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Hellenistik Çağ'da Anadolu'daki Isyan

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Hellenistik Çağ'da Anadolu'daki Isyan T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ’DA ANADOLU’DAKİ İSYAN HAREKETLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) EMRE GÖKMEN BURSA-2020 T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ’DA ANADOLU’DAKİ İSYAN HAREKETLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) EMRE GÖKMEN orcid.ogr/0000-0002-8349-1540 DANIŞMAN Dr. Öğretim Üyesi KAMİL DOĞANCI BURSA-2020 ÖZET Yazarın Adı ve Soyadı : Emre GÖKMEN Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Bilim Dalı : Eskiçağ Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayısı Tezi : xvi + 255 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. /…. / 2020 Tez Danışmanı : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞDA ANADOLU’DAKİ İSYAN HAREKETLERİ Tarihin her döneminde belirli taleplere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan isyan hareketleri görülmektedir. Hellenistik Çağ, dengelerin sürekli olarak değiştiği ve kargaşanın yoğun olarak yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Bu kargaşa ortamının yarattığı fırsat, isyan hareketlerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamız, Hellenistik Dönem’in başlangıcından sonuna kadar geçen zaman dilimi içerisinde Anadolu’da ortaya çıkan isyanları, ayaklanmaları ve direnişleri sebep ve sonuçlarıyla incelemeyi hedef edinmiştir. Anadolu’daki otorite boşluğu, çeşitli taleplerle meydana gelen isyan hareketlerine yol açmıştır. Ele alınan gelişmeler, kitlesel olarak ortaya çıkan isyan hareketleridir. Bu dönemde meydana gelen isyan hareketleri siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yönden ortaya çıkan taleplere bağlı olarak gelişmiştir. Hellenistik Çağ’da iktidara karşı girişilen isyan hareketleri görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra kargaşanın yaygın olarak sürdüğü bu dönemde orduda çıkan ayaklanmalara da şahit oluyoruz. Hellenistik Çağ’da meydana gelen savaşlar ve mücadeleler, kentleri olumsuz yönde etkileyen gelişmeleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Kentler, başka bir askeri gücün saldırısına karşın direniş haklarını kullanarak kendilerini savunmuşlardır. Kırsalda ise merkezi otoriteden yoksun bir şekilde haydutlar ve korsanlar faaliyetlerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İsyan, Direniş, Ayaklanma, Hellenistik Çağ, Anadolu, Kent, Kırsal v ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Emre GÖKMEN University : Uludağ University Institution : Institute of Social Science Field : History Branch : Ancient History Degree Awarded : Master Page Number : xvi + 255 Degree Date : …. /…. / 2020 Supervisor : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI THE REBELLION MOVEMENTS IN ANATOLIA IN THE HELLENISTIC AGE In every period of history, rebellion movements that occur depending on certain demands are observed. The Hellenistic era is a period when the balances are constantly changing and the turmoil is intense. The opportunity created by this environment of turmoil has prepared the ground the way for rebellion movements. In this context, our study aimed to examine the revolts, uprisings and resistances that emerged in Anatolia during the period from the beginning to the end of the Hellenistic period, with their causes and consequences. The authority gap in Anatolia led to riot movements that occurred with various demands. The developments go around are the mass revolt movements. The rebellion movements that took place during this period developed in line with the political, social and economic demands. In the Hellenistic era, rebellion movements against power are observed. In addition, riots that occurred in the army during this period of turmoil are observed. The wars and struggles that took place in the Hellenistic era bring developments in its wake that adversely affected the cities. The cities defended themselves by using their resistance rights against the attack of another power. In the countryside, bandits and pirates continued their activities, deprived of central authority. Keywords: Rebellion, Resistance, Uprising, Hellenistic Age, Anatolia, City, Countryside vi ÖNSÖZ Hellenistik Dönem boyunca Anadolu’da ortaya çıkan başlıca isyanları, direnişleri ve ayaklanmaları uzun bir tarih süreci içinde bir araya getiren ve bunların arasındaki muhtemel ilişkileri bir bütünlük içinde ortaya koyarak, farklı açılardan yaklaşımlar sunan bir çalışmanın henüz ortaya konulmamış olması, Hellenistik Dönem’de çıkan isyanların incelenmesi gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Ayrıca Hellenistik Dönem’e dair yapılmış çalışmalara daha geniş bir açıdan bakılabilmesi amacıyla katkı sunması hedeflenmiştir. İsyan hareketlerini Hellenistik Dönem olarak belirlememizin nedeni, isyan hareketleriyle ilgili oldukça yetersiz bilgiye sahip