLM328, CCBLM363

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Coast Ranges, western Transverse Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

201

Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 4.0 0.2 9 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 60 0.8 0.2 3 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 60 0.8 0.2 3 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 24.2 20 31 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 100 18.4 1 40 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 100 2.8 0.2 8 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 1.2 0.2 3 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 60 13.2 0.2 36 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 60 2.6 0.2 12 foliolosum ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 60 0.8 0.2 3 SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 60 0.4 0.2 1 laevigatus ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 40 1.0 0.2 5 HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia 40 0.6 0.2 3 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 40 0.6 1 2 YUWH Yucca whipplei 20 1.6 8 8 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 20 0.2 1 1 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb AVENA Avena 60 3.6 0.2 15 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 60 3.0 4 6 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 20 0.2 1 1 CAAPD Castilleja applegatei subsp. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 disticha HEDI4 Hesperolinon disjunctum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LODA Lomatium dasycarpum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 POSE Poa secunda 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 VELA Verbena lasiostachys 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 40 0.1 0.2 0.2

202

Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Association Tucker Oak - California Juniper - Narrowleaf Goldenbush Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (12-75%, mean 52.2%), where Quercus john-tuckeri is dominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-10m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (5-50%, mean 24.7%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0-9% cover, mean 2.7%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 40-85%, mean 68.8%.

In this association, a diversity of species intermix in the shrub overstory, including a variety of chaparral species (see species table). Ericameria linearifolia and Juniperus californica are characteristically present at low cover while Quercus john-tuckeri is dominant. Pinus sabiniana, Quercus douglasii, Quercus wislizeni, and Quercus chrysolepis may occur in the tree layer at sparse cover. Grasses are most frequent in the herb understory, including native species Poa secunda and Vulpia microstachys, and non-native species Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus madritensis.

Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata and Eriogonum vestitum are CNPS list 4 species. Each species was found in 1 of 22 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1888-3672ft, mean 3097ft Aspect: most often NW or NE, less often SW, SE or variable Slope: moderate to steep, range 10-45 degrees, mean 22.9 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex or concave; bottom to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-24%, mean 4.2% Large Rock Cover: range 0-5%, mean 0.8% Litter Cover: range 15-88%, mean 57.5% Bare Ground: range 7-66%, mean 32.6% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: most often moderately fine silty clay loam, moderately fine clay loam, or fine silty clay; less often medium loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Byles Canyon, Larious Canyon and Hernandez Reservoir watersheds within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area; Canada Azul, Coyote Canyon, Domengine Creek, Ne Hi Canyon and Urruttia Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non- Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=22) CCBLM083, CCBLM085, CCBLM132, CCBLM323, CCBLM340, CCBLM348, CCBLM350, CCBLM351, CCBLM354, CCBLM356, CCBLM373, CCBLM376, CCBLM391, CCBLM393, CCBLM394, CCBLM408, CCBLM409, CCBLM429, CCBLM431, CCBLM440, CCBLM453, CCBLM460

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

203

Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 82 1.5 0.2 8 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 59 1.1 0.2 7 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 27 0.1 0.2 1 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 14 0.5 0.2 8 Shrub QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 45.4 12 70 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 91 2.0 0.2 10 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 91 1.9 0.2 10 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 73 1.9 0.2 10 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 59 0.7 0.2 5 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 36 0.6 0.2 12 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 36 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 32 1.5 0.2 12 foliolosum SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. 32 0.1 0.2 2 laevigatus LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. 27 0.1 0.2 0.2 denudata CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 18 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb POSE Poa secunda 95 2.8 0.2 20 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 91 7.9 0.2 25 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 91 6.6 2 21 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 73 3.2 0.2 20 VUMY Vulpia myuros 45 2.2 0.2 20 GAAN Galium andrewsii 45 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAPO Galium porrigens 36 0.1 0.2 1 AVENA Avena 23 0.1 0.2 1 PLER3 Plantago erecta 18 0.2 0.2 3 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 18 0.2 0.2 2 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 18 0.1 0.2 1 MECA2 Melica californica 14 0.1 0.2 1 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 californicus Cryptogam MOSS Moss 14 0.8 2 10 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 27 0.1 0.2 1

204

Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Association Tucker Oak - California Juniper - Foothill Ash Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (38-75%, mean 57.8%), where Quercus john-tuckeri is dominant to co- dominant with other chaparral species. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (10-40%, mean 26%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur consistently as emergents (0.4-15% cover, mean 5.6%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-80%, mean 75.4%.

In this association, Fraxinus dipetala, Juniperus californica, and Cercocarpus betuloides are characteristically present as sub-dominants to co-dominants with Quercus john-tuckeri in the shrub overstory. Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii often occur in the tree layer at sparse cover. Bromus hordeaceus and Poa secunda are characteristically present in the herb layer.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2660-4156ft, mean 3332ft Aspect: most often NE Slope: moderate to steep, range 10-40 degrees, mean 24 degrees Topography: undulating, flat or concave Small Rock Cover: range 2-5%, mean 3.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0.2%, mean 0.1% Litter Cover: range 59.8-85%, mean 72.4% Bare Ground: range 7-30%, mean 18.5% Parent Material: sedimentary or serpentine Soil Texture: loam, moderately fine clay loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and the Clear Creek and Upper White Creek watersheds within Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM183, CCBLM185, CCBLM197, CCBLM519, CCBLM547

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

205

Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 80 3.0 0.2 6 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 60 2.4 0.2 10 Tree Understory QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 20 1.0 5 5 Shrub QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 36.2 20 60 FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 100 9.0 1 20 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 7.0 0.2 30 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 80 5.4 1 10 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 GARRY Garrya 40 1.8 3 6 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 foliolosum TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 80 6.2 0.2 20 POSE Poa secunda 80 1.6 1 3 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 60 3.6 5 8 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 40 2.2 1 10 GAPO Galium porrigens 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 MAFA3 Marah fabaceus 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACR2 Sanicula crassicaulis 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 AVENA Avena 20 1.0 5 5 DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 20 0.2 1 1 MADIA Madia 20 0.2 1 1 OSBR Osmorhiza brachypoda 20 0.2 1 1 VUMY Vulpia myuros 20 0.2 1 1 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLUN Clarkia unguiculata 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 GALIU Galium 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 METO Melica torreyana 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 PLECT Plectritis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 SABI2 Sanicula bipinnata 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 40 1.2 1 5 LICHEN Lichen 20 3.0 15 15 Epiphyte PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2

206

Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association Tucker Oak - Interior Live Oak - Ashy Silktassel Bush Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (45-70%, mean 60.3%), where Quercus john-tuckeri is dominant and Quercus wislizeni and Garrya flavescens are subdominant. Shrubs consistently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0.5-1m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (3-30%, mean 14%) at 0-1m tall. Trees occur sometimes as emergents (0-21% cover, mean 3.8%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and conifers at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 55-85%, mean 69.3%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana occurs infrequently in the tree overstory at trace cover. A variety of chaparral species occur in the shrub overstory, including characteristic present Ceanothus cuneatus and Ericameria linearifolia. Non-native annual grass Bromus madritensis is consistent in the herb layer and co-occurs with a variety of other forb and grass species.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in 1 of 6 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3795-4555ft, mean 4124ft Aspect: All aspects (except none/flat) Slope: gentle to steep, range 5-28 degrees, mean 19.5 degrees Topography: most often convex, infrequently undulating; upper to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-42%, mean 25.7% Large Rock Cover: range 0-12%, mean 4.5% Litter Cover: range 23-74%, mean 44.8% Bare Ground: range 14-38%, mean 22.3% Parent Material: sedimentary, shale Soil Texture: most often moderately coarse sandy loam; less often medium to very fine loamy sand, medium loam or medium to very fine sandy loam

This association was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Domengine Creek and Pine Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area and the East Fork San Carlos Creek watershed within the Western Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=6) CCBLM049, CCBLM463, CCBLM543, CCBLM544, CCBLM554, CCBLM555

Rank: G3S3

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

207

Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 33 0.2 0.2 1 QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni 17 2.5 15 15 QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 17 0.7 4 4 QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis 17 0.2 1 1 Tree Understory QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni 83 4.5 0.2 11 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 33 0.2 0.2 1 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 QUDO-m Quercus douglasii 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 26.7 8 85 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 83 8.2 0.2 20 GARRY Garrya 83 6.2 1 20 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 83 2.8 2 5 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 12.3 4 35 foliolosum FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala 50 2.2 0.2 7 CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 50 1.9 0.2 11 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 50 0.2 0.2 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 33 1.4 0.2 8 subsp. mohavensis ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 33 0.8 2 3 CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha 33 0.2 0.2 1 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 17 0.2 1 1 dictyota QUBE5 Quercus berberidifolia 17 0.2 1 1 YUWH Yucca whipplei 17 0.2 1 1 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 83 2.8 2 6 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 5.0 6 15 POSE Poa secunda 50 1.8 1 7 GAAN Galium andrewsii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 33 0.8 2 3 AVENA Avena 33 0.3 1 1

208

Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya flavescens Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 17 0.8 5 5 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 17 0.8 5 5 BRTE Bromus tectorum 17 0.8 5 5 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 17 0.5 3 3 BRCA5 Bromus carinatus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 LICI Linanthus ciliatus 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 MIFR2 Mimulus fremontii 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 benitensis PEGR8 Penstemon grinnellii 17 0.0 0.2 0.2

209

Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association Brewer's Willow / Alkali Muhly Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Shrubland form an open to intermittent shrub layer (3-50%, mean 21.5%), where Salix breweri is dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 0-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (0-40%, mean 11.5%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur frequently as emergents (0-15% cover, mean 1.6%) at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 4-80%, mean 31.75%.

In this association, Rhamnus tomentella and Arctostaphylos glauca often intermix in the shrub layer while Salix breweri is usually dominant. Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus coulteri, Pinus jeffreyi, and Pinus sabiniana are occasionally present as emergent trees at low cover. Native herbs Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Solidago guiradonis, and Sisyrinchium bellum frequently occupy the understory.

