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Political Relations Between Kaidu-Duwa and Yuan Emperors (End of Xiii - Beginning of Xiv Century)

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Political Relations Between Kaidu-Duwa and Yuan Emperors (End of Xiii - Beginning of Xiv Century) European Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.de ¹ 7-8 2018 [email protected] SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES Manuscript info: Received July 6, 2018., Accepted August 10, 2018., Published August 30, 2018. POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN KAIDU-DUWA AND YUAN EMPERORS (END OF XIII - BEGINNING OF XIV CENTURY) Achilova Gulmira Mardonovna, researcher at the History Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2521-3253-2018-8-2 Abstract: The article gives information about the collapse of the Genghisids kingdom from the 60s of the XIII century and the fall of Kkhanate power and the emergence of separating forces from it. It also focuses on highlighting political events among the rulers of the independent states that emerged as a result of the collapse of the Empire. In this regard, it was discovered that the members of the Chagatai family, who ruled as a Suzer, and his relationship with Khubilai. Key words: Chagatai ulusu, Yuan Empire, political relations. Recommended citation: Achilova Gulmira Mardonovna Political relations between Kaidu-Duwa and Yuan emperors (End of XIII - beginning of XIV century). 7-8 European Journal of Research P. 22-28 (2018). Genghis Khan (1206-1227), who united dispersed Mongolian tribes, united the northern part of China in the first quarter of XIII century, East Turkistan, Ettisuv, Movarounnakhr and Khorezm. As a result, the existing system in the occupied territories gradually changed and the new management apparatus began to find solutions to socioeconomic issues. Particularly, Central Asia, Persia, Dashti Kipchak, and Eastern Europe have undergone some changes since the second half of XIII century. All territories occupied by Genghis Khan in 1224 have been distributed to his heirs. This was due to the fact that the large territories occupied were not central to control and that there was a need to maintain a certain force at the same place to manage them. In the process of distribution of lands, the second son of Genghis Khan Chagatai (1224-42) inherits Kashgar, Yorkand, Khatan, East Turkestan, Ettisuv, eastern part of Khorezm and Movarounnakhr. Since 1227, the land of Chagatai has been called "Chagatai ulusu"[1]. Although this state officially became the property of Chagatai, the first Khaganian of the Mongol Empire was ruled by Ögedei[2] (1229- 1241) and his descendants until the beginning of the XIV century. Vienna, Austria Generalization of Scientific Results 22 European Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.de ¹ 7-8 2018 [email protected] In the 1960s, when the unification of the Mongol Empire erupted among the princes of the Genghis Khan's generation have been increasing the use of lands that were not their inherited possession. This situation has also been seen in the nation of Chagatai, which controls the territories of modern Central Asian republics. As a result, the princes unshakable struggle was overwhelmed by the nation, and political tensions escalated in the country. Under the influence of this, the Chagatai ulus, which has been weakening year after year, began to be influenced by members of the ?gedei family, dominated by the upper reaches of the Irtysh River. This process was intensified during the reign of ?gedei 's grandson Kaidu (1236- 1301). Kaidu entered the battlefield during the rule of Khaganism Munka (1251- 1259) and Khubilai (1260-1294), who gained control of the Mongol Empire, and became a dangerous rival for them. However, Kaidu focused his attention on the central government of Central Asia only under the rule of Chagatais, freeing entirely the power of the great Khagan. This event had a great impact on the development of the region in its time. For this reason, the personality and function of the Kaidu has not been ignored by the historians. In particular, the detailed description of the life of the Kaidu is provided in the sources written in other parts of the Mongolian Empire, especially in the works of Chinese and Persian historians, European and Arab tourists[3]. However, there are various opinions among the authors on the assessment of his personality. In the works of Chinese and Iranian historians[4], Kaidu is accused of being an enemy and rebellious, as well as being prone to property and rebellion by the Mongolian princes[5]. Because, the policy pursued by Kaidu was contrary to the interests of the Iranian and Chinese leaders. The only local source that provides complete information on its activities is the "Mulokat as-surah" by Jamol Karshi, written in Kashgar in the early years of XIV century[6]. In 1260, for the first time in the history of the Genghisids, two great kings Khubilai