olduğumuz bu dönemle ilgili antik ve modern kaynaklardaki bilgilerin topluca değerlendirilmesi gerekliliğidir. Çalışmamızda Hellenistik Çağ’da kitlesel olarak ortaya çıkan isyan hareketleri ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca konuyla ilgili araştırmalar ilerledikçe kent ve kırsaldaki isyan hareketlerini ve direnişlerini ele almak gereksinimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yüzden son bölümde kent ve kırsaldaki isyan hareketleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma süresi boyunca, tez konusunun seçiminden çalışmanın bitirilme aşamasına kadar bana her konuda yardımcı olan ve tavsiyeleri ile bana yön gösteren danışman hocam Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI’ya sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek lisans eğitimim süresince bana sundukları değişik bakış açıları için Prof. Dr. Nurcan ABACI ve Prof. Dr. Zeynep DÖRTOK ABACI’ya teşekkür ederim. Yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca fikir alışverişinde bulunduğum ve bana çok yararlı katkılarda bulunan Sinan PAMUKÇU, Kaan ÜÇLER ve Serhat TOSUN’a, lisans eğitimimde tanışma şansını elde ettiğim ve hayatımda çok önemli yerleri bulunan dostlarım Onur SAYDUK, Elvin ÖNDER ve Gözde SOYSAL’a, hayatım boyunca her zaman kardeş olarak gördüğüm, benden hiç desteğini esirgemeyen ve her zaman desteklerini sunan dostlarım Tuğrul OTAÇ ve Erdem GÜLER’e minnettarım. Bugünlere gelmemde büyük payı bulunan ve değerli tavsiyeleriyle yolumu aydınlatan Doç. Dr. Fatma SEVİNÇ ERBAŞI’ya teşekkürlerimi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum. Ayrıca desteklerini hiç esirgemedikleri için aileme ve bugünlere gelmemdeki en büyük destekçim olan merhum dedem Salih GÖKMEN’e ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. vii İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ………………………………………………………………...ii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... vi ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ viii HARİTALAR .................................................................................................................. x METİNDE KULLANILAN TERİMLERE İLİŞKİNKISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .. xi METİNDE KULLANILAN STANDART VE SÜRELİ YAYINLARA İLİŞKİNKISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .......................................................................... xii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ’DA ANADOLU’DAKİ SİYASİ GELİŞMELER 1. Büyük İskender’in Ölümünden Ipsos Savaşı’na (MÖ 323-301) .................... 10 2. Ipsos Savaşı’ndan Koroupedion Savaşı’na (MÖ 301-281) ............................. 21 3. Koroupedion Savaşı’ndan Phoinike Anlaşması’na (MÖ 281-205) ............... 26 4. Phoinike Anlaşması’ndan III. Makedonia Savaşı’na (MÖ 205-172) ............ 36 5. III. Makedonia Savaşı’ndan Asia Eyaleti’nin Kuruluşuna (MÖ 172-129) .. 47 6. Asia Eyaleti’nin Kuruluşundan I. Mithradates-Roma Savaşı’na (MÖ 129- 89) ............................................................................................................................ 54 7. I. Mithradates-Roma Savaşı’ndan Anadolu’da Roma Egemenliğine (MÖ 89- 63) ............................................................................................................................ 63 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ’DA ANADOLU’DA İSYANLAR, DİRENİŞLER VE AYAKLANMALAR 1. Büyük İskender’in Hayatını Kaybetmesinden Koroupedion Savaşı’na Kadar Anadolu’daki İsyan Hareketleri (MÖ 323-281) ...................................... 72 2. Koroupedion Savaşı’ndan Phoinike Anlaşması’na Kadar Anadolu’daki İsyan Hareketleri (MÖ 281-205) .......................................................................... 81 3. Phoinike Anlaşması’ndan Pdyna Savaşı’na Kadar Anadolu’daki İsyan Hareketleri (MÖ 205-168) ..................................................................................... 94 viii 4. Pdyna Savaşı’ndan III. Attalos’un Vasiyeti’ne Kadar Anadolu’daki İsyan Hareketleri (MÖ 168-133) ................................................................................... 101 5. Aristonikos İsyanı (MÖ 133-129) ................................................................... 108 6. VI. Mithradates- Roma Mücadelelerinin Anadolu’daki Yansımaları (MÖ 120-63) ................................................................................................................... 117 7. Kitlesel Bir İsyan Hareketi: Ephesos Akşamı ............................................... 129 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ’DA ANADOLU’DA KENT VE KIRSALDAKİ DİRENİŞLER, TEPKİLER VE İSYAN HAREKETLERİ 1. Kentler .............................................................................................................. 135 1.1. Kent Ayaklanmaları ....................................................................................
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