Trichostema rubisepalum and Solidago guiradonis are CNPS list 4 species. Trichostema rubisepalum was found on 4 of 12 stands sampled. Solidago guiradonis was found on 9 of 12 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2384-4597ft, mean 3603ft Aspect: most often none/flat, less often SW or NW Slope: flat to somewhat steep, range 0-15 degrees, mean 2.8 degrees Topography: most often concave; less often flat or undulating, bottom to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-60%, mean 31.9% Large Rock Cover: range 5-50%, mean 21.9% Litter Cover: range 0.2-81%, mean 10.4% Bare Ground: range 8-58%, mean 32.7% Parent Material: most often serpentine, infrequently sedimentary Soil Texture: most often coarse loamy sand, less often medium to very fine loamy sand or moderately coarse sandy loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek, Larious Canyon and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area and the Upper White Creek watershed within both the Eastern Non-Serpentine and Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=12) CCBLM061, CCBLM128, CCBLM147, CCBLM157, CCBLM186, CCBLM187, CCBLM190, CCBLM198, CCBLM211, CCBLM223, CCBLM278, CCBLM377

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast in riparian serpentine

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

210

Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 33 0.2 0.2 2 CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens 25 0.1 0.2 1 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 17 1.3 0.2 15 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub SABR2 Salix breweri 100 17.7 3 40 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 83 2.4 0.2 15 subsp. mohavensis RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 1.8 0.2 10 ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 50 0.6 0.2 5 Herb MUAS Muhlenbergia asperifolia 75 4.2 0.2 20 SOGU Solidago guiradonis 75 2.8 0.2 18 SIBE Sisyrinchium bellum 75 0.3 0.2 1 AQEX Aquilegia eximia 67 0.3 0.2 2 CAMIM5 Castilleja miniata subsp. miniata 58 0.1 0.2 0.2

ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 50 0.8 0.2 7 DISP Distichlis spicata 50 0.4 0.2 3 ELTRT2 Elymus trachycaulus subsp. 33 1.5 0.2 12 teslinensis TRRU Trichostema rubisepalum 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 MELA2 Mentzelia laevicaulis 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 venenosus ERIOG Eriogonum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 HEPU2 Helenium puberulum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam ALGAE Unknown Algae 17 0.3 1 3

211

Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Association Black Sage - California Buckwheat - Wooly Yerba Santa Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Shrubland form an intermittent to continuous shrub layer (33-75%, mean 58.6%), where Salvia mellifera is dominant and Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum and Eriodictyon tomentosum are sub-dominant. Shrubs frequently occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-2m tall and tall shrubs at 1-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open to intermittent (0.2-40%, mean 12.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Trees occur infrequently as emergents (0-0.2% cover, mean 0%) at 15-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60-75%, mean 67.4%.

In this association, Salvia mellifera is usually dominant in the shrub overstory while Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum and Eriodictyon tomentosum are characteristically present and usually sub-dominant (though sometimes co-dominant). Yucca whipplei is also characteristically present at low cover. Pinus sabiniana is infrequent in the tree overstory at trace cover. Grasses are most frequent in the herb layer, including non-natives Bromus madritensis and Bromus hordeaceus, and native Poa secunda.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1695-3310ft, mean 2658ft Aspect: SW Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 18-30 degrees, mean 24.6 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; low to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 2-10%, mean 4.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-25%, mean 11.3% Litter Cover: range 35-50%, mean 41.5% Bare Ground: range 25-50%, mean 37.5% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately coarse to very fine sandy loam, moderately fine sandy clay loam

This association was sampled in the Coyote Canyon, Ne Hi Canyon and Upper White Creek watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM217, CCBLM218, CCBLM405, CCBLM407, CCBLM503

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

212

Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum -Eriodictyon tomentosum Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub SAME3 Salvia mellifera 100 38.8 22 60 ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 5.9 0.2 23 ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum 100 5.4 0.2 10 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 80 6.4 2 15 foliolosum YUWH Yucca whipplei 80 0.5 0.2 1 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 40 0.6 1 2 CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis 40 0.2 0.2 1 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 20 1.6 8 8 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 20 0.2 1 1 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 20 0.2 1 1 polifolium CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 EPCA2 Ephedra californica 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 60 8.8 1 40 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 40 1.0 0.2 5 POSE Poa secunda 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 20 2.0 10 10 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CAMIS Camissonia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CLARK Clarkia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 CRDE Cryptantha decipiens 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN2 Galium angustifolium 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 PHACE Phacelia 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam CRYPTO Cryptogamic crust 20 3.0 15 15

213

Tamarix Alliance Tamarisk Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Tamarix Shrubland the shrub layer is open (18%) and Tamarix dominates. Shrubs occur in two different strata, with low shrubs at 0-1m tall and tall shrubs at 2-5m tall. The herbaceous layer is open (11%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 28%.

In one stand of this alliance, Tamarix is the dominant species as a tall shrub. The most abundant low shrubs include Artemisia californica, Hazardia squarrosa, and Eriodictyon californicum, and the most abundant herbs include non-native grasses Bromus madritensis and Bromus hordeaceus. Populus fremontii is present in the tree overstory at trace cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 1658ft Aspect: SE Slope: gentle, 5 degrees Topography: concave; bottom Small Rock Cover: 33% Large Rock Cover: 37% Litter Cover: 7% Bare Ground: 20% Parent Material: silty alluvium Soil Texture: medium loam

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM522

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance – non-native)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION North Coast, inner Central Coast, South Coast, Peninsular Ranges, Central Valley, southern Sierra Nevada foothills, southern montane Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert, Colorado Desert

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Thomas et al. 2004, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

214

Tamarix Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Understory TAMAR2 Tamarix 100 5.0 5 5 POFR2-m Populus fremontii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARCA11 Artemisia californica 100 3.0 3 3 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 100 3.0 3 3 HASQ2 Hazardia squarrosa 100 3.0 3 3 BAPI Baccharis pilularis 100 1.0 1 1 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis EPCA2 Ephedra californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 polifolium GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 10.0 10 10 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 2.0 2 2 HECU3 Heliotropium curassavicum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

215

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION

Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance (no association defined) Indian Ricegrass Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Achnatherum hymenoides the herbaceous layer is continuous (68%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Achnatherum hymenoides is the dominant native herb species. The shrub layer is open (0.2%) at 0.5-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 68%.

In one stand of this association, Achnatherum hymenoides is the most abundant native herb species as a perennial bunchgrass; however, Erodium cicutarium has greater abundance as a non-native annual forb. Other native and non-native herbs occur at low cover (<10%) such as Lessingia glandulifera and Bromus diandrus while a variety of mainly native species occur at trace cover. Atriplex spinifera occurs in the shrub overstory at trace cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 1495ft Aspect: SE Slope: somewhat steep, 23 degrees Topography: convex; top slope Small Rock Cover: 0% Large Rock Cover: 0% Litter Cover: 0.3% Bare Ground: 98% Parent Material: Sand dunes Soil Texture: sand

This alliance was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM475

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Transmontane CA, Inter-West

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

216

Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ATSP Atriplex spinifera 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 100 40.0 40 40 ACHY Achnatherum hymenoides 100 12.0 12 12 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 5.0 5 5 LEGLG Lessingia glandulifera var. 100 2.0 2 2 glandulifera BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 1 1 1 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERAN3 Eriogonum angulosum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 LOWR2 Lotus wrangelianus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MADIA Madia 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 OEDEC2 Oenothera deltoides subsp. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 cognata RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 URLI5 Uropappus lindleyi 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

217

Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides Association Sedge spp. - Mexican Rush - Creeping Ryegrass Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides form an intermittent to continuous herbaceous layer (60-75%, mean 65%) at 0-1m tall, where Carex sp. is dominant and Juncus mexicanus and Leymus triticoides are sub-dominant. The shrub layer is open (0-0.2%, mean 0.1%) at 0.5-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60-75%, mean 65%.

In this association, Juncus mexicanus and Leymus triticoides characteristically occur as subdominants while one of two Carex occurs as the dominant herb species, including Carex praegracilis (or morphologically similar species) or C. serratodens. Native herbs Achillea millefolium, Zigadenus venenosus var. venenosus, Asclepias fascicularis, Verbena lasiostachys, and Hypericum formosum var. scouleri may occur in the herb layer at low cover. Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis and Baccharis pilularis occur occasionally in the shrub layer at trace cover.

Solidago guiradonis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 3 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3578-4393ft, mean 4103ft Aspect: none/flat or NW Slope: flat to gentle, range 0-3 degrees, mean 1.3 degrees Topography: flat to concave; bottom to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-5%, mean 2% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0%, mean 0.1% Litter Cover: range 73.8-90%, mean 81.3% Bare Ground: range 5-20%, mean 11.7% Parent Material: serpentine or sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam, moderately fine silty clay loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek watershed within the Serpentine and Western Non- Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=3) CCBLM010, CCBLM015, CCBLM205

Rank: G3S3?

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Probably scattered throughout most regions of CA

REFERENCES CITED Holland 1986

218

Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub BAPI Baccharis pilularis 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis Herb CAREX Carex (praegracilis) 100 40.3 1 60 JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 100 10.0 5 15 LETR5 Leymus triticoides 100 5.7 2 10 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 67 3.7 3 8 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 67 1.1 0.2 3 venenosus ASFA Asclepias fascicularis 67 0.7 1 1 VELA Verbena lasiostachys 67 0.7 1 1 HYFOS Hypericum formosum var. 67 0.4 0.2 1 scouleri CASE2 Carex serratodens 33 5.0 15 15 ARDO3 Artemisia douglasiana 33 0.3 1 1 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 33 0.3 1 1 MIGU Mimulus guttatus 33 0.3 1 1 SOOL Sonchus oleraceus 33 0.3 1 1 CIVU Cirsium vulgare 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 CRASS Crassula 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELGL Elymus glaucus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 POGLG4 Potentilla glandulosa subsp. 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 glandulosa SOGU Solidago guiradonis 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 33 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam MOSS Moss 33 3.3 10 10

219

Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance (no association defined) Pale Spikerush Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eleocharis macrostachya form an open to continuous herbaceous layer (20-70%, mean 45%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Eleocharis macrostachya dominates. The shrub layer is open (0-0.2%, mean 0.1%) at 1-2m tall. Total vegetation cover is 20-70%, mean 45%.

In this alliance, Eleocharis macrostachya is the sole dominant herb species, though other wetland species intermix at low cover such as Juncus mexicanus, Eleocharis acicularis var. bella, and Solidago guiradonis. Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis may be present at trace cover in the shrub overstory. Stands occur in seeps and periodically flooded pools (e.g., Spanish Lakes).

Solidago guiradonis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 2 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3600-4637ft, mean 4119ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat to gentle, range 0-1 degrees, mean 0.5 degrees Topography: flat or concave; bottom to mid slopes Small Rock Cover: range 1-5%, mean 3% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-0%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 0.2-73%, mean 36.6% Bare Ground: range 21-90%, mean 55.5% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: unknown

This alliance was sampled in the Arroyo Leona and Clear Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=2) CCBLM162, CCBLM228

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Cismontane CA, Transmontane CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Potter 2003, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

220

Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb ELMA5 Eleocharis macrostachya 100 44.0 15 73 JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 50 3.0 6 6 ELACB Eleocharis acicularis var. 50 1 2 2 bella SOGU Solidago guiradonis 50 0.5 1 1 EPMI Epilobium minutum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 LOTUS Lotus (argophyllus) 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MAFL Malacothrix floccifera 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MIGU Mimulus guttatus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHAU7 Phragmites australis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

221

Elymus multisetus Alliance (no association defined) Big Squirreltail Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Elymus multisetus, the herbaceous layer is intermittent (45%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Elymus multisetus dominates. The shrub layer is open (1%) with low shrubs at 0-0.5m and tall shrubs at 1-2m tall. Trees occur as emergents (1%) at 10-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 47%.