were in China, and Ariq Buka was reigning in Mongolia. Khubilai sends the troops under the command of Prince Abishka, the son of Buru, to subdue the Chagatai nation. But Prince was captured in Tangut by people who were loyal to Ariq Buka and executed quickly. Ariq Buka did not believe in Ergene, who ruled the nation of Chagatai at the time under the name of Mubarak Shakh , and sent the Prince of Chagatai to the land of Movarounnakhr to prevent the movement of Khulagu and Berkan. Moreover, Khubilai stopped carrying grain from China to Mongolia, and this led to the famine. In order to solve this problem, the task of importing grain from Turkistan was handed over to Chagatai 's nephew, son of Baydar (1261-1265)[7]. Vienna, Austria Generalization of Scientific Results 23 European Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.de ¹ 7-8 2018 [email protected] He came to Kashgar and gathered around him the Chagatai tribes and their supporters. Aqkina Khotun should arrive with Ma'sudbek and Ariq Buka. Sulaiman, the son of Habash Amid and Amorites Uchachar was sent with Nikpai. As can be seen from this, many Muslim officials were on the side of Olgu. The leaders of Mongolian troops Buka Nusha and Chinsang Tayfu in Movarounnakhr were in their side and they were left in their own place. By that time, the Kaidu (1271-1301) began to move independently in Central Asia[8]. Prior to entering an independent movement, he lived in front of Ariq Buka and were on his side in the battle for the throne. After being overthrown by Ariq Buka Khubilay, Kaidu began to act independently for his rights[9]. After Khubilai's reign, he distributed all the territories of the Mongols to Khulagu (Iran), Berka (Golden Horde) and Olgu (Chagatai ulusu). Under this new division, the princes of Tolu, Chagatai and Joji had the right to control the trade and communication lines and the new territories, but the ?gedei generations did not have the opportunity to do so, and the heritage of the region was under the supervision of the ruler of Chagatai ulusu Olgu, who was then the enemy of the Kaidu. After the death of the Olgu, f the most prominent representatives of the Mongol Empire, Khulagu (1265) and Berka (1267) also died. After this all the Mongol nations have declared themselves independent and left Khubilai's control. It is also evident that Khubilai's transferring the empire capital from Karakurum to China. The emergence of such a gap has led Kaidu to the free movement in Central Asia. According to Rashididdin, 1269 (667 AD) was convened congress in Talas in the spring. At the congress all the princes agreed on peace[10]. Barakhon required that he should be identified as legitimate heir of Chagatai and provide property to feed his army. Two-thirds of Movarounnakhr is given to him, and the rest is controlled by Kaidu and Munka Temur (Khan of Golden Horde)[11]. At the congress, a political organization headed by Kaidu has been established. Chagatai ulusu was guided under the Kaidu . After the convention in 1269, the Khan from Chagatai ulusu Barokhon, did not change his policies. He condemned many civilians, and after his death (1271), the princes of Chagatai's were opposed primarily to his followers The ruler of the Yuan Empire, Khubilaj opposed to this situation. As a result, the political relations between Kaidu-Duwe and Yuan empires relations become bad. The first reason for the breach of relations was the fact that Kaidu supported the Ariq Buka, and another accuses Kaidu Kubilai of claiming possession of lands other than the property allocated Vienna, Austria Generalization of Scientific Results 24 European Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.de ¹ 7-8 2018 [email protected] to his household without respecting the Mongolian traditions. In 1265, Khubilai invited him to his tent to give his land a part of Nanjang, which belongs to him. However, Kaidu strongly rejects the move to Khubilai's tent and continues his efforts in Central Asia. In addition, the raid and the formation of a powerful army reinforced contradictions between them. The sources say that no Mongolian prince, after Genghis Khan, was a strong and disciplined army. In 1268, Khubilai sent troops to strike the Kaidu and drive him to the west[12]. In 1271 he was sitting on the throne of Ögedei ulusu without the permission of Kaidu Khagan[13]. After this incident, Khubilai repeatedly carried out military operations against the Kaidu, but when they ended up, he sent an Uighur man called Shiban (Xiban) in 1271. Shiban asked Kaidu to return to the emperor's palace, stop the fight against Kublai and return to the emperor's palace[14]. However, there was no clear indication as to whether the order handled the ambassador, responded to his proposal, and returned to the army, as Kubilay said. The next move he has made is that he strongly rejected the offer to return to the palace. There was another reason why the Kaidu moved so confidently.
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