In one stand of this alliance, Elymus multisetus is the dominant herb. Other grass species occur as subdominants such as native Melica torreyana and non-native Bromus madritensis. Tree Pinus sabiniana occurs as an emergent at trace cover, and shrubs Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. mohavensis and Cercocarpus betuloides are present also at trace cover

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3448ft Aspect: NW Slope: somewhat steep, 22 degrees Topography: convex; upper slope Small Rock Cover: 20% Large Rock Cover: 2% Litter Cover: 33% Bare Ground: 40% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: fine sandy clay

This alliance was sampled in the Byles Canyon watershed within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM144

Rank: G4S4 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Evens and San 2004

222

Elymus multisetus Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 1 1 1 Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 1 1 1 subsp. mohavensis CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 100 32.0 32 32 METO Melica torreyana 100 10.0 10 10 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 3.0 3 3 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 1 1 1 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 1 1 1 ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica 100 1 1 1 AVENA Avena 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 EREL6 Eriogonum elongatum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERCA14 Erysimum capitatum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 FRITI Fritillaria 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 HOMUL Hordeum murinum subsp. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 leporinum LASE Lactuca serriola 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 MECA2 Melica californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

223

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum Association Nude Buckwheat - Idria Buckwheat Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum form an open herbaceous layer (7- 30%, mean 17.6%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Eriogonum nudum var. indictum dominates. The shrub layer is open (0-4%, mean 1.4%) at 0-2m tall. Total vegetation cover is 7-30%, mean 18.4%.

In this association, various forbs and grasses intermix in the herb overstory, especially native species. Eriogonum nudum var. indictum is the dominant species at high cover and Eriogonum vestitum is a characteristic species at trace cover. Non-natives species such as Bromus madritensis and Erodium cicutarium occur at low to high cover. Shrubs such as Gutierrezia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium, and Atriplex spinifera may occur at trace cover.

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum and Eriogonum vestitum are CNPS list 4 species. Both species were found on all 5 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, range 1249-1960ft, mean 1731ft Aspect: SW, SE, variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 25-45 degrees, mean 34 degrees Topography: undulating or convex; lower to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 10-75%, mean 27% Large Rock Cover: range 0-5%, mean 1.4% Litter Cover: range 0.2-1%, mean 0.4% Bare Ground: range 20-89%, mean 69% Parent Material: most often sedimentary, infrequently slate Soil Texture: most often moderately fine sandy clay loam, less often moderately fine clay loam

This association was sampled in the Canada Azul, Foot Hill and Monocline Ridge watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine and Monocline Ridge portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=5) CCBLM084, CCBLM474, CCBLM496, CCBLM499, CCBLM502

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

224

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub GUCA Gutierrezia californica 60 1.4 1 4 ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 polifolium ATSP Atriplex spinifera 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. 100 13.6 5 20 indictum BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 4.6 0.2 15 ERVE4 Eriogonum vestitum 100 0.4 0.2 1 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 60 0.1 0.2 0.2 VUMY Vulpia myuros 40 0.4 1 1 AVENA Avena 40 0.2 0.2 1 ESCA Eschscholzia caespitosa 40 0.1 0.2 0.2 ACSP12 Achnatherum speciosum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 LENI Lepidium nitidum 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 STEPH Stephanomeria 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 20 0.0 0.2 0.2

225

Juncus mexicanus Association Mexican Rush Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Juncus mexicanus form an intermittent to continuous herbaceous layer (65-83%, mean 74%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Juncus mexicanus dominates. The shrub layer is open (0-2%, mean 1%) at low: 0-0.5, tall: 2-5m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0-2% cover, mean 1%) at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 65-83%, mean 74%.

In this association, Juncus mexicanus is the sole dominant species, though a diverse variety of other wetland native and non-native species occupy the herb overstory at low cover. Tree Pinus sabiniana and shrubs Juniperus californica and Rhamnus tomentella may occur in the overstory at trace cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4006-4393ft, mean 4200ft Aspect: none/flat and SW Slope: flat, gentle to somewhat steep, range 1-15 degrees, mean 8 degrees Topography: flat, concave; mid to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 5-7%, mean 5.8% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0%, mean 0.2% Litter Cover: range 45-78%, mean 61.5% Bare Ground: range 10.4-45%, mean 27.7% Parent Material: serpentine, sedimentary Soil Texture: moderately fine sandy clay loam, fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek and Duckworth Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine and Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM009, CCBLM256

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION California, including the Great Central Valley, Mojave Desert, Central Coast Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Evens and San In publication, Thomas et al. 2004, CDFG 2000, Manning and Padgett 1995

226

Juncus mexicanus Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 1 2 2 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 50 0.5 1 1 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 100 62.5 45 80 EPILO Epilobium 50 4.0 8 8 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 50 1.5 3 3 CAREX2 Carex 50 1 2 2 ELMA5 Eleocharis macrostachya 50 1 2 2 HEPU2 Helenium puberulum 50 1 2 2 JUXI Juncus xiphioides 50 1 2 2 LETR5 Leymus triticoides 50 1 2 2 LOPU3 Lotus purshianus 50 1 2 2 GNPA Gnaphalium palustre 50 0.5 1 1 POMO5 Polypogon monspeliensis 50 0.5 1 1 AGOSE Agoseris 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ASFA Asclepias fascicularis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 AVENA Avena 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 HOBR2 Hordeum brachyantherum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 HYFOS Hypericum formosum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 scouleri LASE Lactuca serriola 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MIGU Mimulus guttatus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHAQ Phalaris aquatica 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHYLA Phyla 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 TYDO Typha domingensis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 VELA Verbena lasiostachys 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 venenosus

227

Phragmites australis Alliance (no association defined) Common Reed Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Phragmites australis alliance, the herbaceous layer is continuous (70%) at 2-5m tall, where Phragmites australis dominates. The shrub layer is open (5%) at 1-2m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0.4%) with hardwoods at 10-15m tall and conifers at 5-10m tall. Total vegetation cover is 72%.

In one stand of this alliance, the dominant species in the herb layer is Phragmites australis while sub- dominant herbs include wetland species Eleocharis macrostachya, Solidago guiradonis, and Juncus mexicanus. Trees Salix laevigata and Pinus sabiniana and shrub Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis also occur at trace cover.

Solidago guiradonis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found in the one stand sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3573ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat, 0 degrees Topography: flat; mid slope Small Rock Cover: 1% Large Rock Cover: 0% Litter Cover: 74% Bare Ground: 20% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: unknown

This alliance was sampled in the Clear Creek watershed in the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM227

Rank: G5S5 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Cismontane California, Transmontane CA, North America

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

Phragmites australis Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 SALA3-t Salix laevigata 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 5.0 5 5 subsp. mohavensis Herb PHAU7 Phragmites australis 100 52.0 52 52 ELMA5 Eleocharis macrostachya 100 25.0 25 25 SOGU Solidago guiradonis 100 8.0 8 8 JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 100 2.0 2 2

228

Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance (no association defined) Wild Rhubarb Alliance

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance the herbaceous layer is open (15%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Rumex hymenosepalus is abundant. The shrub layer is open (0.2%) at 0.5-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 15%.

In one stand of this alliance, Ambrosia acanthicarpa co-dominates with Rumex hymenosepalus. Other native and non-native herbs intermix at trace cover (see species table). It occurs along undulating sand dunes.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low, 1577ft Aspect: SE Slope: moderate, 6 degrees Topography: undulating; top slope Small Rock Cover: 0% Large Rock Cover: 0% Litter Cover: 0.2% Bare Ground: 94% Parent Material: dune Soil Texture: sand

This alliance was sampled in the Monocline Ridge watershed within the Monocline Ridge portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe alliance: (n=1) CCBLM476

Rank: G2S2 (Alliance)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus 100 8.0 8 8 AMAC2 Ambrosia acanthicarpa 100 5.0 5 5 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 ERPL2 Eriastrum pluriflorum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 SATR12 Salsola tragus 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

229

Typha latifolia Association Broad-leafed Cattail Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Typha latifolia form an open to continuous herbaceous layer (23-80%, mean 51.5%) at 1-2m tall, where Typha latifolia dominates. The shrub layer is open (1-4%, mean 2.5%) at low: 1-2, tall: 1- 5m tall. Trees may occur as emergents (0-0% cover, mean 0.1%) at 10-15m tall. Total vegetation cover is 25-80%, mean 52.5%.

In this association, Typha latifolia is dominant in the herbaceous overstory while a variety of other wetland species occur as sub-dominants, including Juncus mexicanus, Stachys pycnantha, and Carex serratodens. Populus fremontii, Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus sabiniana, and Tamarix sp. occur in the tree layer at sparse cover. Chrysothamnus nauseosus spp. mohavensis, Rhamnus tomentella, and Sambucus mexicana are examples of shrubs that may intermix at sparse cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2974-4767ft, mean 3871ft Aspect: none/flat Slope: flat, 0 degrees Topography: flat; mid to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-5%, mean 2.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0%, mean 0% Litter Cover: range 5-70%, mean 37.5% Bare Ground: range 20-90%, mean 55% Parent Material: sedimentary, serpentine Soil Texture: medium silt, fine silty clay

This alliance was sampled in the Arroyo Leona and Byles Canyon watersheds within the Serpentine and Western Non-Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM150, CCBLM346

Rank: G5S5

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Cismontane CA, Transmontane CA, North America

REFERENCES CITED NatureServe 2005, Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995, Holland 1986

230

Typha latifolia Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 POFR2-t Populus fremontii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SESE3 Sequoia sempervirens 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory TAMAR2 Tamarix 50 2.0 4 4 Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 50 0.5 1 1 subsp. mohavensis BASA4 Baccharis salicifolia 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SALA6-m Salix lasiolepis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb TYLA Typha latifolia 100 51.5 23 80 JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 50 1 2 2 STPY Stachys pycnantha 50 0.5 1 1 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CASE2 Carex serratodens 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 CHENO Chenopodium 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 JUXI Juncus xiphioides 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 LETR5 Leymus triticoides 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 POMO5 Polypogon monspeliensis 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SIBE Sisyrinchium bellum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2

231

Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat (no association defined)

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Upland Annual-Perennial Herb Habitat form an open to continuous herbaceous layer (1- 95%, mean 51.1%) at 0-0.5m tall, where annual species are usually most abundant and include Avena and Bromus species. The shrub layer is open (0-7%, mean 2.1%) with low shrubs at 0-2m and tall shrubs at 0-10m tall. Trees occur infrequently as emergents (0-6% cover, mean 0.6%) with hardwoods at 5-10m tall and with conifers at 5-20m tall. Total vegetation cover is 3-95%, mean 52.6%.

In this habitat, grasses may be most abundant and most frequent in the herb layer. Non-native species Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus madritensis, and Avena spp. and native species Poa secunda are often present. Other native grasses may occur including Vulpia microstachys, Elymus multisetus. Trees and shrubs occur in sparse cover and include Quercus douglasii, Pinus sabiniana, Juniperus californica, and Gutierrezia californica.

In the year in which the stands were sampled, low rainfall and unseasonably early warm weather reduced the occurrence and development of herbs in the study area. Further data in more phenologically active time periods (early spring and summer) are needed to classify this habitat into more specific alliances and associations.

Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 18 stands. Camissonia benitensis, a CNPS list 1B species, was found on 1 of 18 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 1326-4858ft, mean 3314ft Aspect: all aspects including none/flat Slope: flat to steep, range 0-30 degrees, mean 12.8 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often flat or convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0.2-60%, mean 17.9% Large Rock Cover: range 0-60%, mean 5.4% Litter Cover: range 0.2-89%, mean 37.4% Bare Ground: range 3-90%, mean 35.1% Parent Material: most often sedimentary, less often serpentine or slate Soil Texture: varies from coarse loamy sand to fine silty clay

This habitat was sampled in the Arroyo Leona, Byles Canyon, Clear Creek, Duckworth Canyon, Foot Hill, Hernandez Reservoir, Larious Canyon, Monocline Ridge, Ne Hi Canyon and Upper White Creek watersheds within all portions (Serpentine, Non-Serpentine, and Monocline Ridge) of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=18) CCBLM008, CCBLM014, CCBLM078, CCBLM079, CCBLM125, CCBLM152, CCBLM182, CCBLM206, CCBLM229, CCBLM272, CCBLM347, CCBLM352, CCBLM441, CCBLM455, CCBLM490, CCBLM491, CCBLM494, CCBLM498

Rank: G2S2 to G4S4 (Habitat)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Scattered throughout most regions of CA

REFERENCES CITED Klein and Evens 2005, Holland 1986

232

Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory QUDO-t Quercus douglasii 17 0.5 1 6 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 11 0.1 0.2 1 Shrub JUCA7 Juniperus californica 39 0.5 0.2 5 GUCA Gutierrezia californica 33 0.3 0.2 2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 17 0.2 0.2 2 ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 17 0.1 0.2 2 ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia 17 0.1 0.2 1 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 11 0.1 0.2 1 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 11 0.1 0.2 1 ISME5 Isocoma menziesii 11 0.1 0.2 1 ATSP Atriplex spinifera 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 var. foliolosum YUWH Yucca whipplei 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 Herb BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 89 10.9 0.2 40 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 83 10.9 0.2 95 POSE Poa secunda 61 1.4 0.2 13 AVENA Avena 50 12.4 0.2 70 VUMY Vulpia myuros 50 3.0 0.2 35 ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium 44 2.7 1 20 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 39 0.3 0.2 2 BRAR3 Bromus arenarius 33 1.7 0.2 11 BRDI3 Bromus diandrus 28 1.2 0.2 20 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 28 0.9 0.2 8 ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 28 0.4 0.2 3 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 28 0.1 0.2 0.2 MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. 28 0.1 0.2 0.2 californicus HERBAC Herbaceous unknown 22 2.5 0.2 25 CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus 22 0.2 0.2 3 CEME2 Centaurea melitensis 22 0.1 0.2 1 LASE Lactuca serriola 22 0.1 0.2 1 LIBI Linanthus bicolor 22 0.0 0.2 0.2 NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 22 0.0 0.2 0.2 LENI Lepidium nitidum 17 1.3 1 20 JUME4 Juncus mexicanus 17 0.6 0.2 7 TRWI3 Trifolium willdenowii 17 0.3 0.2 5 HEKE Hemizonia kelloggii 17 0.1 0.2 1 ERIOG Eriogonum 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 GAAN Galium andrewsii 17 0.0 0.2 0.2

233

Upland Annual-Perennial Herbaceous Habitat (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Herb MECA2 Melica californica 17 0.0 0.2 0.2 ERBO Erodium botrys 11 1.7 0.2 30 ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. 11 0.6 3 8 venenosus PLER3 Plantago erecta 11 0.3 0.2 6 MICRO6 Microseris 11 0.1 0.2 2 NALE2 Nassella lepida 11 0.1 1 1 ERSE3 Eremocarpus setigerus 11 0.1 0.2 1 HOBR2 Hordeum brachyantherum 11 0.1 0.2 1 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 11 0.1 0.2 1 quercetorum ACSP12 Achnatherum speciosum 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 ESCA Eschscholzia caespitosa 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 TRLA4 Trichostema lanceolatum 11 0.0 0.2 0.2 VELA Verbena lasiostachys 11 0.0 0.2 0.2

234

Serpentine Vernal Pool Habitat (placeholder)

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Vernal Pools form an open to continuous herbaceous layer at 0-0.5m tall, where annual and perennial species occur. The shrub layer and tree layer are absent. Total vegetation is variable in cover, depending on time of year and amount of winter rainfall.

In this habitat, graminoids and forbs are most common, including native species of Eleocharis acicularis var. bella, Eleocharis macrostachya, Eryngium vaseyi, Psilocarphus brevissimus var. brevissimus, and Psilocarphus tenellus. Non-native species are usually absent.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 4630 - 4740ft Aspect: none/flat, S, or SE Slope: flat, concave Topography: gentle; ridge tops Small Rock Cover: no data Large Rock Cover: no data Litter Cover: no data Bare Ground: data Parent Material: no data Soil Texture: rocky, silty/clayey

This habitat is found on serpentine substrate in at least four different areas of the Spanish Lakes.

Samples used to describe association: (n=0)

Rank: G2S2 (Habitat)

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Unique upper elevation vernal pools in the montane Central Coast Ranges region

REFERENCES CITED Hopkins and Silverman 2004

235

Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta Herbaceous Association Small Fescue - California Plantain Herbaceous Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION In one stand of Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta Association, the herbaceous layer is continuous (70%) at 0-0.5m tall, where Vulpia microstachys and Plantago erecta co-dominate. The shrub layer is open (2%) at low: 0-0.5, tall: 2-5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 72%.

In the one stand sampled, native herbs Vulpia microstachys and Plantago erecta co-dominate with non-native grasses Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus madritensis in the herbaceous layer. Shrubs (e.g., Gutierrezia californica and Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. mohavensis) occur in the overstory at trace cover.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, 3109ft Aspect: SE Slope: moderate, 14 degrees Topography: convex; mid-slope Small Rock Cover: 0% Large Rock Cover: 0% Litter Cover: 28% Bare Ground: 70% Parent Material: sedimentary Soil Texture: fine silty clay

This association was sampled in the Ne Hi Canyon watershed within the Eastern Non-Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=1) CCBLM437

Rank: G4S4

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Central Coast

REFERENCES CITED Evens and San 2004

236

Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta Herbaceous Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 100 1 1 1 subsp. mohavensis GUCA Gutierrezia californica 100 1 1 1 ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 foliolosum JUCA7 Juniperus californica 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Herb PLER3 Plantago erecta 100 25.0 25 25 VUMI Vulpia microstachys 100 25.0 25 25 BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus 100 20.0 20 20 BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 100 20.0 20 20 AVENA Avena 100 5.0 5 5 AMME Amsinckia menziesii 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 Epiphyte PHJU Phoradendron juniperinum 100 0.2 0.2 0.2

237

ROCK OUTCROPS AND BARRENS

Lichen-Moss Habitat (no association defined)

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Lichen-Moss form an open herbaceous layer (0-3%, mean 1.5%) at 0-0.5m tall, and Lichen and Moss co-dominate in a non-vascular layer covering rocks (60-86%, mean 73%). The shrub layer is open (1-1%, mean 1%) at 0-1m tall. Total vegetation cover is 60-86, mean 73%.

Various species of lichens and mosses are the predominant form of vegetation, which are covering small outcrops of rocks. Shrub species occur in the stands at sparse cover, such as Ericameria cuneata var. spathulata, Eriodictyon californicum, and Yucca whipplei. Herb species also occur at sparse cover, such as Elymus multisetus, Pellaea mucronata, and Salvia columbariae.

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS list 4 species, was found on 1 of 2 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3260-3937ft, mean 3599ft Aspect: variable, NE Slope: steep, range 40-40 degrees, mean 40 degrees Topography: convex or undulating; mid to upper slopes Small Rock Cover: range 0-35%, mean 17.5% Large Rock Cover: range 40-60%, mean 50% Litter Cover: range 0-0%, mean 0.1% Bare Ground: range 0-1%, mean 0.5% Parent Material: serpentine, sedimentary Soil Texture: unknown

This habitat was sampled in the Domengine Creek and Larious Canyon watersheds within the Eastern Non-Serpentine and Serpentine portions of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM208, CCBLM411

Rank: Unknown

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Inner Central Coast - only known from this study area but potentially found in other areas

REFERENCES CITED No reference citations

238

Lichen-Moss Habitat (no association defined) Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Shrub ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. 50 0.5 1 1 spathulata ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 50 0.5 1 1 YUWH Yucca whipplei 50 0.5 1 1 BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 dictyota ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 foliolosum ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUDU4 Quercus durata 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SAME5 Sambucus mexicana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb BRMA3 Bromus madritensis 50 0.5 1 1 CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 venustum ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 benitensis PEMU Pellaea mucronata 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PHHE2 Phacelia heterophylla 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 SACO6 Salvia columbariae 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Cryptogam LICHEN Lichen 100 51 36 66 MOSS Moss 100 16.0 12 20

239

Pinus coulteri Barren Association Coulter Pine Barren Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus coulteri barren Woodland form an open tree layer (0.2-6%, mean 3.1%) at 5-15m tall. Pinus coulteri dominates in the tree overstory at low cover. The shrub layer is open (0.2-0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0.5-2m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0.2%, mean 0.2%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 0.2-6%, mean 3.1%.

In this association, Pinus coulteri is present at low cover in the tree layer and is regenerating in the understory. Pinus jeffreyi may be present at trace cover. The understory is sparse and may include shrub Rhamnus tomentella and native grass and forb species Allium burlewii, Elymus multisetus, Lupinus concinnus, and Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 4540-4672ft, mean 4606ft Aspect: NW, variable Slope: somewhat steep to steep, range 25-28 degrees, mean 26.5 degrees Topography: convex or concave; mid to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 66-77%, mean 71.5% Large Rock Cover: range 0-0.2%, mean 0.1% Litter Cover: range 0.2-2%, mean 1.2% Bare Ground: range 20-28%, mean 23.8% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand

This association was sampled in the Canada Azul and East Fork San Carlos Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=2) CCBLM055, CCBLM298

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

240

Pinus coulteri barren Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 2.6 0.2 5 PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 50 0.5 1 1 Tree Understory PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 PICO3-l Pinus coulteri 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb ALBU Allium burlewii 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 LUCO Lupinus concinnus 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 quercetorum

241

Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren Association Jeffrey Pine - Foothill Pine Barren Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana barren Woodland form an open tree layer (0.2-5%, mean 3.5%), with conifers at 5-20m tall including Pinus jeffreyi and Pinus sabiniana. The shrub layer is open (0.2-10%, mean 3.8%) at low: 1-2, tall: 0-5m tall, and the herbaceous layer is open (0-0.2%, mean 0.0%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 1-12%, mean 6.6%.

In this association, Pinus jeffreyi and Pinus sabiniana occur in the tree overstory at low cover, and they are often regenerating in the understory. Pinus coulteri is often present at sparse cover in the tree overstory and is occasionally regenerating in the understory. Arctostaphylos glauca and Arctostaphylos pungens are often present in the shrub layer at sparse cover. The herb understory is virtually devoid of species, especially by late spring/summer.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: low to mid, range 2579-4990ft, mean 4279ft Aspect: all aspects (except none/flat) Slope: somewhat steep, range 15-26 degrees, mean 22 degrees Topography: most often undulating, less often convex; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 30-80%, mean 54.4% Large Rock Cover: range 2-9%, mean 4.9% Litter Cover: range 0.2-5%, mean 2.1% Bare Ground: range 10-65%, mean 36.7% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand, moderately coarse sandy loam

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=7) CCBLM072, CCBLM074, CCBLM193, CCBLM224, CCBLM262, CCBLM276, CCBLM293

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

242

Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi 100 1.6 0.2 3 PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 1.5 0.2 3 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 57 0.5 0.2 1 Tree Understory PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 71 0.1 0.2 0.2 PIJE-m Pinus jeffreyi 57 0.4 0.2 2 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 43 0.1 0.2 0.2 PIJE-l Pinus jeffreyi 43 0.1 0.2 0.2 PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 29 0.1 0.2 0.2 Tree Understory CADE27-l Calocedrus decurrens 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 57 1.7 0.2 5 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 57 0.5 0.2 3 RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella 43 0.1 0.2 0.2 SABR2 Salix breweri 43 0.1 0.2 0.2 QUDU4 Quercus durata 29 0.7 0.2 5 ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 subsp. mohavensis JUCA7 Juniperus californica 14 0.0 0.2 0.2 RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia 14 0.0 0.2 0.2

243

Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren Association Foothill Pine - Coulter Pine Barren Association

LOCAL VEGETATION DESCRIPTION Stands of Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri barren Woodland form an open tree layer (1-3%, mean 2%), with conifers at 5-15m tall including and Pinus sabiniana and Pinus coulteri. The shrub layer is open (1-6%, mean 2.5%) at low: 0-0.5, tall: 0.5-2m tall, and the herbaceous layer is sparse (0-0.2%, mean 0.0%) at 0-0.5m tall. Total vegetation cover is 3-7%, mean 4%.

In this association, Pinus sabiniana and Pinus coulteri occur in the tree overstory at low cover, and they are often regenerating in the understory. Arctostaphylos glauca and Quercus durata are characteristically present in the shrub understory at sparse cover. The herb layer is sparse and consists of native forbs and grasses, including Calystegia collina subsp. venusta.

Calystegia collina subsp. venusta, CNPS List 4 species, was found in 2 of the 4 stands sampled. Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis, a CNPS List 4 species, was found in 1 of the 4 stands sampled.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION Elevation: mid, range 3652-4414ft, mean 3933ft Aspect: SW, SE, variable Slope: somewhat steep, range 16-25 degrees, mean 20.3 degrees Topography: undulating; lower to top slopes Small Rock Cover: range 40-71%, mean 49.2% Large Rock Cover: range 0.2-8%, mean 2.2% Litter Cover: range 0.2-5%, mean 1.8% Bare Ground: range 21.9-52%, mean 43.1% Parent Material: serpentine Soil Texture: coarse loamy sand

This association was sampled in the Clear Creek and Sawmill Creek watersheds within the Serpentine portion of the study area.

Samples used to describe association: (n=4) CCBLM119, CCBLM120, CCBLM287, CCBLM312

Rank: G2S2

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION montane Central Coast Ranges

REFERENCES CITED Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995

244

Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren Association Stratum Code Species Name Con Avg Min Max Tree Overstory PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana 100 1.3 1 2 PICO3-t Pinus coulteri 100 0.8 0.2 1 Tree Understory PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana 75 0.2 0.2 0.2 PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 PICO3-m Pinus coulteri 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Shrub ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca 100 2.0 0.2 5 QUDU4 Quercus durata 100 0.4 0.2 1 ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 Herb CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. 50 0.1 0.2 0.2 venusta ELMU3 Elymus multisetus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 ERIOG Eriogonum 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 benitensis STREP2 Streptanthus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 STBR2 Streptanthus breweri 25 0.1 0.2 0.2 LUPIN Lupinus 25 0.1 0.2 0.2

245

LITERATURE CITED

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APPENDIX 1. List of scientific and common names for species occurring in the vegetation rapid assessments. Codes and common names follow the Plants Database (USDA 2003).

Code Taxon Common Name Family Native ACHNA Achnatherum needlegrass Poaceae yes ACHY Achnatherum hymenoides Indian ricegrass Poaceae yes ACLA2 Acanthomintha lanceolata Santa Clara thorn-mint Lamiaceae yes ACMI2 Achillea millefolium common yarrow Asteraceae yes ACMO2 Achyrachaena mollis soft blow wives Asteraceae yes ACOB Acanthomintha obovata San Benito thorn-mint Lamiaceae yes ACSP12 Achnatherum speciosum desert needlegrass Poaceae yes ADFA Adenostoma fasciculatum chamise Rosaceae yes AECA-t Aesculus californica California buckeye Hippocastanaceae yes

AGGR Agoseris grandiflora bigflower agoseris Asteraceae yes AGOSE Agoseris agoseris Asteraceae yes AICA Aira caryophyllea silver hairgrass Poaceae no ALBU Allium burlewii Burlew's onion Liliaceae yes ALGAE Unknown Algae algae Unknown unknown ALHO2 Allium howellii Howell's onion Liliaceae yes ALPE Allium peninsulare Mexicali onion Liliaceae yes AMAC2 Ambrosia acanthicarpa annual bursage Asteraceae yes AMME Amsinckia menziesii Menzies' fiddleneck Boraginaceae yes AMUT Amelanchier utahensis western serviceberry Rosaceae yes APAN Apiastrum angustifolium wild parsley Apiaceae yes AQEX Aquilegia eximia Van Houtte's columbine Ranunculaceae yes ARCA11 Artemisia californica California sagebrush Asteraceae yes ARDO3 Artemisia douglasiana Douglas' sagewort Asteraceae yes ARGL4 Arctostaphylos glauca bigberry manzanita Ericaceae yes ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens pointleaf manzanita Ericaceae yes ARTR2 Artemisia tridentata big sagebrush Asteraceae yes ASAC Astragalus accidens Rogue River milkvetch Fabaceae yes ASFA Asclepias fascicularis Mexican whorled Asclepiadaceae yes milkweed ASGA Astragalus gambelianus Gambel's dwarf Fabaceae yes milkvetch ASPUP7 Astragalus purshii var. purshii woollypod milkvetch Fabaceae yes ATRIP Atriplex saltbush Chenopodiaceae yes ATSP Atriplex spinifera spinescale saltbush Chenopodiaceae yes AVENA Avena oat Poaceae no AVFA Avena fatua wild oat Poaceae no BAPI Baccharis pilularis dwarf chaparral broom Asteraceae yes BASA4 Baccharis salicifolia mule's fat Asteraceae yes BEAQD Berberis aquifolium var. shining netvein barberry Berberidaceae yes dictyota BLCR Bloomeria crocea common goldenstar Liliaceae yes BRAR3 Bromus arenarius Australian brome Poaceae no BRCA5 Bromus carinatus California brome Poaceae yes

249

Code Taxon Common Name Family Native BRDI2 Brachypodium distachyon purple false brome Poaceae yes BRDI3 Bromus diandrus ripgut grass Poaceae no BRHO2 Bromus hordeaceus soft brome Poaceae no BRLA3 Bromus laevipes Chinook brome Poaceae yes BRMA3 Bromus madritensis Spanish brome Poaceae no BRTE Bromus tectorum cheatgrass Poaceae no CAAPD Castilleja applegatei subsp. wavyleaf Indian Scrophulariaceae yes disticha paintbrush CABE7 Camissonia benitensis San Benito evening Onagraceae yes primrose CABOD Camissonia boothii subsp. shredding evening Onagraceae yes decorticans primrose CACOV Calystegia collina subsp. south coast range Convolvulaceae yes venusta morning-glory CADE14 Cardamine debilis roadside bittercress Brassicaceae yes CADE27-l Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Cupressaceae yes CADE27- Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Cupressaceae yes m CADE27-t Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Cupressaceae yes CAEXE Castilleja exserta subsp. exserted Indian Scrophulariaceae yes exserta paintbrush CAFO2 Castilleja foliolosa woolly Indian paintbrush Scrophulariaceae yes CAGR14 Camissonia graciliflora hill suncup Onagraceae yes CAMIM5 Castilleja miniata subsp. giant red Indian Scrophulariaceae yes miniata paintbrush CAMIS Camissonia suncup Onagraceae yes CAMIS3 Castilleja minor subsp. spiralis lesser Indian paintbrush Scrophulariaceae yes CAMU3 Calycadenia multiglandulosa sticky western Asteraceae yes rosinweed CAREX Carex (praegracilis) carex Cyperaceae yes CAREX2 Carex carex Cyperaceae yes CASE2 Carex serratodens twotooth sedge Cyperaceae yes CASP Calochortus splendens splendid mariposa lily Liliaceae yes CASTI2 Castilleja Indian paintbrush Scrophulariaceae yes CASUS2 Calystegia subacaulis subsp. hillside false bindweed Convolvulaceae yes subacaulis CAVE3 Calochortus venustus butterfly mariposa lily Liliaceae yes CEBE3 Cercocarpus betuloides birchleaf mountain Rosaceae yes mahogany CECU Ceanothus cuneatus buckbrush Rhamnaceae yes CEIN3 Ceanothus integerrimus deerbrush Rhamnaceae yes CELE2 Ceanothus leucodermis chaparral whitethorn Rhamnaceae yes CEME2 Centaurea melitensis Maltese star-thistle Asteraceae no CESO3 Centaurea solstitialis yellow star-thistle Asteraceae no CHENO Chenopodium goosefoot Chenopodiaceae yes CHME2 Chorizanthe membranacea pink spineflower Polygonaceae yes CHNAM Chrysothamnus nauseosus rubber rabbitbrush Asteraceae yes subsp. mohavensis

250

Code Taxon Common Name Family Native CHORI2 Chorizanthe spineflower Polygonaceae yes CHPE4 Chorizanthe perfoliata perfoliate spineflower Polygonaceae yes CHPO3 Chlorogalum pomeridianum wavyleaf soap plant Liliaceae yes CIOCV Cirsium occidentale var. cobwebby thistle Asteraceae yes venustum CIVU Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Asteraceae no CLARK Clarkia clarkia Onagraceae yes CLBR Clarkia breweri fairy fans Onagraceae yes CLLA3 Clematis lasiantha pipestem clematis Ranunculaceae yes CLPE Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce Portulacaceae yes CLPUQ Clarkia purpurea subsp. winecup clarkia Onagraceae yes quadrivulnera CLRH Clarkia rhomboidea diamond clarkia Onagraceae yes CLUN Clarkia unguiculata elegant clarkia Onagraceae yes COHE Collinsia heterophylla purple Chinese houses Scrophulariaceae yes COLLI Collinsia blue eyed Mary Scrophulariaceae yes COREO2 Coreopsis tickseed Asteraceae yes CORI2 Cordylanthus rigidus stiffbranch bird's beak Scrophulariaceae yes COSP Collinsia sparsiflora spinster's blue eyed Scrophulariaceae yes Mary CRASS Crassula pygmyweed Crassulaceae yes CRDE Cryptantha decipiens gravelbar cryptantha Boraginaceae yes CRIN8 Cryptantha intermedia Clearwater cryptantha Boraginaceae yes CRYPT Cryptantha cryptantha Boraginaceae yes CRYPTO Cryptogamic crust cryptogamic crust Unknown yes CUCA Cuscuta californica chaparral dodder Cuscutaceae yes CYDA Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass Poaceae yes DAPU3 Daucus pusillus American wild carrot Apiaceae yes DECA2 Delphinium cardinale scarlet larkspur Ranunculaceae yes DEHEP Delphinium hesperium subsp. foothill larkspur Ranunculaceae yes pallescens DELPH Delphinium larkspur Ranunculaceae yes DEPA2 Delphinium parryi San Bernardino larkspur Ranunculaceae yes DISP Distichlis spicata inland saltgrass Poaceae yes DUCY Dudleya cymosa canyon liveforever Crassulaceae yes EAEL Eastwoodia elegans yellow aster Asteraceae yes ELACB Eleocharis acicularis var. bella beautiful spikerush Cyperaceae yes ELEL5 Elymus elymoides squirreltail Poaceae yes ELGL Elymus glaucus blue wildrye Poaceae yes ELMA5 Eleocharis macrostachya common spikerush Cyperaceae yes ELMU3 Elymus multisetus big squirreltail Poaceae yes ELTRT2 Elymus trachycaulus subsp. slender wheatgrass Poaceae yes teslinensis EMPE Emmenanthe penduliflora whisperingbells Hydrophyllaceae yes EPBR3 Epilobium brachycarpum tall annual willowherb Onagraceae yes EPCA2 Ephedra californica California jointfir Ephedraceae yes EPILO Epilobium willowherb Onagraceae yes EPMI Epilobium minutum chaparral willowherb Onagraceae yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native ERAN3 Eriogonum angulosum anglestem buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERBO Erodium botrys longbeak stork's bill Geraniaceae no ERCA14 Erysimum capitatum sanddune wallflower Brassicaceae yes ERCA6 Eriodictyon californicum California yerba santa Hydrophyllaceae yes ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium redstem stork's bill Geraniaceae no ERCO17 Eriogonum covilleanum Coville's buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERCO25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum golden-yarrow Asteraceae yes ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. cliff goldenbush Asteraceae yes spathulata EREL6 Eriogonum elongatum longstem buckwheat Polygonaceae yes EREL8 Eriogonum elegans elegant buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERFA2 Eriogonum fasciculatum Eastern Mojave Polygonaceae yes buckwheat ERFAF2 Eriogonum fasciculatum var. Eastern Mojave Polygonaceae yes foliolosum buckwheat ERFAP Eriogonum fasciculatum var. Eastern Mojave Polygonaceae yes polifolium buckwheat ERFO2 Erigeron foliosus leafy fleabane Asteraceae yes ERHE Eriogonum heermannii Heermann's buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERIGE2 Erigeron fleabane Asteraceae yes ERIOG Eriogonum buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERIOP2 Eriophyllum woolly sunflower Asteraceae yes ERLI Erigeron linearis desert yellow fleabane Asteraceae yes ERLI6 Ericameria linearifolia narrowleaf goldenbush Asteraceae yes ERNU3 Eriogonum nudum naked buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERNUI Eriogonum nudum var. protruding buckwheat Polygonaceae yes indictum ERPL2 Eriastrum pluriflorum Tehachapi woollystar Polemoniaceae yes ERSE3 Eremocarpus setigerus dove weed Euphorbiaceae yes ERSP3 Eriastrum sparsiflorum Great Basin woollystar Polemoniaceae yes ERTO Eriodictyon tomentosum woolly yerba santa Hydrophyllaceae yes ERUM Eriogonum umbellatum sulphur-flower Polygonaceae yes buckwheat ERVE4 Eriogonum vestitum Idria buckwheat Polygonaceae yes ERWR Eriogonum wrightii bastardsage Polygonaceae yes ESCA Eschscholzia caespitosa tufted poppy Papaveraceae yes ESCA2 Eschscholzia californica California poppy Papaveraceae yes FICA2 Filago californica California cottonrose Asteraceae yes FIGA Filago gallica narrowleaf cottonrose Asteraceae no FILAG Filago cottonrose Asteraceae yes FRCA6 Fremontodendron californicum California flannelbush Sterculiaceae yes FRDI2 Fraxinus dipetala California ash Oleaceae yes FRITI Fritillaria fritillary Liliaceae yes GAAN Galium andrewsii phloxleaf bedstraw Rubiaceae yes GAAN2 Galium angustifolium narrowleaf bedstraw Rubiaceae yes GALIU Galium bedstraw Rubiaceae yes GANU Galium nuttallii climbing bedstraw Rubiaceae yes GAPA5 Galium parisiense wall bedstraw Rubiaceae no GAPO Galium porrigens graceful bedstraw Rubiaceae yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native GARRY Garrya silktassel Garryaceae yes GAVE3 Gastridium ventricosum nit grass Poaceae no GILIA Gilia gilia Polemoniaceae yes GNLU Gnaphalium luteoalbum Jersey cudweed Asteraceae no GNPA Gnaphalium palustre western marsh cudweed Asteraceae no GUCA Gutierrezia californica San Joaquin snakeweed Asteraceae yes HASQ2 Hazardia squarrosa sawtooth goldenbush Asteraceae yes HEAR5 Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon Rosaceae yes HECU3 Heliotropium curassavicum salt heliotrope Boraginaceae yes HEDI4 Hesperolinon disjunctum Coast Range dwarf-flax Linaceae yes HEFI Hemizonia fitchii Fitch's tarweed Asteraceae yes HEKE Hemizonia kelloggii Kellogg's tarweed Asteraceae yes HEPU2 Helenium puberulum rosilla Asteraceae yes HERBAC Herbaceous unknown unknown Unknown unknown HESPE10 Hesperevax dwarf-cudweed Asteraceae yes HIIN3 Hirschfeldia incana shortpod mustard Brassicaceae no HOBR2 Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley Poaceae yes HOLOC Holocarpha tarweed Asteraceae yes HOMUL Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum barley Poaceae no leporinum HYFOS Hypericum formosum var. Scouler's St. Johnswort Clusiaceae yes scouleri ISACB Isocoma acradenia var. alkali goldenbush Asteraceae yes bracteosa ISME5 Isocoma menziesii Menzies' goldenbush Asteraceae yes JUCA7 Juniperus californica California juniper Cupressaceae yes JUME4 Juncus mexicanus Mexican rush Juncaceae yes JUXI Juncus xiphioides irisleaf rush Juncaceae yes KEBRB Keckiella breviflora subsp. bush beardtongue Scrophulariaceae yes breviflora KOMA Koeleria macrantha prairie Junegrass Poaceae yes LAAU Lamarckia aurea goldentop grass Poaceae no LACA7 Lasthenia californica California goldfields Asteraceae yes LARAR Lagophylla ramosissima branched lagophylla Asteraceae yes subsp. ramosissima LASE Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce Asteraceae no LATHY Lathyrus pea Fabaceae yes LEFI11 Lessingia filaginifolia common sandaster Asteraceae yes LEGLG Lessingia glandulifera var. valley lessingia Asteraceae yes glandulifera LENI Lepidium nitidum shining pepperweed Brassicaceae yes LEOC8 Lessingia occidentalis benitoa Asteraceae yes LESQ Lepidospartum squamatum California broomsage Asteraceae yes LETR5 Leymus triticoides beardless wildrye Poaceae yes LIBI Linanthus bicolor true babystars Polemoniaceae yes LICHEN Lichen lichen Unknown unknown LICI Linanthus ciliatus whiskerbrush Polemoniaceae yes LILE3 Linum lewisii prairie flax Linaceae yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native LINAN2 Linanthus linanthus Polemoniaceae yes LIUS Linum usitatissimum common flax Linaceae no LODA Lomatium dasycarpum woollyfruit desertparsley Apiaceae yes LOHU2 Lotus humistratus foothill deervetch Fabaceae yes LOMA3 Lomatium macrocarpum bigseed biscuitroot Apiaceae yes LOMAT Lomatium desertparsley Apiaceae yes LOMI Lotus micranthus desert deervetch Fabaceae yes LOPE Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass Poaceae no LOPU3 Lotus purshianus American bird's-foot Fabaceae yes trefoil LOSAS Lotus salsuginosus var. coastal bird's-foot trefoil Fabaceae yes salsuginosus LOSC2 Lotus scoparius common deerweed Fabaceae yes LOSC6 Loeseliastrum schottii Schott's calico Polemoniaceae yes LOSUD Lonicera subspicata var. Santa Barbara Caprifoliaceae yes denudata honeysuckle LOTUS Lotus (argophyllus) trefoil Fabaceae yes LOUT Lomatium utriculatum common lomatium Apiaceae yes LOWR2 Lotus wrangelianus Chilean bird's-foot trefoil Fabaceae yes LUAL4 Lupinus albifrons silver lupine Fabaceae yes LUBI Lupinus bicolor miniature lupine Fabaceae yes LUCO Lupinus concinnus scarlet lupine Fabaceae yes LUMI9 Lupinus microcarpus valley lupine Fabaceae yes LUPIN Lupinus lupine Fabaceae yes MAAB2 Malacothamnus aboriginum Gray bushmallow Malvaceae yes MADIA Madia tarweed Asteraceae yes MAFA3 Marah fabaceus California manroot Cucurbitaceae yes MAFL Malacothrix floccifera woolly desertdandelion Asteraceae yes MAVU Marrubium vulgare horehound Lamiaceae no MECA2 Melica californica California melicgrass Poaceae yes MEIM Melica imperfecta smallflower melicgrass Poaceae yes MELA2 Mentzelia laevicaulis smoothstem blazingstar Loasaceae yes MELIC Melica melicgrass Poaceae yes MENTZ Mentzelia blazingstar Loasaceae yes MEPO3 Medicago polymorpha burclover Fabaceae yes METO Melica torreyana Torrey's melicgrass Poaceae yes MICA3 Mimulus cardinalis scarlet monkeyflower Scrophulariaceae yes MICAC2 Micropus californicus var. q tips Asteraceae yes californicus MICRO6 Microseris silverpuffs Asteraceae yes MIDOD Microseris douglasii subsp. Douglas' silverpuffs Asteraceae yes douglasii MIFR2 Mimulus fremontii Fremont's monkeyflower Scrophulariaceae yes MIGU Mimulus guttatus seep monkeyflower Scrophulariaceae yes MOANB Monardella antonina subsp. San Benito monardella Lamiaceae yes benitensis MODO Monardella douglasii Douglas' monardella Lamiaceae yes MOSS Moss moss Unknown yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native MOVI2 Monardella villosa coyote mint Lamiaceae yes MUAS Muhlenbergia asperifolia scratchgrass Poaceae yes MUMA2 Muilla maritima sea muilla Liliaceae yes NALE2 Nassella lepida smallflower Poaceae yes tussockgrass NAPR2 Navarretia prostrata prostrate Polemoniaceae yes pincushionplant NAPU2 Navarretia pubescens downy pincushionplant Polemoniaceae yes NAPU4 Nassella pulchra purple tussockgrass Poaceae yes NASSE Nassella tussockgrass Poaceae yes NAVAR Navarretia pincushionplant Polemoniaceae yes NIGL Nicotiana glauca tree tobacco Solanaceae no OEDEC2 Oenothera deltoides subsp. birdcage evening- Onagraceae yes cognata primrose OSBR Osmorhiza brachypoda California sweetcicely Apiaceae yes PACA18 Parnassia californica California grass of Saxifragaceae yes Parnassus PAPAC Parnassia palustris var. California grass of Saxifragaceae yes californica Parnassus PEAN2 Pellaea andromedifolia coffee cliffbrake Pteridaceae yes PECE2 Penstemon centranthifolius scarlet bugler Scrophulariaceae yes PEGR8 Penstemon grinnellii Grinnell's beardtongue Scrophulariaceae yes PEHE3 Penstemon heterophyllus bunchleaf penstemon Scrophulariaceae yes PEMU Pellaea mucronata birdfoot cliffbrake Pteridaceae yes PETR7 Pentagramma triangularis goldback fern Pteridaceae yes PHACE Phacelia phacelia Hydrophyllaceae yes PHAQ Phalaris aquatica bulbous canarygrass Poaceae no PHAU7 Phragmites australis common reed Poaceae yes PHCIH2 Phacelia cicutaria var. hispida caterpillar phacelia Hydrophyllaceae yes PHHE2 Phacelia heterophylla varileaf phacelia Hydrophyllaceae yes PHJU Phoradendron juniperinum juniper mistletoe Viscaceae yes PHLOX Phlox phlox Polemoniaceae yes PHVI9 Phoradendron villosum Pacific mistletoe Viscaceae yes PHYLA Phyla fogfruit Verbenaceae yes PICO3-l Pinus coulteri Coulter pine Pinaceae yes PICO3-m Pinus coulteri Coulter pine Pinaceae yes PICO3-t Pinus coulteri Coulter pine Pinaceae yes PIJE-l Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine Pinaceae yes PIJE-m Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine Pinaceae yes PIJE-t Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine Pinaceae yes PISA2-l Pinus sabiniana California foothill pine Pinaceae yes PISA2-m Pinus sabiniana California foothill pine Pinaceae yes PISA2-t Pinus sabiniana California foothill pine Pinaceae yes PLECT Plectritis seablush Valerianaceae yes PLER3 Plantago erecta dotseed plantain Plantaginaceae yes PLNO Plagiobothrys nothofulvus rusty popcornflower Boraginaceae yes POAN Poa annua annual bluegrass Poaceae no POFR2-m Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood Salicaceae yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native POFR2-t Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood Salicaceae yes POGLG4 Potentilla glandulosa subsp. sticky cinquefoil Rosaceae yes glandulosa POMO5 Polypogon monspeliensis rabbitfootgrass Poaceae no POSE Poa secunda Sandberg bluegrass Poaceae yes PRIL Prunus ilicifolia hollyleaf cherry Rosaceae yes PRVID2 Prunus virginiana subsp. western chokecherry Rosaceae yes demissa QUAL2 Quercus ×alvordiana Alvord oak Fagaceae yes QUBE5 Quercus berberidifolia scrub oak Fagaceae yes QUCH2- Quercus chrysolepis canyon live oak Fagaceae yes m QUCH2-t Quercus chrysolepis canyon live oak Fagaceae yes QUDO-l Quercus douglasii blue oak Fagaceae yes QUDO-m Quercus douglasii blue oak Fagaceae yes QUDO-t Quercus douglasii blue oak Fagaceae yes QUDU4 Quercus durata leather oak Fagaceae yes QUJO3 Quercus john-tuckeri Tucker oak Fagaceae yes QULO-t Quercus lobata California white oak Fagaceae yes QUWI2-m Quercus wislizeni interior live oak Fagaceae yes QUWI2-t Quercus wislizeni interior live oak Fagaceae yes RHCA Rhamnus californica California buckthorn Rhamnaceae yes RHIL Rhamnus ilicifolia hollyleaf redberry Rhamnaceae yes RHTO6 Rhamnus tomentella California buckthorn Rhamnaceae yes RICAC Ribes californicum var. hillside gooseberry Grossulariaceae yes californicum RILE2 Rigiopappus leptocladus wireweed Asteraceae yes RIQU Ribes quercetorum rock gooseberry Grossulariaceae yes RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus canaigre dock Polygonaceae yes RUMEX Rumex dock Polygonaceae yes SABI2 Sanicula bipinnata poison sanicle Apiaceae yes SABI3 Sanicula bipinnatifida purple sanicle Apiaceae yes SABR2 Salix breweri Brewer's willow Salicaceae yes SACO6 Salvia columbariae chia Lamiaceae yes SACR2 Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific blacksnakeroot Apiaceae yes SALA3-t Salix laevigata red willow Salicaceae yes SALA6-m Salix lasiolepis arroyo willow Salicaceae yes SAME3 Salvia mellifera black sage Lamiaceae yes SAME5 Sambucus mexicana common elderberry Caprifoliaceae yes SANIC Sanicula sanicle Apiaceae yes SATR12 Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle Chenopodiaceae no SCUTE Scutellaria skullcap Lamiaceae yes SESE3 Sequoia sempervirens redwood Taxodiaceae no SIBE Sisyrinchium bellum western blue-eyed grass Iridaceae yes SILE2 Silene lemmonii Lemmon's catchfly Caryophyllaceae yes SNAG Standing snag Unknown Unknown unknown SOGU Solidago guiradonis Guirado goldenrod Asteraceae yes SOLAN Solanum nightshade Solanaceae yes

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Code Taxon Common Name Family Native SOOL Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle Asteraceae no STBR2 Streptanthus breweri Brewer's jewelflower Brassicaceae yes STEPH Stephanomeria wirelettuce Asteraceae yes STEXE Stephanomeria exigua subsp. small wirelettuce Asteraceae yes exigua STPY Stachys pycnantha shortspike hedgenettle Lamiaceae yes STREP2 Streptanthus twistflower Brassicaceae yes SYALL Symphoricarpos albus var. common snowberry Caprifoliaceae yes laevigatus SYMO Symphoricarpos mollis creeping snowberry Caprifoliaceae yes TACA8 Taeniatherum caput-medusae medusahead Poaceae no TAMAR2 Tamarix tamarisk Tamaricaceae no TODI Toxicodendron diversilobum Pacific poison oak Anacardiaceae yes TORIL Torilis hedgeparsley Apiaceae yes TRICH9 Trichostema bluecurls Lamiaceae yes TRIFO Trifolium clover Fabaceae yes TRLA4 Trichostema lanceolatum vinegarweed Lamiaceae yes TRRU Trichostema rubisepalum Hernandez's bluecurls Lamiaceae yes TRWI Trifolium willdenowii tomcat clover Fabaceae yes TYDO Typha domingensis southern cattail Typhaceae yes TYLA Typha latifolia broadleaf cattail Typhaceae yes URLI5 Uropappus lindleyi Lindley's silverpuffs Asteraceae yes VELA Verbena lasiostachys western vervain Verbenaceae yes VIPUQ Viola purpurea subsp. goosefoot violet Violaceae yes quercetorum VUMI Vulpia microstachys small fescue Poaceae yes VUMY Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue Poaceae no YUWH Yucca whipplei chaparral yucca Agavaceae yes ZIVEV Zigadenus venenosus var. meadow deathcamas Liliaceae yes venenosus

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APPENDIX 2. Special status plant species that occurred in vegetation surveys in the inner Central Coast, California.

Acanthomintha lanceolata CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G3and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral (often on serpentinite soils), cismontane woodland and coastal scrub. Habitats are between 80 – 1,200 meters in elevation. This species is known from Alameda, Fresno, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, Santa Clara, San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties and is endemic to California. This species is possibly threatened by grazing (CNPS 2005).

Acanthomintha obovata subsp. obovata CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G3T3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral, cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grasslands on clay, alkaline or serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 395 – 1500 meters in elevation. This species is known from Alameda, Fresno, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, Santa Clara and Stanislaus counties and is endemic to California. This species is threatened by grazing (CNPS 2005).

Calystegia collina subsp. venusta CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-1-3 Global rank is G4T3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral, cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grasslands on serpentinite or sedimentary soils. Habitats are between 425 – 1,130 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Benito counties and is endemic to California. This species can be relatively abundant and tolerant of disturbance. See Kew Bulletin 35(2):328 (1980) for original description (CNPS 2005).

Camissonia benitensis CNPS list 1B species CNPS R-E-D Code is 3-3-3 Global rank is G1 and state rank is S1.1

This species is found in chaparral and cismontane woodland on serpentinite alluvium, clay, or gravelly soils. Habitats are between 600-1280 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno and San Benito counties and is endemic to California. This species is known only from the New Idria area and is seriously threatened by vehicles. See Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 37(5):332 (1969) for original description.

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Clarkia breweri CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral, cismontane woodland and coastal scrub often on serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 215 - 1000 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Monterey, San Benito and San Luis Obispo counties and is endemic to California. Threatened by cattle grazing and potentially by reservoir construction (CNPS 2005).

Eriogonum nudum var. indictum CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G5T3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral, chenopod scrub and cismontane woodland on clay or serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 150 – 800 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Kern, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, and San Luis Obispo counties and is endemic to California. Not always distinct from var. auriculatum in Fresno and San Benito counties. See Flora of California 1(4):421 (1914) by W.L. Jepson for original description, and Phytologia 66(4):329-332 (1989) for taxonomic treatment (CNPS 2005).

Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G5T3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in cismontane woodland and lower montane coniferous forest on rocky, often serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 700 – 2,200 meters in elevation. This species is known from Alameda, Contra Costa, Colusa, Glenn, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, Santa Clara, Siskiyou, San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties and is endemic to California. See Phytologia 66(4): 341-346 (1989) for taxonomic treatment (CNPS 2005).

Eriogonum vestitum CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-1-3 Global rank is G3Q and state rank is S3.3

This species is found in valley and foothill grasslands. Habitats are between 235 - 900 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Merced and San Benito counties and is endemic to California. See Phytologia 66(4):375 (1989) for taxonomic treatment (CNPS 2005).

Lessingia occidentalis CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-1-3 Global rank is G3 and state rank is S3.3

This species is found in chaparral, cismontane woodland, coastal scrub and valley and foothill grasslands on clay or serpentine soils. Habitats are between 450-850 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Monterey and San Benito counties and is endemic to California. See Novon 2(3):213-214 (1992) for revised nomenclature.

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Malacothamnus aboriginum CNPS list 1B species CNPS R-E-D Code is 2-2-3 Global rank is G3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in chaparral and cismontane woodland often on rocky soils. Habitats are between 150 - 1700 meters in elevation. This species is known from Fresno, Monterey and San Benito counties and is endemic to California. This species appears in abundance after fires. M. densiflorus specimens from San Diego County have been confused with this species. See Synoptical Flora of North America 1(1):311 (1897) for original description (CNPS 2005).

Monardella antonina subsp. benitensis CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-1-3 Global rank is G4T3 and state rank is S3.3

This species is found in chaparral on serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 500 – 915 meters in elevation. This species is known from Monterey, San Benito and San Luis Obispo counties and is endemic to California. See Leaflets of Western Botany 8(3):55 (1956) for original description, and Phytologia 72(1):9-16 (1992) for revised nomenclature (CNPS 2005).

Solidago guiradonis CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-2-3 Global rank is G3 and state rank is S3.2

This species is found in cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grasslands often in serpentinite seeps and drainages. Habitats are between 600 - 900 meters in elevation. This species and is known only from the San Benito Mountains in Fresno and San Benito counties. This species is threatened by off road vehicle use. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6:543 (1865) for original description (CNPS 2005).

Trichostema rubisepalum CNPS list 4 species CNPS R-E-D Code is 1-1-3 Global rank is G3 and state rank is S3.3

This species is found in broadleaf upland forest, chaparral, cismontane woodland, lower montane coniferous forest and vernal pools on gravelly, often volcanic or serpentinite soils. Habitats are between 300 – 1,000 meters in elevation. This species is known from Mariposa, Napa, San Benito, and Tuolumne counties and is endemic to California.

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Alliance Association Code WHR Code CalVeg Tree-Overstory Pinus coulteri Pinus coulteri/Arctostaphylos glauca CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) Pinus coulteri/Quercus durata CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Quercus durata- CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) Arctostaphylos glauca Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens/Rhamnus CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) tomentella/Aquilegia eximia Pinus coulteri-Calocedrus decurrens-Pinus CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC, Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri), jeffreyi/Quercus durata MU Ultramafic Mixed Conifer Pinus coulteri-Pinus sabiniana/Quercus durata- CPC Closed-cone Pine - Cypress PC Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) Arctostaphylos pungens Pinus coulteri-Quercus Alliance only MHC Montane Hardwood - Conifer PC, Coulter Pine, Canyon Live Oak chrysolepis QC Pinus jeffreyi Alliance only JPN Jeffrey Pine JP Jeffrey Pine Pinus sabiniana Pinus sabiniana/Juniperus californica/Annual- BOP Blue Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus Perennial Herb sabiniana) Populus fremontii Alliance only VRI Valley Foothill Riparian QF Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) Quercus chrysolepis Quercus chrysolepis MHW, Montane Hardwood, Mixed QC, Canyon Live Oak (Quercus MCH Chaparral CQ chrysolepis), Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii/Annual-Perennial Herb BOW Blue Oak Woodland QD Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii) Quercus douglasii/Ceanothus cuneatus BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus douglasii/Ericameria linearifolia-Juniperus BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), californica BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus douglasii/Eriogonum fasciculatum/Annual- BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), Perennial Herb BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Cercocarpus BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), betuloides BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus douglasii/Juniperus californica-Quercus BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), john-tuckeri BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) 261

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Alliance Association Code WHR Code CalVeg Quercus douglasii Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiniana/Cercocarpus BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue QD, Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii), betuloides BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Foothill Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus douglasii-Quercus wislizeni-Pinus sabiniana BOW, Blue Oak Woodland, Blue NX, Interior Mixed Hardwoods, Foothill BOP Oak - Foothill Pine PD Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Quercus lobata Alliance only VOW Valley Oak Woodland QL Valley Oak (Quercus lobata) Quercus wislizeni Alliance only MHW Montane Hardwood QW Interior Live Oak (Quercus wislizenii) Quercus wislizeni-Quercus Quercus wislizeni-Quercus chrysolepis MHW Montane Hardwood NX Interior Mixed Hardwoods chrysolepis Shrub-Overstory Adenostoma fasciculatum Adenostoma fasciculatum CRC Chamise-Red Shank CA Chamise (Adenostoma Chaparral fasciculatum) Adenostoma fasciculatum Serpentine CRC Chamise-Red Shank CA Chamise (Adenostoma Chaparral fasciculatum) Adenostoma fasciculatum- Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Chaparral Arctostaphylos glauca Serpentine Adenostoma fasciculatum-Arctostaphylos glauca- MCH Mixed Chaparral CQ Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral Salvia mellifera Arctostaphylos glauca Arctostaphylos glauca-Quercus durata/Pinus MCH Mixed Chaparral SD Manzanita sabiniana Artemisia californica Artemisia californica/Annual Herb CSC Coastal Scrub SS California Sagebrush (Artemisia californica) Artemisia californica-Lepidium squamatum/Annual CSC Coastal Scrub SS, California Sagebrush (Artemisia Herb RS californica), Alluvial Fan Sage Scrub Artemisia californica-Malacothamnus aboriginum CSC Coastal Scrub SS California Sagebrush (Artemisia californica) Artemisia californica- Artemisia californica-Eriogonum fasciculatum- CSC Coastal Scrub SS California Sagebrush (Artemisia Eriogonum fasciculatum Ephedra californica californica) Artemisia californica-Salvia Alliance only CSC Coastal Scrub SS California Sagebrush (Artemisia mellifera californica) Atriplex spinifera Atriplex spinifera/Annual Herb ASC Alkali Desert Scrub BC Saltbrush (Atriplex spp.) Baccharis salicifolia Baccharis salicifolia-Lepidium squamatum-Hazardia FEW Freshwater Emergent ML Riparian Baccharis (Baccharis squarrosa Wetland spp.) Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance only MCH Mixed Chaparral CL Wedgeleaf Ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus) Ceanothus leucodermis Alliance only MCH Mixed Chaparral CC Ceanothus Chaparral (Ceanothus spp.) Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus betuloides-Ceanothus cuneatus- MCH Mixed Chaparral WM Birchleaf Mtn. Mahogany Quercus john-tuckeri Cercocarpus betuloides-Juniperus californica/Annual- MCH Mixed Chaparral WM Birchleaf Mtn. Mahogany Perennial Herb

Alliance Association Code WHR Code CalVeg Cercocarpus betuloides- Alliance only CSC Coastal Scrub WM, Birchleaf Mtn. Mahogany, Eriogonum fasciculatum SB Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) Chrysothamnus nauseosus Chrysothamnus nauseosus-Juniperus DSC Desert Scrub BR Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus californica/Annual-Perennial Herb spp.) Ephedra californica Ephedra californica/Annual-Perennial Herb DSC Desert Scrub FD Ephedra Ephedra californica-Gutierrezia californica/Eriastrum DSC Desert Scrub FD Ephedra pluriflorum Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum/Annual Herb CSC Coastal Scrub SB Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Juniperus CSC, Coastal Scrub, Juniper SB, Buckwheat (Eriogonum californica/Annual-Perennial Herb JUN JC fasciculatum), California Juniper (shrub or tree) Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum-Yucca CSC Coastal Scrub SB Buckwheat (Eriogonum whipplei/Annual-Perennial Herb fasciculatum) Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium/Eriastrum CSC Coastal Scrub SB Buckwheat (Eriogonum pluriflorum fasciculatum) Eriogonum heermannii Alliance only DSC Desert Scrub BA General Barren Eriogonum wrightii Eriogonum wrightii-Eriophyllum DSC Desert Scrub DB? Desert Buckwheat (Eriogonum confertiflorum/Monardella antonina subsp.. benitensis spp.)? Eriogonum wrightii-Juniperus californica/Annual- DSC Desert Scrub DB? Desert Buckwheat (Eriogonum Perennial Herb spp.)? Gutierrezia californica Gutierrezia californica/Annual-Perennial Herb CSC Coastal Scrub SS? California Sagebrush (Artemisia californica)? Juniperus californica Juniperus californica-Ericameria linearifolia/Annual- JUN Juniper JC California Juniper (shrub or tree) Perennial Herb Juniperus californica-Fraxinus dipetala-Ericameria JUN Juniper JC California Juniper (shrub or tree) linearifolia/Annual-Perennial Herb Lotus scoparius Alliance only CSC Coastal Scrub SQ? Soft Scrub-Chaparral Mix? Lupinus albifrons Alliance only CSC Coastal Scrub SQ? Soft Scrub-Chaparral Mix? Prunus ilicifolia Alliance only MCH Mixed Chaparral CQ Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral Prunus virginiana Alliance only MCH Mixed Chaparral CQ Lower Montane Mixed Chaparral Quercus berberidifolia Alliance only MCH Mixed Chaparral CS Scrub Oak (Quercus spp.) Quercus durata Quercus durata/Pinus sabiniana MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub Quercus durata-Adenostoma fasciculatum-Quercus MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub wislizeni Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca/Pinus MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub sabiniana Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos glauca-Garrya MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub congdonii/Melica torreyana 263

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Alliance Association Code WHR Code CalVeg Quercus durata-Arctostaphylos pungens/Pinus MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub sabiniana Quercus durata-Cercocarpus betuloides MCH Mixed Chaparral C1 Ultramafic Mixed Shrub Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Adenostoma fasciculatum MCH Mixed Chaparral CT Tucker Oak Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Ericameria MCH Mixed Chaparral CT Tucker Oak linearifolia Quercus john-tuckeri-Juniperus californica-Fraxinus MCH Mixed Chaparral CT Tucker Oak dipetala Quercus john-tuckeri Quercus john-tuckeri-Quercus wislizeni-Garrya MCH Mixed Chaparral CT Tucker Oak flavescens Salix breweri Salix breweri/Muhlenbergia asperifolia MCH Mixed Chaparral WL Shrub Willow Salvia mellifera Salvia mellifera-Eriogonum fasciculatum var. CSC Coastal Scrub SP Sage (Salvia spp.) foliolosum-Eriodictyon tomentosum Tamarisk Tamarisk VRI Valley Foothill Riparian UT Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Herbaceous Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance only PGS Perennial Grass HM Perennial Herbs Carex spp. Carex spp.-Juncus mexicanus-Leymus triticoides WTM Wet Meadow HJ Wet Grass/Herbs Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance only WTM Wet Meadow HJ Wet Grass/Herbs Elymus multisetus Alliance only PGS Perennial Grass HM Perennial Herbs Eriogonum nudum Eriogonum nudum var. indictum-Eriogonum vestitum CSC Coastal Scrub DB? Desert Buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.)? Juncus mexicanus Juncus mexicanus WTM Wet Meadow HJ Wet Grass/Herbs Phragmites australis Alliance only WTM Wet Meadow HT Tule-Cattail Rumex hymenosepalus Alliance only PGS Perennial Grass HM Perennial Herbs Typha latifolia Alliance only FEW Fresh Emergent Wetland HT Tule-Cattail Upland Annual-Perennial Habitat only AGS, Annual Grassland, Perennial HG, Dry Grass/Herbs, Perennial Herbs Herbaceous PGS Grass HM Vernal Pool Habitat only WTM Wet Meadow HJ Wet Grass/Herbs Vulpia microstachys Vulpia microstachys-Plantago erecta AGS Annual Grassland HG Dry Grass/Herbs Rock-Barren Lichen-Moss Habitat only BAR Barren BA General Barren Sparsely vegetated Pinus coulteri Barren BAR Barren BA General Barren Pinus jeffreyi-Pinus sabiniana Barren BAR Barren BA General Barren Pinus sabiniana-Pinus coulteri Barren BAR Barren BA General Barren